PREFACE

I was lucky to get an opportunity to work in Telecommunication Sector (BSNL ) in Nagpur . FDI Plays important role in NAGPUR, FDI helps in Economic growth of Nagpur. The first section deals with Telecommunication in this section, I have given a brief conceptual explanation. It contains the definition, importance & benefits of Telecommunication & Importance of Telecommunication. .The second section of my report deals with a Introduction about BSN About its activities and Services , etc. this section attempts to give detailed about the BSNLin Nagpur .

Telecommunication is the use of information transmission over significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such asbeacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags.

Organizations have now started realizing that the Telecommunication is the use of information transmission over significant distances to communicate

TABLE OF CONTENT S.NO 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION COMPANY PROFILE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION FINDINGS SUGGESTION CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURE 62 PAGE NO. 03 23 32 34 36 40 56 58 60

INTRODUCTION

Telecommunication Telecommunication is the use of information transmission over significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the
3

use

of

visual

signals,

such

asbeacons, smoke

signals, semaphore

telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud whistles, for example. In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones, and teleprinters, the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of theorbiting satellites and the Internet. A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the first decade of the 20th century with pioneering developments in wireless radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications and Lee de include Charles as well as John Wheatstone and Samuel Logie Baird and Philo Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Forest (radio), Farnsworth(television). The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, to 471petabytes in 1993, to 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and to 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of 2 newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and 6 entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the worldwide telecommunication industry's revenue was estimated to be $3.85 trillion in 2008. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.7 trillion in 2008, and is expected to touch $2.7 trillion by 2013. Bell (telephone),Edwin Armstrong,

History Ancient systems Greek hydraulic semaphore systems were used as early as the 4th century BC. The hydraulic semaphores, which worked with water filled vessels and visual signals, functioned as optical telegraphs. However, they could only utilize a very limited range of pre-determined messages, and as with all such optical telegraphs could only be deployed during good visibility conditions During the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal fromPlymouth to London that signaled the arrival of the Spanish warships. Systems since the Middle Ages

A replica of one of Chappe's semaphore towers in Nalbach In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (orsemaphore line) between Lille and Paris.[6] However semaphore systems suffered from the need for skilled operators and the
5

expensive towers at intervals of 1030 kilometers (620 mi). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, Europe's last commercial semaphore line in Sweden was abandoned in 1880. The telegraph and telephone The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and SirWilliam Fothergill Cooke, and its use began on April 9, 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the [already-existing, so-called] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device. The businessman Samuel F.B. Morse and the physicist Joseph Henry of the United States developed their own, simpler version of the electrical telegraph, independently. Morse successfully demonstrated this system on September 2, 1837. Morse's most important technical contribution to this telegraph was the rather simple and highly efficient Morse Code, which was an important advance over Wheatstone's complicated and significantly more expensive telegraph system. The communications efficiency of the Morse Code anticipated that of the Huffman code in digital communications by over 100 years, but Morse and his associate Alfred Vail developed the code purely empirically, unlike Huffman, who gave a detailed theoretical explanation of how his method worked. The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic electrical communication for the first time. An earlier transatlantic cable had operated for a few months in 1859, and among other things, it carried messages of greeting back and forth between President James Buchanan of the United States and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. However, that transatlantic cable failed soon, and the project to lay a replacement line was delayed for five years by the American Civil War. Also, these transatlantic cables would have been completely incapable of carrying
6

telephone calls even had the telephone already been invented. The first transatlantic telephone cable (which incorporated hundreds of electronic amplifiers) was not operational until 1956. The conventional telephone now in use worldwide was first

patented by Alexander Graham Bell in March 1876. That first patent by Bell was the master patent of the telephone, from which all other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed. Credit for the invention of the electric telephone has been frequently disputed, and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time-to-time. As with other great inventions such as radio, television, the light bulb, and the digital computer, there were several inventors who did pioneering experimental work on voice transmission over a wire, and then they improved on each other's ideas. However, the key innovators were Alexander Graham Bell and Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who created the first telephone company, the Bell Telephone Company in the United States, which later evolved into American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T). The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven, Connecticut, and London, England. Radio and television In 1832, James Lindsay gave a classroom demonstration of wireless

telegraphy via conductive water to his students. By 1854, he was able to demonstrate a transmission across the Firth of Tay from Dundee, Scotland, to Woodhaven, a distance of about two miles (3 km), again using water as the transmission medium.[14] In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless which communication he shared between St. with Karl John's, Newfoundland and Poldhu, Cornwall (England), earning him the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1909, one Braun.[15]However small-scale radio communication had already been demonstrated in 1893 by Nikola Tesla in a presentation before the National Electric Light Association.
7

