Geometric Dimensioning Tolerancing 102

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Table of Contents 1. General Rules.................................................... 3 2. Geometric Characteristics and Symbols ........... 8 3. Datum .............................................................. 19 4. Form Tolerance ............................................... 46 5. Orientation Tolerance ...................................... 54 6. Profile Tolerance ............................................. 65 7. Runout Tolerance ............................................ 75 8. Location Tolerance .......................................... 83
ASME Y14.5M, 1994

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REV. A
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
1. General Rules
c) There is no requirement for a boundary of perfect form as LMC.
LMC SIZE
1.1. Rule 1 Limits of Size
1.1.1. Individual Feature of Size Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which variations in its geometric form and size are allowed.
1.1.2. Variations of Size The actual size of an individual feature at any cross-section shall be within the specified tolerance of size. 1.1.4. Relationship between Individual Features The limits of size do not control the orientation or location relationship between individual features. Features shown perpendicular, coaxial, or symmetrical to each other must be controlled for location or orientation to avoid incomplete drawing requirements. 1.2. Rule 2 Applicability of Feature Size Applicability of material condition modifier (RFS, MMC, LMC) is limited to features subject to variations in size. They may be datum features or other features whose axes or centre planes are controlled by geometric tolerances.
+0.1 n20 -0.1
1.1.3. Variations of Form (Envelope Principle) a) The surface or surfaces of a feature shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form at Maximum Material Condition (MMC). This boundary is the true geometric form represented by the drawing. No variation in form is permitted if the feature is produced at its MMC limit of size.
EXTERNAL FEATURE
INTERNAL FEATURE
n20 -0.1 n20.1 (LMC)
+0.1
n20.1 (MMC)
FOR ALL Applicable Geometric Tolerances: RFS applies will respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, where NO MODIFYING SYMBOL is specified. . ASME Y14.5-1994
BOUNDARY OF PERFECT FORM AT MMC
j n0.5 A
j n0.5m Am
j n0.5m A
n19.9(LMC)
n19.9(MMC)
1.3. Rule 3 All other controls is implied Regardless of Feature Size (RFS).
n20.1 (MMC)
n19.9(MMC)
n19.9 (LMC)
n20.1 (LMC)
1.4. Pitch Rule a) Each tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference specified for a screw thread applies to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder.
j n0.5 A
MAJOR n
A
MAJOR n
b) Where the actual local size of a feature has departed from MMC toward Least Material Condition (LMC), a variation in form is allowed equal to the amount of such departure.
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 1.6. Exercise 1. A(n) _________________ is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measure, indicated on a drawing and in documents to define the size and/or geometric characteristics and/or locations of features of a part. 2. _________________ is a general term applied to a physical portion of a part. 3. Define Tolerance. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. All Dimensions shall have a tolerance except for dimensions that are identified as: a) reference. b) maximum. c) minimum. d) stock sizes. e) all of the above. 5. What are the limit of the dimension 250.4? ___________________ 6. What is the tolerance of the dimension in question 5?____________ 7. What is the nominal dimension of the dimension shown in question 5? ___________________ 8. Give an example of an equal bilateral tolerance. ________________ 9. Give an example of an unequal bilateral tolerance. ______________ 10. Give an example of a unilateral tolerance. _____________________ 11. Define Maximum Material Condition (MMC). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12. What is the MMC of the feature shown below?
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
b) Each tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference specified for features other than screw threads, such as gears and splines, must designate the specific feature to which each applies.
j n0.5 A
PD n
PD n
Internal Thread (tapping)
External Thread (screw)
1.5. Virtual Condition A constant boundary generated by the collective effects of a size features specified MMC or LMC material condition and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.
The virtual condition of a feature is the extreme boundary of that feature which represents the worst case for, typically, such concerns as a clearance of fit possibility relative to a mating part or situation.
PIN:
VC = Size MMC + Tolerance VC = Size LMC Tolerance
HOLE:
VC = Size MMC Tolerance VC = Size LMC + Tolerance
n15.00+0.25
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ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
13. What is the MMC of the feature shown below? _________________ 2.1. Symbol
2. Geometric Characteristics and Symbols
n15.00+0.25
Type of Tolerance Form Flatness Circularity Cylindricity Profile of a Line Profile of a Surface Angularity Perpendicularity Parallelism Location Position Concentricity Symmetry Runout Circular Runout Total Runout Straightness
Characteristic
Symbol ASME Y14.5M-1994
Symbol ISO
u c e g k d a b f j r i h t
u c e g k d a b f j r i h t
14. Define Least Material Condition (LMC).
For Individual Features
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
15. What is the LMC of the feature shown in question 12? ____________
16. What is the LMC of the feature shown in question 13? ___________
For Profile Individual or Related Features For Related Orientation Features
17. List the three general groups related to the standard ANSI fits between mating parts.
1)
____________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________
18. Is the fit between the two parts shown below a clearance or a force fit?
______________________________________________________
19.43 19.18 n
19.76 19.50
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ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Radius, Controlled Radius ISO
Symbol for:
ASME Y14.5M
At Maximum Material Condition
m l
NONE NONE
m l p
Radius, R
n Sn o X v
On drawing R 12.7 12.3 Meaning
There are two types of radii tolerance that can be applied, the radius and controlled radius. The radius (R) tolerance is for general applications. The controlled radius (CR) is used when it is necessary to place further restrictions on the shape of the radius, as in high stress applications.
At Least Material Condition
Regardless of Feature Size
Projected Tolerance Zone n Sn o X v w w
Min Radius 12.3
Diameter
Spherical Diameter
Square
Max Radius 12.7
Number of Places
Counterbore
Countersink
Part contour must fall within zone defined by Max and Min radius tolerance
Depth
x
Controlled Radius, CR
NONE
Min Radius 12.3
All Round
Between
Max Radius 12.7 12.7 CR 12.3 On drawing Meaning
Arc Length
10
R SR CR NONE y z z SR R
10
Radius
Spherical Radius
Part contour must be a fair curve with no reversals. All radii points must be 12.3 min to 12.7 max.
Controlled Radius
Conical Taper
Slope
Tangent Plane
T F F
NONE
Free State
Statistical Tolerance
ST
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ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Statistical Tolerance
Free State
Unless otherwise specified, all dimensioning and tolerancing applies in a free state condition with no restraint. Some parts, such as sheet metal, thin metal, plastics and rubber are non-rigid in nature. It may be necessary to specify design requirements on the part in a natural or free state as well as in a restrained condition. The restraint or force on the nonrighi9d parts is usually applied in such a manner to resemble or approximate the functional or mating requirements. A note or specification on the drawing should explain how the part is restrained and the force required to facilitate the restraint. A sample note can be found on the drawing below. The free state symbol means that dimensions and tolerances that have the free state symbol applied are checked in the free state and not in the restrained condition.
Often, tolerances are calculated on an arithmetic basis. Tolerances are assigned to individual features on a component by dividing the total assembly tolerance by the number of components and assigning a portion of this tolerance to each component. When tolerances are stacked up in this manner, the tolerance may become very restrictive or tight.
Statistical tolerancing is the assignment of tolerances to related components of an assembly on the basis of sound statistics. An example is, the assembly tolerance is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual tolerance.
Statistical Tolerance may be applied to features to increase tolerances and reduce manufacturing cost. To ensure compatibility, the larger tolerance identified by the statistical tolerance symbol may only be used where appropriate statistical process control will be used. A note such as the one shown below shall be placed on the drawing.
3 F
2 SURF 2 SURF A
4X n 5.4 - 5.6 n 0.2 B

