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    Macromechanics of A Composite Lamina

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    Atta Ur Rehman Shah
    The document discusses the macro-mechanical behavior of a lamina, which is a flat arrangement of unidirectional fibers in a matrix material. It is generally orthotropic. The document covers stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials like a lamina, and defines the stiffness matrix. It describes the engineering constants for an orthotropic material like a lamina, including Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus. It also discusses restrictions on the engineering constants to ensure the stiffness matrix is positive definite.

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    Macromechanics of A Composite Lamina

    Uploaded by

    Atta Ur Rehman Shah
    1K views16 pages
    The document discusses the macro-mechanical behavior of a lamina, which is a flat arrangement of unidirectional fibers in a matrix material. It is generally orthotropic. The document covers stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials like a lamina, and defines the stiffness matrix. It describes the engineering constants for an orthotropic material like a lamina, including Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus. It also discusses restrictions on the engineering constants to ensure the stiffness matrix is positive definite.

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    Composite Materials

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    Macromechanics of a Composite Lamina

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    The document discusses the macro-mechanical behavior of a lamina, which is a flat arrangement of unidirectional fibers in a matrix material. It is generally orthotropic. The document covers stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials like a lamina, and defines the stiffness matrix. It describes the engineering constants for an orthotropic material like a lamina, including Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus. It also discusses restrictions on the engineering constants to ensure the stiffness matrix is positive definite.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views16 pages

    Macromechanics of A Composite Lamina

    Uploaded by

    Atta Ur Rehman Shah
    The document discusses the macro-mechanical behavior of a lamina, which is a flat arrangement of unidirectional fibers in a matrix material. It is generally orthotropic. The document covers stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials like a lamina, and defines the stiffness matrix. It describes the engineering constants for an orthotropic material like a lamina, including Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus. It also discusses restrictions on the engineering constants to ensure the stiffness matrix is positive definite.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Macro-mechanical Behavior of a Lamina

    Mechanics of Composite Materials


    Atta ur Rehman Shah PhD Student Advanced Composite Materials Lab. CHANGWON NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

    2.1

    Introduction

    A lamina is a flat (or sometimes curved) arrangement of unidirectional (or woven) fibers suspended in a matrix material. A lamina is generally assumed to be orthotropic, and its thickness depends on the material from which it is made.

    Schematic illustration of lamina composite ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.1

    Introduction

    Macromechanics Composite: Concepts, math-models and equations which are used to transform ply properties from its material axes to composite structural axes.

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.2

    Stress-Strain Relations for Anisotropic Materials


    Hooks law in contracted notations is

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.2

    Stress-Strain Relations for Anisotropic Materials


    Engineering Shear Strain Vs Tensor Shear strain

    Engineering shear strain, ij, is the total angle of shearing under a state of simple shear, while tensor shear strain, ij, is half of the angle of shearing under pure shear stress.

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.2

    Stress-Strain Relations for Anisotropic Materials


    The stiffness matrix, Cij, has 36 constants for an anisotropic material.

    An anisotropic material has no planes of symmetry for material properties. The number of constants in the stiffness matrix can be reduced for materials with more property symmetry, shown in the next slide.
    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.2

    Stress-Strain Relations for Anisotropic Materials


    Mono clinic, 13 independent constants Orthotropic, 9 independent constants

    Transversely isotropic, 5 independent constants

    Isotropic, 2 independent constants

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.2

    Stress-Strain Relations for Anisotropic Materials


    Similarly for strain stress relationship:

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.2

    Stress-Strain Relations for Anisotropic Materials


    Various couplings are shown for an arbitrary stressed body in the fig, where the physical response of each compliance is labeled.

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.3

    Stiffnesses, Compliances, and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials


    Engineering constants (also known as technical constants) include Youngs moduli, Poissons ratios, and shear Moduli as well as some other behavioral constants (to be discussed later). These constants can be measured in simple tests such as uniaxial tension or pure shear tests. These components have more direct meaning than the components of compliance and stiffness matrices. The engineering constants are generally the slop of a stressstrain curve (e.g. E= /) or the slope of a strain-strain curve (e.g. = -y/x).
    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.3

    Stiffnesses, Compliances, and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials For an orthotropic material, the components of compliance matrix in terms of engineering constants are:

    Where E1,E2,E3 = Youngs moduli in 1,2 and 3 directions ij = -j/i = Poissons ratio G23,G31,G12 = Shear moduli in the 2-3, 3-1, and 1-2 planes
    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.3

    Stiffnesses, Compliances, and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials

    Since compliance matrix for an orthotropic material is symmetric, i.e. Sij = Sji When engineering constants are substituted in the above equation; we get a reciprocal relation,

    Thus three relations must be satisfied for an orthotropic material.

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.3

    Since stiffness and compliance matrices are mutually inverse, thus by matrix algebra the components of a stiffness matrix will be:

    Stiffnesses, Compliances, and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials

    In terms of engineering constants, the stiffness matrix components can be written as:

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.4

    Restrictions on Engineering Constants


    For isotropic materials certain relations between engineering constants must be satisfied. e.g. G in terms of E and v as

    2.4.1: Isotropic Materials

    In order that E and G always be positive. Similarly, if an isotropic body is subjected to hydrostatic pressure, p, i.e,, x=y=z=-p, then the volumetric strain becomes:

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.4

    Restrictions on Engineering Constants

    2.4.2: Orthotropic Materials

    For orthotropic materials, the relations between engineering constants are more complex. The product of stress and the corresponding strain represent work done by the stress. The sum of the work done by all the stresses must be positive, hence matrices relating stress to strain must be positive-definite. i.e. the diagonal elements must be positive.

    Also hence

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

    2.5

    Stress-Strain relations for Plane Stress in an Orthotropic Material


    For a unidirectionally reinforced or woven lamina in the 1-2 plane, a plane stress state is defined by

    Since a lamina can not withstand high stresses in any direction other than that of fibers, so it can not be subjected to unnatural stresses as 3. Thus plane stress condition is a practical approximation

    ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB

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