On March 25, 1925, John Logie Baird of Scotland was able to demonstrate the transmission of moving pictures at the Selfridge's department store in London, England. Baird's system relied upon the fast-rotating Nipkow disk, and thus it became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning September 30, 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, television systems were designed around the cathode ray tube, invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such anelectronic television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth of the United States, and it was demonstrated to his family in Idahoon September 7, 1927. Computer networks and the Internet On 11 September 1940, George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teleprinter to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.[19] This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe computer with remote "dumb terminals" remained popular throughout the 1950s and into the 60's. However, it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching a technology that allows chunks of data to be sent between different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on December 5, 1969. This network soon became theARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. ARPANET's development centred around the Request for Comment process and on 7 April 1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually merge with other networks to form the Internet, and many of the communication protocols that the Internet relies upon today were specified through the Request for Comment process. In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced theInternet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today.
8

However, not all important developments were made through the Request for Comment process. Two popular link protocols for local area networks (LANs) also appeared in the 1970s. A patent for the token ring protocol was filed by Olof Soderblom on October 29, 1974, and a paper on the Ethernet protocol was published by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs in the July 1976 issue of Communications of the ACM.[21][22] The Ethernet protocol had been inspired by the ALOHAnet protocol which had been developed by electrical engineeringresearchers at the University of Hawaii. Society and telecommunication Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural. and economic impact on modern society. In 2008, estimates placed the telecommunication industry's revenue at $3.85 trillion or just under 3 percent of the gross world product (official exchange rate). Several following sections discuss the impact of telecommunication on society. Economic impact Microeconomics On the microeconomic scale, companies have used telecommunications to help build global business empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer Amazon.com but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer Wal-Mart has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors. In cities throughout the world, home owners use their telephones to organize many home services ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively-poor communities have been noted to use telecommunication to their advantage. In Bangladesh's Narshingdi district, isolated villagers use cellular phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In Cte d'Ivoire, coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price.
9

Macroeconomics On the macroeconomic scale, Lars-Hendrik Rller and Leonard Waverman suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth Few dispute the existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal. Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the inequitable access to telecommunication services amongst various countries of the worldthis is known as the digital divide. A 2003 survey by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that roughly a third of countries have fewer than one mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have fewer than one land-line telephone subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all countries have fewer than one out of 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies. Using this measure, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland received the highest ranking while the African countries Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Mali received the lowest.

Social impact Telecommunication has played a significant role in social relationships. Nevertheless devices like the telephone system were originally advertised with an emphasis on the practical dimensions of the device (such as the ability to conduct business or order home services) as opposed to the social dimensions. It was not until the late 1920s and 1930s that the social dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. New promotions started appealing to consumers' emotions, stressing the importance of social conversations and staying connected to family and friends.
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Since then the role that telecommunications has played in social relations has become increasingly important. In recent years, the popularity of social networking sites has increased dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests, sexual preference and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in everything from organising social engagements to courtship. Prior to social networking sites, technologies like short message service(SMS) and the telephone also had a significant impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group Ipsos MORI reported that 81% of 15 to 24 year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social arrangements and 42% to flirt. Other impacts In cultural terms, telecommunication has increased the public's ability to access to music and film. With television, people can watch films they have not seen before in their own home without having to travel to the video store or cinema. With radio and the Internet, people can listen to music they have not heard before without having to travel to the music store. Telecommunication has also transformed the way people receive their news. A survey by the non-profit Pew Internet and American Life Project found that when just over 3,000 people living in the United States were asked where they got their news "yesterday", more people said television or radio than newspapers. The results are summarised in the following table (the percentages add up to more than 100% because people were able to specify more than one source). Local TV

National TV Radio Local paper Internet National paper

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59%

47%

44%

38%

23%

12%

Telecommunication has had an equally significant impact on advertising. TNS Media Intelligence reported that in 2007, 58% of advertising expenditure in the United States was spent on mediums that depend upon telecommunication. The results are summarised in the following table. Intern Radi Cabl Syndicat Spot Netwo Newspa Magazi Outdo Tota et Perce nt o e TV ed TV 12.1 % TV rk TV per 11.3 % $16.8 $4.17 2 n $25.42 $28.22 $30.33 $4.02 billion billion billio billion billion ne or l 100 %