M
n n 16.1 15.9
20.2 19.8
16.07 n 15.93
0.5 B
0.2
65
25
32
5.6 36.8
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL UNTOLERANCED DIMENSIONS ARE BASIC. PART IS TO BE RESTRAINED ON DATUM A WITH 4 5M SCREWS
NOTE: FEATURES INDENTIFIED AS STATISTICAL TOLERANCE SHALL BE PRODUCED WITH STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROLS, OR TO THE MORE RESTRICTIVE ARITHMETIC LIMITS
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ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14 Series 3098 128

Datum Feature Reference Dimension (auxiliary dimension in ISO) Basic Dimension (theoretically exact dimension in ISO)
ISO Standards
65
Y14.2 Lines & Lettering
Y14.3 Sections & Views
(68)
Y14.5 Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Dimension Origin
129, 406, 1101, 1660, R1661, 2692, 5455, 5458, 5459, 7083, 8015, 10579; (also 14660-1 & 14660-2)
Feature Control Frame Datum Target Area
Y14.6 Screw Thread Representation
6410-1, 6410-2, 6410-3
0.5
A B C
20
Y14.8 Casting & Forgings 1302

Datum Target Point
8 A1
A1
Y14.36 Surface Texture Symbols
A1
Datum Target Line
A1
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 2.2 Exercise
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Geometric Charactieristic Overview
No
No
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
No
No
Yes if size features
Applicability of Datum Modifiers
A dimensioning and tolerancing template is recommended for drawing proper symbols on this test and on future tests. 1. List the five basic types of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing symbols. a) ____________________________________________________________
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Applicability of Feature Modifiers
b) ____________________________________________________________ c) ____________________________________________________________ d) ____________________________________________________________ e) ____________________________________________________________ 2. Name the five types of geometric characteristic symbols. a) ____________________________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________________________ c) ____________________________________________________________ d) ____________________________________________________________ e) ____________________________________________________________
X 2D h t 3D
Controls
Axis or Surface Median Plane
2D
3D
3D
2D
3D
2D
3D
3D
3D
3D
3D Q
3D Q
2D or 3D
3D Q
Symbol
3. Name each of the following geometric characteristic symbols.
u c e g k d j
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
r i f a b h t
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
Characteristic
Straightness Line Element
Straightness Axis or Median Plane
Flatness
Circularity
Cylindricity
Profile of a Line
Profile of a Surface
Position
Concentricity Symmetry Angularity
Perpendicularity Parallelism
Circular Runout Runout
Type of Tolerance
Form
Profile
Location
Orientation
P M N O P Q
Total Runout
Datums
Datums NOT allowed
Datums Required
Datums Requied
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There are special case where position and profile may not require datums These characteristics control opposing median points Can also control surface boundary Can control form, orientation and location These characteristics can be made 2D by writing LINE ELEMENTS under the feature control frame
Page 16 of 102
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 9. Completely define the term basic dimension. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
4. Any letter of the alphabet can be used to identify a datum except for ____, ____, or
____.
5. When may datum feature symbols be repeated on a drawing?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
6. What information is placed in the lower half of the datum target symbol?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
7. What information is placed in the top half of the datum target symbol? 10. How are basic dimensions shown on a drawing? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
8. Label the parts of the following feature control frame. 11. Name the following symbols.
j n0.05m A Bm C
(A)
n R SR CR Sn X v w
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
r o (68) x
y
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
z ___________________
(G)
ST
65
___________________ ___________________
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
3. Datum
Datum Feature Part Datum Plane theoretically exact
3.1. Datum Concepts
A datum is a theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from which the location of geometric characteristics of features of a part are established. Datums are established by specified features or surfaces. Where orientation or position relationships are specified from a datum, the features involved are located with respect to this datum and not with respect to one another.
Simulated Datum Surface of manufacturing or verification equipment
3.2. Establishing Datum Planes Datum features are selected based on their importance to the design of the part.
Every feature on a part can be considered a possible datum. That is, every feature shown on a drawing depicts a theoretically exact geometric shape as specified by the design requirements. However, a feature normally has no practical meaning as a datum unless it is actually used for some functional relationship between features. Thus a datum appearing on an engineering drawing can be considered to have a dual nature: it is (1) a construction datum, which is geometrically exact representation of any part feature, and (2) a relationship datum, which is any feature used as a basis for a functional relationship with other features on the part. Since the datum concept is used to establish relationships, the relationship datum is the only type used on engineering drawings.
By the above definition, a datum on an engineering drawing is always assumed to be perfect. However, since perfect parts cannot be produced, a datum on a physically produced part is assumed to exist in the contact of the actual feature surface with precise manufacturing or inspection equipment such as machine tables, surface plates, gage pins, etc. These are called datum simulators which create simulated datum planes, axes, etc., and, while not perfectly true, are usually of such high quality that they adequately simulate true references. This contact of the actual feature with precise equipment is also assumed to simulate functional contact with a mating part surface.
Generally three datum features are selected that are perpendicular to each other. These three datums are called the datum reference frame. The datums that make up the datum reference frame are referred to as the primary datum, secondary datum, and tertiary datum. As their names imply, the primary datum is the most important, followed by the other two in order of importance.
Datum feature: The actual surface of the part.
ESTABLISH SECONDARY DATUM PLANE (MIN 2 POINT) CONTACT WITH DATUM SURFACE B
Simulated datum: The plane established by the inspection equipment such as a surface plate or inspection table.
90O
ESTABLISH TERTIARY DATUM PLANE (MIN 1 POINT) CONTACT WITH DATUM SURFACE C
Datum plane: The theoretically exact plane established by the true geometric counterpart of the datum feature.
ESTABLISH PRIMARY DATUM PLANE (MIN 3 POINT) CONTACT WITH DATUM SURFACE A
90O
90O 90O
MEASURING DIRECTION FOR RELATED DIMENSIONS
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ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Datum Axis
3.4. Datum Axis
90o
Direction of measurements
Datum Point 90o
A cylindrical object may be a datum feature. When the cylindrical datum feature is used, the centre axis is known as the datum axis. There are two theoretical planes intersecting at 90. These planes are represented by the centrelines of the drawing. Where these planes intersect is referred to as the datum axis. The datum axis is the origin for related dimensions, while the X and Y planes indicate the direction of measurement. A datum plane is added to the end of the object to establish the datum frame.
DATUM AXIS Y
30 30
90o
Y TERTIARY DATUM
X SECONDARY DATUM
Datum Axis
30 n80 30
Datum Axis
X AXIS
Datum Planes origin of measurement
3.3. Datum Identification
PART
PRIMARY DATUM PLANE
When a surface is used to establish a datum plane on a part, the datum feature symbol is placed on the edge view of the surface or on an extension line in the view where the surface appears as a line. A leader line may also be used to connect the datum feature symbol to the view in some applications.
D
Placement of the Datum Feature Symbol for a Datum Axis
n12
C
n12
50
B Surface Datum Feature Symbol must be offset from dimension line arrowheads
Angled Surface
A
n12
30
Datum Feature Symbol placed on edge view of surface or extension line from edge view
10
A
n12
0.4 M
C B A
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 3.5. Coaxial Datum Features Coaxial means two or more cylindrical shapes that share a common axis. Coaxial datum features exist when a single datum axis is established by two datum features that are coaxial. When more than one datum feature is used to establish a single datum, the datum reference letters are separated by a dash and placed in one compartment of the feature control frame. These datum reference letters are of equal importance and may be placed in any order.
t 0.2 A-B
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Simulated datum axis The simulated datum axis is the axis of a perfect cylindrical inspection device that contacts the datum feature surface. For an external datum feature, the inspection device is the smallest (MMC) circumscribed cylinder. The inspection device for an internal datum feature is the largest (MMC) inscribed cylinder.
DATUM FEATURE (PART)
A
SIMULATED DATUM SMALLEST CIRCUMSCRIBED CYLINDER
THE DRAWING
DATUM AXIS
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
Simulated datum axis for an external datum feature
DATUM FEATURE (PART)

