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    Overview of VDI 2230: An Introduction To The Calculation Method For Determining The Stress in A Bolted Joint

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    This document provides an overview of the VDI 2230 standard for calculating stresses in bolted joints. It defines bolted joints and the aim of the calculation method, which is to determine bolt dimensions that consider factors like load reduction from preload and embedding. It outlines the calculation steps, which begin with external loads and consider forces, deformations, and stresses to select an appropriately sized bolt. The standard has a range of validity and provides calculation examples for different joint geometries.

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    Overview of VDI 2230: An Introduction To The Calculation Method For Determining The Stress in A Bolted Joint

    Uploaded by

    ja_mufc_scribd
    934 views39 pages
    This document provides an overview of the VDI 2230 standard for calculating stresses in bolted joints. It defines bolted joints and the aim of the calculation method, which is to determine bolt dimensions that consider factors like load reduction from preload and embedding. It outlines the calculation steps, which begin with external loads and consider forces, deformations, and stresses to select an appropriately sized bolt. The standard has a range of validity and provides calculation examples for different joint geometries.

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    VDI 2230 Norm

    Original Title

    vdi2230(1)

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    This document provides an overview of the VDI 2230 standard for calculating stresses in bolted joints. It defines bolted joints and the aim of the calculation method, which is to determine bolt dimensions that consider factors like load reduction from preload and embedding. It outlines the calculation steps, which begin with external loads and consider forces, deformations, and stresses to select an appropriately sized bolt. The standard has a range of validity and provides calculation examples for different joint geometries.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    934 views39 pages

    Overview of VDI 2230: An Introduction To The Calculation Method For Determining The Stress in A Bolted Joint

    Uploaded by

    ja_mufc_scribd
    This document provides an overview of the VDI 2230 standard for calculating stresses in bolted joints. It defines bolted joints and the aim of the calculation method, which is to determine bolt dimensions that consider factors like load reduction from preload and embedding. It outlines the calculation steps, which begin with external loads and consider forces, deformations, and stresses to select an appropriately sized bolt. The standard has a range of validity and provides calculation examples for different joint geometries.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Overview of VDI 2230

    An Introduction to the Calculation Method for Determining the Stress in a Bolted Joint

    Important Note
    This summary of the VDI 2230 Standard is intended to provide a basic understanding of the method. Readers who wish to put the standard to use are urged to refer to the complete standard that contains all information, figures, etc.

    Definitions
    Covers high-duty bolted joints with constant or alternating loads Bolted joints are separable joints between two or more components using one or more bolts Joint must fulfill its function and withstand working load

    Aim of Calculation
    Determine bolt dimension allowing for: Strength grade of the bolt Reduction of preload by working load Reduction of preload by embedding Scatter of preload during tightening Fatigue strength under an alternating load Compressive stress on clamped parts

    1. Range of Validity
    Steel Bolts M4 to M39 Room Temperature

    2. Choice of Calculation Approach


    Dependent upon geometry
    Cylindrical single bolted joint Beam connection Circular plate Rotation of flanges Flanged joint with plane bearing face

    Cylindrical Single Bolted Joint


    Axial force, FA Transverse force, FQ Bending moment, MB

    Beam Geometry, Ex. 1


    Axial force, FA Transverse force, FQ Moment of the plane of the beam, MZ

    Beam Geometry, Ex. 2


    Axial force, FA Transverse force, FQ Moment of the plane of the beam, MZ

    Rotation of Flanges
    Axial force, FA (pipe force) Bending moment, MB Internal pressure, p

    Flanged Joint with Plane Bearing Face, Ex. 1


    Axial force, FA (pipe force) Torsional moment, MT Moment, MB

    Flanged Joint with Plane Bearing Face, Ex. 2


    Axial force, FA (pipe force) Transverse force, FQ Torsional moment, MT Moment, MB

    Flanged Joint with Plane Bearing Face, Ex. 3


    Axial force, FA (pipe force) Transverse force, FQ Torsional moment, MT Moment, MB

    3. Analysis of Force and Deformation


    Optimized by means of thorough and exact consideration of forces and deformations including:
    Elastic resilience of bolt and parts Load and deformation ratio for parts in assembled state and operating state

    4. Calculation Steps
    Begins with external working load, FB Working load and elastic deformations may cause:
    Axial force, FA Transverse force, FQ Bending Moment, MB Torque moment, MT

    Determining Bolt Dimensions


    Once working load conditions are known allow for:
    Loss of preload to embedding Assembly preload reduced by proportion of axial bolt force Necessary minimum clamp load in the joint Preload scatter due to assembly method