7.6% 7.2%

2.8%

17.1% 18.9%

20.4% 2.7%

$10.6 $18.0 Dolla $11.31 9 rs n 2 n billion billio billio billion

$149 billio n

Telecommunication and government

Many countries have enacted legislation which conform to the International Telecommunication Regulations establish by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the "leading UN agency for information and communication technology issues." In 1947, at the Atlantic City Conference, the ITU decided to "afford international protection to all frequencies registered in a new international frequency list and used in conformity with the Radio Regulation." According to the ITU's Radio Regulations adopted in Atlantic City, all frequencies referenced in the International Frequency Registration Board, examined by the board and
12

registered on the International Frequency List "shall have the right to international protection from harmful interference." From a global perspective, there have been political debates and legislation regarding the management of telecommunication and broadcasting. The history of broadcasting discusses some of debates in relation to balancing conventional communication such as printing and telecommunication such as radio broadcasting. The onset of World War II brought on the first explosion of international broadcasting propaganda. Countries, their governments, insurgents, terrorists, and militiamen have all used telecommunication and broadcasting techniques to promote propaganda.[45][46] Patriotic propaganda for political movements and colonization started the mid 1930s. In 1936, the BBC did broadcast propaganda to the Arab World to partly counter similar broadcasts from Italy, which also had colonial interests in North Africa. Modern insurgents, such as those in the latest Iraq war, often use intimidating telephone calls, SMSs and the distribution of sophisticated videos of an attack on coalition troops within hours of the operation. "The Sunni insurgents even have their own television station, Al-Zawraa, which while banned by the Iraqi government, still broadcasts from Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, even as coalition pressure has forced it to switch satellite hosts several times."

Modern telecommunication
For more details on this topic, see Outline of telecommunication.

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Telephone

Optical fiber provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication In an analog telephone network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse. The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analog that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although shortdistance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analog signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the signals to digital for transmission before converting them back to analog for reception. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication (as opposed to analog signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).
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Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m) In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM or WCDMA with many markets choosing to depreciate analog systems such as AMPS There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of TAT-8 in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optic fibres. The benefit of communicating with optic fibers is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and today's optic fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optic fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre. Assisting communication across many modern optic fibre networks is a protocol known as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side data transmission mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a traffic contract with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and
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the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut-off completely. There are competitors to ATM, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future. Radio and television

Digital television standards and their adoption worldwide. In a broadcast system, the central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analog (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).[25][58] The broadcast media industry is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analog to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints common to traditional analog broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as snowy pictures, ghosting and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analog transmission,
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which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes [1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0] and received with signal amplitudes [0.9 0.2 1.1 0.9] it would still decode to the binary message 1011 a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using forward error correction a receiver can correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission. In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the ATSC, DVB andISDB standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use MPEG-2 for video compression. ATSC uses Dolby Digital AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 2.[61][62] The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the Digital Audio Broadcastingstandard (also known as the Eureka 147 standard). The exception being the United States which has chosen to adopt HD Radio. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as in-band onchannel transmission that allows digital information to "piggyback" on normal AM or FM analog transmissions However, despite the pending switch to digital, analog television remains being transmitted in most countries. An exception is the United States that ended analog television transmission (by all but the very low-power TV stations) on
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12 June 2009 after twice delaying the switchover deadline. For analog television, there are three standards in use for broadcasting color TV (see a map on adoption here). These are known as PAL (British designed), NTSC (North American designed), and SECAM (French designed). (It is important to understand that these are the ways from sending color TV, and they do not have anything to do with the standards for black & white TV, which also vary from country to country.) For analog radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the fact that analog receivers are sold at a small fraction of the price of digital receivers.[65][66] The choice of modulation for analog radio is typically between amplitude FM. modulation (AM) orfrequency modulation (FM). To achieve stereo playback, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for stereo