SIMULATED PAIR OF COAXIAL CIRCUMSCRIBED CYLINDERS
THE MEANING
SIMULATED DATUM LARGEST INSCRIBED CYLINDER
3.6. Datum Axis of Screw Threads, Gears, and Splines When a screw thread is used as a datum axis, the datum axis is established from the pitch cylinder unless otherwise specified. If another feature of the screw thread is desired, then note MAJOR DIA or MINOR DIA is placed next to the datum feature symbol.
DATUM AXIS
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
Simulated datum axis for an internal datum feature
A specific feature such as the major diameter should be identified when a gear or spline is used as a datum axis. When this is done, the note MAJOR DIA, MINOR DIA, or PITCH DIA is placed next to the datum feature symbol as appropriate. The use of a screw thread, gear, or spline should be avoided for use as a datum axis unless necessary.
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing The simulated datum centre plane is the centre plane of a perfect rectangular inspection device that contacts the datum feature surface. For an external datum feature the datum centre plane is established by two parallel planes at minimum (MMC) separation. For an internal datum feature, the datum centre plane is established by two parallel planes at maximum (MMC) separation.
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
3.7. Datum Center Plane
Elements on a rectangular shaped symmetrical part or feature may be located and dimensioned in relationship to a datum centre plane. The representation and related meaning of datum center plane symbols are as shown in the following.
A 12
28 A
Datum Feature Simulator
Datum Feature A
True geometric counterpart of datum feature A parallel planes at mimimum separtation (MMC)
Datum Center Plane
Datum Center Plane
Datum Center Plane A
B
Datum Center Plane A Datum Feature Simulator
12 12 j 0.2 m A Bm C
Datum Feature A
True geometric counterpart of datum feature A parallel planes at maximum separtation (MMC)
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 3.9. Datum Targets In many situations it is not possible to establish an entire surface, or entire surfaces, as datums. When this happens, then datum targets may be used to establish datum planes. This procedure is especially useful on parts with surface or contour irregularities, such as some sheet metal, sand cast, or forged parts that are subject to bowing or warpage. This method can also be applied to weldments where heat may cause warpage. Datum targets are designated points, lines, or surface areas that are used to establish the datum reference frame.
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
3.8. Pattern of Holes as a Datum
The center of a pattern of features, such as the holes in the part may be specified as the datum axis when the datum feature symbol is placed under, and attached to, the middle of the feature control frame. In this application, the datum axis is the center of the holes as a group.
6X 60 o 6X n 8.4 8.0 j n0.05m A B

