Glossary Related To HYR

Glossary
Related to BUD () and KOBUD ()

With special reference to
HONTAI YSHIN RY ()
This document has been written in 2006, by Guy Buyens and has been revised on a few occasions. The current version (February 2012) replaces previous versions.
Glossary (February 2012)
Copyright www.hontaiyoshinryu.be
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INTRODUCTION
In this glossary, major entries are given alphabetically in order to facilitate quick searches. However this glossary is intended to be more than yet another alphabetic list of words commonly used in BUDO () or KOBUDO (). For all entries, the KANJI (), or the adopted Chinese characters, are given, and explained within the context of the entry.
Throughout the text, all key terminology has been written in capital Latin letters; ROMAJI (), followed, if needed, by the writing in Japanese - KANJI () and/or KANA () -between brackets. However, throughout the main text, we didnt completely used the Hepburn system for Romanization in which long vowels o and u are indicated by a macron ( and respectively), e.g. BUD (). Leaving out macrons is consistent with most books on Japanese martial arts. Nevertheless, both the list of the major entries and all entry headings include macrons. In general KANJI () have one or more Chinese ON'YOMI () readings, typically more used in writing, in contrast to the native KUN'YOMI () readings. Although we try to explain the KANJI () of our entries we are far from complete and only give the reading that is relevant for the entry in this glossary.
In the text, there is often special reference to HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). However a comprehensive list of the techniques in the different KATA () of the school has been omitted. This can be found in another document entitled: Hontai Yoshin Ryu: the official curriculum as taught by INOUE Kyoichi Munenori, the 19th generation SOKE. In our school, like in many old schools, much importance is given to a traditional but secret form of transmission: SHODEN () or first level of teaching, CHUDEN () or middle level of teaching, OKUDEN () or secret teaching and MENKYO KAIDEN () or highest level of teaching (lit. license of complete transmission). The content of these teachings are of course not included in this document.
In every KORYU (), transmission is based on a privileged relationship between teacher and student. Transmission can be purely oral, called KUDEN ( ), but in most cases, the essential teachings have been recorded in writing in DENSHO ( ). Already since the old
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days, the essential teachings were kept secret. Today most KORYU () still teach part of their curriculum only to a selected group of more advanced students.
Finally, readers should also be aware that different kanji can have the same reading (e.g. AI:
, , ,) and also that there is a phenomenon in Japanese voicing, called RENDAKU

() where consonants change depending on the preceding part of the word. Common changes are HI into BI, TO into DO, KA into GA, TSU into ZU. When looking for ZUKI go and see TSUKI, for GAMAE see KAMAE and so on.
Use of the glossary This glossary is intended to be posted on our website http://www.hontaiyoshinryu.be/, in first instance for members of Hontai Yoshin Ryu. Nevertheless most of the entries might be of interest for members of other schools as well. For those who want to use it, please do so, but we would highly appreciate that the source is mentioned when parts of the glossary are used in other documents, applications or websites. If this is the case please mention the following source: Glossary related to BUDO and KOBUDO by Guy Buyens (www.hontaiyoshinryu.be) .
In our attempt to improve this glossary, we welcome suggestions and remarks. Please foreword them to: [email protected]. However we will have to limit us with entries that are directly or indirectly related to what we do in Hontai Yoshin Ryu, or at least relevant for our members. The glossary will have to fulfill its objective to be integrated with the rest of our website.
Guy Buyens
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List of major entries

AI : .........................................................8 AI SATSU : ........................................9 AI UCHI : .........................................10 AIKID: .........................................8 ASHI SABAKI : ............................11 ATE : ...................................................11 ATEMI: .........................................12 BATT : ..........................................12 B : .....................................................13 B AWASE : ............................14 B JUTSU : ....................................14 BOKKEN : .......................................15 BOKUDEN RY: .........................16 BOKUT: ........................................16 BUD : ............................................17 BUGEI .............................................17 BUJUTSU : ......................................18 BUKKY : .......................................19 BUNKAI: ..........................................20 BUSHI: ............................................20 BUSHID : ..................................21 CHIBURI : .......................................24 CHIKARA : ..........................................25 CHIKUBUJIMA RY ................25 CH B : ........................................26 CHSHI: .........................................26 CH : ..................................................27 CHDAN: ........................................27 CHGI: ............................................28 CHSHIN: .......................................28 DAI : ....................................................29 DAISH: ......................................... 29 DAITO RY: ............................... 30 DAN : .................................................. 31 DARUMA : ...................................... 32 DEN : .................................................. 32 DESHI : ........................................... 33 D : ................................................... 34 DJ : ........................................... 34 DORI : ................................................ 35 EISHIN-RY: ............................... 36 EMONO KATA : .......................... 36 ENBU (EMBU) : .............................. 37 ENBUSEN (EMBUSEN): ............ 37 ENSHIN-RY : ........................... 38 ENZAN NO METSUKE: ...... 38 FUD (NO) KAMAE: .............. 38 FUDSHIN : ............................. 39 GASSHUKU: .................................. 40 GEDAN : ........................................ 40 GENDAI BUD: ...................... 40 GENDAI JJUTSU: ................ 42 GENSOKU: ..................................... 42 GI : ...................................................... 42 GOKUI: ........................................... 43 GYAKU : ............................................. 43 GYAKU NO KATA : .................. 44 HAKAMA: ........................................... 45 HANB: .......................................... 45 HARA: ................................................ 47 HARAI: ............................................ 48 HASS NO KAMAI ............. 48
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HASUJI: ...........................................48 HATSUGEIKO: ............................49 HAYANAWA: ...................................49 HEIH: ............................................49 HEIJSHIN: ................................50 HENKA: ............................................51 H : ......................................................51 HOJJUTSU: ..............................52 HJUTSU: ......................................52 HONBU (HOMBU): .........................53 HONTAI YSHIN RY: .......53 HOZOIN RY: .........................55 HYSHI : ........................................55 IAI JUTSU: ...................................56 IAIT : .........................................58 ICHIMONJI: .................................58 IN: ........................................................58 IRIMI: ...........................................59 ITSUKU: ......................................59 JIGEN RY: ................................60 JIKISHINKAGE RY: ..............60 JIN: ......................................................61 JITSU : ................................................61 JDAN : ..........................................62 JJUTSU: .......................................62 JOSSHI: ....................................63 J : ......................................................64 JD: ..............................................64 JDSEIFUKUSHI: .............65 JJUTSU : ......................................66 JJUTSU ROPPO: ..................67 JUTSU: ...............................................69 KAI-GY-SO: ..............................70 KAMAE: ...........................................71 KANJI: .............................................72 KAPP: ...........................................73
KARADA: ............................................ 73 KARATE: ........................................ 74 KASHIMA SHINT-RY: .... 74 KASUMI: ............................................. 75 KATA: ........................................... 75, 77 KATA: ................................................. 76 KATANA: ............................................ 78 KATORI SHINT RY () ..... 79 KATSU: .............................................. 79 KEIKO: ............................................ 79 KEIKOGI: .................................... 81 KEND: .......................................... 81 KENJUTSU: .................................... 82 KENP: .......................................... 83 KEPPAN: ....................................... 83 KERI: .............................................. 83 KI AI: ............................................... 85 KI KEN TAI ICHI () ................... 86 KI: ....................................................... 84 KIHON: ........................................... 85 KIME: .............................................. 87 KIMONO: ........................................ 87 KIRI OTOSHI: ......................... 88 KIRI: OR ................................. 87 KIT RY: .................................. 89 KB ITCHI ........................................... 89 KOBUD: ................................... 90 KODACHI: ................................... 90 KDKAN .................................. 91 KGEKI: ......................................... 91 KHAI: ............................................ 92 KHAKUMAKU .......................... 92 KOKORO: ........................................... 93 KOKY: .......................................... 94 KORY: .......................................... 94 KOSHIRAE: .................................... 95
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KOTE: ..............................................95 KOWAKI KAMAE: ...................95 KZUKA .........................................96 KUDEN ............................................96 KUGURU .........................................97 KUKISHIN RY: ......................97 KUMIDACHI: ...............................98 KUSARI FUND: ........................98 KUSARIGAMA: ...............................99 KUZUSHI: .......................................99 KYO JITSU: ...................................100 KY: ..................................................100 KYBAJUTSU: ..........................101 KYD: .........................................101 KYSHO: ......................................102 MA : ...................................................102 MA AI: ........................................103 MAKE: ...........................................104 MAKOTO: .........................................104 MANIWA NEN RYU ...............104 MEIJI: ............................................105 MEIYO: ..........................................106 MENKYO KAIDEN: ................106 METSUKE: ....................................107 MICHI: ...............................................107 MISOGI: ............................................107 MOTOBU UDONDE ...........108 MUSHA SHUGY: ................108 MUSHIN : ......................................109 NAFUDAKAKE: .....................109 NAGE : ..............................................110 NAGE NO KATA : .....................110 NAGI WAZA: .................................111 NAGINATA: ...................................111 NANAME: ......................................112 NAWA: ..............................................113
NIHON or NIPPON: .................... 113 NIHON KOBUD KYKAI: ................................. 113 NIHON T: ............................... 116 NINJA ........................................... 117 NIPPON BUDOKAN () ....... 117 NITEN ICHI-RY: ................. 118 NIT KAMAE: ...................... 118 NT: .......................................... 119 NUKITSUKE: ................................ 119 OBI () ................................................. 119 OGASAWARA RY: ............. 120 OKU NO KATA: ........................ 121 OMOTE : .......................................... 121 OMOTE NO KATA: ................... 122 ONIGOTE: ................................ 123 OWARI KAN RY: ................ 125 RAN: ................................................. 125 REI : .................................................. 125 REIH : ........................................ 126 REISHIKI: ..................................... 128 RENSHU: ...................................... 128 RENZOKU: ................................... 129 RIAI: .............................................. 129 RITSUREI: .................................... 129 ROKU SHAKU B : .................. 130 RY: ................................................. 130 RY : ................................................ 131 RYHA: ........................................ 132 SAGE B: ..................................... 132 SAGE T: ..................................... 133 SAMURAI: ........................................ 133 SAYA: ............................................... 134 SAYU: ........................................... 134 SAZA UKI: ............................. 135 SEICHSEN: ............................ 135
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SEIGAN (NO KAMAI) : () or () ......................................136 SEIKA: ...........................................136 SEIRETSU: ...................................136 SEIZA: ...........................................137 SEKIGUCHI SHIN SHIN RY: ...........................................................137 SEME AGE: ...........................138 SEME: ...........................................138 SEMPAI : .......................................138 SEN: ..................................................139 SENSEI : .......................................140 SENSEI NO OSHIE : .............141 SEPPUKU: ....................................142 SHAKU: .............................................143 SHIBUKAWA RY: ...................143 SHIDACHI: ................................143 SHID: ...........................................144 SHIKATA: ......................................145 SHIKK: ........................................145 SHIME: ..............................................145 SHIN : ...............................................146 SHIN GI TAI: .............................146 SHINAI: .........................................146 SHINKEN: .....................................147 SHINOBI .......................................147 SHINT MUS-RY: ........148 SHINT .........................................148 SHISEI: ..........................................149 SHITEN : .......................................149 SHOMEN: .....................................150 SHOSH-RY: .........................150 SHUGY: ......................................151 SHURIKEN: ...............................151 SJUTSU: ....................................152 SKE: ...........................................152
SUIGETSU: .................................. 154 SUKI ................................................. 155 SUM: .......................................... 155 SURI ASHI: ................................... 156 SY HA RI: ............................... 156 TABI .............................................. 157 TACHI : ......................................... 157 TACHI DORI : ........................... 157 TAI SABAKI : ............................ 158 TAIKAI : ........................................ 158 TAKAGI: ........................................ 159 TAKE(NO)UCHI RY: .............. 160 TAME: .............................................. 161 TAMESHIGIRI: ...................... 162 TANDEN ....................................... 163 TANT : ........................................ 163 TANT DORI: ........................... 164 TATAMI: ........................................... 164 TATSUMI RY: ........................ 165 TE NO UCHI: ............................ 167 TEKO: ........................................... 166 TEND-RY: ............................ 166 TENJIN SHINY-RY ...... 166 TENUGUI: ................................. 167 TEPPAN: ...................................... 168 TEPP: ......................................... 168 TESABAKI: ............................... 169 TESSEN: ...................................... 169 TODA-HA BUK-RY: . 169 TODOME: ..................................... 170 TORI : ............................................... 170 TORITSUKE : ............................... 171 TOSHU NO KATA: () ............. 171 TSUKI: .......................................... 172 UCHI: ................................................ 173 UCHIDACHI: ............................. 173
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UCHIDESHI: ..............................174 UCHIGATANA: .............................174 UCHIKATA: ...................................175 UKE : .................................................175 UKEMI: ..........................................175 URA WAZA: ..................................176 URA: .................................................176 WA: ...................................................177 WABI SABI: ...................................177 WAKIGAMAE: ...........................178 WAZA: ...............................................178 YADOMEJUTSU: ......................178 YAGY SHINGAN RY: ...179 YAGY SHINKAGE RY: .180 YANAGI: ...........................................181
YARI: ................................................ 181 YAWARAKAI: ........................ 182 YO: ................................................... 182 YOROI KUMIUCHI: ................... 183 YSHIN RY (NAGINATAJUTSU): [] ................................. 184 YSHIN: ....................................... 183 YOY: ........................................... 185 YDANSHA: ............................. 185 YUMI: ................................................ 186 ZANSHIN: ..................................... 186 ZAREI: .......................................... 187 ZEGOKU ITTO: ..................... 187 ZEN: ................................................. 188
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GLOSSARY
AI : ()
AI (from the verb AU): joint, put together AI () means joint (also connect, meet) and is frequently used in a BUDO () context.
Disciplines like AIKIDO (), the art developed by Morihei Ueshiba, that can be translated as the meeting of energy and IAIDO (), the art of immediately drawing the sword, that can be translated as the art of being present and reacting (meeting the opponent), have even incorporated the concept of AI () in their name.
Note: AI (, meet), should not be confounded with AI (, love)
See also: AIKIDO, IAIDO, KI-AI
AIKID:
AI (from the verb AU): to meet, to joint, to put together KI ; energy D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings AIKIDO: () is a GENDAI BUDO (), that has its origins in DAITO RYU AIKI JUJUTSU ().
AIKIDO () was developed by Ueshiba Morihei in the 1920s. Although mainly derived from empty handed techniques from the DAITO RYU AIKI JUJUTSU () that Ueshiba had learned from Takeda Sokaku, some influences from JUDO () but certainly KENJUTSU () can be observed.
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The aim of AIKIDO () is to achieve perfect harmony of KI (), which is the life-force inside each of us. In the teachings of Ueshiba, there was a strong philosophical component. Indeed, he saw his art: as a combination of technique, and philosophy, the latter called the spirit of heaven and earth, only possible thanks to an unreserved love for all things. Through training and the perfection of techniques, ones character and humanity in harmony with the natural laws of the universe can be developed. AIKI () is written with the two same kanji as KIAI (), but in reverse order. Although may-be not intentional, this illustrates the fact that, although both terms indicate the harmonization of ones energy with that of the opponent, in AIKIDO () this is obtained by embracing the energy of the opponent, while with a KIAI () ones energy is directed to an opponent.
See also GENDAI BUDO, KI, KIAI
AISATSU:
AI : push open SATSU : be imminent AISATSU () is the Japanese term for greetings. Although not specific for BUDO (), we did include some useful entries:

Ohayo gozaimasu is used to say good morning Konnichi wa is translated as good day or hello. (lit. as for today), the equivalent for the evening is Konban wa Sayonara means goodbye, although often it is replaced by the less formal Ki o tsukete (lit take care, or be careful) Oyasuminasai (lit. Have a good rest) is used before bedtime (O)-hisashiburi desu means It's been a long time Hajimemashite is said when people meet for the first time Dozo yoroshiku onegaishimasu is said when asked for a favour (lit. I ask you to treat me kindly) (O) genki desu ka is asked, meaning Are you well (healthy. It usually is replied by Hai, genki desu, meaning Yes, Im fine) Otsukare sama deshita means Thanks for working so hard
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When leaving a house or a dojo, for a short time one usually say Ittekimasu, meaning I'm going but I'll be back. It usually will get the reply Itterasshai, See you later in the sense of Have a good time
When coming back to the house after a short while, one says Tadaima (Im home), usually replied by Okaerinasae (Welcome back).
AI UCHI:
AI : inter-; mutual; together; each other UCHI : strike, hit, knock; or : beat, attack, defeat, conquer; or : attack, defeat, destroy, conquer AI UCHI (, or abbreviated ) is the term used for mutual striking.
AI UCHI () can also be written or . When using a different character for UCHI ( or ) the meaning changes somewhat. In modern BUDO (), AI UCHI () is an acceptable outcome for a confrontation. During KENDO () or KARATE () competition for example, an AI UCHI () or mutual execution of an effective technique is ignored in the scoring and the fight is continued. In the older days, the outcome of an encounter with an enemy could be: KATSU () victory, MAKE (), defeat, or AI-UCHI () mutual killing. The latter was an outcome that was not acceptable (in contrast to modern forms where mutual touching has no lethal consequences). Indeed, a samurai would never go for AI UCHI () except if he were to confront an opponent with known superior fighting skills and he was not able to avoid that confrontation. In that case AI UCHI () would have been a possible tactic: willing to engage a technique to kill the opponent, knowing that there is a risk to be killed as well. The concept of risk taking is also very important in daily practice. Certainly with bladed weapons, being touched by the opponent while attacking him is far more dangerous than risking a blow on a non vital part of the body from an unarmed opponent or from a training partner with a non cutting weapon, who is controlling his movement. Therefore, in older BUDO (), since AI UCHI (), mutual striking, would lead to AI-UCHI (), mutual killing, it is still considered an unacceptable tactic.
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ASHI SABAKI:
ASHI : leg, foot SABAKI : handle; deal with; dispose of; sell; be in demand ASHI SABAKI () is part of TAI SABAKI (), the body control or movement in response to an aggressive act.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), ASHI SABAKI (), be-it important as concept, is not trained separately, except may-be in the KIHON () of IAIJUTSU (), and although KORYU () KENJUTSU () or IAIJUTSU () can be rather different from KENDO (), there is a tendency to sometimes also practise the KENDO () way of moving, at least in KIHON (), because it allows repetition of basic movements. In KENDO (), there are different ways to move but in general this is done in a sliding way (i.e. feet are not lifted from the ground), called SURI ASHI (i):
OKURI ASHI (): is the basic sliding movement. First move the foot closest to the direction you want to move than bring the other back to resume the initial stance. This can be done in 4 directions: MAE ( ), or forward, ATO (): backward, SAYU (): left and right. The latter can be done MIGI ( ): right (also pronounced YU) or HIDARI (): left (also pronounced SA)
TSUGI ASHI (): is a sliding step in which first the back/rear foot is brought forward, parallel to the front foot, than the front foot steps out. HIRAKI ASHI () is a step side wards, followed by a rotation. The name indicates opening, and indeed the stance is opened for a while but should be closed again at the end of the rotation.
The ordinary walking movement, in a non sliding way, is called AYUMI ASHI ().
ATE:
ATE (from the verb ATERU): hit ATE (), from the verb ATERU (), means hitting.
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ATE WAZA (), hitting techniques, are not always present in KATA () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). Nevertheless, even when omitted, they might play an important role in the real situation. They are often part of the hidden techniques, URA WAZA (), that are not accessible for those who only know the KATA ( ) from the superficial level or by imitation. ATE WAZA (), can be used during the execution of a technique, as an integrated strategy to already cause damage or to help break balance. It can obviously also used at the end, to give a final blow to an opponent who is brought in a situation where little defence is possible. Apart from a strategic point, i.e. not sharing all the secrets of the school with others, during practice, there is also a didactic reason not to rely too much on ATE KUZUSHI (), or inducing a break of balance with the help of a strike. Indeed by performing the KATA ( ) in its purest form, the student is obliged to search harder for the true directions in order to break balance.
See also: ATEMI
ATEMI:
ATE : hit MI : somebody, person ATEMI (), hitting the opponent, is part of JUJUTSU ROPPO (), the six kinds of techniques in JUJUTSU (). See ATE, JUJUTSU ROPPO, KUZUSHI
BATT:
BATSU : slip out; extract; pull out T : sword
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BATTO () or BATTOJUTSU () is the drawing of the sword, now known by most people as IAIJUTSU () or IAIDO ().
In the early days, drawing the sword was not a major aspect of sword manipulation. Indeed in times of great battles, confrontations where from a different nature, with the emphasis of surviving on a large battle field, rather than to win individual duels. Later in history, however, drawing techniques have become more important and led to the origin of an art on itself. This was marked during the late Muromachi period (15th-16th century), by the introduction of the UCHIGATANA () which in contrast with the older battlefield sword, or TACHI () was no longer designed for the use on horseback. The UCHIGATANA () unlike the TACHI (), was worn edge-up in the belt, making cutting while drawing possible.
Although in most cases BATTOJUTSU (), IAIJUTSU () and IAIDO () are interchangeable, some people argue that there is more focus on actual cutting in BATTOJUTSU ().
Schools that use the terminology BATTOJUTSU () will often practice real cutting techniques on wetted straw mats, or bamboo. However, in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), where sword drawing is referred to as IAIJUTSU () students are also encouraged to practise test cutting, called TAMESHIGIRI ( ).
See also: IAIJUTSU, TAMESHIGIRI.
B:
B : stick The BO (), or stick, is a non bladed weapon usually associated either with Okinawan or Japanese KOBUDO ().
In contrast to mainland Japan, in Okinawa, the BO () was an important weapon for the peasants, certainly after the Satsuma clan invaded the island and forbade the carrying of bladed weapons, The art of manipulating the BO ( ) in Okinawa is quite different and has strong Chinese roots.
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In Japan, although a BO () could be a lethal weapon when used against an un-armoured opponent, it was never an effective weapon to be carried to the battlefield, in comparison to sword, spear, halberd or bow. Therefore not many schools in the pre Edo-period bothered to train their students in the proper use of a stick. Nevertheless BO () techniques could be lifesaving for those who broke their halberd or spear and were left with a stick. In the Edo-period (16031868), when conflicts with fully armoured warriors were over, the BO () would become handy as a kind of police tool used by samurai in local domains to capture RONIN (), bandits or other opponents without the need to kill them. The BO () is also one of the main weapons used in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ( ). There are two kinds of BO () used in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ():

CHO BO () or ROKU SHAKU BO (): a long stick, 6 SHAKU (see ROKU SHAKU BO) or approximately 182 cm long, which is round and straight-sided. HANBO (): a short stick, in principle about half the length of the CHO BO, therefore its name, half BO ().
See also: BOJUTSU, CHO BO and HANBO.
B AWASE:
B : stick AU : fit; suit; join BO AWASE () can be translated as the "meeting" of two sticks.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () BO AWASE () is the part of BOJUTSU () where both opponents use a CHO BO ().
See also: CHO BO.
B JUTSU:
B : stick JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick
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Several schools include BOJUTSU (), or the art to fight with a stick, in their curriculum.
KATORI SHINTO RYU () is one of the oldest schools documented in Japan, and although the BO () is one of their weapons studied, their emphasis remains the study of the sword. Therefore, it is CHIKUBUJIMA RYU () that is considered the oldest surviving school in Japan, specifically devoted to BOJUTSU (). Also in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), BOJUTSU () is an important part of the school but the style that is incorporated, was originally characteristic of the KUKISHIN RYU () BOJUTSU (). Indeed, relatively early in each style's history, a strong bond was forged between Takagi Gennoshin Hideshige, 3rd soke of the school, and Ohkuni Kihei Shigenobu from KUKISHIN RYU (). In fact, at a certain time Gennoshin, the third soke, tested his techniques with Okuni Kihei, already known for his BOJUTSU () skills. After the challenge, Okuni became Gennoshins student. Gennoshin died at the age of 32 but after he had asked Okuni Kihei to become the forth successor of the school. From that time on the techniques of KUKISHIN RYU () BOJUTSU () were taught along with the other techniques of the school. Despite this exchange of techniques, KUKISHIN RYU () has also continued to develop exclusive of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ( ) and is still practiced today .
See also: CHO BO and HANBO
BOKKEN:
BOKU : tree; wood KEN : sword; blade BOKKEN (), a wooden sword, is another word for BOKUTO (). See BOKUTO
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BOKUDEN RY:
BOKUDEN : name of the founder: Bokuden RY : school BOKUDEN RYU () is the KENJUTSU () school founded by the famous sword master Bokuden Tsukahara (1489-1571), himself a student of TENSHIN SHODEN KATORI SHINTO-RYU ().
Bokuden Tsukahara, was a famous swordsman who served as an instructor of Shogun Yoshiteru Ashikaga. Bokuden used to call his system initially MUTEKATSU RYU (), "the school of winning without hands". There is a famous Japanese story of Bokuden who was not taken seriously for this style and got challenged. He agreed to have a fight but proposed to have it on a small island (on Lake Biwa) to avoid disturbance by others. When the challenger jumped from the boat, Bokuden pushed the boat back, leaving the other on the island. From a safe distance he shouted that this was a technique of his school of winning without hands" This anecdote even served as model for a scene in a Kung-fu movie, Enter the Dragon with Bruce Lee. The name Shinto-ryu Bokuden-ryu, later abbreviated to BOKUDEN RYU (), was introduced by his nephew, Ishii Bokuya, the second headmaster. BOKUDEN RYU () is primarily a KENJUTSU () school, but the 13th generation headmaster was also a master in SEKIGUCHI RYU () and incorporated some JUJUTSU () in the curriculum.
BOKUT:
BOKU : tree; wood T : sword The BOKUTO () is a wooden sword for practice . In most cases it has both the shape and the length of the KATANA (), it can also have the shape of the shorter sword or the dagger.
in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () training with a wooden KODACHI () or TANTO () is common. A wooden sword, BOKUTO (), is also frequently used for the exercises
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against CHO BO (). Not only for safety reasons but also because the impact can be quit big and damage to a sword is possible. Another word for BOKUTO () is BOKKEN (). A SUBURITO () is also a wooden practice sword, but it is heavier than a standard BOKUTO (). The SUBURITO () is mainly used for practicing SUBURI (), or practice swinging, but is not intended for use in exercises with a partner.
BUD:
BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings The BUDO () of Japan are usually translated as the "martial arts" of Japan, although the more correct translation is "martial ways". The translation of martial arts would be BUJUTSU ().
In Japan, the term BUDO (), applies to all arts of martial nature, whether or not they were developed by the classical hereditary warrior caste (samurai), or by commoners. However, the term budo, can also be used in a more limited and structured fashion t o mean only what Japanese call GENDAI BUDO (), or modern BUDO (). In that case, martial arts systems that were developed prior to 1868 are called: BUJUTSU ( : martial methods or arts), KOBUDO (: old BUDO), or KORYU (: old tradition; old school).
See also: GENDAI BUDO, KOBUDO, KORYU
BUGEI
BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms GEI : technique, art BUGEI () is a traditional word to describe the martial skills or arts and is a synonym for BUJUTSU ().
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The BUGEI JUHAPPAN () is a list of 18 essential martial skills of the Japanese warriors. Although the concept of 18 essential skills is well known, the list itself varied from one feudal domain to another and changed over time, with the use of firearms. Despite these changes, the most relevant skills were included in most lists: KYUJUTSU ( archery techniques), BAJUTSU ( horsemanship techniques), SUIJUTSU ( swimming), SOJUTSU ( spear techniques), KUSARIGAMAJUTSU ( sickle and chain techniques), NAGINATAJUTSU ( or glaive techniques), KENJUTSU ( sword techniques), JUJUTSU ( unarmed techniques), HOJOJUTSU ( rope tying techniques), YOROIGUMI ( fighting in armour), SHURIKENJUTSU ( hand blade throwing techniques), TEPPO ( gun).
See BUJUTSU
BUJUTSU:
BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick In a martial context and as a suffix, -JUTSU () is used for martial arts or skills. Therefore the Japanese word BUJUTSU () can be translated as martial arts (or skills).
The characters and , have also been used in China. Indeed, the term wushu consists of the same two Chinese characters. (w), meaning "War", martial or military, and (sh), which translates into art, skill or method. Together they form the word "wsh" or "martial art".
In a more restricted way, BUJUTSU () are the martial arts (or skills) originating in the classical period of Japans history (prior to 1868). Examples include: BA JUTSU (): riding a horse while fighting HOJO JUTSU(): binding up a captured opponent SENJO JUTSU (): deployment of troops NOROSHI JUTSU (): use of bonfires as signals CHIKUJO JUTSU (): fortifying a position JU JUTSU (): art of JU BO JUTSU (): use of a staff KEN JUTSU (): art of the sword IAI-JUTSU (): art of drawing a katana
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SO JUTSU (): art of the spear NAGINATA JUTSU (): art of the halberd J JUTSU (): use of a stick (slightly longer than hanb) KYU JUTSU (): archery KUSARIGAMA JUTSU(): use of a sickle with long weighted chain TESSEN JUTSU (): use of iron truncheon-like fan SHURIKEN JUTSU (): art of throwing small bladed weapons SUI JUTSU (): swimming
BUKKY:
BUTSU : Buddha KY : teaching Buddhism, or BUKKYO () is one of the main religions (although some prefer to call it a philosophy) in Japan, and can be translated as the teaching of Buddha.
Although Buddhism was introduced in Japan in the Nara period ( : NARA JIDAI; 710794) the impact on BUDO () was perhaps even greater in the Kamakura period (: KAMAKURA JIDAI; 11851333) with the introduction of Zen Buddhism. Because of the influence of Buddhism on Japanese culture in general and BUDO ( ) in particular, reference to Buddha, or BUTSU () is often made by teachers. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () we can quote MINAKI Saburo Masanori, the 17th Soke, also known by the name Kosyu, who said: Budo without the spirit of Buddha is a heresy, which means a heart of mercy is the way to achieve the true Budo, otherwise, one will fall into an evil path (see SENSEI)
Also the Indian Buddhist monk and founder of ZEN (), Bodhidharma, known in Japan as DARUMA () is very present in the mind of some teachers, who like to draw his painting and/or make illustrated calligraphy on his subject or teaching.
Especially KARATE () and SHORINJI KENPO () teachers are fond of Daruma because some consider him as the founder of martial arts (or in any case of these styles that originated from the art of the Shaolin Temple where Daruma is said to have achieved enlightenment). In modern Japan, Daruma dolls are very popular as bringers of good luck. At
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New Year time, many Japanese buy a Daruma doll with the eyes left white. After making a wish, they paint one of the eyes black. If, during the year, they are able to achieve their goal, they paint the second eye black.
BUNKAI:
BUN : part KAI : explanation BUNKAI (), is a term, often used in KARATE (), that refers to the application of KATA ().
In KARATE (), unlike many other BUDO () disciplines, KATA () are performed alone. The application with partner is then called BUNKAI (). In other arts, applications, variations, alterations, are sometimes called HENKA ().
See HENKA, KATA
BUSHI:
BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms SHI : gentleman, samurai BUSHI () are warriors, but in Japan they were made up from families with a warrior tradition.
For centuries, the BUSHI () fought among themselves to gain absolute power in Japan. The most famous families in Japanese history, where the Minamoto (or Genji) and the Taira (or Heika). Eventually, in 1185, the Minamoto family won the Genpei war and they set up a military government (bakufu) from their camp in Kamakura. The leader of their family became shogun. Later in history there would be new wars, and in 1600, after the battle of Sekigahara, authority would go to Ieyasu Tokugawa, a descendant from the ancient Minamoto clan. The Tokugawa family ruled over Japan until 1868. They had their headquarter in Edo castle, hence the name Edo period for this period in history. The town Edo that developed
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around the castle would only change its name into Tokyo, after the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. Reference to the Genpeiwar remained popular in Japan, and also in BUDO ( ). The banners of the Minamoto were white (SHIRO, ) and these of the Taira were red (AKA, ), and for years, these would be the colours used in judo and kendo competitions to distinguish opponents (later blue was introduced in judo, because the contrast was better suited for television). See also KOHAKU MAKU ().
Not all warriors were BUSHI (). Certainly in the 15th and 16th century, the use of large numbers of infantry became popular. These soldiers were ordinary people and in a battle they were called ASHIGARU () or "light-foot," due to their light armor),
BUSHID:
BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms SHI : gentleman, samurai D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings BUSHIDO () is what can be translated as the code of the samurai and was influenced by Zen Buddhism, Taoism and Neo Confucianism.
Tao, the way as described by Chinese Taoists, is called DO or MICHI (both ) In Japanese language. It is written with the strokes for principal, and joined with the radical for movement. Therefore DO () can be seen as an important road, the way one has to follow. The contemporary pronunciation of the two Chinese characters , meaning "warrior" though, was "monofu", and only later it became "BUSHI" ().
BUSHIDO () describes the virtues that were perceived as important by the samurai: GI (: Justice, Right Decision) YU (: Bravery) JIN (: Compassion, Benevolence) REI (: Right Action). MAKOTO (: Truth, Sincerity) MEIYO (: Honour) CHUU (: loyalty; fidelity)
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Despite its importance, BUSHIDO () was more an unwritten code, rather than a formal set of instructions made available for every warrior.
The KOJIKI (), known as the Records of Ancient Matters, is Japan's oldest historical written record and was written around 712. It already made reference to the admiration of the sword by Japanese warriors. Long before the introduction of Confucianism from China, it contained passages about the son of emperor Keiko, described as the ideal Japanese warrior, able to harmonize literature with martial matters. Around 950, Japanese martial philosophers describe KYUBA NO MICHI (), the "Way of Bow and Horse." This discussed the Japanese warriors overriding concern for personal honour, and was the conceptual grandparent of the Tokugawa-era code. Tametomo, a minor retainer associated with the Minamoto clan ( ), becomes in 1170 the first Japanese samurai to become famous for slitting his belly open with his dagger rather than surrender. Before that, Japanese warriors had often changed sides if it seemed expedient, but the Minamoto () stressed loyalty more than had their predecessors. Later, the thinking of Japanese warriors or BUSHI () has been influenced by Zen Buddhism. In 1229, a Chinese Ch'an master Wu-men Hui-hai wrote his book Wu-wen kuan or The Gateless Gate. This famous Zen text, called MUMONKAN () in Japanese, was later studied by Japanese Zen monks, and contained important concepts, like dead blade, killing sword, referred to as SATSUJINTO (), in contrast to living sword, life-saving sword, referred to as KATSUJINKEN (). These concepts clearly refer to the mental attitude of warriors: when ones mind is troubled by fear, ones blade is dead; when one is willing to sacrifice oneself and regards lightly the loss of ones own life, then ones sword comes alive. In the Tokugawa period (1603-1868), elements from Chinese Confucian classic works like the Book of Changes (: I Ching) were incorporated into Japanese teaching. Examples are the five virtues as taught by Ansai (1619-82), neo Confucianism: JIN (: benevolence), GI (: righteousness), REI (: propriety), CHI (: wisdom) and SHIN (: good faith/trust). Another influence came from the great Zen master Takuan (; 1573-1645), who was closely linked with the swordsmen, that gathered at the Katori shrines in the seventeenth century. He was famous for such concepts as FUDOSHIN (). See also FUDOSHIN. The Ky Gunkan (), a record of the military exploits of the Takeda family, compiled largely by Ksaka Danj Masanobu, and completed in 1616 by Obata Kagenori, provided detailed descriptions and statistics of warfare but also aspects of the warrior code in relation to the connection between lord and vassal.
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In 1632, Yagyu Munenori, who was a Shinkage-ryu () swordsman and official swordmaster to the shogun, completed the Heiho Kaden Sho (), a family transmitted book on strategy. This book, a comprehensive treatise on swordsmanship, described both the physical and mental sides of the style. Important to know is that Shinkageryu (), was heavily influenced by the teaching of Takuan ( ). The components of BUSHIDO () or the way of the warrior, as we pe rceive them now, were formally introduced by Yamaga Soko (1622-1685). Yamaga was a RONIN () a samurai not belonging to a any specific lord. Yamaga wrote on the role and character of the samurai, which he called SHIDO () the way of the samurai and BUKYO () the warrior's doctrine. These two elements combined would later result in the term, BUSHIDO (). In medieval Japan, the samurai were a rough and illiterate class; their only purpose was to fight. However, Tokugawa Japan was a period of peace, so the samurai class were at risk to become redundant. Yamaga went about defining what the samurai in times of peace should be doing. The purpose of the samurai class according to Yamaga was to serve as a model for the rest of society. In other words, for a samurai, it is not enough to understand moral behaviour, he must put it into action. In addition, the Tokugawa regime, in an effort to guarantee peace, welcomed the raise of the samurai class as an important class. They gave the samurai certain privileges, especially when it came to the right to carry swords. Since nonwarriors couldnt make it into that class, and they were limited in using weapons, it would become very difficult for individual lords to try and raise large territorial armies. Although BUSHIDO () was dominantly present, few books solely dedicated on the topic were available and therefore it can be perceived as an unwritten code, be-it totally in betted in samurai culture. Even the Hagakure Kikigaki () or Hidden behind the Leaves, by Tsunetomo Yamamoto (1659 - 1719). was probably not well known immediately when it was written. Although, by the beginning of the 20th century, it would become one of the most popular works on military thinking and BUSHIDO () inside Japan. Later the book has been heavily criticized because of its influence that had lead to Japans militarism and ruler worship, and eventually defeat in World War II. Indeed many of its tales were in fact examples on how to die, therefore the book can be seen as the ultimat e Way of dying, rather than a complete Way of the warrior. Another criticism is that the book was written by a samurai who never has been involved in a battle or duel and who, after his master died was forbidden to perform SEPPUKU () by the Tokugawa Shogunate.
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Another exception perhaps was the book Bushido Shoshinsu () or Bushido for beginners, written for novice samurai by Taira Shigesuke (1639 -1730), a Confucian teacher of military science. Both Hagakure () and Bushido Shoshinsu () have been translated in English and despite criticism on their content, they remain important source books, to be read with the necessary sense for relativism. The earliest written work in English on BUSHIDO () however, is a book written by Inazo Nitobe, entitled Bushido: The Soul of the Samurai, first published in 1905. It is amusing to know that Nitobes book has been written after the author had spend some days at the house of the Belgian law professor Laveleye. In a conversation with his host, the author had difficulties to explain how the Japanese could impact moral education despite the lack of religion. He realized that the moral precepts that he learned in his childhood were not given in schools. Aspects of BUSHIDO (), until then were imbedded in the Japanese society and it was time for the author to try and capture them in a book.
CHIBURI:
CHI : blood BU : distance CHIBURI (), or the removal of the blood from a blade, is an essential part of an IAIJUTSU KATA ().
It can be debated, whether the formal CHIBURI () at the end of a KATA (), is an efficient way to remove the blood. In fact the only good way to clean the blade is by removing the blood by a cloth. Nevertheless, almost all traditional schools have formalized CHIBURI () in their KATA (), including HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), CHIBURI () is also performed in the different KUMIDACHI KATA ().
See also IAIJUTSU.
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CHIKARA:
CHIKARA : force; strength; energy; might; power CHIKARA () is the term most commonly used to refer to strength. Although JUJUTSU () is characterized by the ability to take advantage of the opponents force, an appropriate use of ones own strength remains an essential pillar in mastering the art.
When using muscular force, the prerequisite is to be totally relaxed in order to move fast and to concentrate the strength only at the moment of impact or that part of the technique where it is required. Therefore when practicing the emphasis of being relaxed (YAWARAKAI ) is important, not because force is not useful but because inappropriate use of force will limit the abilities to perform the technique. As such, the most common mistake is to have tense shoulders, limiting the optimal range of arm movements.
There are different kinds of strength recognized in disciplines like HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). These different manifestations of strength (although interrelated) are: a purely muscular strength: CHIKARA () an inner, spiritual strength expressed by such concepts as KI (): inner strength; and KOKORO (): spirit, heart, mind.
CHIKUBUJIMA RY
CHIKUBUSHIMA : place name (island in lake Biwa, near Kyoto) RY : school CHIKUBUJIMA RYU () is probably the oldest surviving BOJUTSU () school in Japan, named after Chikubushima, a small island in the middle of Lake Biwa (near Kyoto).
Founded by Heizi Akira Nanba in the12th century, near Kyoto, but currently the school is located in Nagasaki.
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CH B:
CH : long; leader B : stick The CHO BO () or ROKU SHAKU BO () is a long staff of approximately 1.82 m (six SHAKU or almost-exactly-six-foot) long, which is round and straight-sided. The CHO BO () is also one of the main weapons used in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().
The specific CHO BO () skills in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), including the sliding of the hands along the entire length of the stick, which is characteristic of the school, are first mastered through the practice of KIHON ( ) or basics. Typically for the CHO BO () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), is the variety of KAMAE (). These KAMAE () should also be studied before learning KATA (). Once the KIHON () has been mastered, the students start to train in the practice of what can be called KUMIBO (), which in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () is referred to as BO AWASE (), the "meeting" of two CHO BO (). In general most techniques from KIHON () are repeated, this time with a partner who also holds a CHO BO ( ) and who defends appropriately. The last step is to train the KATA (): CHO BO KUMIDACHI (), which exposes the CHO BO () against the sword. There are 10 techniques in CHO BO KUMIDACHI ().
CHSHI:
CH : tune, tone, writing style SHI : child CHOSHI () is the Japanese word for rhythm.
CHOSHI () can be used to indicate the rhythm in which a KATA () is executed. Nevertheless in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ( ), another word for rhythm, HYOSHI () is more frequently used.
See HYOSHI, KATA
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CH:
CH : loyalty; fidelity; faithfulness CHU () is part of the elements that were regarded very important by the samurai class and indicates loyalty to one's Lord.
Other values that were regarded very important by the samurai class were:

GI (: Justice, Right Decision) YU (: Bravery) JIN (: Compassion, Benevolence) REI (: Right Action). MAKOTO (: Truth, Sincerity) MEIYO (: Honour)
Note: CHU (, loyalty) should not be confounded with CHU (, middle)
CHDAN:
CH : in; inside; middle; mean; centre DAN : grade; steps; stairs CHUDAN () is middle level.
Examples of CHUDAN () can be found easily in a BUDO () context, e.g. CHUDAN NO KAMAE (), the middle level posture or TSUKI CHUDAN (), a thrust directed towards the opponents stomach. Other levels are GEDAN (, lower level) and JODAN (, upper level).
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CHGI:
CH : loyalty, fidelity GI : justice, honour, loyalty CHUGI () or loyalty, a concept based on Neo-Confucian influences was considered extremely important in the Tokugawa period. See CHU, BUSHIDO
CHSHIN:
CH : in; inside; middle; mean; centre SHIN : heart, mind The control of CHUSHIN (), the bodys centreline, is essential in BUDO ().
In KENJUTSU (), the control of the centreline will often determine whether one will win or lose. This can be illustrated by KIRI OTOSHI (), or dropping cut, from ONO HA ITTO
RYU (), where the idea is to wait for the attack to initiate, but when appropriate,
to cut down, at the same time as the enemy cuts down, along the same line as the enemys cut (straight through the centre of the enemys body). By overriding his sword (displacing it with the Shinogi), the attack is disrupted before it can be completed, thereby creating the condition of Shini-tachi (dead sword) in the enemys technique. Also in other arts like BOJUTSU () and JUJUTSU (), the control of CHUSHIN () is an important strategic concept in the execution of a technique The centerline is also known as NAKAZUMI () but this use is not restricted to BUDO (), and can also be used to indicate the centerline of a building for instance. Another word that indicates center line is SEICHUSEN (), the correct center line.
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DAI:
DAI: period, age, generation DAI () is the word for generation.
The current SOKE () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () is INOUE Kyoichi Munenori ( ), the 19th generation or JUUKYUUDAI SOKE (). Note: DAI (, generation), should not be confounded with DAI (, big)
See also SOKE ()
DAISH:
DAI : big, great SH : small The DAISHO (), which literally means big-small, refers to the two swords exclusive for the samurai.
The DAISHO () became popular in the 16th century and as of the 17th century, samurai were required to were the DAISHO ( ) during official duties. After the Meiji restoration, the wearing of a DAISHO () was banned. Usually the DAISHO () consisted of a long sword KATANA (), and a short sword, WAKIZASHI (). Ooccasionally, a TANTO () or dagger, was used instead of the short sword. Some RYUHA () wear DAISHO () when practicing IAIJUTSU (), thus forcing students to learn proper drawing of the sword with the wrist going under the smaller sword when drawing the longer sword, which in most schools is the way to draw the long sword, although some rare exceptions exist, where the short sword is pushed downwards, when drawing the long sword.
See also KATANA, WAKIZASHI, TANTO and NIHON-TO
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DAITO RY:
DAI : big TO : east RY : school DAITO-RYU (), later also called DAITO-RYU AIKIJUJUTSU (), is known by the larger public as the JUJUTSU () school that was the basis for modern AIKIDO ().
According to some, the name DAITO RYU () can be traced back about 900 years, to Shinra Saburo Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (1045-1127), a warrior considered to have been the distant founder of the school and who studied tegoi, an ancestor OF SUMO (), before creating his own style. However, the detail of its development in the Edo period (and before) is not clear, since there are no ancient records about DAITO RYU (). Interestingly, DAITO RYU () takes its name from a mansion where Minamoto no Yoshimitsu lived in his childhood. Minamoto no Yoshimitsu transmitted his art to his second son Yoshikiyo. Yoshikiyo's grandson, Nobuyoshi, adopted the family name Takeda (after a village in Kitakoma where he probably lived). From then on, the succession of DAITO RYU (), remained within the Takeda family. Takeda Sokaku (1860-1943) received teachings of his father, once an ozeki sumo wrestler, who had also evolved into a KENJUTSU () and SOJUTSU () master. He also had been an UCHI DESHI () of Kenkichi Sakakibara, headmaster of the JIKISHINKAGERYU ();. Takeda Sokaku combined DAITO RYU ()elements with JUJUTSU () elements from the other schools he learned to create DAITO-RYU JUJUTSU (), later to be called DAITO RYU AIKI JUJUTSU (). Apart from his son, Takeda Tokimune, Takeda Sokaku had several skilled students like Hisa Takuma and Nakatsu Heizaburo. However his best known student was Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of AIKIDO (). Takeda Tokimune (1916-1993) the last SOKE (), also taught the sword techniques of ONO HA ITTO RYU () along with DAITO RYU AIKI JUJUTSU (). However no official SOKE () was appointed after his death in 1993. Like other forms of JUJUTSU (), DAITO RYU AIKI JUJUTSU (). has throwing techniques and joint manipulations to effectively control (however there is much
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emphasis on the neutralization of an attack as early as possible and on the use of the force of the attacker's movement against himself. Characteristics of the art is its controlling of an opponent on the ground with the knee in order to leave hands free to deal with other opponents.
DAN:
DAN : grade; steps; stairs The DAN () system was first introduced in BUDO () by Kano (founder of modern judo). Originally it was a grading system used in the traditional Japanese game GO ().
The level of progression in BUDO () is reflected by a DAN () grade: SHODAN, NIDAN , SANDAN, YODAN, GODAN, ROKKU DAN, Some schools even differentiate before the DAN () grades by using KYU () levels. As of SHODAN (), in most BUDO (), the budoka (person doing budo) are wearing a black belt, called KUROI OBI (). This is also the case in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), where a black belt can be worn above the HAKAMA (). YUDANSHA () are BUDO () practitioners who hold DAN () grades. The name KODANSHA (), high DAN () grade person, can be used for 6th dan and above, Although some traditional schools have recently adapted the DAN () system, in order to differentiate between individual skills, they almost always kept the traditional DEN ( ) system in parallel. Also in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), where these days DAN () grades exist, much more importance is given to the traditional way to indicate progression. The different levels are: SHODEN (), CHUDEN (), OKUDEN (), MENKYO KAIDEN ().
. See also YUDANSHA, DEN, KYU
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DARUMA:
DARU : to reach; to achieve; to attain MA : to polish; to clean; to improve DARUMA () is the Japanese name for Bodhidharma.
Bodhidharma was the Indian Buddhist monk, who was the founder of Zen (around 500 AC), a branch of Buddhism, or BUKKYO ().
See ZEN, BUKKYO
DEN:
DEN : transmit; go along; walk along; follow; report; communicate; legend; tradition DEN (), or transmission, is mostly used as a suffix. Transmission is based on a privileged relationship between teacher and student and can be purely oral, called KUDEN (). Most of the teachings have, however, been recorded in writing, in DENSHO (). In this way new influences can be explored without fear of not been able to return to the origin.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), although the DAN () system has been introduced, much importance is given to the traditional form of transmission. The following levels are present:

SHODEN : first level of teaching CHUDEN : middle level of teaching OKUDEN : secret teaching MENKYO KAIDEN : highest level of teaching (license of complete transmission)
Few westerners have been accepted in the traditional system since only after several years of serious training (reflected in approximately a 4th dan), these traditional levels of training become accessible. More-over these teachings are only given at the SOHONBU DOJO (), in JAPAN.
Holders of a DEN () license can be called DENSHA ().
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DESHI:
DEI : younger brother; faithful service to elders SHI : child The students of a master in martial arts are often called DESHI (): pupil; disciple; adherent; follower; apprentice. This reflects better the close relationship than the usual Japanese word for student; SEITO ().
In martial arts, there is usually a strict SEMPAI () - KOHAI () or senior-junior student system, which is essential seen the complex but also dangerous nature of the arts, especially if practiced without guidance. If somebody does something weird, it will be corrected from higher. The system in itself is very clear. Within the system, dangerous things can be practiced but when leaving the system, normal behaviour is expected. In BUDO (), everyone who started before you in the DOJO (), is your SEMPAI () and he will have your respect, regardless of his technical competences (very often a talented student will become more skilled than his sempai). SEMPAI () - KOHAI () relations, should however remain healthy and are by no means a way to get advantage of beginners. Also a SEMPAI () who has not been training for a long time, should be humble enough not to interfere with the progress of those who in training hours have surpassed him largely. The SEMPAI () - KOHAI () relationship in Japan, can be observed in GENDAI BUDO () with emphasis on competition (e.g. kendo, karate, judo) and certainly in High School and University dojos. Outside Japan these relationships are less pronounced. Although SEMPAI () - KOHAI () relationships are certainly present in traditional schools as well, they eventually evolve in an older verses younger brother relationship. Beginners are sometimes called SHOSHINSHA (), or more poetically MONJIN (), literally a person at the gate. As of SHODAN (), students are YUDANSHA () and can wear a black belt or KUROI OBI ().
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D:
D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings Way, or street, can be translated in Japanese language in MICHI (), although DO, the Chinese reading or ON YOMI (), of the same KANJI () is more relevant in a martial context.
DO () comes from Tao: the way as described by Chinese Taoists. It is written with the strokes for principal, and joined with the radical for movement. Therefore DO () can be seen as an important road, the way one has to follow. DO () in a martial context is often used as a suffix (Judo, Kendo, Iaido, aikido and so on). This use in BUDO (), began to appear largely after the Meiji Restoration (wearing a sword was not allowed anymore and Martial Arts had to focus on development in a broader sense rather than to learn how to kill) indicating the philosophical context, very much related to the values from BUSHIDO.
See BUSHIDO
DJ:
D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings J location; place The DOJO (; lit. the place to study the way), is the hall used for martial arts training.
The DOJO () is a humble place of natural and quiet dignity, always kept clean. An atmosphere of courtesy and respect is essential to cultivate the appropriate spirit, associated with the practice of BUDO (). In many instances, however, we dont have the possibility to train in a true DOJO (), i.e. a place totally devoted to study BUDO (). In fact many times we have to train in places that we share with others. Although in theory, such a place should be called KEIKOJO (), since it has not the classical features of a DOJO () and it is not a devoted place, we do try to create the right atmosphere, so that we can call it our Dojo.
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A traditional DOJO () has the KAMIZA (; upper seat), located in the front or SHOMEN (). The KAMIZA () should not be mistaken by the KAMIDANA (), the place (in fact a shelf with a miniature Shinto shrine) to honour the gods. Both words use different Kanji for KAMI (: upper; versus : god). Nevertheless, a KAMIDANA () is often present in the front of the DOJO (). The DOJO () itself is divided by an imaginary line in 2 parts:

JOSEKI () is the upper location, located at the right side (when facing to the front) SHIMOSEKI (),) is the lower location, located at the left side (when facing to the front)
The ground map of a traditional DOJO ():
DORI:
DORI : catch; capture The suffix DORI () is often used when someone unarmed is attacked by a weapon and has to catch that weapon.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the suffix DORI () is used in the name of the KATA () against knife or sword
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See also TANTO and TACHI.
EISHIN-RY:
EISHIN :Name, alternative reading of Hidenobu RY : school EISHIN-RYU (), with its many branches, is one of the most widely practiced styles of IAI-JUTSU () in the world.
EISHIN-RYU () originated from the art created by Hayashizaki Jinsuke Minamoto no Shigenobu (15461621). Hayashizaki established SHINMEI MUSO RYU (), which was at the origin of schools like HAYASHIZAKI MUSO RYU () and MUSO JIKIDEN EISHIN-RYU IAIJUTSU (). The name EISHIN () comes from an alternative reading of the name of the 7th headmaster, Hasegawa Hidenobu (can be pronounced Hidenobu but also Eishin), indicating his influence on the style.
EMONO KATA:
E : find, acquire MONO : thing, object KATA : shape; form; style EMONO () are specialized weapons or skills. If one feels the need to classify KATA () into categories, EMONO KATA () is a term that can be used for weapon forms in contrast to TOSHU (no) KATA (), which is the term for empty handed or weaponless forms.
The term JUJUTSU is often used in a restricted way to refer to empty handed techniques. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), however, it is said that the philosophy of the art can be applied in all situations, including armed confrontations.
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ENBU (EMBU):
EN : performance; act; play; render; stage BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms An ENBU ( , sometimes pronounced EMBU), is a demonstration of martial arts. An ENBU-TAIKAI () is the combination of a demonstration and a (usually large) meeting.
In Japan, there are many ENBU ( ). Among the most prestigious are those that are sponsored by the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai ():