The Internet

The OSI reference model The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol.[67] Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a
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message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP computers. It is estimated that the 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the landline telephone). By the year 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through mobile phones). [1] As of 2008, an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of broadband access, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world. The Internet works in part because of protocols that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an Internet browser to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite. For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to
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address

allowing for two-way

communication. The Internet is thus an exchange of messages between

the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network. At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for logical addressing. For the World Wide Web, these "IP addresses" are derived from the human readable form using the Domain Name System (e.g. 72.14.207.99 is derived fromwww.google.com). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent. At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer where as UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered or retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry port numbers with them to specify what application or process the packet should be handled by.[73] Because certain application-level protocols use certain ports, network administrators can manipulate traffic to suit particular requirements. Examples are to restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port or to affect the performance of certain applications by assigning priority. Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that the data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential and one or the other is in use when a padlock appears in the address bar of your web browser. Finally, at the application layer, are
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many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as HTTP (web browsing),POP3 (e-mail), FTP (file transfer), IRC (Internet chat), BitTorrent (file sharing) and OSCAR (instant messaging). Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) allows data packets to be used for synchronous voice communications. The data packets are marked as voice type packets and can be prioritised by the network administrators so that the realtime, synchronous conversation is less subject to contention with other types of data traffic which can be delayed (i.e. file transfer or email) or buffered in advance (i.e. audio and video) without detriment. That prioritisation is fine when the network has sufficient capacity for all the VoIP calls taking place at the same time and the network is enabled for prioritisation i.e. a private corporate style network, but the Internet is not generally managed in this way and so there can be a big difference in the quality of VoIP calls over a private network and over the public Internet. Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local area networks ("LANs" computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometers in size) remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet will not provide 100% protection of the LAN from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN. There are also independent wide area networks ("WANs" private computer networks that can and do extend for thousands of kilometers.) Once again, some of their advantages include their privacy, security, and complete ignoring of any potential hackers who cannot "touch" them. Of course, prime users of
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private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information completely secure and secret.In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of theOSI reference model. These included Appletalk, IPX, and NetBIOS with the dominant protocol set during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with MSDOS users. TCP/IP existed at this point, but it was typically only used by large government and research facilities. As the Internet grew in popularity and a larger percentage of traffic became Internet-related, LANs and WANs gradually moved towards the TCP/IP protocols, and today networks mostly dedicated to TCP/IP traffic are common. The move to TCP/IP was helped by technologies such as DHCP that allowed TCP/IP clients to discover their own network address a function that came standard with the AppleTalk/ IPX/ NetBIOS protocol sets. It is at the data-link layer, though, that most modern LANs diverge from the Internet. Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data-link protocols for larger networks such as WANs; Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data-link protocols for LANs. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler (e.g. they omit features such as Quality of Service guarantees) and offer collision prevention. Both of these differences allow for more economical systems. Despite the modest popularity of IBM token ring in the 1980s and 90's, virtually all LANs now use either wired or wireless Ethernets. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use copper twisted-pair cables (including the common 10BASE-T networks). However, some early implementations used heavier coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optical fibers. When optic fibers are used, the distinction must be made between multimode fibers and single-mode fibers.

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COMPANY PROFILE

23

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India Communications Corporation Limited)is a public sector communications company in India. It is the India's largest telecommunicationcompany with 25.14% market share as on December 31, 2007. Its headquarters are at BharatSanchar Bhawan, Harish Chandra Mathur Lane, Janpath, New Delhi. It has the status of Mini-ratna - a status assigned to reputed Public Sector companies in India.BSNL is India's oldest and largest Communication Service Provider (CSP). Currently BSNL hasa customer base of 68.5 million (Basic & Mobile telephony). It has footprints throughout Indiaexcept for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi which are managed by MTNL. Ason December 31, 2007 BSNL commanded a customer base of 31.7 million Wireline, 4.1 millionCDMA-WLL and 32.7 million GSM Mobile subscribers. BSNL's earnings for the Financial Year ending March 31, 2007 stood at INR 397.15b (US$ 9.67 b) with net profit of INR 78.06b (US$1.90 billion). Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The company is planning an IPO within 6 months to offload 10 % to public.Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest TelecommunicationsCompany providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wireline, CDMA mobile,GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, INServices etc. Within a span of five years it has become one of the largest public sector unit inIndia.BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it,

24

expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages andwining customer's confidence. Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity,4 million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges,18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of MicrowaveNetwork connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages .BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge theRural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beatits reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operatesacross India except Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier andNortheastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecomservices.BSNL is numero uno operator of India in all services in its license area. The company offers videranging & most transparent tariff schemes designed to suite every customer.BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering 24percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user inthe country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92percent share in revenue terms.BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers whoaccess Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account LessInternet(CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.BSNL has set up a world class multigigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure thatprovides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone andBroadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 million DataOne broadband customers.
25