45 N1
45
N1
20
n30
Datum Axis B
Datum Target Point
N1
Datum Target Line
N1
N L
20 20
N L
A
M M
45
n12 N1 Datum Target Area Area Shown
45
n6 N1 Datum Target Area Area Not Shown
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ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
When datum target points are used on a drawing to identify a datum plane, the datum plane is established by locating pins at the datum tangent points. The locating pins are rounded or pointed standard tooling hardware.
Areas of contact may also be used to establish datums. The shape of the datum target area is outlined by phantom lines with section lines through the area. Circular areas are dimensioned with basic or tolerance dimensions to located the center. The diameter of the target area is provided in the upper half of the datum target symbol or with a leader and dot pointing to the upper half. The locating pins for target areas are flat end tooling pins with the pin diameter equal to the specified size of the target area.
20 60
15
X2 15
50
20
35
40
40
n12 X1
X1
X3
The Drawing
n12 X3
50
The Drawing
n12 X2
X1, X2 15 X3
50 X3, n12 X2, n12 Datum Plane X The Part
50
Datum Feature X1, n12
The Part
Datum Plane X Locating Pins
Datum Feature
Locating Pins
The Fixture Setup
20
60
The Fixture Setup
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing A datum target line is indicated by the target point symbol X on the edge view of the surface and by a phantom line on the surface view. If the locating pins are cylindrical, then the datum target line is along the tangency where the pins meet the part. The pins may also be knife-edged. A surface is often placed at 90 to the pin to create the datum reference frame.
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
When the area is too small to accurately or clearly display on a drawing, a datum target point is used at the center location. The top half of the datum target symbol identifies the diameter of the target area.
20
60
20
Y1
40
50
n6 X1
Y
Y1
The Drawing
n6 X3 n6 X2
50
The Drawing
PART
X3, n6 X1, n6
50
Datum Feature
X2, n6
Datum Plane X
The Part
Locating Pins
50 LOCATING PIN
20
60
The Fixture Setup
The Fixture Setup
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 3.10. Partial Datum Surface
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Example 1
From ASME Y14.5M-1994, p78
40
A3
100
B2 C1
A2
n38
A portion of a surface may be used as a datum. For example, this may be done when a part has a hole or group of holes at one end where it may not be necessary to establish the entire surface as a datum to effectively locate the features. This may be accomplished on a drawing using a chain line dimensioned with basic dimensions to show the location and extent of the partial datum surface. The datum feature symbol is attached to the chain line. The datum plane is then established at the location of the chain line.
45o 15
THE DRAWING 26
45o
12
15
B1
4X n6.3-6.4
C2
A1
j n0.1m A B C
CHAIN LINE 52
B1
B2
20
THE FIXTURE SETUP
DATUM FEATURE
A
A3 C1 C2
A1
A2
10
SIMULATED DATUM (FIXTURE SURFACE)
THEORETICALLY EXACT DATUM PLANE
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Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing On the following, Figure 3, identify the: datum feature, part, simulated datum, and the datum plane.
c)__________________ a)__________________
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
3.11. Exercise
1. List the 3 primary items that are considered Datum features on an object or part.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Draw the symbol that is known as the Datum Reference Symbol.

b)__________________
3. The primary datum requires a minimum of _________ points. The secondary datum requires a minimum of _________ points. The tertiary datum requires a minimum of _________ points.
d)__________________
4. Below are examples of a hole (Figure 1) and a pin (Figure 2) that will be identified as datum features. Sketch on the figure and explain how the datum axis for each would be determined. Figure 3
5. On the following exercises, using the drawing provided on next page (Figure 4), 6. Specify the left hand edge as Datum A. 7. Specify the 12 hole as Datum D. 8. Specify the right hand edge as Datum G. 9. On the bottom surface, specify a partial Datum K over a distance of 40 from the right edge of the part.
10. Specify the right hand edge of the 13 slot as Datum M. 11. Specify the 13 slot as Datum P.
12. Specify the two 6 holes as Datum S. 13. Datum features may be either features of size or features without size. On the drawing, identify features of size by placing a Z next to them, and identify the features without size by placing an x next to them. Page 35 of 102 Page 36 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 14. What is the relationship between the center plane of the slot and the center plane of the part? What is the total location tolerance that the center plane of the slot vary from the center plane of the part? Is design intent clear?
ASME Y14.5M-1994
51
14+1 7+ 0.5
6 THRU
PLUS/MINUS METHOD
Figure 4
20+ 0.5 40+1
151
2X
114
12 THRU
50
13
FUNCTIONAL GAGE
POSITIONAL METHOD
32
16
25
16
70
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ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
The picture below represents a cast part. It was determined that the part should have datum targets specified to standardise the initial machining set-up. On the drawing next page, sketch the datum targets in proper format as you would expect to see them on an engineering drawing. Surface X should have three 10 target pads, Surface Y should have two targets lines of contact and Surface Z should have one point of contact. Arrange these targets on the indicated surfaces to your preference. Show all basic dimensions and just estimate the distances.
17.5 0.69
0.49 12.5
7 0.28 X
3 80
2.76 70
0.39 10 1.18 30
Page 39 of 102 Page 40 of 102
0.39 10
Understanding Datum Reference Frame Application (DRF) Example 1
Degrees of Freedom Matrix Rx Ry Rz Tx Ty Datum Features
Tz
C
0 128 0 120 74 74 24
152
38.5 - 40.0 0.4 M A B C 0.12 A

28
20 20
96 64
Y
50 24
Y
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Degrees of Freedom Matrix Rx Ry Rz Tx Ty Datum Features
Tz
C
128 128 120 120 74 24
152
38.5 - 40.0 0.4 M C B A 0.12 A

28
20
96 64
Y
50 24
Y
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Rx Datum Features
Ry
Rz
Tx
Ty
Tz
38.5 - 40.0 0.4 M A B C 0.12 A D C

24 74 74 46 46
19.0 - 19.3 0.25 M A D B A A D

M
What effect does the MMC Modifier have in this second FCF arrangement?
24 24
Y
50
Y
ASME Y14.5M-1994

0.98
Rx Datum Features
Ry
Rz
Tx
Ty
Tz
22.2 - 22.5 0.25 M D E A D E D

74 74 M M 1.
38.5 - 40.0 0.4 M A B C 0.12 A D
A
M
2.
A
46 46
3.
48
19.0 - 19.3 0.25 M A D B A E
24
Y
50
Y
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
4. Form Tolerance
4.1. Straightness
Z
Line Element Plane Surface
0.05
0.1
Degrees of Freedom Matrix
0.4 M A B C 0.12 A
0.25 M A D - G B
19.0 - 19.3
50
38.5 - 40.0
ON THE DRAWING
25.56 24
Features
0.05 Tolerance
0.1 Tolerance
MEANING
46 46
Each longitudinal element of the surface must lie between two parallel lines 0.05 apart in the left view and 0.1 in the right view of the drawing.
22.2 - 22.5
0.25 M A D B
74 74
48
0.98
Page 45 of 102
Page 46 of 102
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Axis at Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