Nihon Kobudo Enbu Taikai (), in Tokyo, in February (HONTAI YOSHIN RYU is present every 2 years) Itsukushima Shrine Enbu (), in Miyajima (near Hiroshima) in November (HONTAI YOSHIN RYU is present every year)
See TAIKAI
ENBUSEN (EMBUSEN):
EN : performance; act; play; render; stage BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms SEN : line The line along which a technique is performed in a demonstrative, technical way, can be called ENBUSEN ().
In some disciplines, the ENBUSEN () is a synonym for the line of the KATA ().
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ENSHIN-RY :
EN : round SHIN : heart RY : school ENSHIN-RYU IAI SUEMONOGIRI KENPO () or simply ENSHIN RYU () is an IAI JUTSU () school in which the art of cutting is called SUEMONOGIRI ().
ENSHIN RYU () was founded by Hayamizu Nagato no Kami Enshin, who was a bodyguard of Emperor Ogimachi (1557-1586)
ENZAN NO METSUKE:
EN : far SAN: mountain ME : eye; look; insight; experience TSUKU : adhere; attach; refer to; append ENZAN NO METSUKE () means looking (staring) at the mountains in the far distance.
ENZAN NO METSUKE () illustrates the point that it is important to look at the big picture rather than to only fix on a specific target nearby.
See METSUKE
FUD (NO) KAMAE:

FUD : immobility, firmness KAMAE : posture
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FUDO (NO) KAMAE (), is a stance which takes its form from the powerful image of the Buddhist deity figure, Fudo Myo (), who is the fierce protector of law and chastiser of wickedness.
Although Fudo Myo () is most commonly shown with a sword in his right hand and a rope in his left, Miyamoto Musashi, famous swordsman but also artist, has left a carving of Fudo Myo () which resembles the FUDO (NO) KAMAE () of KUKISHIN RYU () and HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () BOJUTSU ().
FUDSHIN:
FU : negative; nonD : move; motion; change SHIN : heart; mind; spirit FUDOSHIN (), or the state of mind that is not troubled by anything, is a concept introduced by the great Zen master Takuan (1573-1645).
Takuans philosophical discourses had a great effect on the further development of several traditional schools, especially on the development of the kenjutsu school Shinkage Ryu (), and even the great swordsman Myamoto Musashi is said to be inspired by his teaching. Although Takuan was a Rinzai-sect Zen priest, his teaching to swordsmen was essentially Taoist-based, with elements borrowed from Shingon Esoteric Buddhism. One of Takuans famous sayings was: Some think that striking [with the sword] is to strike. But striking is not to strike, nor is killing to kill. Takuan was at the origin of several principles that influenced many great samurai. One example is MUSHIN (: no mind; original mind), a state of mind that is not fixed upon anything and therefore open to everything (the opposite is called USHIN). When the mind is not fixed, it will not be troubled by appearances. Another example is FUDOSHIN (: unmoving spirit/heart; immutable in heart), the state of mind that is not troubled by anything.
To strive for FUDOSHIN () means that one will have no fear when confronted with danger or unexpected events. No wonder that INOUE Tsuyoshi Munetoshi, 18th Soke of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), all the time encouraged his students to strive for FUDOSHIN ().
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GASSHUKU:
GA : meet SHUKU : lodging A GASHUKU () is a training camp, where participants stay overnight.
When the GASHUKU () is organized with the purpose to bring people also together for a big meeting, the name GASSHUKU TAIKAI () is used.
See TAIKAI
GEDAN:
GE : below; down; descend; give; low; inferior DAN : grade; steps; stairs GEDAN () is lower level as for example in GEDAN NO KAMAE ( ), the lower level posture. Other levels are CHUDAN () and JODAN (, upper level).
GENDAI BUD:
GEN : present, actual DAI : period, age, era BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings GENDAI BUDO (), are Japanese martial arts which were established after the Meiji Restoration (18661869).
In 1871 the old feudal system and the privileges of the Japanese samurai class were officially abolished. The daimyo () or landlords, had to return the land to the emperor for which they
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received pensions by the Japanese state. The practice of traditional BUJUTSU ( ) was discouraged and many old schools or KORYU ( ) had a difficult time surviving. Thanks to the vision of man like Kano Jigoro (; 1860-1938), himself a JUJUTSU () expert, the BUDO () concept entered modern times, including larger parts of the West. Kano believed that BUDO () had to change and become a tool to cultivate an individual and make him a better person for the good of all. This was the reason why he decided to take JUJUTSU () to the modern times and to create KODOKAN JUDO ( ). Doing so, he could ensure that BUDO ( ) found a home in physical education and sport. This provided teamwork which was good for all and also developed the individual. JUDO () was a complete physical education; not just a game. Also KENJUTSU () went into temporary decline, following the Meiji ( ) Restoration. However in 1879 the Tokyo Police Force and later the army initiated KENJUTSU () practices again. At the end of World War II, the occupational authorities banned KENJUTSU () but immediately following the end of the Occupation period, in 1952, the Zen Nihon Kendo Renmei (All-Japan Kendo Federation) was established. By 1957 KENDO () was part of the physical education in all Japanese middle schools. Another new approach was introduced by a great master, Ueshiba Morihei ( ; 18831969), with the creation of AIKIDO (), a transformed form of hand-to-hand combat , in which for instance most ATEMI () techniques have been left out. In contrast to Kano, Ueshiba was opposed to any form of competition, believing the element of competition to be divisive and counter to his vision of his art as the path of harmony. Some of the modern forms, like JUDO ( ) have evolved in directions that even their creator could not have imagined. However understanding of true BUDO ( ), will definitely require a search into the past.
The following GENDAI BUDO () and their respective federations, are represented in the Japanese Budo Association: JUDO () in the Zen Nihon Judo Renmei KARATEDO () in the Zen Nihon Karatedo Renmei KYUDO () in the Zen Nihon Kyudo Renmei JUKENDO () in the Zen Nihon Jukendo Renmei KENDO () and IAIDO () in the Zen Nihon Kendo Renmei NAGINATA () in the Zen Nihon Naginata Renmei SHORINJI KEMPO () in the Shorinji Kempo Renmei AIKIDO () in the Aikikai
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GENDAI JJUTSU:
GEN : present, actual DAI : period, age, era J : tender; weakness; gentleness; softness JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick Modern JUJUTSU () forms that were founded after the Meiji Restoration are sometimes called GENDAI JUJUTSU: ()
Even after the Meiji Reformation, traditional NIHON JUJUTSU () systems branched off from existing KORYU (). Newer forms also arose as part of specialized police systems or Keisatsujutsu (police art). TAIHO JUTSU () arresting art) are part of these systems. The need for self defence that is more adapted to our actual society, lead to the development of GOSHIN JUJUTSU () or self defence JUJUTSU (). Most of these developments took place in the Western world. Recently, modern competitive JUJUTSU () forms emerged. Some like Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu are developments based on the original art of Kano Jiguro. Later this would lead to Gracie JiuJitsu,
GENSOKU:
GEN : original SOKU: model, rule In older schools, or KORYU (), GENSOKU () are the principles of that school, transmitted through the study of KATA (). See KATA
GI:
Glossary (February 2012) Copyright www.hontaiyoshinryu.be Page 42
GI : righteousness; justice; morality; honour; loyalty; meaning GI () is one of the values that were regarded very important by the samurai class and relates to making correct decisions from the heart rather than from the mind.
In its extreme form, GI () also means that one has to be capable to die when one must without thought or regret. Other values that were regarded very important by the samurai class were:

YU (: Bravery) JIN (: Compassion, Benevolence) REI (: Right Action). MAKOTO (: Truth, Sincerity) MEIYO (: Honour) CHU (: loyalty; fidelity)
Note: GI () should not be mistaken with GI ( ). The latter is a suffix pointing to training clothes (see KEIKOGI).
GOKUI:
GOKU : highest rank I : idea, desire GOKUI () is the essence of things, in a martial context, usually used to indicate the highest technique.
In the IAIJUTSU () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), both in the sitting, or IWAZA (), and in the standing, or TACHI WAZA (), a technique of GOKUIKEN () is performed to conclude the series of KATA ().
GYAKU:
GYAKU : inverted; reverse; opposite; wicked
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In daily Japanese, GYAKU () is used in any situation to refer to the opposite.

In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () (and many other BUDO), GYAKU WASA () are the techniques that consist in manipulating joints into movement counter (GYAKU) to their normal range of motion. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), GYAKU () is part of JUJUTSU ROPPO (), the six kinds of techniques in JUJUTSU ().
See also JUJUTSU ROPPO.
GYAKU NO KATA:
GYAKU : inverted; reverse; opposite; wicked KATA : shape; form; style GYAKU NO KATA () is the first KATA () that is taught in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). The techniques are performed in a very basic way, allowing the students to concentrate on the true line (direction) of movement.
In fact, there are 3 basic KATA (), that each consist of 10 techniques against the same prefixed set of attacks, called KOGEKI (). These 3 basic KATA () were made by Minaki Sensei, the 17th Soke, to prepare students for the much older OMOTE NO KATA ( ). These 3 basic KATA () are:

GYAKU NO KATA () NAGE NO KATA () OKU NO KATA ()
All three KATA () begin with REIHO (): both opponents are seated facing each other in SEIZA (), at a distance of about 3 meters and perform REI (). After both arise, they assume a preparatory stance, or ZANSHIN NO KAMAE ( ), after which the techniques will start. Ten techniques are performed, each time again finishing in ZANSHIN (). At the end of the KATA (), and after ZANSHIN (), both opponents perform REIHO (). The KATA () itself consists of 10 defensive techniques in which the defender, takes control of the attacker by manipulating joints into movement counter (GYAKU, ) to their normal range of motion.
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HAKAMA:
HAKAMA : man's formal divided skirt In most KORYU (), but also in some GENDAI BUDO (), a HAKAMA () is worn.
The type of HAKAMA () worn in BUDO (), is divided in two leg parts and were originally suited for horse riding, hence the full name UMANORI HAKAMA ( ). These HAKAMA () have seven pleats (five on the front and two on the back), representing the seven virtues considered essential to the samurai: GI, Yu, Jin, Rei, Makoto, Meiyo, Chu. In most cases, the colour of the HAKAMA () is dark blue or black. Occasionally a brown, gray or even white HAKAMA () is worn. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the colour of the HAKAMA () is black. The HAKAMA () must be tied by straps, called HIMO (). The rear has a rigid part, called KOSHI ATE (), below this, there is the HAKAMADOME (), a plastic hook to put into the OBI () in order to stop the HAKAMA () from lowering. After training, it is important to fold the HAKAMA () correctly. It is also a tradition that one of the more senior students folds the HAKAMA () of the teacher (especially when the teacher is soke).
HAKAMA SABAKI () or spreading the HAKAMA () in order to sit (kneeling), is formalised in for example the IAIJUTSU KATA; it is done with the right hand, first to the left, then to the right.
HANB (HAMB):
HAN : half; middle; odd number; semi-; partB : stick
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The HANBO (): "half" staff is round, may be straight-sided or slightly tapered at one end, and is thinner and obviously shorter than the CHO BO ().
HANBO () can be translated as "half" staff and its length should theoretically be half of a CHO BO (), which is six-foot or six SHAKU in length. Nevertheless, for a correct use its length should be adapted to the height of its owner. In general a length of 1 meter is not unusual. There are other schools that use HANBO () and for instance the NAGINATA () school YOSHIN RYU (), not to be confused with HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), have techniques with a HANBO (), symbolising a broken NAGINATA (). In their case, the HANBO () is longer.
The HANBO () should not be confused with a JO (), which is also a short stick, but with its 128 cm, longer than a HANBO (). Although the JO () is now used in many disciplines, its original use dates from Muso Gonnosuke (founder of Shinto Muso Ryu), one of the few to have defeated Miyamoto Musashi.
Although HANBO () and JO ().are different, the resemblance is obvious; with some imagination, both can be seen as a walking stick that can be turned into an efficacious weapon if needed. Jodo is an art on itself but the JO ().is also incorporated in some Aikido branches, where it is called Aikijo. Some naginatajutsu schools like Tendo Ryu, have JO ().techniques representing a NAGINATA () that is broken in the midst of combat.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), mastering HANBO () can only be possible after a good knowledge of CHO BO (), KODACHI () and JUJUTSU ().
HANBO () is the preferred weapon of the current soke of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () and although BOJUTSU () originated from KUKISHIN RYU (), its current use in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () is truly an example of how different tactics are brought together to something very efficacious. The sliding of the hands, or TESABAKI (), in HANBO () comes from the CHO BO (), the movements of the feet or ASHI SABAKI (), comes from KODACHI () and the tactics are purely JUJUTSU () Although practice of specific HANBO () techniques as KIHON () can be very useful, the HANBO () is most frequently trained directly in KATA () against a sword: HANBO KUMIDACHI (). There are 3 HANBO KATA (), each consisting of 5 techniques. The first 2 are more basic, in the sense that they have the characteristic TE SABAKI () of KUKISHIN RYU () BOJUTSU () combined with the ASHI
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SABAKI () that is characteristic of KODACHI (). In addition there is an advanced KATA, called HANBO OKU (), in which the stick is used against the sword in five of the six typical principles (or techniques or strategies) from the school: JUJUTSU ROPPO UCHI GOHO ().
HARA:
HARA : abdomen; belly; stomach Although HARA () usually gets translated as belly, in Japanese martial arts it is not just a reservoir for food but it is the centre from which all strength comes, also important for coordination, balance and of course breathing.
HARA () also contains the emotions, similar but more present as in Western connotations (for example it takes guts to do this). It explains the cultural imp ortance of HARA KIRI (), cutting the belly, a profound act of loyalty or acceptance of guilt. SEPPUKO (), the more formal name for HARA KIRI (), is written with the same 2 characters in reverse order. The centre of the energy lies in the lower part of the abdomen which is known as SEIKA (), lit. under the navel, SEIKA TANDEN (), centre in the lower abdomen, or just TANDEN ().
See SEIKA, TANDEN,
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HARAI:
HARAI : clear out; prune; banish HARAI () WAZA () are sweeping techniques.
Sweeping techniques are quite common in BUDO (). For instance in JUDO () DEASHI BARAI () or sweeping foot technique is one of the basic techniques. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), HARAI () is the name of one of the basic techniques with the CHO BO ().
HASUJI:
HA : sword SUJI : muscle(fiber); tendon; descent When using a sword, the trajectory and/or targeting is controlled by mastering the line of the sword, called HASUJI ().
HASS NO KAMAI
HA : eight : mutual KAMAE : posture HASSO NO KAMAI (), is a KENJUTSU () stance, where the intention is offensive, able to respond in all directions, hence the name.
Most but not all KENJUTSU schools have this KAMAE ()), although the name might be different. in ONO HA ITTO RYU (), for instance, there is no HASSO NO KAMAE (), but instead there is a KAMAE () called IN (). More-over they also have YO (), which is a similar KAMAE () but with the sword to the left.
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HATSUGEIKO:
HATSU : first time, begiining KEI : consider KO: old HATSUGEIKO () is the first training, or KEIKO () of the year.
To mark the new year, or SHOGATSU (), most DOJO () have a special training, called HATSUGEIKO (), marked with drinking of sake after the training. In some cases, the HATSUGEIKO (), is marked with a special event like an ENBU (). or the performance of an important number of SUBURI () or practice swings. Some DOJO () still have a bigger event called KAGAMI BIRAKI ().
See KAGAMI BIRAKI
HAYANAWA:
HAYA : quick NAWA : rope See NAWA
HEIH:
HEI : soldier; private; troops; army; warfare; strategy; tactics H : method; law; rule; principle; model; system HEIHO () or HYOHO () are the martial tactics that make the difference between winning or losing a fight or battle.
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The importance of strategy was already well recognized in earlier Chinese works like the writings of Tzun Tsu, and although studied by the Japanese, there was a need to reflect on very precise situations, hence numerous references to strategy in Japanese old schools. The role of strategy is probably best illustrated by referring to Myamoto Musashis () books Hyoho Sanju Go (, "Thirty-five Instructions on Strategy"), written in 1641 for Hosokawa Tadatoshi, daimyo of Kumamoto Castle and his more famous work Go Rin no Sho (, Book of five rings), written in 1645 for his disciple, Terao Magonojo. Musashi also wrote Dokkodo (, The Way to Be Followed Alone). These days, Hyoho Niten Ichi ry () regards the books of their founder as manuals of technique and philosophy but many others refer to Go Rin no Sho ( ), as a true reference on strategy for all swordsmen.
Also in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), references to aspects of HEIHO () are dominantly present.
A formal discussion of strategy, including the art of taking a position, KURAI DORI () is part of the DEN () transmission in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). Nevertheless students are to be made aware of the importance of strategy as they progress, because the art is combative in nature.
HEIJSHIN:
HEI : even, flat, peace J : usual, normal, ordinary, always SHIN : heart, mind HEIJOSHIN () reflects a calm state of mind, despite disturbing changes around you.
In KENDO (), the concepts HEIJOSHIN () and SHIKAI () are frequently referred to. HEIJOSHIN () is the state of mind one has to strive for, in contrast to SHIKAI (), or the 4 states of mind to avoid: 1. KYO(): surprise, wonder; 2. KU (): fear 3. GI (): doubt; 4. WAKU (): confusion, perplexity
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HENKA:
HEN : unusual; strange KA : change; take the form of HENKA () are variations, alterations.
In some BUDO () schools, the variations resulting from a KATA () are considered HENKA (). Mostly because KATA () is often seen as a style forms that teaches the essential technique but in combat situation a more applicative technique is often required. A similar concept can be found in KARATE (), where applications are called BUNKAI (). There is however a difference in the two. HENKA () is used in schools to differentiate between KIHON (), or KATA () and variation, all performed with a partner; in KARATE (), a BUNKAI () is the application with partner of the KATA () that is performed alone. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), there are some HENKA WAZA () or techniques that are different from those transmitted in KATA () but yet very illustrative for the principles, or GENSOKU () of the school. For the DVD "Hontai Yoshin Ryu", part of a series entitled "Nihon No Kobudo (Kobudo of Japan) , produced by the Nippon Budokan, Minaki Soke showed a few of these HENKA WAZA (). Totally different but also related to BUDO () is the use of HENKA () to indicate sidestepping in sumo
See KATA
H:
H : direction HO () or direction is usually used to indicate where to move:
MAE (), or forward
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ATO (): backward SAYU (): left and right MIGI (): right (also pronounced YU) HIDARI (): left (also pronounced SA) NANAME (): oblique (45)
In many IAIJUTSU () schools, the concept of SHIHOGIRI (), cutting in 4, or, less literally, in all directions is quite common.
HOJJUTSU:
HO : capture J : rope, cord JUTSU : technique, art HOJOJUTSU () or NAWAJUTSU, () are the traditional techniques of rope binding. See NAWA
HJUTSU:
H : cannon, gun JUTSU : technique, art HOJUTSU () is the traditional art of gunnery.
Firearms were introduced in Japan in 1543 by the Portuguese traders on Tanegashima, an island south of Kyushu. Therefore, Japanese matchlock for a long time, have been called TANEGASHIMA (), however the Japanese name for guns is TEPPO ( ), iron cannon. The BUSHI () class were really confronted with the superiority of firearms in the battle of Nagashino in 1575, where Oda Nobunaga introduced large scale use of firearms in the battlefield. Although firearm were operated by common (non samurai) soldiers, the strategy,
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and the use of the weapons were codified in HOJUTSU () schools like MORISHIGE RYU (), YO RYU () and SEKI RYU (). Initially, small arms were in use, especially arquebuses derived from Portuguese models, that the Japanese called TEPPO ( ). Starting around 1570, there was already the emergence of large-scale guns with cannons and hand cannons coming into use in the Genki (1570-1573) and Tensho (1573-1592) Eras.
HONBU (HOMBU):
HON : present; main; true; real BU : section; bureau; dept; class HONBU () is headquarters and SHIBU () is branch.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), there are a number of recognized branches outside Japan, their representation is present on the official website: http://www.hontaiyoshinryu.com. Most oversee branches have a HONBU DOJO (), the one in JAPAN being the SOHONBU DOJO (SO : general; whole; all; full; total). The SOHONBU DOJO (), or the Japanese Headquarters training place of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () today is located in Nishinomiya (Hyogo, Japan) and is the place where the current Soke teaches.
HONTAI YSHIN RY:

HON : present; main; true; real TAI : Body; substance; object; reality Y : Willow SHIN : Mind; heart; spirit RY :Style, method HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () is a traditional JUJUTSU () school, also incorporating the long staff, the short staff, knife, short sword, long sword and rope bindings.
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The school originated in Oshu (present day Miyagi prefecture) in the Shiroishi district. The philosophical premise of the school is expressed in its name, stressing the flexibility of the supple willow which bends in the wind without breaking. The metaphor of the willow was incorporated in the schools name by its founder (SHODAI; : first generation, founder), Takagi Oriemon Shigetoshi (), born in 1635.
The school continued in an unbroken lineage until present

The founder of the school was Takagi Oriemon Shigetoshi, born in the 12th year of Kannei (1635). Takagi Oriemon, also called Umon, was skilled in Muto-Ryu Kodachi and Kyochi Ryu Sojutsu but mastered many other systems during his life. He created YOSHIN RYU () remembering his fathers words: "a willow (yoboku) is strong, while a tall tree (takagi) will snap". Takagi took up service as the master sword teacher of the Shiroishi domain, where also his father had served. Takagi Oriemons son, Umanosuke, also studied Take (no) uchi Ryu and even obtained a license to teach that system. Later, he further developed the initial art of his father. After mastering mental disciplines and concepts he eventually succeeded to obtain a true system that defeated the opponent with a "Willow Heart" (Yo Shin). He would now call the system: Hontai Yoshin Ryu Takagi Ryu : The true willow school of the Takagi family. His son Gennoshin, who succeeded him, brought the school to Harima-no-kuni, where he would serve the Himeji-han as a bugei expert. Okuni Kihei, originally a master of Tendo Ryu Naginata Jutsu, after a spiritual vision, developed his technique of bojutsu and called it Kukishin Ryu Bojutsu. Later he also became Gennoshin Takagis student and eventually, the forth successor of Hontai Yoshin Ryu Takagi Ryu. From that time on the techniques of Kukishin Ryu Bojutsu were taught along with Hontai Yoshin Ryu Takagi Ryu. Okuni was a retainer from the Ako-han (Ako and Himeji were nearby domeins). Today, Ako is located in Hyogo Prefecture (the current capital of Hyogo Prefecture is Kobe). The school was passed on for several generations, until the 17th master, Minaki Saburo, also known by the name Kosyu. Minaki Soke passed away at the age of 83. His art and principles that he called Hontai Yoshin Ryu were inherited by INOUE Tsuyoshi Munetoshi, the 18th master of the school, and are still alive and maintained. In 2005 he was succeeded by his son INOUE Kyoichi.
HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () is a KOBUDO (: old budo) or KORYU (: old tradition; old school), recognized as such by the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (owned by the Nippon
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Budokan). The main dojo (Sohonbu dojo) is located in Nishinomiya, Japan, where INOUE Kyoichi Munenori, the 19th Soke, lives and teaches.
HOZOIN RY:
HOZOIN : name of the founder RY : school Founded by Hozoin Kakuzenbo Hoin In'ei (c1521 1607), a Buddhist monk, head of Kofuku-ji temple (famous Buddhist temple in Nara).
The spear of the Hozoin-ryu Sojutsu () is characterized by its cross-shaped spearhead.
HYSHI :
HY : clap; beat (music) SHI : child HYOSHI () is a general term for musical rhythm. This rhythm can be very regular like a heartbeat, reflected for instance by the drum. It can however also follow other patterns in nature, like the wind, as reflected by the shakuhachi (Japanese flute). HYOSHI () can also indicate the rhythm in the execution of techniques.
In a martial context the optimal use of timing is essential. For instance when one has to obtain KUZUSHI (), or loss of balance, on an attacking opponent, there is almost always a small window of opportunity where the opponent is still too much engaged in his movement and not yet fully stable. It needs good timing to catch that moment. In the more advanced stage, optimal use of timing evolves even to the ability to impose timing onto the opponent (i.e. to let the opponent attack when you are expecting him most). In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), this is best illustrated by comparing UEN ( ) from the KOTACHI KATA () with UEN () from HANBO (). Both start from SEIGAN NO
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KAMAE () and both initially move forward to force the opponent with the sword in a JODAN NO KAMAE (). However the tactics to let the opponent attack are quite different. With the KODACHI (), the opponent is invited to come in by gradually lowering (slightly towards the outside) the hand which holds the KODACHI (). By remaining very calm and by creating an opening in the KAMAE (), eventually the opponent will get the urge to attack the head. With the HAMBO (), however, the lowering goes much faster and once the opponent is in JODAN NO KAMAE (), the HAMBO () can be slightly moved up and down, creating a wave or pattern, very difficult to resist. The opponent is very likely to attack in this rhythm, allowing very efficient execution of the HAMBO () technique.
IAI JUTSU:
I : reside; to be; exist AI : join JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick Sword drawing techniques or IAIJUTSU (), are a component system of most classical schools, headed by famous samurai.
The art of drawing the katana is also known as IAIDO (). The name IAIDO () became popular in the beginning of the 20 century when schools wanted to incorporate the philosophical component, inherent in all BUDO () forms, into their arts name. Although it is essential that experts of HONYAI YOSHIN RYU () can correctly manipulate the sword, formal IAIJUTSU () training has not always been part of the daily teachings of all the SOKE (). INOUE Tsuyoshi Munetoshi (), the 18th SOKE () of the school has begun again to formally teach IAIJUTSU ( ) to his students, recognizing the need to re-enforce the correct usage of the sword. Routine IAItraining in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () starts with KIHON () or basics. In KIHON (), a lot of emphasis is given on the most delicate parts, which are the drawing, or NUKI (), and the actual cutting, or KIRI (). Nevertheless the core of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU IAIJUTSU () is KATA (). There are 2 types of IAI JUTSU () KATA (), depending on the position from which techniques are performed:

I-WAZA (): sitting techniques (in most schools they are called SUWARI-WAZA) TACHI-WAZA (): standing techniques
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In general, an IAIJUTSU () or IAIDO () KATA () will always start with ENZAN NO METSUKE (), a way of looking at the whole figure (not a particular point), as if looking at a far away mountain. During the execution the attention is narrowed down and finally maintained in ZANSHIN () at the end of the KATA (). A typical KATA () has several stages but before any action, a lot of importance is given to breathing or KOKYU (). In general one should breath a few times calmly before the execution of a KATA ( ). Breathing is essentially abdominal and an opponent should not be able to take advantage of the breathing cycle. After a full breathing cycle, a new inspiration phase is started and ad the end of that phase, the technique starts. In regular HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () training, this kind of breathing is done 1 time, IKKOKYU ( ), but occasionally 3 times, or SANKOKYU (). The stages of a basic IAIJUTSU () or IAIDO () KATA () are:

NUKITSUKE (): drawing of the sword, while cutting the opponent KIRITSUKE (): cutting ZANSHIN (): keep attention focused on the opponent even after defeating him. After a WAZA (), one should remain alert and ready to strike immediately. CHIBURI (): removal of blood NOTO (): return of the sword in the scabbard
Although IAIJUTSU () or IAIDO () is in general performed alone, most schools have some exercises to be performed with a partner.
In contrast to KENJUTSU (), where opponents can start with the sword already drawn, a typical IAIJUTSU () confrontation starts with one opponent who draws the sword, forcing the other to react and to also draw. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU IAIJUTSU (), there is also KUMIDACHI (), an exercise where both opponents are standing several meters from each other. One, UCHIDACHI (), will draw the sword, while doing 3 steps and will try to cut the opponent. The other, SHIDACHI (), will do TAISABAKI () and counter attack.
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IAIT:
I : reside; to be; exist AI : join T : sword Usual practice of IAIJUTSU () or IAIDO () is performed with a training sword, called IAITO (), which is not sharp. Only the experts are using a real sword, called SHINKEN (). Another practice sword is the HABIKI (), a steel (compared to Zinc alloy in an IAITO) edged blade sword with an edge that is blunted. It is more robust than an IAITO () but in contrast to a SHINKEN (), not sharp.
ICHIMONJI:
ICHI : 1; one MON : style; art; decoration JI : character; letter; word Although ICHIMONJI () should be translated as the character for one, it is often used to indicate a straight horizontal line, which in fact is how the charac ter for one is drawn: .
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the name ICHIMONJI () is often used for a horizontal cutting technique with the sword (both short and long sword. It is also used with reference to the HANBO (), where it is the name of the KAMAE () HIRA ICHIMONJI (), lit. flat letter 1, and YOKO ICHIMONJI ( ), lit. lateral letter 1.
IN:
IN : shade; yin; negative; secret
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The concepts of Yin (IN) and Yang (YO) are present in many aspects of Japanese life, including BUDO ().
One of the major KAMAE (), or postures, in KENJUTSU (), is HASO NO KAMAE (). However, in ONO HA ITTO RYU (), this KAMAE () is called IN (), when the sword is held to the right and YO () when the sword is held to the left.
See also YO
IRIMI:
IRI : incoming MI: body IRIMI () means entering straight into a technique of an opponent.
To neutralize a technique, before it reaches optimal speed and force, a very good understanding of timing and distance, captured in the concept of MA AI (), is required. IRIMI () is sometimes regarded as the most advanced combat initiative or SEN NO SEN ():
See SEN, MA, MA AI
ITSUKU:
I : live, reside, stay, sit TSUKU : attach, fix, stick ITSUKU () is a verb that expresses a state of mind, where someone just cannot move. The eyes are wide open but the body is frozen. It is a terrible state to be in.
In most BUDO (), ITSUKU () is considered a situation where one opponent is unable to use his full ability, usually because he is too preoccupied with one thing, or off-guard
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for a moment, or blurred by the initiative of his opponent, that he doesnt perceive the start of the technique of that opponent. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the KODACHI () or short sword is often used to train strategies of opening slowly a KAMAE ( ) and invite the opponent to attack. When pressure is too big and then released, the opponent can sometimes be forced in a too hasty attack. Sometimes, ITSUKU () is induced.
JIGEN RY:
JI : show GEN : present, actual RY : school JIGEN RYU () is a KENJUTSU () school, founded by Togo Chui (1561-1643) in the late 16th century in Satsuma Province (now Kagoshima prefecture in Kyushu).
JIGEN RYU () can be traced to Marume's Taisha Shin Kage Ryu but is known as the school of the Satsuma Samurai who invaded Okinawa in 1609. Their emblem was a circle with a cross. JIGEN RYU () attaches importance to train speed and power, natural fast foot steps. The school is known for its emphasis on the first strike. The goal is "One slash, One kill", translated in Unyou no Tachi: lightning sword. During practice, a long wooden stick is used to cut against a vertical pole or tree, called TATEGI. In Edo period, the students of JIGEN RYU () had to hit it 3000 - 8000 times ievery day.
JIKISHINKAGE RY:
JIKI : honesty SHIN : heart KAGE : shadow RY : school
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JIKISHINKAGE RYU () is a NAGINATAJUTSU () school, founded by Masanori Matsumoto Bizen in the 16th century.
Together with TENDO RYU (), the school was at the origin of the sports version of NAGINATA (). Although the 17th headmaster was a woman, the current headmaster, Masami Sonobe (18th generation), is a man.
See NAGINATA
JIN:
JIN : humanity; virtue; benevolence; charity; man; kernel JIN () is part of the elements that were regarded very important by the samurai class, and refers to the universal love toward mankind or the ability to exhibit compassion.