The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenanceof Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified TelecomTraining Institute. Scaling new heights of success, the present turnover of BSNL is more than Rs.351,820million (US $ 8 billion) with net profit to the tune of Rs.99,390 million (US $ 2.26 billion)for last financial year. The infrastructure asset on telephone alone is worth about Rs.630,000million (US $ 14.37 billion).BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 47 millions lines to 125 million lines byDecember 2007 and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67million) in the next three years.The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and thedesire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India. Corporate View: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest cellular service provider, with over 81 million subscribers as of October 2010 and the largest land line telephone provider in India. * 3G:BSNL offers the '3G' or the'3rd Generation' services which includes facilities like video calling, live tv, 3G Video portal, streaming services. * Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wireline services & Wireless in Local loop (WLL) using CDMA Technology. * Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name CellOne & Excel (BSNL Mobile).
26

* WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL (Wireless in Local Loop) service is the most reliable and affordable service. * Internet: BSNL provides internet services through dial-up connection (Sancharnet) as Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and ADSL broadband (BSNL Broadband). * Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL provides IN services offers value-added services, such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Universal Access Number (UAN) and more. * IPTV: BSNL also offers the 'Internet Protocol Television' facility which enables us to watch television through internet. * FTTH: Fibre to The Home facility that offers a higher bandwidth for data transfer. The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India.

History The foundation of Telecom Network in India was laid by the British sometime in 19thcentury. The history of BSNL is linked with the beginning of Telecom in India. In 19th centuryand for almost entire 20th century, the Telecom in India was operated as a Government of Indiawing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post & Telegraph Department (P&T). In 1975 theDepartment of
27

Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible for running of Telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. It is a wellknown fact that BSNL was carved out of Department of Telecom to provide level playing fieldto private telecoms.Subsequently in 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Governmentfor Private investment, In India, the Posts and Telegraph Department originated in 1851 as a small part of the PublicWorks Department. Dr. William Shaughnessy pioneered telegraph and telephone in India. Aregular separate department was opened around 1854 when telegraph facilities were thrownopen to the public.

The major milestones of the organization are as shown below.Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) keeps most of India talking. The country's largest landline company provides local-exchange access and domestic long-distance services through a network of more than 46 million access lines covering most of India. (It does not provide service in Delhi and Mumbai.) Serving business and individual customers, it also offers GSM and CDMA-based wireless communications, satellite service, telegraph, data and Internet services, and managed network services. Cellular service CellOne has 55 million subscribers on a mostly 2G network. BSNL is one of two state-controlled telcos in India, along with Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL), which serves Delhi and Mumbai. Table 1.1.: Major milestones in the history of BSNLBSNL, formed in October, 2000, is world's 7th largest telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile ,Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.Within a span of five years it has become one of the
28

largest public sector units in India.BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it,expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages andwinning customer confidence. Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges, 18000BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages.BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge theRural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country tobeat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook and corner of country andoperating across India except Delhi and Mumbai. Whether it is the inaccessible areas of Siachen Glacier or the North-Eastern region of the country, BSNL serves its customers with itswide bouquet of telecom services.BSNL is the numero uno operator of India in all services in its license area. The companyoffers wide ranging and most transparent tariff schemes designed to suit every customer.BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering 24%of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in thecountry has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35 .1 million Basic Phone subscribers, i.e., 85% share of the subscriber base and 92% share inrevenue terms.BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million internet customers whoaccess internet through various modes, viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet(CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.BSNL has set up a world-class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure thatprovides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone andBroadband Access Network. At present there are
29

0.6 million DataOne broadbandcustomers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration andMaintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL is the largest telecom operator in India and is known to everybody for Basic TelephonyServices for over 100 years. Presently the Plain old, Countrywide telephone service is beingprovided through 32,000 electronic exchanges, 326 Digital Trunk Automatic Exchanges(TAX),Digitalized Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) all interlinked by over 2.4 lakh km of Optical Fiber Cable, with a host of Phone Plus value additions to our valuedCustomers. BSNL's telephony network expands throughout the vast expanses of the countryreaching to the remotest part of the country.Scaling new heights of success. The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and thedesire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India. 1.2. COMPETITORS Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) keeps most of India talking. The company provideslocal-exchange access and domestic long-distance services through a network of more than47 million access lines covering most of India. (It does not provide service in Delhi andMumbai.) Serving business and consumer customers, it also offers GSM and CDMA-basedwireless communications, satellite service, telegraph, data and Internet services, and managednetwork services. BSNL is one of two state-controlled telcos in India, along with Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL), which serves Delhi and Mumbai.
30