(a)
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Line Element Cylinder
0.02
n16.00 MMC
n n0.04m
16.00 15.89
n16.04 Virtual Condition
MEANING
0.02 wide tolerance zone

(b) n16.00 MMC
n 16.00 15.89
ON THE DRAWING
ON THE DRAWING
(c) n16.00 MMC
Each longitudinal element of the surface must lie between two parallel lines 0.02 apart where the two lines and the nominal axis of the part share a specified limits of size and the boundary of perfect form at MMC 16.00
MEANING
Feature Size 16.00 15.99 15.98 15.90 15.89
Diameter tolerance zone allowed 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.14 0.15
Note: Waisting (b) or barreling (c) of the surface, though within the straightness tolerance, must not exceed the limits of size of the feature
The derived median line of the features actual local size must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone of 0.04 diameter at MMC. As each actual local size departs from MMC, an increase in the local diameter of the tolerance cylinder is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. Each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Acceptance Boundary
Axis at Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

n16.00
16.00 15.89
n0.04
The maximum diameter of the pin with perfect form is shown in a gage with a 16.04 diameter hole.
n16.00
n16.04
n16.00
0.04 diameter tolerance zone n16.04 outer boundary
n0.04
ON THE DRAWING
MEANING
With the pin at maximum diameter 16.00, the gage will accept the pin with up to 0.04 variation in straightness.
n16.04
The derived median line of the features actual local size must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone of 0.04 diameter, regardless of the feature size. Each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size.
n15.89
n0.15
With the pin at minimum diameter 15.89, the gage will accept the pin with up to 0.15 variation in straightness.
n16.04
Page 47 of 102
Page 48 of 102
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 4.3. Circularity (Roundness)

0.25 wide tolerance zone 0.25 A 90
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Per Unit Length
n 16.00 15.89
n0.4
ON THE DRAWING
n0.1/25
100
ON THE DRAWING
SECTION A-A
MEANING
n16.04 outer boundary
MEANING
The derived median line of the features actual local size must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone of n0.4 for the total 100mm of length and within a 0.1 cylindrical tolerance zone for any 25mm length, regardless of feature size. Each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size.
100
Each circular element of the surface in a plane perpendicular to an axis must lie between two concentric circles, one having a radius 0.25 larger than the other. Each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Sn19.2+0.5 0.25 A
n16.04 tolerance zone
n0.1 tolerance zone in each
n15.89-16.00
25
25mm of length
ON THE DRAWING
SECTION A-A
4.2. Flatness
MEANING
Each circular element of the surface in a plane passing through a common center must lie between two concentric circles, one having a radius 0.25 larger than the other. Each circular element of the surface must be within the specified limits of size.
0.25
4.4. Cylindricity
n25.0+0.5
0.25
MEANING
ON THE DRAWING
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.25 apart. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
ON THE DRAWING MEANING
The cylindrical surface must lie between two concentric cylinders, one having a radius 0.25 larger than the other. The surface must be within the specified limits of size. Page 49 of 102 Page 50 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
4.5. Exercise
1. On Figure 1(a), indicate control of element straightness by use of Rule #1 so that maximum possible error is no more than mm if the feature maximum size is 16mm.
(a)
2. On Figure 1(b), indicate an element straightness maximum of 0.012mm.
3. What is the circularity (roundness) of this pin? ___________________________
16.00 - 15.97
4. On Figure 1(c), indicate that axis straightness may violate Rule #1 and allow a total bend of up to 0.4mm.
5. On Figure 1(d), assume that the pin will assemble with the hole shown in 1 (e).
(b)
The condition of ______________ is often desired. Indicate this with a straightness tolerance of 0.4mm.
6. What is the cylindricity of this pin? ___________________
16.00 - 15.97
7. What is the Virtual Condition of the pin for the requirement of question 5? _____
8. On Figure 2, indicate on the bottom surface a control that requires all elements and points relative to each other be within a tolerance zone that is two planes
(c)
which are 0.05mm apart. This control would be called ____________________
16.0 - 15.9
(d)
(Virtual Condition)
(e)
Figure 1
Page 51 of 102
Page 52 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
5. Orientation Tolerance
28
Surface Plane
Possible orientation of the surface
5.1. Parallelism
20 0.4 45 40 45 0.4
f
0.12 A
Datum Plane A
12
+ 0.1 -0
ON THE DRAWING
MEANING
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart which are parallel to datum plane A. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
30 30
Axis related to a Surface Plane

ON THE DRAWING
f
MEANING 0.12 wide tolerance zone
0.12 A
18 0.4 45 4545 0.4
MAIN VIEW
110.00 110 0.6

A
Datum Plane A
Possible orientation of feature axis
Figure 2
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart which are parallel to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
What would be the result if a diameter symbol was added to the callout?
0.12 A
Page 53 of 102
Page 54 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 5.2. Perpendicularity

Surface Plane
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Axis related to another Axis at Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
n0.2
n0.2 tolerance zone Possible orientation of feature axis

b
Possible orientation of the surface
0.12 A
Datum Plane A
Datum Axis A
A
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie within a 0.2 diameter cylindrical zone parallel to datum axis A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location. Center Plane
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart which are perpendicular to datum plane A. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Axis related to another Axis at Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

ON THE DRAWING
Possible orientation of the feature center plane
n0.05m
0.12 A
10.022 n10.000 Possible orientation of feature axis
MEANING
A
10.000 10.001 10.002 0.050 0.051 0.052
Feature Size
Diameter tolerance zone allowed
Datum Axis A
10.021 10.022
0.071 0.072
Datum Plane A
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (10.000), the maximum parallelism tolerance is n0.050. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, an increase in the parallelism tolerance is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
Regardless of feature size, the feature center plane must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 apart which are perpendicular to datum plane A. The feature center plane must be within the specified tolerance of location.
Page 55 of 102
Page 56 of 102

Axis to Plane (MMC)
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Axis to Axis

MEANING 15.984 n15.966
b n0.05m
0.2 Datum Axis A 0.2 wide tolerance zone

A
Feature Size
Diameter tolerance zone allowed
25+0.5
Feature Height
Datum Plane A
15.984 15.983 15.982 15.976 15.966
0.050 0.051 0.052 0.067 0.068

