Macromechanics of A Composite Lamina
Macromechanics of A Composite Lamina
Macromechanics of A Composite Lamina
2.1
Introduction
A lamina is a flat (or sometimes curved) arrangement of unidirectional (or woven) fibers suspended in a matrix material. A lamina is generally assumed to be orthotropic, and its thickness depends on the material from which it is made.
2.1
Introduction
Macromechanics Composite: Concepts, math-models and equations which are used to transform ply properties from its material axes to composite structural axes.
2.2
2.2
Engineering shear strain, ij, is the total angle of shearing under a state of simple shear, while tensor shear strain, ij, is half of the angle of shearing under pure shear stress.
2.2
An anisotropic material has no planes of symmetry for material properties. The number of constants in the stiffness matrix can be reduced for materials with more property symmetry, shown in the next slide.
ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
Stiffnesses, Compliances, and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials For an orthotropic material, the components of compliance matrix in terms of engineering constants are:
Where E1,E2,E3 = Youngs moduli in 1,2 and 3 directions ij = -j/i = Poissons ratio G23,G31,G12 = Shear moduli in the 2-3, 3-1, and 1-2 planes
ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS LAB
2.3
Since compliance matrix for an orthotropic material is symmetric, i.e. Sij = Sji When engineering constants are substituted in the above equation; we get a reciprocal relation,
2.3
Since stiffness and compliance matrices are mutually inverse, thus by matrix algebra the components of a stiffness matrix will be:
In terms of engineering constants, the stiffness matrix components can be written as:
2.4
In order that E and G always be positive. Similarly, if an isotropic body is subjected to hydrostatic pressure, p, i.e,, x=y=z=-p, then the volumetric strain becomes:
2.4
For orthotropic materials, the relations between engineering constants are more complex. The product of stress and the corresponding strain represent work done by the stress. The sum of the work done by all the stresses must be positive, hence matrices relating stress to strain must be positive-definite. i.e. the diagonal elements must be positive.
Also hence
2.5
Since a lamina can not withstand high stresses in any direction other than that of fibers, so it can not be subjected to unnatural stresses as 3. Thus plane stress condition is a practical approximation