1.2.1. Industries where BSNL competes Telecommunications Services Fixed-line Voice Services Providers (primary) Data Services Teleconferencing Services Providers

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OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

32

Objectives of Study 1. To study the overall working of BSNL for Telecommunication in India.. 2. To study the sectors related to the communication sector of India. 3. To study the influence of Telecom Sector of BSNL on the indian citizen. 4. To study the strategies used by the BSNL. 5. To study that how BSNL help to generate employment in India.

33

Hypothesis

34

Hypothesis Test:

1) It is assumed that all the cutomers will be satisfied by the services of BSNL. 2) It is assumed that the customer get better services with their investment. 3) It is assumed that BSNL uses better plans and services.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

36

RESEARCH METHOLOGY DEFINITION According to Clifford Woody: -Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis (suggested solutions), collecting, organizing, and evaluating data making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis. SAMPLE DESIGN: The research design adopted for this research work will be explanatory type. COLLECTION OF DATA:A) Primary Data:Primary data is collected by the researcher itself. 1) It is based on personal interaction with the people 2) Structured questionnaires for the people. B) Secondary Data:Secondary data is the data collected,compiled and analysed by the researcher.This study has used different qualitative methods to analyze the marketing
37

methods of telecommunication industry in India are as follows:1.Newspaper 2. Magazine 3. Personal Research 4. Websites EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION: 1) To get the whole information about the various telecom facilities provided by BSNL in India. 2) To give valid information about telecom which would be helpful to learn the sector easily. 3) By the help of questionnaire it would help to estimate the exact condition of Telecom field of BSNL

38

IMPORTANCE OF STUDY : 1. The telecommunication sector of BSNL has a very great influence in India 2. This company has helped the people in all ways in communication sector 3. This helps in rural as well as urban areas to help people in the communication sector. 4. It would help to get the overall working system of the Telecommunication Sector of BSNL in India. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY : 1) The significance is that it will help to know about the telecom sector of BSNL in short way through the project. 2) It would be helpful to get the information of the Telecommunication of India through this project 3) It helps to know how the Telecommunication services provided by BSNL has changed the life of all the Indians

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DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

Q.1) Do you think that BSNL have a great influence in India in Telecommunication Sector?

40

Response Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree

No. of respondent 40 30 05 15 10

strongly agree
15 % 5% 10 % 40 %

agree neither agree nor disagree disagree

30 %

strongly disagree
INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent 40% respondent were strongly agree while 30% were agree and only 05% were neither agree nor disagree and 15% respondent were disagree and 10% were strongly disagree with the statement that BSNL have a great influence in India in Telecommunication Sector.

2). Do you think that BSNL Company has helped the People in all communication sectors?

41

Response Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree

No. of respondent 50 25 10 10 05

strongly agree

10 % 10 %

5%

agree

50 %
neither agree nor disagree disagree

25 %

strongly disagree

INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent 50% were strongly agree while 25% were agree and only 10% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that BSNL Company has helped the People in all communication sectors.

3) Do you think that the brand image of BSNL is strong?

42

Response Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

No. of respondent 35 27 13 10 15

strongly agree agree

10 % 13 %

15 %

35 %

neither agree nor disagree disagree strongly disagree

27 % INTERPRETATION-

Out of 50 respondent 35% were strongly agree while 27% were agree and only 13% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 15% were strongly disagree with the statement That the brand image of BSNL is strong.

4). Do you think that popularity of BSNL plans in Nagpur?

43

Response Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

No. of respondent 22 38 03 17 20

strongly agree
17 % 3% 20 % 22 %

agree neither agree nor disagree disagree

38 %

strongly disagree

INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent 22% were strongly agree while 38% were agree and only 3% were neither agree nor disagree and 17% respondent were disagree and 20% were strongly disagree with the statement that popularity of BSNL plans in Nagpur. 5). Do you think that BSNL help in Working System in Telecommunication Sector in Nagpur?

44

Response Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

No. of respondent 70 30 05 10 05

strongly agree

10 % 05 %

05 %

33 %

agree neither agree nor disagree disagree strongly disagree

47 % INTERPRETATION-

Out of 50 respondent 33% were strongly agree while 47% were agree and only 05% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that BSNL help in Working System in Telecommunication Sector in Nagpur.