ON THE DRAWING Possible orientation of feature axis
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie between two parallel planes 0.2 apart which are perpendicular to datum axis A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location. Note: This applies only to the view on which it is specified.
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (15.984), the maximum perpendicularity tolerance is n0.050. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, an increase in the perpendicularity tolerance is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
Axis to Plane (RFS)

ACCEPTANCE BOUNDAY
n0.050 n15.984 n16.034 n15.984 n16.034 n0.068 n15.966 n16.034
n0.4 A
Datum Plane A
0.4 diameter tolerance zone
25+0.5
Feature Height
Datum Plane A
(A)
(B)
(C)
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie within a cylindrical zone 0.4 diameter which is perpendicular to and projects from datum plane A for the feature height. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
(A)The maximum diameter pin with perfect orientation is shown in a gage with a 16.034 diameter hole. (B)With the pin at maximum diameter (15.984), the gage will accept the part with up to 0.05 variation in perpendicularity. (C)The pin is at minimum diameter (15.966), and the variation in perpendicularity may increase to 0.068 and the part will be acceptable.
Page 57 of 102
Page 58 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
5.3. Angularity
ON THE DRAWING n0.2 tolerance zone A B Possible orientation of feature axis n16 a n0.2
Surface Plane
0.4
Possible orientation of actual surface
B A
60o
60o
30o
30o
Datum Plane A
MEANING
A Datum Plane A MEANING
ON THE DRAWING
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie within a 0.2 diameter cylindrical zone inclined 60o to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.4 apart which are inclined at 30o to datum plane A. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
5.4. Use of Tangent Plane Symbol
Axis to Surface Plane

MEANING
f
ON THE DRAWING
n16
ON THE DRAWING 0.1 T A
0.2
0.2 wide tolerance zone Possible orientation of feature axis
Tangent Plane
50.0+.05
60o
60o
Datum Plane A MEANING
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie between two parallel planes 0.2 apart which are inclined 60o to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
A plane contacting the high points of the surface shall lie within two parallel planes 0.1 apart. The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
Page 59 of 102
Page 60 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 5.6. Exercise
ASME Y14.5M-1994
5.5. Use of Zero Tolerance at MMC

1. On Figure 2, indicate that the right vertical surface in the main view is to be square to the lower surface within 0.08mm. 2. Show below (sketch) how the tolerance zone is established for the requirement of question 1.
A Datum Plane A
50.00 50.01 50.02 50.15 50.16 0.15 0.16 0.00 0.01 0.02
50.16 50.00
Feature Size Diameter tolerance zone allowed
ON THE DRAWING
b n0 m
MEANING
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (50.00), its axis must be perpendicular to datum plane A. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, a perpendicularity tolerance is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
3. Working on Figure 2, indicate that the right vertical surface is to be square with the front surface within 0.08mm. 4. Assume that in Figure 2, the 12mm hole has been located with position dimensions and tolerance. Add an orientation tolerance to control the relationship of the hole to the bottom surface within 0.08mm total. 5. Sketch how the tolerance zone is established for the requirement of question 4.
A Datum Plane A
50.00 50.01 50.02 50.10 50.16 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.02
50.16 50.00
Feature Size Diameter tolerance zone allowed
ON THE DRAWING
b n0 m n0.1 MAX A
MEANING
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (50.00), its axis must be perpendicular to datum plane A. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, a perpendicularity tolerance is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure, up to the 0.1 maximum. The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance of location.
6. What is the total permissible perpendicularity if the hole size is produced at 12mm?
_________.
If the hole is produced at 12.1mm? __________
Page 61 of 102
Page 62 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
7. Suppose the perpendicularity of the produced feature was allowed to increase as the size of the feature increased, how would that be indicated?
8. What THEN is the total permissible perpendicularity if the hole size is produced at
28
12mm? ________. If the hole is produced at 12.05mm? __________. If the
hole is produced at 12.1mm? ___________.
20 0.4 45 40 45 0.4
9. On Figure 2, indicate requirements to control the angles within a total tolerance of 0.1mm.
10. Sketch how the tolerance zone is established for the 30 angle.
12
+ 0.1 -0
30 30
18 0.4 45
MAIN VIEW
4545 0.4
110.00 110 0.6
Figure 2
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
6. Profile Tolerance
d
0.12 E F
A B
6.1. Bilateral & Unilateral

d
Profile of a Line
k Profile of a Surface
0.1 E F
C
8+0.1 75
B
MEANING
B o
ON THE DRAWING
0.8 wide tolerance zone equally disposed about the true profile (0.4 each side)
R82
C
d
C
0.05 E F
D
d Actual profile
0.8 A
R12
R8
Datum Plane A
A True profile relative to Datum Plane A
(A) Bilateral Tolerance
10 78.8
R80
7
D
ON THE DRAWING
0.8 wide tolerance zone entirely disposed on one side of the true profile as indicated Actual profile
0.8 A
C
Datum Plane A
ON THE DRAWING
49+0.12 8+0.05
MEANING
d 0.25 A B C D 7X 7 E E A
(B) Unilateral Tolerance (Inside)
17.5
17.5
ON THE DRAWING MEANING Actual profile
0.8 wide tolerance zone entirely disposed on one side of the true profile as indicated
21.4 23 23.4 65+0.25

Datum Plane A
19.8 21.7 23 8+0.12
0.8 A
2X 8.6+0.12
True profile relative to Datum Plane A
(C) Unilateral Tolerance (Outside)
True profile relative to Datum Plane A
Datum Plane C 0.25 wide tolerance zone