    Calculation Step R1
    Estimation of bolt diameter, d Estimation of clamping length ratio, lK/d Estimation of mean surface pressure under bolt head or nut area, pG If pG is exceeded, joint must be modified and lK/d re-determined

    Calculation Step R2
    Determination of tightening factor, aA, allowing for:
    Assembly method State of lubrication Surface condition

    Calculation Step R3
    Determination of required average clamping load, Fkerf, as either:
    Clamping force on the opening edge with eccentrically acting axial force, FA

    Or
    Clamping force to absorb moment MT or transverse force component, FQ

    Calculation Step R4
    Determination of load factor, F, including:
    Determination of elastic resilience of bolt, dS Evaluation of the position of load introduction, n*lK Determination of elastic resilience of clamped parts, dP Calculation of required substitutional crosssection, Aers

    Calculation Step R5
    Determination of loss of preload, FZ, due to embedding Determination of total embedding

    Calculation Step R6
    Determination of bolt size and grade
    For tightening within the elastic range, select bolt for which initial clamping load is equal to or greater than maximum initial clamping load due to scatter in assembly process For tightening to yield, select bolt for which 90% of initial clamping load is equal to or greater than minimum initial clamping load due to scatter in assembly process

    Calculation Step R7
    If changes in bolt or clamping length ratio, lK/d, are necessary, repeat Steps R4 through R6

    Calculation Step R8
    Check that maximum permissible bolt force is not exceeded

    Calculation Step R9
    Determine alternating stress endurance of bolt Allow for bending stress in eccentric load applications Obtain approximate value for permissible stress deviation from tables If not satisfactory, use bolt with larger diameter or greater endurance limit Consider bending stress for eccentric loading

    Calculation Step R10


    Check surface pressure under bolt head and nut bearing area Allow for chamfering of hole in determining bearing area Tables provide recommendations for maximum allowable surface pressure If using tightening to or beyond yield, modify calculation

    5. Influencing Factors
    Allow for factors depending upon:
    Material and surface design of clamped parts Shape of selected bolts and nuts Assembly conditions

    Strength of the Bolt


    Stress caused by:
    Torsional and axial stresses during tightening Working load

    Should not exceed yield load

    Minimum Thread Engagement


    Depends upon:
    Thread form, pitch, tolerance, and diameter Form of the nut (wrenching width) Bolt hole Strength and ductility of bolt and nut materials Type of stress (tensile, torsional, bending) Friction coefficients Number of tightenings

    Thread Shear Strength


    Bolt-Nut Strength Matching Number for strength grade of nut is equivalent to first number of strength grade of bolt

    Calculation of Required Nut Height


    Allows for geometry and mechanical properties of joint elements Predicts type of failure caused by overloading Considers:
    Dimensional values (tensile cross-section of bolt thread, thread engagement length, etc.) Thread form & nut form Bolt clearance hole

    Bolt Head Height


    Ensures that failure will occur in free loaded thread section or in the shank Highest tensile stress in thread < Highest tensile stress in bolt head

    Surface Pressure at Bolt Head & Nut Bearing Areas


    Calculation determines surface pressure capable of causing creep resulting in loss of preload Surface pressure due to maximum load should not exceed compressive yield point of clamped material

    Tightening Factor, Alpha A


    Allowance must be made for torsional stress caused by pitch and thread friction, and axial tensile stress Scatter in friction coefficients and errors in method of controlling preload create uncertainty in level of tensile and torsional stress Tightening factor, aA, reflects amount of required over-design

    Fatigue Strength
    Design modifications to improve endurance limit of joint
    Increase preload Reduce pitch of screw thread Reduction of modulus of nut material elasticity Increase thread engagement

    Fatigue Strength -Continued


    Design modifications to improve endurance limit of joint
    Change form of nut Reduce strength of nut material Increase elastic resilience of bolt, lower elastic resilience of parts Shift introduction of load toward interface

    Embedding
    Caused by flattening of surface irregularities Affects forces in joint Reduces elastic deformation and preload

    Self-Loosening and Prevention


    Preload drops due to:
    Relaxation as a result of embedment or creep Rotational loosening due to relative movements between mating surfaces

    6. Calculation Examples
    Ex. 1, Concentric Clamping and Concentric Loading Ex. 2, Transverse Shearing Force Ex. 3, Torsional Shearing Load Ex. 4, Eccentric Clamping and Eccentric Loading Ex. 5, Eccentric Clamping and Loading

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