Q. 6). Do you think that BSNL Services have changed the life of people in Nagpur?

45

Response Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

No. of respondent 17 60 03 05 05

strongly agre e

05 % 03 %

05 %

17 %

agre e ne ither agree nor dis agre e disagree strongly disagree

60 % INTERPRETATION-

Out of 50 respondent 17% were strongly agree while 60% were agree and only 03% were neither agree nor disagree and 05% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that BSNL Services have changed the life of people in Nagpur

7). Do you think that BSNL helps in generate Employment in India? Response Strongly agree No. of respondent 37
46

Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

43 10 05 05

strongly agree

05 % 10 %

05 %

37 %

agree neithe r agree nor disagree disagree strongly disagree

43 % INTERPRETATION-

Out of 50 respondent 37% were strongly agree while 43% were agree and only 10% were neither agree nor disagree and 05% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that BSNL helps in generate Employment in India.

8). Do you think BSNL offered some attractive plans for their customers? Response Strongly agree No. of respondent 33
47

Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

47 05 10 05

strongly agree
10 % 05 % 05 % 33 %

agree neither agree nor disagree

47 %

disagree strongly disagree

INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent 33% were strongly agree while 47% were agree and only 05% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that BSNL offered some attractive plans for their customers

9) Are you using Cell phones or Land Line Services? Response No. of respondent

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Cell Phones Land Lines

60 40

40%
Cell P hone Land line

60 % INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent 40% told that they use lanlines & 60 % told that they use cell phone services.

49

10). Which connection you Use for better service?: Response BSNL AIRTEL RELIANCE No. of respondent 60 22 20

20% 60 %
BSNL AIRTEL RELIANCE

20 %

INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent 60% told that they use BSNL Serices 20 % told that they use Airtel Services & 20% Told that they use Reliance services.

11) Has BSNL Services affected the Market of other tele communication Companies into Nagpur?
50

Response Yes, very much, Yes, considerably, Not really Not at all, Don't know

No. of respondent 35 27 13 10 15

15 %

35 %

Ye s ,ve ry m uch Ye s ,cons ide r ably Not re ally

13 % 10 % 27 %

Not at all Dont Know

INTERPRETATION-

51

Out of 50 respondent 35% told that BSNL Services affected the Market of other tele communication Companies into Nagpur while 27% BSNL Services affected the Market of other tele communication Companies into Nagpur and only 13% told BSNL Services affected the Market of other tele communication Companies into Nagpur and 10% BSNL Services affected the Market of other tele communication Companies into Nagpur and 15% BSNL Services affected the Market of other tele communication Companies into Nagpur. 12) Which Net connection do you have?

Response BSNL AIRTEL RELIANCE

No. of respondent 55 15 20

15 %
BSNL AIRTEL RELIANCE

20 % 55 %

INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent55 % told that they use BSNL Net connection & 15 % told that they use Airtel Net Connection & 20% told that they use Reliance Net connection .
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13 Are u Satisfied with the services of BSNL? Response YES NO No. of respondent 70 30

30 % 1 0

70 %
YES NO

INTERPRETATIONOut of 50 respondent 70% told that they satisfied with BSNL Services& 30 % told that they are not satisfied .

53

14 Visibility of BSNL? Response Very Good Good poor Cant say No. of respondent 60 17 13 10

13 %

10 %

60 %
V e r y good good Poor Cant s ay

17 % INTERPRETATION-

54

Out of 50 respondent 60 % told that the visibility of BSNl is very good, 7& 17 % told that visibility of BSNL is good & 13 % told that the visibility of BSNL is Poor & 10 % told that cant say.

15). Are you satisfied with the network of BSNL? Response Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree No. of respondent 33 47 05 10 05

strongly agree
10 % 05 % 05 % 33 %

agree neither agree nor disagree

47 %

disagree strongly disagree

INTERPRETATION55

Out of 50 respondent 33% told they are strongly agree with the network of BSNL & 47% told that they are agree with the network of BSNL & 5% told that they are neither agree or disagree with the network of BSNL & 10 % told that they are disagree with the network of BSNL & 5 % told that they are strongly disagree with the network of BSNL