MEANING
Datum Plane A
E D 90o
ON THE DRAWING
0.2
0.8 wide tolerance zone unequally disposed on one side of the true profile as indicated Actual profile
0.6
0.8 A
Datum Plane B
Datum Plane A
MEANING
A True profile relative to Datum Plane A
(D) Bilateral Tolerance unequal distribution
The surface between points D and E must lie between two profile boundaries 0.25 apart, perpendicular to datum plane A, equally disposed about the true profile and positioned with respect to datum planes B and C.
Page 65 of 102
Page 66 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
26 0.04
12
18
Page 67 of 102
Page 68 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
6.2. Exercise
0.3 A B C
3. Profile of a Surface can also be used with a size tolerance to refine the size or shape. Following is an example where the three top surfaces are to be coplanar (in-line) within 0.3mm and in relation to the bottom surface of the part. Each surface is to flat within 0.1mm. Define these requirements on the drawing.
L Surface Y Surface Z
40 40 0.3
0.09 A B C K
70
40
H A
L 60 35
Distance V K B
Distance W
Distance X
1. On the part shown above, what is the minimum and maximum of the following distances in relation to the datum reference frame, as allowed by the profile callout?
(a) Distance V: Minimum ________________ Maximum ________________
(b) Distance W: Minimum ________________ Maximum ________________
(c) Distance X: Minimum ________________ Maximum ________________
2. On the same part, considering the applicable profile callouts, what is the maximum perpendicularity of the following surfaces in relation to Datum A?
(a) Surface Y:
________________
(b) Surface Z W: ________________
Page 69 of 102
Page 70 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
20
160 0.5
130
20 50 10 20 20
90
12
12
30.00 0.5
30.00 0.5
Unless Otherwise Specified: Tolerance 0.05 Angles 1
Page 71 of 102
Page 72 of 102
0.05 X Y Z
18 30
Y 20
10 10 20 Z 160 0.5 130 C 50 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
20 A
10 10
20
30 18
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Unless Otherwise Specified: Tolerance 0.05 Angles 1
0.05 A B C
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing ASME Y14.5M-1994
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 7.2. Runout

n 20+0.5 h 0.05 A n 40+0.5
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
7. Runout Tolerance
7.1. Coaxial Features There are three types of coaxial feature control. Proper selection is based upon which of the below controls best suits the functional design requirement.
A ON THE DRAWING FIM 0.05 Datum Feature Simulator (Collet) Each Circular Element Individually
Runout - Use where part feature surfaces in a rotational consideration must relate to a datum axis. Runout is applicable only on an RFS basis.
Runout
Datum Feature A
h 0.5 A
Total Runout
Simulated Datum Feature A (True Geometric Counterpart)
t 0.5 A
Rotate Part
(Surface to axis control, RFS)
Datum Axis A
MEANING
Position - Use where part feature surfaces relate to a datum axis on a functional or inter-changeability basis; typically mating parts are involved. Position is normally applied only on an MMC basis (occasionally an RFS datum is used).
Runout: Each circular element of the feature must be within the runout tolerance and within 0.05 wide tolerance zone (FIM) in relation to datum axis A
n 20+0.5 n 40+0.5 t 0.05 A
j n0.5m Am
(Axis to axis control, MMC)
Concentricity - Use where part feature axis / axes in a rotational consideration must relate to a datum axis. Concentricity is applicable only on an RFS basis.
ON THE DRAWING
r n0.5 A
Datum Feature Simulator (Collet)
FIM 0.05
All Elements Together
(Axis to axis control, RFS)
Datum Feature A
Rotate Part
Simulated Datum Feature A (True Geometric Counterpart)
Datum Axis A
MEANING
Total Runout: All surface elements, total, across entire surface must be within the runout tolerance and within 0.05 wide tolerance zone (FIM) in relation to datum axis A.
Page 75 of 102
Page 76 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
7.3. Examples
Part Mounted on Functional Face Surface (Datum) and Diameter (Datum)
Part Mounted on Two Functional Diameters
Page 77 of 102
Page 78 of 102
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 7.4. Exercise

1. What is the coaxiality requirement between the two diameters as expressed on the following drawing sketch? _____________________
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Part Mounted on Two Functional Diameters
n20+0.05 n6+0.02
2. On the sketch, specify a 0.12mm circular runout requirement on the large 3. After defining the runout requirement, what is the maximum circularity (roundness) for the larger diameter? _________________________
4. With the specified runout requirement, what is the maximum position of the large diameter in relation to the small diameter? ____________________ 5. On the sketch, specify a runout requirement to make the left face perpendicular to the Datum axis within 0.1mm total. 6. On the figure below, sketch how the two runout requirements would be verified.
Page 79 of 102
Page 80 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
7. On the part drawing below, specify a 0.12mm total runout relating the large diameter to both of the two small diameters together.
80 80
8. On the figure below, sketch how the runout requirement would be verified.
60
20
9. Can runout be used without a datum feature reference?____________________
10. Can the m or l modifiers be used with runout?
_________________________________________________________________
13. What is the main difference between concentricity and position?
_________________________________________________________________
Page 81 of 102
Page 82 of 102
24 25
_________________________________________________________________
12. What is the main difference between runout and concentricity?
20 20
_________________________________________________________________
10 10
11. What is the main difference between circular and total runout?
90
70
40
24 25
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Position Tolerancing (Round zone)
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
8. Location Tolerance
8.1. Position
4X 16.7 - 17.3 0.7 M A 96 96
Hole Verification Remember that all features have depth. Therefore, when doing design or making measurements, the tolerance zone must be considered from one end of the zone to the other.
52
Position vs. Plus/Minus
Coordinate Tolerancing
1.3 0.7
4X 16.7 - 17.3
96
52
Each hole has its own positional tolerance zone. The zone size is dependent on the size of the produced hole. When the hole is produced at its MMC size, the positional tolerance zone is the tolerance stated in the FCF. If the hole is produced at something larger than the MMC size, the positional tolerance zone is stated FCF tolerance PLUS the amount that the hole is larger than MMC. Example Features:
Tolerance 0.5 0.5 0.7
If Hole #1 = 16.7 #2 = 16.9 #3 = 17.2 #4 = 17.4
Then tolerance zone tolerance zone tolerance zone tolerance zone
= = = =
0.5
Page 83 of 102
Page 84 of 102
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Position Zone
"X" Difference Actual Measurement (from created part) Actual Produced Feature Center Basic Dimension (from drawing) True Position "Y" Difference
"Z" = Actual Positional Diameter
Actual Measurement (from produced part) Basic Dimension (from drawing)
Datum Plane "X" Direction
Datum Plane "Y" Direction
Z X
Formula : Z = 2 X 2 + Y 2
Page 85 of 102
Page 86 of 102
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Position, Axis to Surface, Coaxial Axis to Axis, Coaxial
B
B
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
8.2. Composite Positional Tolerance
Position, Axis to Surface, Coaxial Axis to Axis, Coaxial
C 18
18
4X n10.15 +0.15 0
9 A
4X n10.15 +0.15 0
Pattern Locating Position Tolerance
n0.25m A B C B
9 A
j n0.15m A
n0.25m A B C
j n0.15m A
Orientation
Feature Relating Position Tolerance
n0.15 at MMC, four coaxial tolerance zones within which the axes of the holes must lie relative to each other
n0.25 at MMC, four coaxial tolerance zones located at true position relative to the specified datums within which the axes of the holes as a group must lie
n0.15 at MMC, four coaxial tolerance zones within which the axes of the holes must lie relative to each other
n0.25 at MMC, four coaxial tolerance zones located at true position relative to the specified datums within which the axes of the holes as a group must lie
Positional Tolerancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size
Positional Tolerancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size, Partial (Parallelism) Refinement of Feature-Relating Axis
Page 87 of 102
Page 88 of 102