FINDINGS

56

Finding 40% respondent were strongly agree while 30% were agree and only 05% were neither agree nor disagree and 15% respondent were disagree and 10% were strongly disagree with the statement that FDI helps in economic development in Nagpur. 50% were strongly agree while 25% were agree and only 10% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that Foreign direct investment permits the transfer of technologies 35% were strongly agree while 27% were agree and only 13% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 15% were strongly disagree with the statement That Foreign direct investment helps in the creation of new jobs in Nagpur. 22% were strongly agree while 38% were agree and only 3% were neither agree nor disagree and 17% respondent were disagree and 20% were strongly disagree with the statement that Foreign direct investment assists in increasing the income in Nagpur 33% were strongly agree while 47% were agree and only 05% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that Foreign Direct Investment in Nagpur is allowed through four basic routes namely, financial collaborations, technical collaborations and joint ventures 17% were strongly agree while 60% were agree and only 03% were neither agree nor disagree and 05% respondent were disagree and 05%
57

were strongly disagree with the statement that FDI ensures a huge amount of domestic capital, production level, and employment opportunities in Nagpur. 37% were strongly agree while 43% were agree and only 10% were neither agree nor disagree and 05% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that FDI is allowed from all sources on the automatic route subject to guidelines issued from RBI from time to time

33% were strongly agree while 47% were agree and only 05% were neither agree nor disagree and 10% respondent were disagree and 05% were strongly disagree with the statement that FDI helps in Market Growth of Nagpur .

58

SUGGESTION

59

SUGGESTION I have Study about Telecom sector in STUDY OFTELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM IN INDIAWITH REFERENCE TO BSNL AT NAGPUR Over the last few years, the telecom industry in India has been goin through a period of intense change. Needs of retail as well as corporate customer are changing and their expectation inters of service and quality are getting more demanding .BSNL is facing stiff competition from private players in telecom industry. Over the recent past, BSNLs performance has come under considerable pressure. It has not been able to grow in line with the market and has been steadily losing market Share. BSNL is a firm has extensive experience working in India on issues of strategy ,sales & marketing .BSNL has experience of working with large Public Sector undertaking to help them define. On the basis of Study: BSNL must focus on to attain its objective BSNL should focus on expanding its market in order to grab the market shares.

60

CONCLUSION

61

CONCLUSION After completion of Research I concluded that In BSNL

Telecommunication is the use of information transmission over significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud whistles, for example. In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones, and teleprinters, the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.

I have Study about BSNL in Nagpur telecommunication in nagpur.

To know the importance of

62

BIBLIOGRAPHY

63

BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Marketing Management Philip Kotler, The Millennium Edition, Prentice Hall Of Nagpur Private Limited, New Delhi. A. Aaker, David. Strategic Market management. New York: John Wiley & Sons,2001, pp.154-162. Levy, Michael. A. Weitz .Barton. Retailing Management. New York: McGrew-Hill,2004,pp.6-8, 627 Palmer, Adrian. Introduction to Marketing. Nagpur: Oxford University Press,2004, pp.350-351,363. Marketing Research:G.C Brek, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi Periodical: Business Word DFPI, Annual Report Research Methodology: C.R.Kothari , 2nd edition. S.N Murty and U Bhojanna

64

Website Address: www.FDI.com www.googlesearch.com

65

ANNEXURE

Questionnaire Q.1) Do you think that BSNL have a great influence in India in Telecommunication Sector? Strongly agree Agree
66

 Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree 2). Do you think that BSNL Company has helped the People in all communication sectors? Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree 3) Do you think that the brand image of BSNL is strong? Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree 4). Do you think that popularity of BSNL plans in Nagpur? Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree 5). Do you think that BSNL help in Working System in Telecommunication Sector in Nagpur?
67

 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Q. 6). Do you think that BSNL Services have changed the life of people in Nagpur?

Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree 7). Do you think that BSNL helps in generate Employment in India? Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree 8). Do you think BSNL offered some attractive plans for their customers? Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree
68

 Disagree Strongly Disagree 9) Are you using Cell phones or Land Line Services? Cell Phones Land Lines 10). Which connection you Use for better service?: BSNL AIRTEL RELIANCE

11) Has BSNL Services affected the Market of other tele communication Companies into Nagpur? Yes, very much, Yes, considerably, Not really Not at all, Don't know 12) Which Net connection do you have? BSNL AIRTEL

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 RELIANCE 13 Are u Satisfied with the services of BSNL? YES NO 14).Visibility of BSNL? Very Goo Good poor Cant say

15). Are you satisfied with the network of BSNL? Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree

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71