150 134 30 96 4X 16.7 - 17.3
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Position, Axis to Axis, Coaxial
80 80
24 25
52 100
60
20
24
Tolerance 0.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
40
70
150 134 30 96 96 4X 16.7 - 17.3 0.7

M
90
A B C
A 52
10 10
20 20
100
24 25
24 24
Tolerance 0.5
Page 89 of 102
Page 90 of 102

150
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
150 4X 16.7 - 17.3

134
M M
C
4X 16.7 - 17.3 96 96 1.5 0.7
M
134
30
30
M
96
1.5 0.7
A B C A
A B C A B
A
52 100
52
100
24 24
24
B Tolerance 0.5
Tolerance 0.5
8.3. Position Tolerance Calculation

Floating Fastener
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
150 4X 16.7 - 17.3

M M
C 1.5 0.7 A B C A B
134
30
96
To calculate position tolerance with fastener and hole size known: T=HF Where T = tolerance, H = MMC hole, and F = MMC fastener
Fixed Fastener
52
100
24 24
Tolerance 0.5
To calculate position tolerance with fastener and hole size known: HF T= 2 Where T = tolerance, H = MMC hole, and F = MMC fastener
Page 91 of 102
Page 92 of 102
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 8.5. Concentricity

Positional tolerance zone
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
8.4.
Concentricity is that condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a figure of revolution (or corresponding-located elements of two or more radially disposed features) are congruent with the axis (or center point) of a datum.
Projected Tolerance Zone (1)
True position axis Clearance hole axis
A concentricity tolerance is a cylindrical (or spherical) tolerance zone whose axis (or center point) coincides with the axis (or center point) of the datum feature. The median points of all correspondingly-located elements of the feature being controlled, regardless of feature size, must be within the cylindrical tolerance zone. The specified tolerance and the datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.
Interference area
Tolerance zone height is equal to height of threaded hole
Threaded hole axis
n 19.8
20.2
j n0.5m A B C
A ON THE DRAWING
Positional tolerance zone
Interference diagram, fastener and hole
10.2 9.8 r n 0.2 A
(2)
Median points of diametically opposed elements of feature

Clearance hole axis
True position axis
Datum Axis A
n0.2 MEANING
Threaded hole axis
Tolerance Zone (RFS)
Min. tolerance zone height is equal to max. thickness of mating part
j n0.5m p10.0 A B C
Basis for projected tolerance zone
Page 93 of 102
Page 94 of 102
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 8.7. Exercise 1.

150 134 30 96 96 4X 16.7 - 17.3 0.7
M
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
8.6. Symmetry
Symmetry is that condition where the median points of all opposed or correspondingly located elements of two or more feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or center plane of a datum feature. The material condition RFS only is to apply.
C
A B C
30.2 29.8
#1 #2
A 52
A ON THE DRAWING
24 24
#3
10.2 9.8
100
#4
i 0.2
0.2 Wide Tolerance Zone (RFS) 0.1

B
Datum Feature A (RFS)
MEANING
Hole # 1 2 3 4 Hole # 1 2 3 4 X= X= X= X=
Inspection Report Actual X Location Actual Y Location 29.75 76.5 126.3 75.85 30.4 24.43 125.91 23.48 Actual Location Y= Y= Y= Y= Hole Size Position Tol.
Hole Size 17.2 17 16.9 17.1 Accept Reject
Datum Centerplane A
All median points of opposed elements of the slot must lie within the 0.2 wide tolerance zone, RFS. The tolerance zone being established by two paralle planes equally disposed about datum centerplane A, RFS.
Page 95 of 102
Page 96 of 102

3.
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
2.
Drawing Requirements
30 1.0
M
3X 15.0 - 15.5 A B C
M A B
8 0.1
24
Tolerance 0.5
Produced Part
100.35
29.47
Produced Hole 15.30
#1
Produced Hole 15.15 A
63.66
#2
#3
34.00 - 34.25
30.62
Produced Hole 15.38
Hole #
Hole MMC
Page 97 of 102
Page 98 of 102
32
15
Hole Actual Size
Position Tolerance Allowed
X Distance
Y Distance
Position Location
Accept
Reject
4X 10.9 - 11.4
24.25
23.48
0.1 M A
1 M A B C
2X 40
40
0.5
110
2X 40
100
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Inspection Report for Hub Cover

M A B M
8.05
0.59
---
11.3
40.25
+0.55
8 0.1
11.28
40.48
+0.26
34.00 - 34.25
0.1 M A
Page 99 of 102
Page 100 of 102
32
15
4X 10.9 - 11.4
1 M A B M C M
2X 40
11.04
-0.21
40.54
0.5
11.25
+0.3
39.72
110
34.09
+0.1
+0.1
2X 40
Item #
Actual Size
X Dimension
Y Dimension
Comments

4X 6M 2 M X Y Z M X
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
4X 6.45 - 6.80
2 M X Y Z
13
13
51
51 X
6M Cap Screws
Y 13 32
13
32
6M Cap Screws
4X 6.45 - 6.80
Hole MMC = - Screw MMC = -------------------------------------Tolerance =
2 M A B C M A
4X 6.45 - 6.80 2 M A B C M A C
A
Hole MMC = - Screw MMC = -------------------------------------Tolerance =
13
13 A
51 0.5 2 SURF
51 0.5 2 SURF
13
32
B 13 32
Page 101 of 102
Page 102 of 102

Geometric Dimensioning Tolerancing 102

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