GI (: Justice, Right Decision) YU (: Bravery) REI (: Right Action). MAKOTO (: Truth, Sincerity) MEIYO (: Honour) CHU (: loyalty; fidelity)
JITSU:
JITSU : truth, reality In the context of JUJUTSU (), JITSU () is often used in reference to the true line or direction of a technique.
In JUJUTSU (), it is a common tactic to start with the wrong direction (to mislead the opponent) before to take the true direction of the technique. This wrong intention or direction is
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referred to as KYO (), which can be translated as lie, incorrect fact (note: is usually pronounced USO in daily Japanese) Note: JITSU (), should not be confused with JUTSU (), technique. Unfortunately in many Western parts, jujutsu () has been written jiujitsu for decades, hence the confusion.
See KYO JITSU ()
JDAN:
J : above; up DAN : grade; steps; stairs JODAN () is upper level as for example in JODAN NO KAMAE (), the upper level posture.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () this posture is frequently used in armed KATA (), for instance in KUMIDACHI (), which exposes the BO () against the sword, and where TACHI (), or sword, will start from JODAN NO KAMAE (). Other levels are GEDAN (, lower level) and CHUDAN (, upper level).
JJUTSU:
J : wooden staff of 128 cm (in Japanese measurements, 4 shaku, 2 sun, 1 bu) JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick
JOJUTSU () was created by Muso Gonnosuke Katsuyoshi to be used against a sword, by using the superior length of the JO () to keep an opponent armed with a sword at a
disadvantage.
There are some old schools that mainly focus on JOJUTSU () in their curriculum, like SHINTO MUSO RYU () and Muhi Muteki-ryu. The first is the school created by Gonnosuke, the latter was founded by Hisashi Isao Akira Hitoshi, a master in SOJUTSU
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(), who developed techniques with a broken spear. It is interesting to know that several other SOJUTSU () or even NAGINATAJUTSU () schools also include some techniques to prepare their students to fight with a broken weapon. A more recent form of JOJUTSU (), catalogued as GENDAI BUDO (), is based on SHINTO MUSO RYU (), and is called SEITEI JODO (), and is practiced by the ZEN NIPPON KENDO RENMEI (), in the Western world better known as the All Japan Kendo Federation. Also most AIKIDO clubs include the use of a JO () in their training but these techniques, called AIKI JO (), probably dont originate directly from SHINTO MUSO RYU (), but were developed by Ueshiba himself. JOJUTSU () has also been an inspiration for the Japanese police force, who developed KEIJO JUTSU ().
See SHINTO MUSO RYU
JOSSHI:
JO : help S : number SHI : word In Japanese, numerous counter words are used along with numbers (ICHI, NI, SAN,) to count things, actions, and events.
Although this glossary is not a substitute for a Japanese language course, we did include some counters specifically related to BUDO () practise.
First the numbers, often used when counting during an exercise: ICHI (one), NI (two), SAN (three), SHI or YON (four), GO (five), ROKU (six), SHICHI or NANA (seven), HACHI (eight), KYU (nine) and JU (ten).
The traditional general counters HITOTSU, FUTATSU, MITSU, YOTTSU, ITSUTSU, MUTTSU, NANATSU, YATSU, KOKONOTSU, TO,) are used when no specific counters are defined.
When referring to a technique in a KATA, the following is used: IPPON-ME () or first technique, NIHON-ME, SANBON-ME,
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DAN grades, usually start with SHODAN (beginning grade) followed by NIDAN, SANDAN, Breathing before starting an IAIJUTSU KATA can be1 time, or IKKOKYU (), or 3 times, SANKOKYU ()
J:
J : Tender; weakness; gentleness; softness JU () means gentle.
JU () is the first KANJI (), or character, of JUJUTSU () and JUDO ( ). The latter the GENDAI BUDO (), or modern BUDO (), developed by Jigoro Kano (.), based on traditional JUJUTSU (). Although the term JU () is often translated as gentle, this may give a misleading idea about the nature of JUJUTSU () techniques. These techniques are indeed intended to eliminate an opponent. Gentleness and strength go together as natural complements, forming the foundation for all of the JUJUTSU (): the soft and the hard, yin and yang (in Japanese IN and YO). Whereas initial softness may be used in avoiding or redirecting an attack, it has to be followed by the appropriate application of strength to overcome or subdue the opponent. The basis of this philosophy comes primarily from Chinese Taoism, and direct observation of its combat effectiveness.
See JUJUTSU.
JD:
J : tender; weakness; gentleness; softness D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings
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JUDO () is the combat sport created in 1882 by Jigoro Kano, himself a JUJUTSU () expert.
Kano was a first a student of Tenjin Shin'y-ry () and later Kit-ry (). Kano opened a dojo at the Eisho-ji temple (later to be called Kodokan) with the help of his teacher Iikubo Tsunetoshi but soon he decided to teach a new form, called JUDO (). Later Kano would explain himself why he choose the name JUDO (): Even if I wanted to teach jujutsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujutsu. Although modern JUDO () can be seen as a sport that derived from JUJUTSU (), some still believe (as Kano did), that real JUDO () isn't a sport but a self defence system, and that the art and physical exercise is a way towards peace and universal harmony.
JDSEIFUKUSHI:
JD : judo SEI : organise, arrange, tune FUKU : restore SHI : expert JUDOSEIFUKUSHI () or lit. Judo Bone Setters, are certified healthcare providers in Japan.
In some families, bonesetting was learned, in conjunction with acupressure, as the main healing art and treatment for the remote location and family members. This knowledge could easily be found in regular use in the Samurai culture of Japan. Quite often a teacher of martial arts in Japan would also be a bonesetter. Some great teachers of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), like Minaki sensei (17th Soke) and Kanazawa sensei (Menkyo kaiden), were bonesetters.
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JJUTSU:
J : tender; weakness; gentleness; softness JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick JUJUTSU () is one of many martial disciplines originally created and cultivated by the samurai class, warriors who were always concerned with mastering the most effective means of ensuring victory in battle or encounters with enemies.
The term JUJUTSU () became in use in Tokugawa times (1603-1867), and the style, although like many Japanese cultural developments may have had influences from the Asian mainland, is typically Japanese in character. Prior to Tokugawa times, the samurai were almost constantly embroiled in military campaigns and confrontations. Their training therefore, of necessity, emphasised skill in use of the weapons of the time as well as grappling armour: KUMI UCHI () or yoroi kumi uchi. With the Tokugawa peace came little use of armour, and consequently, some martial schools after 1600 began earnestly systemising methods of non-armoured grappling. Many schools started to incorporate grappling techniques or KUMI UCHI () in their curriculum. Eventually some school would become specialised and would later be seen as JUJUTSU () schools, despite the fact that some of them still have a large curriculum, including the use of different weapons. Although JUJUTSU () is by far the most common name for these techniques, different names have been used: TAIJUTSU () or body techniques, YAWARA () or softness, WAJUTSU () or art of harmony and TORITE () or catching hand, to name some.
The flexibility, which is characteristic in JUJUTSU (), should be seen as the ability to manipulate the opponent in such a way that eventually his force and energy is used against himself, without the need to use excessive force yourself.
Many would say that the basis of the philosophy of JUJUTSU (), comes primarily from Chinese Taoism. Nevertheless, we have to stress the importance of the natural selection of techniques that were tried and tested for their effectiveness in periods where this was still possible. It is also important to mention that although the techniques are based upon the principle of flexibility in redirecting or countering an opponents force, this certainly does not mean that they are soft or weak. Whereas initial softness is a good way to redirect an attack, it
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will usually be followed by the appropriate application of strength or CHIKARA () to finally overcome the opponent.
The term JUJUTSU () is often used in a restricted way to refer to weaponless fighting. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), however, it is said that the philosophy of the art can be applied in all situations, including armed confrontations. Therefore all of them can be called JUJUTSU ().
A good example of the application of JUJUTSU () in armed confrontations is HANBO OKU (), in which the stick is used against the sword in five of the six typical JUJUTSU () principles (or techniques or strategies) from the school, referred to as JUJUTSU ROPPO UCHI GOHO (). The first technique of HANBO OKU () is an application of TORITSUKE () or capturing (catching) the enemy. The second is ATE ( ) or hitting, followed by NAGE () or throwing, GYAKU () or joint lock; and finally SHIME () or choking (strangling)
One of the major misconception is that JUJUTSU () is a mixture of KARATE (), JUDO () and some AIKIDO ().
Although some modern JUJUTSU () forms might have integrated elements from KARATE (), JUDO () and some AIKIDO (), the traditional schools, like HONTAI YOSHIN RYU JUJUTSU () predate these arts. Moreover, both Kano and Ueshiba, the founders of respectively JUDO () and AIKIDO (), studied some form of JUJUTSU () before creating their own art. As for KARATE (), this is a martial art developed in Okinawa and that only got exposed in mainland Japan in the early 20th century.
JJUTSU ROPPO:
J : Tender; weakness; gentleness; softness JUTSU : Art; technique; skill; means; trick ROKKU : six HO (PO) : method; law; rule; principle; model; system of in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU JUJUTSU (), JUJUTSU ROPPO () are the six kinds of techniques used
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The JUJUTSU ROPPO () are: 1. GYAKU (): joint lock 2. NAGE (): throwing 3. ATE (): hitting 4. SHIME (): choking (strangling) 5. TORITSUKE (): capturing the enemy rope binding 6. KATSU (): resuscitation Because of their importance, they are included as separate entries in this glossary. The more advanced KATA () will cover all of these techniques except KATSU ( ). In fact the techniques that are studied in KATA ( ) are five of the six referred to as JUJUTSU ROPPO UCHI GOHO (). KATSU () is not part of any KATA (), instead it is part of the DEN () or secret transmission.
JKENDO:
J : gun KEN : sword D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings JUKENDO (), the art of bayonet fighting, is a modern Japanese martial art or GENDAI BUDO ().
Although bayonet fighting has been around since firearms were introduced in Japan in the 17 th century, the current JUKENDO () is based on techniques that were taught after the Meiji Restoration in the prestigious Toyama military academy in Tokyo. After World War II, the art has been banned for a while but was re-introduced in the 1950s. Morihei Ueshiba (founder of AIKIDO) trained in JUKENDO () but also, INOUE Ttsuyoshi Munetoshi () the 18th SOKE of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () was very skilled in the art. Note: JU (, gun) should not be confounded with the JU () from JUJUTSU ().
See GENDAI BUDO
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JUTSU:
JUTSU : Art; technique; skill; means; trick JUTSU (), translated as the arts or the techniques, is written with the radical element for road, along with a phonetic character to mean twisting and adhering.
When students see their master perform some of the techniques, they might get the impression that some magic is involved. At least they believe that some trick is needed in order to succeed a technique in some difficult situations. May-be they are right when they see the JUTSU () as a trick. Or is it the perfection of the art that makes the technique look magic? All these meanings are incorporated in the meaning of the word JUTSU ( ).
In a martial context and as a suffix, -JUTSU () is used for the martial arts originating in the classical period of Japans history (see BUJUTSU).
Although JUTSU () and DO () are often seen as technique versus philosophy, the two were obviously closely related. The warriors, or BUSHI () who studied the techniques followed their encompassing (but unwritten) code of honour and social behaviour (see BUSHIDO). Most traditional schools that still teach the original JUTSU (), are doing this by following the path towards self-perfection and are truly BUDO () in philosophy. They are concerned with both the physical and spiritual training, through the study of their art.
KAGAMI BIRAKI:
KAGAMI : mirror HIRAKI : open, unfold KAGAMI BIRAKI () is an old tradition, now in traditional DOJO, still used to mark the first practice of the New Year.
KAGAMI BIRAKI () is a Japanese traditional ceremony, lit. "Opening the Mirror". It traditionally was held on special occasions, like January 11 (an odd number and therefore
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associated with good luck). In the older days it was linked to KAGAMI MOCHI (), where rice cake is consumed together with the opening of a special cask of Sake. These days most DOJO () use the KAGAMI BIRAKI () ceremony to mark the HATSUGEIKO (), the first practice of the New Year. Some DOJO () still have their students clean the floor before the KAGAMI BIRAKI ().
See HATSUGEIKO
KAI-GY-SO:
KAI : correctness; square character style GY : going SO : grass; weeds; herbs; pasture; write; draft KAI-GYO-SO ( - - ) refers to three levels of formality.
KAI-GYO-SO ( - - ) comes from the three ways of writing in Japanese calligraphy or Shodo (): KAISHO (), GYOSHO () and SOSHO (). Beginning with the original non-cursive KAI form, which can be gradually broken down into the semi-cursive GYO style and then the cursive SO style. Also in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), a technique is often studied in three ways: the most formal is pure KATA (), this can be considered the KAI-form. When the technique is performed in a more fluid way, it becomes GYO and when this is brought to a more extreme form in which TORI () even anticipates the attack of UKE (), it can be considered SOstyle.
The three levels of formality are also called SHIN-GYO-SO ( - - ), since KAI is often replaced by SHIN () in another context than calligraphy.
In the case of tea ceremony, the distinctions of SHIN-GYO-SO ( - - ) apply to the different styles of ceramics, other utensils and to tea room architecture. Also in Japanese gardens, this distinction is made. Shin gardens are full scale and everything can be taken more or less at face value. A Gyo garden must rely on some imagination of the viewer to
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complete its image. The so garden is the most abstract of the three types, and relies entirely on the imagination of the viewer to complete the scene. Also in BUDO () the three levels of formality are sometimes referred to as SHIN-GYO-SO ( - - ). For instance, in the KENJUTSU () school ONO HA ITTO RYU (), SHIN GYO SO () is an exercise in which their main technique, KIRIOTOSHI (), is practiced in three levels of fluidity. At the advanced level also other techniques are performed in this way.
See also SYU HA RI.
KAMAE:
KAMAE : posture; build; pretend KAMAE () is the posture of fighting engagement in which an exponent displays strength and fighting spirit. The kanji for KAMAE () derives from two characters meaning to construct with wood, indicating that a KAMAE () is built.
Unlike what one would think, a KAMAE () is not a posture in which one does not show a single target that is vulnerable to attack. On the contrary, a KAMAE () will often display an opening that invites for an attack. In such a way, the attack to come will become more predictable and therefore easier. The most common names of the KAMAE () in KENJUTSU are:

SEIGAN (): SEI : blue - GAN :eyeball also called CHUDAN (): CHU (): middle DAN (): level JODAN (): JO (): upper DAN (): level GEDAN (): GE (): low DAN (): level WAKI (): flank HASSO (): 8 directions
Although these names are quite common, several schools use other names or have different specific KAMAE (). For instance in ONO HA ITTO RYU () there is no HASSO NO KAMAE () but instead there is a similar KAMAE () called IN (). More-over they also have YO (), ONKEN (), KASUMI () and HONGAKU ().
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Also, in different other weapon systems there are specific formal stances that are used in KATA (), adding to the large list of KAMAE () that exist.. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the variety of KAMAE () is typical for CHO BO (). The most important CHO BO KAMAE () are:

KOWAKI (): KOWAKI : under one's arm SEIGAN (): SEI : blue - GAN :eyeball NITO (): NI : sun - T : sword FUDO (): FU : non - D : motion; change; confusion SAGE BO (): SAGE : carry in hand - B : stick IPPONSUGI (): ITCHI : one; - HON : counter; SUGI cedar KASA (): KASA : bamboo hat FUNA BARI (): FUNA : ship, boat - BARI : stretch, lengthen, put up SHIBA MOGURI (): SHIBA : brushwood, firewood - MOGURI dive, submerse ZANSHIN (): ZAN : remainder - SHIN heart, mind
Compared to CHO B (, there are less KAMAE () for HANB (): The most important are:
SEIGAN (): SEI : blue - GAN :eyeball GEDAN (): GE : below; down; inferior - DAN : grade; steps TATE B (): TATE : stand up - B : stick HIRA ICHIMONJI (): HIRA : flat - ICHIMONJI : letter 1 YOKO ICHIMONJI ( ) : YOKO : side - ICHIMONJI : letter 1
KANJI:
KAN : Chinese JI : letter, character KANJI () are the Chinese characters that are used in the actual Japanese writing system
Because originally, the Japanese language didnt have a written form, text was written in Chinese. In modern Japanese, KANJI () are used to write nouns, adjective stems, and verb stems, while another phonetic system, HIRAGANA () is used to write grammatical
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endings and particles. Another phonetic system called KATAKANA () is used for foreign words.
KAPP:
KA (KATSU) : resuscitation P (H) : method See KATSU
KARADA:
KARADA : body During training, reference to different parts of the body is often made. Here some useful entries related to the body, KARADA ():

Ankle ASHIKUBI () Arm Back Bone Chin Ear Eye Face Fist Foot Hand Head UDE () KOSHI () HONE () AGO () MIMI () ME () MEN () KOBUSHI () ASHI () KOTE () TE () ATAMA ()
Blood CHI () Cheek HOHO ()
Elbow HIJI ()
Finger YUBI ()
Forearm
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Heart, Mind Knee Leg Neck Nose
KOKORO ()
HIZA () ASHI () KUBI () HANA ()
Mouth KUCHI ()
KARATE:
KARATE () is a martial art, originally developed in Okinawa from a synthesis of indigenous fighting methods and Chinese kenpo.
The islands that now make up Okinawa Prefecture were originally not part of Japan, but part of an independent nation called the Ryukyu Kingdom. In the early 20th century, some influential teachers of the island would migrate to mainland Japan where KARATE () continued to develop Into its existing form. Despite this new development, the art continued to develop on the island as well. Currently there are 2 tendencies, one a more sports oriented approach (less style influenced), the other a more traditional revival of the older forms within the distinct schools.
KASHIMA SHINT-RY:
KASHIMA : place name (located in located current Ibaraki Prefecture) SHIN : new T : just RY : school KASHIMA SHINTO-RYU () is a KENJUTSU school founded by Tsukahara Bokuden in the Muromachi period (c.1530),
The name KASHIMA SHINTO-RYU () was introduced by Bokuden himself, or by Kuniazuno Mabito, a direct ancestor of Bokuden, after receiving a divine inspiration from Takemikazuchi-no kami, the deity of the famous Kashima Shrine.
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Bokudens lineage has also continued in BOKUDEN RYU (). i
see BOKUDEN RYU
KASUMI:
KASUMI :: blurred, mist Creating mist, i.e. a blurred vision, is part of the tactics of JUJUTSU ().
Often KASUMI () consists of slashing with one hand towards the eyes of the opponent while preparing already the real technique that will follow.
KATA:
KATA : shape; form; style KATA () are the formal set of techniques used to transmit the essential techniques or principles, called GENSOKU (), of the school.
The people of the past have in many battles, wars, through different experiences, trained to develop KATA (). That is why only one KATA (), even a basic one, has so many different sides and contains these things learned at war and in combat. Training without understanding this is meaningless. KATA () are often described as only TATEMAE () or OMOTE (), which refers to the front, of the true techniques, in contrast to the true meaning being referred to as HONNE () or URA (). Indeed, a KATA () contains different things that remain hidden inside. That is the way KATA () is meant to be. While seeing it at first you are not supposed to understand all at once. Even more, if you understand it right away, it is not real KATA ( ) but an undeveloped one. Even the simplest KATA ( ) contains a lot of different things. It will take many years to understand it.
Like in many schools, in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), studying KATA () is an essential part of training.
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The KATA () in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () are:

GYAKU NO KATA () NAGE NO KATA () OKU NO KATA () OMOTE NO KATA () TANTO DORI () TACHI DORI () CHO BO KUMIDACHI () HANBO KUMIDACHI ( KODACHI OMOTE NO KATA (: ) KODACHI URA NO KATA (: ) KODACHI HASHIRI GAKARI NO KATA. (: )
In addition there are a number of KATA () for IAIJUTSU that have been formalised by INOUE Tsuyoshi Munetoshi (), the 18th generation SOKE (). Note: some people make the difference between KATA () and KATA (), sometimes referred to as KATACHI (). Both have a similar meaning, however, the latter might be seen as a more mature form, that implies an understanding beyond the form. This is consistent with the philosophy in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ( ) and relates to RIAI ().
See GENSOKU, URA WAZA, HENKA, RIAI
KATA:
KATA : one-sided Techniques where one side or hand is involved are marked as KATA () as opposed to RYO (), which means both.
Also in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the prefix KATA () is used for both hands techniques. For instance:
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KATA GOTE (): consist of grabbing the wrist of the opponent and is part of the KOGEKI (), or attacking techniques, in the 3 basic KATA (): GYAKU NO KATA (), NAGE NO KATA () and OKU NO KATA ()
KATATE DORI () general name for techniques against an opponent who grasps a wrist KATA ERI (): grasping the opponent's gear with one hand and also part of the KOGEKI () in the 3 basic KATA () KATA MUNADORI: () technique against an opponent who grasps the chest with one hand. Part of OMOTE NO KATA () i
Note: KATA (, one-sided) should not be confounded with KATA (, form), KATA (, shoulder), KATA (, person).
KATAGEIKO:
KATA : shape; form; style KEI : think; consider; quarrel KO : old KATAGEIKO () refers to the training through repetition and studying of KATA ().
Although the study of KATA () is important in KORYU, (), mastering the art can only become possible if one can sometimes leave KATA () for what it is and do other things, knowing that when in doubt, going back to the KATA ()is a secure way to stabilize things again. Also depending on the nature of the school, one has to go more or less outside the system. In
HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the number of KATA () are low, the number of
applications are high. In other schools many applications have been formalised in KATA ().
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KATANA:
KATANA : sword Although KATANA () is often translated as Japanese sword, the latter is in fact called NIHON TO (). Indeed, TO is another pronunciation for .
The name KATANA (as pronunciation for ), is used almost always exclusively used for the DAITO () the typical long Japanese sword as it was worn by the samurai from 1500 till 1867. In their case, the katana was paired with a similar but shorter sword. Both blades were worn blade-side-up. The two weapons together were called the DAISHO () which literally means big-small, and was exclusive for the samurai. The KATANA () is sheeted in a scabbard, called SAYA (). When training with a sword, reference to the major parts of the sword is essential:

HA () Cutting edge KISSAKI () sword point/tip MONO UCHI () 1/3 of blade nearest tip, this is the cutting area MUNE() Back of blade, opposite side of the edge. TSUBA (): Sword guard TSUKA () Handgrip, hilt
Other parts of the sword:

BOSHI () Tempered area in tip FUKUSA () the curved point (cutting edge) of Kissaki HA MACHI () end of cutting edge (HA), which is a notch for habaki,. HAMON () temper patern/ line. MEI () name (signature) of the smith on tang. MEKUGI ANA () Hole in the tang for fixing Nakago and Tsukagi, by a peace of dry bamboo that is nailed through the hole) MUNE MACHI () end of the ridge. NAKAGO () Tang of blade. SHINOGI JI () surface of the blade between the ridge and Shinogi-suji. SHINOGI SUJI () Line of blade that runs parallel to the ridge YASURI ME () File marks on tang. YOKOTE
The fittings of the sword:
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HABAKI () Fitting between tsuba and blade, wedge for koiguchi. MEKUGI () Retaining peg. MENUKI () Decorative fixtures on handle. SAME () sharkskin, used for wrapping of TSUKA.
KATORI SHINT RY ()
KATORI : place name (located in located current Chiba Prefecture) SHINT : Shinto RY : school TENSHIN SHODEN KATORI SHINTO-RYU (), abreviated in KATORI SHINTO RYU (), is one of the oldest koryu, founded by Iizasa Ienao (a respected spear and swordsman, who lived near Katori Shrine) in 1447.
Although categorized by the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai as kenjutsu school, Katori Shinto-ryu has a large curriculum, which also includes Iaijutsu, Ryotojutsu (art of using both long and short sword at once), Bojutsu, Naginatajutsu, Sojutsu, Shurikenjutsu and even some Jujutsu.
KATSU:
KATSU : lively; resuscitation; being helped; living KATSU () are resuscitation techniques.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), KATSU () are part of JUJUTSU ROPPO (), the six kinds of techniques in JUJUTSU (). However they are not part of any KATA, instead they are part of the DEN transmission. Note: KATSU (), resuscitation, should not be confused with KATSU (), victory.
KEIKO:
KEI : think; consider; quarrel KO : old KEIKO () is what gets usually translated as training. Through intense training, one seeks the perfection of oneself in an art or technique. With training, one can surpass what has gone before.
The term training, however, is not very accurate in describing the combination of practising, learning, training, searching and even questioning, which characterises the process. In Japanese, this is better described by the word KEIKO (). Indeed, KEIKO () also refers to the teaching of the old masters. Their skills have been passed from generation to generation. Therefore we have to rely on our own search with the guidance of our teachers.
According to Donn Draeger (in his book Classical Budo), there are 4 different stages in training, similar to the progress in Zen Buddhism:
GYO is the first stage, in which training is done through repetition and hard labour; little in depth explanation is given. SHUGYO is the next stage in which the trainee is confronted with situations that are difficult and where a solution has to be found through discipline, courage and correct applying what has been learnt. JUTSU () is the stage where techniques become art. DO () is the final stage where the way is found
Although these stages are not formalised as such in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), a clear progress in training is recognized.
INOUE Kyoichi Munenori ( ), the 19th generation SOKE () compares progress in the art with a Japanese lantern or CHOOCHIN (). At one end, at the beginning, the lantern is small but quit quickly the volume gets larger. This large volume is maintained for a long time and only at the end it is reduced again.
Training is done in the DOJO (see DOJO). During practice, movements are only taken so far as to reduce the risk of injury. See DOJO, RENSHU
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KEIKOGI:
KEI : think; consider; quarrel KO : old GI : wear; counter for suits of clothing KEIKOGI () is the uniform used for training, since the suffix GI () means clothes.
Although the word GI as such is normally not used, it can correctly be combined with other words like in DO-GI, the uniform to study the way., Some modern BUDO disciplines tend to incorporate their name as for instance KARATE-GI, JUDO-GI. In most KORYU (), the KEIKOGI () consists of a jacket, called UWAGI () and a dark HAKAMA (). Above the UWAGI (), a belt or OBI () is tied. Occasionally, TABI () or divided-toe socks can be worn.
KEND:
KEN : sword D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings KENDO (), the GENDAI BUDO () derived from KENJUTSU (), is characterized by the use of a SHINAI (), or bamboo sword and the wearing of protective armour, called BOGU ().
Although KENDO () still adheres very much to traditional Japanese martial values, it can be seen as a physically demanding sport-like activity, where the aim is to score against an opponent. Hence the need to use protective gear. Nevertheless also in KENDO () forms still exist where a wooden sword, BOKUTO ( ), or real sword KATANA () is used and no protective equipment is used.
See GENDAI BUDO, KENJUTSU
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KENJUTSU:
KEN : sword JUTSU : technique KENJUTSU () is the art of using the sword; In contrast to IAIJUTSU (), the art of drawing the sword, also known as BATT (), a KENJUTSU () confrontation starts with opponents who have already drawn their sword.
Although originally the most important skill of the Japanese warrior class was shooting the bow (while horse-riding), the use of the sword eventually became by far the most prominent part of the training of the samurai. The oldest KENJUTSU () schools mainly in the Edo period (1603-1868) many new schools would arise. Some examples of famous KENJUTSU schools:

(like Tenshin
Shoden Katori Ryu and Itto Ryu) were founded in the Muromachi period (1336-1573) but
TENSHIN SHODEN KATORI RYU (), catalogued as a KENJUTSU school but in fact one of the oldest comprehensive martial systems KASHIMA SHINTO RYU () founded by Tsukahara Bokuden, himself a student of TENSHIN SHODEN KATORI RYU () YAGYU SHINKAGE RYU (), together with ONO HA ITTO RYU (), the school that was studied by the first Tokugawa shoguns. ONO HA ITTO RYU () founded by Ono Jiroemon Tadaaki (1565 1628) JIGEN RYU () which was the school of the Satsuma Samurai who invaded Okinawa in 1609. NITEN ICHI RYU (), well known because the style was conceived by the famous warrior Miyamoto Musashi.
KENJUTSU () went into temporary decline, following the Meiji ( ) Restoration. However in 1879 the Tokyo Police Force and later the army initiated KENJUTSU ( ) practices again. At the end of World War II, the occupational authorities banned KENJUTSU () but immediately following the end of the Occupation period, in 1952, the Zen Nihon Kendo Renmei (All-Japan Kendo Federation) was established. By 1957 KENDO () was part of the physical education in all Japanese middle schools. Despite the historical pressure on the art of KENJUTSU (), several old schools survived and continue to preserve this important Japanese heritage.
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KENP:
KEN : fist HO : method, system KENPO (), also written and pronounced Kempo, refers to several Japanese martial arts most often, to some extent, related to Chinese martial arts, especially Shaolin Kung Fu.
Despite the common use of the name KARATE (), Some Okinawan teachers use the term KENPO () as an alternate name for their system. SHORINJI KEMPO () is a distinct Japanese form created in 1947 by So Doshin, who had travelled to China and earned local Chinese arts in his youth. This form is not influenced by developments that went on in Okinawa.
KEPPAN:
KETSU : blood HAN : seal" In the old days it was not uncommon to ask a KEPPAN () or a smear of blood, to announce a students determination to follow the precepts of the school. Today, a few schools still ask this ritual in order to enter their inner circle.
KERI:
KE : kick Although not so predominant as in KARATE (), the KATA () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () contain several kicking techniques, both in the role of UKE () as well as TORI (). In the latter, it is usually a penetrating kick called KEKOMI ()
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In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), in the set of 10 attacks, called KOGEKI (), of the basic KATA (), GYAKU NO KATA (), NAGE NO KATA () and OKU NO KATA (), a KEKOMI () or penetrating front kick is included.
See KOGEKI
KI:
KI : spirit; mind KI (), in a BUDO () context, is usually simply translated as energy, but it refers also to a more esoteric force that is called chi by the Chinese. In that context, it is most often seen as the vital energy of life, which flows in the body.
The character (kanji) for KI () is composed by the kanji that represents raw rise, with other strokes above, representing steam rising off the grain as it cooks. This illustrates very well the plastic energy, invisible except through its effect: the vapour coming off the rice pot is invisible but is able to make the lid rattling.
In an encounter, the meeting of KI () is also referred to as KI O AWASERU () in contrast of KI O HAZURERU (), the separation of KI ().
The meeting of KI (), as expressed in KI O AWASERU () is the basic principle in AIKIDO (), hence the explanation of its name: the way of meeting energy. Note that in AIKI (), as compared to KIAI () or KI O AWASERU (), the same kanji are used but inversed. In contrast, some weapon schools like KENJUTSU () schools, will use the term KI O HAZURERU (), since in their thinking they have to cut, separate the opponents energy. Nevertheless before doing so, there might still be a phase in which the opponent is invited to enter a KAMAE (), in order to react in a prepared way. Note that the kanji for HAZURERU (), can be read as SOTO (), outside.
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In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the KODACHI () or short sword is often used to train such strategies. In this context, KI O HAZURERU () is used once the opponent has committed his attack.
KI AI:
KI : energy AI : meeting KI AI () which lit. means the meeting of energy, is better known as the shout made at the moment of an attack. That shout helps to concentrate the energy needed for an attack but it also helps the mind to ignore extraneous thoughts and leaving only the pure energy (KI) which is needed.
True KI AI () comes from the HARA (), or abdomen and not from the throat. During practice (or in battle), purification of the mind is often realised by the use of KI AI (). Since ki ai enables one to liberate mental and physical force very rapidly, it is often used to influence another who is in close proximity. This influence can go from a pure tactic to impress an opponent, to a transfer of energy as sometimes used in resuscitation techniques. The proper use of KI AI () only comes after longer periods of training. Until then, most practitioners only imitate the shouting of their teacher. This is also because in KIHON () or even some KATA (), KIAI () is sometimes formalised to train the students on how to use it. For instance, in the KIHON () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () BOJUTSU (), INOUE Tsuyoshi Munetoshi (), the 18th generation SOKE (), had the tendency to impose KI AI () at every technique, with alternatively a hei and ha shout.
KIHON:
KI : fundamentals HON : present; main; true; real Training the KIHON () is training the foundation or the basis of the art. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), formal KIHON () training is considered essential for BOJUTSU (), where the students learn to handle the CHO BO () in a practice
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without opponent (see CHO BO). Another formalisation of KIHON () exists for IAIJUTSU (see IAIJUTSU).
The basics of weaponless fighting are usually immediately taught with GYAKU NO KATA (), followed by NAGE NO KATA (), since both these KATA () are true KIHON () in spirit. The third KATA (), known as OKU NO KATA () is called inner or inside KATA () and although still basic it should only be studied after the techniques of GYAKU NO KATA () and NAGE NO KATA () have been sufficiently mastered. These KATA () were formalized by Minaki Saburo (17th soke) to prepare students for OMOTE NO KATA (), the oldest KATA () of the school, Nevertheless, INOUE Tsuyoshi Munetoshi (), the 18th generation SOKE (), used a formal set of techniques in KIHON ( ) form when teaching to specific target groups like high school children. This KIHON ( ) consists mostly of a set of very simple GYAKU () and NAGE () techniques and are ideal as warming up for larger groups. Although they had to be memorised by high school students, they are not considered as an essential part of the curriculum of the school. However for purely didactic reasons, these KIHON () exercises can also be very useful.
KI KEN TAI ICHI ()

KI : energy KEN : sword TAI : body ICHI : one
KI KEN TAI ICHI () is not a specific term in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), but it is often used in BUDO (), to describe the condition where all essential elements of a sword strike (focus, technique and body) are unified in a single instant:
In KENDO, only through KI KEN TAI ICHI () one can obtain the perfect (or valid) strike, called the YUKO DATOTSU (). Another related concept to KI KEN TAI ICHI ( ), and also used in BUDO () is SHIN GI TAI ICHI (): mind, technique and body as one.
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See also SHIN GI TAI ICHI
KIME:
KIME : (from the verb kimeru) to decide, to conclude KIME (), can be translated as decision, but in a BUDO () context it is generally used to indicate focus.
KIME () is often used in KARATE (), to illustrate the combination of power and focus while executing a technique. Important is the concentration of energy in the lower abdomen described as SEIKA TANDEN ().
KIMONO:
KI : wear MONO : object, thing The KIMONO () was the traditional basic clothing item for the elite class, both men and woman (although the design was different), in Japan. Nowadays only woman still wear KIMONO () for special occasions.
Although in the Western world, training wear in BUDO ( ) are often called KIMONO (), this is absolute nonsense. A uniform used for training should be called KEIKOGI ( ) and is in no way related to a KIMONO ().
See KEIKOGI
KIRI: OR
KIRI : cut or : kill
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KIRI () means cut and comes from the verb KIRU. When KIRI (), like in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () or some other arts, is written with an alternative kanji, the emphasis is put on killing () instead of cutting ().
Learning how to kill is consistent with the true martial spirit of the art: when one trains to cut with a sword, it is with the intention to learn how to kill. Whether or not one has to use that skill is something different and is purely philosophical: a true sword is not a sword that kills but one that gives life.
Some examples of frequently used cuts are:

KESA GIRI (): diagonal cut (MIGI KESA = right diagonal cut and HIDARI KESA = left diagonal cut ) DOGIRI (): cutting into the torso (much more horizontally than KESA) KIRIAGE (): upward cut ICHIMONJI (): horizontal cut
KIRI OTOSHI:
KIRI : cut OTOSSHI : drop KIRI-OTOSHI () is the main technique of ITTO RYU () and it symbolises the idea (philosophy) of the school: one cut.
In KIRI-OTOSHI (), one waits for the attack to initiate, but when appropriate, cuts down at the same time as the enemy cuts down, along the same line as the enemys cut (straight through the centre of the enemys body). By overriding his sword, the attack is disrupted before it can be completed.
See ONO HA ITTO RYU
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KIT RY:
KI : wake up, get up T: overthrow, fall, break down RY : school KITO RYU (), sometimes translated as the school of rise and fall, is a JUJUTSU () school founded in the 17th century by Fukuno and Terada.
KITO RYU () has ATEMI-WAZA () or striking techniques, NAGE-WAZA () or throwing techniques, KANSETSU-WAZA () or joint locking techniques, and SHIMEWAZA () or choking techniques). Some techniques are to be performed while in full armor. Jigoro Kano, the founder of JUDO (), trained in KITO RYU () (under Iikubo Tsunetoshi) and therefore some of the principles of modern judo come from this style (e.g. Koshiki-no-kata is based on Kito-ryu). It even seems that Kano got inspiration from an earlier soke, Terada Kan'emon (5th fifth headmaster of Kito-ryu and founder of Jikishin-ryu), when he introduced his own art.
KB ITCHI
KB : offence and defence ITCHI : coincidence, match, fit KOBO ITCHI (), is the concept in which the priority of offensive or defensive action depends on the appropriateness of the situation.
The concept of KOBO ITCHI (), was regarded as very important by Kano, himself a JUJUTSU () expert and founder of JUDO (), who believed that attack and defence can often be seen as two sides of the same coin.
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KOBUD:
KO : old BU : warrior; military; chivalry; arms D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings In Japan, KOBUDO () is BUDO () as practiced by old (pre-Meiji) schools.
The MEIJI ISHIN () or Meiji Restoration was the result of a number of events that restored the imperial power in 1868. Until that date the country was governed by the samurai class (Tokugawa shogunate) and the emperor only had a symbolic function.
The term KOBUDO () is also used more specifically for the weapon systems of Okinawa (Bo, Sai, Nunchaku, Tonfa, Kama, Tekko and so on).
Okinawan KOBUDO () is also known as Ryukyu KOBUJUTSU (), named after the Ryukyu Islands, of which Okinawa is the largest.
See also BUDO and (KO)RYU.
KODACHI:
KO : little, small TA : plump; thick; big around CHI : sword The KODACHI () is a short sword with a blade longer than 1 SHAKU (but less than 2).
KODACHI () has always been an important part of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). In fact, Kyochi Ryu Sojutsu but also Muto-Ryu Kodachi where among the schools that were studied by the founder of the school.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the KODACHI () or short sword, is studied to be used against an opponent with a long sword. There are 3 KATA () with the KODACHI (): OMOTE NO KATA ()
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URA NO KATA () HASHIRI GAKARI NO KATA. ()
The second and third are variations of the first: in the second, the KODACHI () is used to hit the opponent, rather than to cut; in the third KATA (), both opponents run towards each other. Each KATA () consists of 5 techniques. It is worth noticing that the first HANBO KATA () are extremely similar to these KODACHI () KATA () in both structure (stance and positioning) and actual movements. This is an illustration in how KUKISHIN RYU BOJUTSU ( ) has been actively incorporated in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().
KDKAN
K : lecture D : way, path to follow KAN : public building The KODOKAN () was the training hall established by Jigoro Kano, founder of JUDO ().
The KODOKAN () is a building in Tokyo but also an institute where the art of Kano is practiced. The JUDO () they perform is referred to as KODOKAN JUDO (). in contrast to some other derived branches.
See JUDO
KGEKI:
K : aggression; attack GEKI : attack; defeat; conquer In the basic KATA (), GYAKU NO KATA (), NAGE NO KATA () and OKU NO KATA () there is a set of 10 attacks, called KOGEKI ():
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
KOTE (): grabbing the opponent's left wrist or forearm (KO : little - TE arm, hand),
except in OKU NO KATA, where the opponent grabs the right wrist : forearm):.
RYO GOTE (): consist of grabbing both wrists of the opponent (RYO : both KOTE KEKOMI (): penetrating front kick (KE : kick - KOMI : including) KATA ERI (): grasping the opponent's gear with one hand (KATA : one-sided; leaf;
sheet ERI : neck; collar; lapel; neckband) collar; lapel; neckband) back) stab)
RYO ERI (): grasping the opponent's gear with both hands (RYO both - ERI : neck; HAIGO (): grasping the opponent from the rear (HAI : back; behind - GO : behind; MEN TSUKI (): punch at the face (MEN : face TSUKI : a thrust; a pass; a lunge; a MEN UCHI (): strike at the face (MEN : face UCHI : strike; hit; knock) KOBUSHI ATE (): strike/hit (the plexus) with your fist (KOBUSHI : fist ATE : hit); NUKI UCHI (): strike with a knife-hand technique to the opponents neck (NUKI : slip
out; pull out UCHI : strike; hit; knock)
See GYAKU NO KATA.
KHAI:
K : later HAI : comrade, fellow KOHAI () is the more junior student, as compared to SEMPAI (), the more experienced one. Beginners are sometimes also called SHOSHINSHA ( ), or more poetically MONJIN (), literally a person at the gate. See also SEMPAI
KHAKUMAKU
K : red HAKU : white
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MAKU : curtain A KOHAKU MAKU () is a curtain, with vertical red and white stripes, which is hung against walls on different occasions in Japan. It is also often used as a decorative element during ENBU ( ), or demonstrations of martial arts.
The colours red and white, are symbolic in Japan and relate to the GENPEI KASSEN () or Genpei war which was fought for several years between the Minamoto and Taira clans in the 12th century and that finally resulted in a defeat of the Taira clan. The name GENPEI () comes from alternate readings of the kanji MINAMOTO ( ) and TAIRA (). Red, in Japanese AKAI ( or ) but alternatively pronounced ko, was the colour of the banners of the Taira clan during the Genpei war. White, in Japanese SHIROI () but alternatively pronounced haku, was the colour of the Minamoto clan. Red and white would be the colours used in BUDO () competitions to distinguish opponents (later blue was introduced in judo, because the contrast was better suited for television). Red and white are also present in the current flag of Japan, better known as HI NO MARU () or "circle of the sun".
See ENBU, BUSHI
KOKORO:
KOKORO : heart; mind; spirit In Japanese thinking, the heart, which is called SHIN () in most compound words (e.g. Yoshin, Fudoshin) or KOKORO () as a standalone word, is the seat of the spirit, while the head (: ATAMA) only houses the intellect.
KOKORO (), when used in martial conversation, often refers to passion, action without looking for beneficial result. It determinates the way BUDO () is experienced: a fight should not been won at all costs, it is a way to conquer oneself. A defeat, that is understood, can be a source of learning, bringing us closer to where we have to be. When seen in the context of the fight itself, the ideal is to strive for an unmoving spirit/ heart/ mind. Unmoving not in the sense of uncaring but in the sense of unwavering strength, courage and confidence.
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See FUDOSHIN
KOKY:
KO : invite, call out KY : inhale KOKYU (), or breathing, is important in any KATA (), but in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () it is formalised before starting an IAJUTSU KATA ().
In general one should breath a few times calmly before the execution of a KATA (). Breathing is essentially abdominal and an opponent should not be able to take advantage of the breathing cycle. After a full breathing cycle, a new inspiration phase is started and at the end of that phase, the technique starts. In regular HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () IAI JUTSU () training, this kind of breathing is done 1 time, IKKOKYU ( ), but occasionally 3 times, or SANKOKYU ()
KORY:
KO : old RY : style of; method of; manner of KORYU () are Japanese martial art schools that are older than 1868.
In Japan there are two prestigious classical martial art organizations: the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai and the Nihon Kobudo Shinkokai. Most well-recognized old schools are member of at least one (sometimes both) associations. Nevertheless a small number of KORYU () have chosen not to be member of either organizations. HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), for instance, is a member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (belonging to the Nihon Budokan). The Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (Japanese Classical Martial Arts Association), has strict guidelines for members entering into their association.
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KOSHIRAE:
KOSHIRAE: : made, prepared KOCHIRAE () is the fitting of a NIHON TO ().
Although for a martial artist, the blade is the most important part of the sword, sufficient attention has to be given to the fittings of a sword. However, these days, KOCHIRAE () are appreciated sometimes more for aesthetic purposes than for pure functional purposes.
See also NIHON TO
KOTE:
KO : small, little TE : hand, arm KOTE () refers to forearm or wrist.
The forearms, or KOTE (), are often used targets in BUDO (). Therefore, in KENDO () for instance, the hands, wrists and forearms, are protected by strong gloves simply referred to as KOTE (). In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), also many JUJUTSU () techniques are directed to the opponents wrist or forearm, like KOTE GAESHI (), returning the arm, or KOTE
ORI () breaking the arm.
KOWAKI KAMAE:
KO : little WAKI : supporting role KAMAE : posture
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KOWAKI KAMAE ( ) is a basic stance for weapons like NAGINATA () and CHO BO ()
When carrying a NAGINATA (), or a CHO BO (), usually these longer weapons are held in an upright position under the right arm, in an angle permitting to walk without touching the floor. This in fact is KOWAKI KAMAE (). This KAMAE () is also used for RITSUREI (), or standing bowing, with these weapons.
See also RITSUREI, REI, REIHO, KAMAE, NAGINATA, CHO BO
KZUKA
K : small TSUKA : shaft KOZUKA () are small blades attached to the sheath, or TSUKA () of a KATANA ().
Although these blades are often thought to be SHURIKEN (), or throwing blades, used by ninja, according to Otake Sensei from KATORI SHINTO RYU (), the true usage is much less exciting: in fact these blades were far too expensive for a ninja and their use was in fact very practical, a sort of survival small blade for the samurai, that could be used for cooking and peeling vegetables. Of course, occasionally these blades could be used as a weapon if there was no alternative.
See SHURIKEN
KUDEN
KU : oral DEN : transmission In every KORYU (), transmission is based on a privileged relationship between teacher and student. Transmission can be purely oral, called KUDEN ( ), but most of the teachings have been recorded in writing in DENSHO ( ), the scrolls containing the
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essential teachings of a school. In this way new influences can be explored without fear of not been able to return to the origin.
KUGURU
KUGURU : to pass through; to pass under, to submerge In JUJUTSU (), passing under an opponent can be part of the technique.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), this is the case in GYAKU NO KATA () where there is a technique called KUGURI GYAKU () and in NAGE NO KATA (), where there is a technique called KUGURI NAGE (). The latter can also be found in TANTO DORI (), the KATA () in which the opponent attacks with a knife or TANTO ().
KUKISHIN RY:
KU : nine KI : demon SHIN : god, soul RY: : school, style KUKISHIN RYU () is the BOJUTSU () style that is incorporated in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().
Kukishin Ryu has been developed by Okuni Kihei, originally a master of Tendo Ryu Naginata Jutsu. One day, according the legend, Okuni Kihei went to pay respect to his ancestor's Ujigami (local guardian god or spirit) and saw the vision of nine Oni (Japanese ogres or demons) attacking him and breaking the blade of his Naginata. He was able to attack back with the handle portion of his naginata until he chased off the nine oni. After this spiritual vision, Okuni developed his technique of bojutsu and called it Kukishin Ryu Bojutsu (kuki can be translated as 'nine demons). Later Okuni would study under Gennoshin, the third soke of Hontai Yoshin Ryu Takagi Ryu and when Gennoshin died at the age of 32, Okuni Kihei became the forth successor of Hontai Yoshin Ryu Takagi Ryu.
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KUMIDACHI:
KUMI : association, construction; assemble, unite TA : plump; thick; big around CHI : sword In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), KUMIDACHI () is used for all weapon KATA () against sword.
KUMITE is used in KARATE to refer to exercises with partner. Similarly some schools use the term KUMIBO for exercises of CHOBO against CHOBO. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU, however, this is usually called BO AWASE.
KUSARI FUND:
KUSARI : chain FUN : part D: : cupper A weighted chain or KUSARI FUNDO () was used as an hidden weapon, especially if the weight was fairly light.
The weight of the KUSARI FUNDO () was attached to both sides of the chain. Many forms, and weight shapes existed. The weight itself could be fairly light (the chain could fit in the sleeves) but could sometimes be much heavier. To have such a weapon could be handy in situations where carrying a sword was not allowed (i.e. the inside of someones house). As a BO (), a KUSARI FUNDO () could also be used as a non lethal arresting weapon.
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KUSARIGAMA:
KUSARI : chain KAMA: : sickle The KUSARIGAMA () is a weapon that consists of a metal chain and a sickle.
The KUSARIGAWA () has a weight on the other end of the chain, that can be circled around the head and then thrown towards an opponent. Once the opponent (or his sword) is wrapped by the chain, he can be attacked by the sickle.
KUZUSHI:
KUZU : crumble; die; demolish; level KUZUSHI () or loss of balance of the opponent is one of the major objective in the weaponless KATA (). For it is precisely at the moment of the oppone nts loss of balance that it is easiest to control him.
In some cases, KUZUSHI () is achieved in a relatively passive manner by simply amplifying the attackers own force and momentum: if he pushes, pull him; if he pulls, push him, thus applying the basic tactic of non-resistance, the willow bending in the wind. In other cases more dynamic tactics are employed, ranging from subtle applications of pressure, to well-directed strikes with hands or feet, which is ATE-KUZUSHI (). The KUZUSHI () needed during joint dislocations, GYAKU (), and throws, NAGE () is commonly achieved through application of the lever, or TEKO (), principle. The fulcrum, or SHITEN (), of the lever usually being a part of the body placed strategically beneath or upon a joint or weak body point of the opponent. Another tactic used to achieve KUZUSHI ( ) is completing the triangle. The opponents feet are the two angles of the triangle: force applied along or in parallel to an imaginary line running between the feet will be the least effective, as the line represents the vector with the greatest resistance. A line of force that is perpendicular to this line will meet the least resistance. Force has to be applied in this direction, completing the triangle begun by the opponents feet. Completing the triangle, using a lever and directing force are patterns which
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can be employed through a single technique in order to break an opponents balance and gain control.
KYO JITSU:
KYO (): lie, incorrect fact JITSU : truth, reality In the context of JUJUTSU (), KYO () is used to indicate the wrong, intentional misleading direction of a technique, compared to JITSU (), that is used to indicate the true line. Indeed in JUJUTSU (), it is a common tactic to start with the wrong direction to mislead the opponent before to take the right direction of a technique.
The kanji , which can be translated as lie, is usually pronounced USO in Japanese. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () training, it is often pronounced KYO and is used as opposed to JITSU (), true, not be confused with JUTSU (), technique. Applying KYO/JITSU (), often means to start in a misleading direction, immediately followed by the right direction. In order to use KYO/JITSU (), as a tactic, one has to fully understand the techniques and the line or direction that is used to obtain loss of balance or KUZUSHI ().
KYOJITSU () is sometimes also used in a more spiritual way, where in order to achieve victory, one has to be in complete attainment of spirituality (JITSU), and hit the opponent who is not or incomplete in that state (KYO).
KY:
KY : level, grade KYU () are levels that were introduced in some BUDO () disciplines, to differentiate students until they obtain a DAN () grade.
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In some disciplines, all the KYU () practitioners wear white belts while in others different coloured belts are used. Some schools, usually traditional ones, have no KYU () levels at all.
See DAN
KYBAJUTSU:
KY ; bow BA : horse JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick KYUBAJUTSU () is the art to shoot an arrow while riding a horse.
Famous for their skills were the Ogasawara, who were the personal equestrian archery tutors of the military elite during the Kamakura era, the Muromachi era (the Ashikaga shogunate), and the Edo era (the Tokugawa shogunate). The OGASAWARA RYU KYUBAJUTSU () consists of:
KISHA () is the equestrian archery technique, which originally started from an archery training on horseback and afterwards has been performed as a ritual ceremony
YABUSAME () is the ceremony; in which the archers wear full formal hunting outfits of the Kamakura era (a-ge-Shozoku). On rapid horseback, they have to shoot 3 targets set up in a straight riding track (about 250m).
See OGASAWARA RYU
KYD:
KY ; bow D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings
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KYUDO () or the Japanese art of archery (lit. the way of the bow). is a modern Japanese martial art or GENDAI BUDO
Like in many cultures, bow and arrow have been around since very long in Japan, but the first organised schools of archery, or KYUJUTSU (), originated as early as in the 12th century. Later YABUSAME () or mounted archery would be formalised in schools like Ogasawara ryu. With the arrival of the arquebus in the 16 th century, the need to be skilled in archery declined. This was even more so, during the Edo period. In the beginning of the 20th century, a lot attempt was made to create a new art, KYUDO (), based on historical techniques from several KYUJUTSU ( ) schools.
See GENDAI BUDO
KYSHO:
KY : hurry; emergency; sudden; steep SHO : place KYUSHO () are the vital points on the human body. When striking an opponent, the aim is almost always to hit such a vital point. Knowing the vital points is a study on itself. Some obvious examples are: KUBIMAKI (): carotid arteries SUIGETSU: solar plexus KINTEKI (): testicles
MA:
MA : interval; space Using optimally the space, or MA () between oneself and the opponent is one of the key elements towards mastering the art. incorporated in what is called MA (). Although distance is a major part of the interval between two things, an element like time is equally important and is therefore also
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When affronting an opponent, there are three intentions of distance:

TOI-MA (), usually pronounced TOMA (), the long space , is the distance where both opponents are still way out of reach, this distance is initiatory ITTO ISSOKU NO MA () is a distance where a single step by either opponent will bring them into range of the other; this distance is engagement CHIKAI-MA (), usually pronounced CHIKAMA (), or close distance , is the distance where both opponents can perform effective movement without the need to step in ; this is the decisive distance
The optimal use of MA () is best illustrated by MA-AI (), which is reaching the distance at which opponents engage each other (literally the distance at which they meet).
The shorter the space (distance and time), the more skilled and courageous one has to be. However, if mastered, a shorter space will be more efficacious. However, the precise MA () used for each combative situation varies according to the weapon being used and being faced (or lack of weapon). Control of MA AI () is possible only through mastery of TAI SABAKI () or the body control or movement in response to an aggressive act. The importance of space and distance is also illustrated by the expression YOYU (), or critical margin.
See TAI SABAKI, YOYU
MA AI:
MA : interval; space AI (from the verb AU): joint, put together MA AI () refers to capturing or managing the space between two opponents.
The space, or MA (), that is integrated in the concept of MA AI () is not only characterized by the distance between the opponents, but also by the time it will take to cross that distance. Characteristics like angle and rhythm of attack, all will have an influence on MA AI ().
See MA
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MAKE:
MAKE : defeat The goal of an encounter with an enemy was obviously KATSU () victory, however some would argue that not to lose face was so important that there were many instances that not to be defeated was already a noble strategy.
In fact, the outcome of an encounter with an enemy could be: KATSU () victory, MAKE (), defeat, or AI-UCHI () mutual killing. In the Edo period, when samurai went on a MUSHA SHUGYO (), it was not uncommon that in a duel the life of the one who lost was speared and this situation was turned in a teacher student relation for a while.
See MUSHA SHUGYO
MAKOTO:
MAKOTO : Truth, Sincerity MAKOTO () is part of the elements that were regarded very important by the samurai class, and means truthfulness. Other values that were regarded very important by the samurai class were: GI (: Justice, Right Decision) YU (: Bravery) JIN (: Compassion, Benevolence) REI (: Right Action). MEIYO (: Honour) CHUU (: loyalty; fidelity)
MANIWA NEN RYU

MANIWA : name of a village NEN : RYU: MANIWA NEN RYU () or the NEN RYU () from the village Maniwa, was founded at the end of the 16th century by Higuchi Matashichiro.
The school has KENJUTSU (), NAGINATAJUTSU (), SOJUTSU () but also YADOMEJUTSU (), the art to deflect arrows with a sword. Moreover the school uses a FUKURO SHINAI, or bamboo sword, that can be seen as essential in the development of KENDO ().
See YADOMEJUTSU, KENDO
MEIJI:
MEI : bright JI : reign MEIJI () was the name given to Emperor Mutsuhito (1852-1912), who reigned in a period of major changes, where the feudal model lead by the SHOGUN () came to an end.
The MEIJI ISHIN () or Meiji restoration where the Tokugawa shogunate came to an end and the emperor no longer had a ceremonial and symbolic role but started to rule the country took place after a series of events in 1868, with an official declaration of power by the emperor on January 3, 1869. Also for BUDO () the MEIJI ISHIN () was a major event. Still now, difference is made between systems that originated before 1868 and that are referred to as KOBUDO (), or old budo, in contrast to newer systems (that were created after 1868), called GENDAI BUDO ().
See KOBUDO, GENDAI BUDO
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MEIYO:
MEIYO : Honour MEIYO () is part of the elements that were regarded very important by the samurai class, and refers to glory without ego.

GI (: Justice, Right Decision) YU (: Bravery) JIN (: Compassion, Benevolence) REI (: Right Action). MAKOTO (: Truth, Sincerity) CHU (: loyalty; fidelity)
MENKYO KAIDEN:
MEN : excuse KYO : permit KAI : all; everything DEN : transmission A MENKYO KAIDEN () is a person who obtained the highest level of teaching and therefore received a license of complete transmission of a given system.
See DEN
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METSUKE:
ME : eye; look; insight; experience TSUKU : adhere; attach; refer to; append METSUKE () or the expression in the eyes
METSUKE () is very important in IAI JUTSU () KATA (). At the beginning of a KATA (), one looks as if staring at the mountains in the far distance, called ENZAN NO METSUKE (). Later the looks are directed towards the essence of the cut.
See ENZAN NO METSUKE
MICHI:
MICHI : road, way see DO
MISOGI:
MISOGI : purification practice (Shinto) In the older days, MISOGI () could be integrated in training.
A popular way for MISOGI (), was a retreat in the mountains and standing under a waterfall. Also in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), although not organised in a formal manner, some students used to go occasionally to the mountains for meditation under a waterfall.
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MOTOBU UDONDE
MOTOBU : family name UDON : palace, court (in standard Japanese it is pronounced go-ten) TE : hand Martial art from the Motobu family (an aristocratic family in the Ryukyu Kingdom of Okinawa).
Motobu udonde () is a martial art from the time of the Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa). It was once referred to as "his majesty's martial art" (ushu-ganashi-m no bugei). The progenitor was Motobu Oji Chohei (also known as Sho Koshin, 1655-1687), sixth son of Sho Shitsu (1629-1668), the tenth monarch of the Second Sho Dynasty (1469-1879). The secrets of the art were received only by the heirs of the Motobu family. The first exception was Uehara Seikichi, student of Motobu Choyu. However in 2003 Uehara sensei, at the age of 99, transferred the title of soke again to a member of the Motobu family, Motobu Chosei. The system consists of hard techniques (strikes and kicks) and joint locks and throws. It also makes use of weapons that were available on the island. In addition, it uses bladed weapons that lower-ranking members of the military class of Okinawa did not possess, such as the sword, spear, and halberd. In fact, after Ryukyu fell to the Satsuma forces in the invasion of 1609, only certain families like the Motobu were allowed to possess bladed weapons.
MUSHA SHUGY:
MU (usually pronounced BU): military SHA: person SHU : discipline, master GY : journey The term MUSHA SHUGYO (), refers to a period in the life of a samurai, where he would wonder around Japan, to train with other schools, duel, perform work, in order to improve his skills but also his character.
Stories of SHUGYOSHA (), or wondering warriors in search of their purpose in life, are very popular in Japan and JIDAIGEKI (), translated as period drama, or CHANBARA (), a subcategory of JIDAIGEKI (), are still famous drama or film genres that
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sometimes deal with these stories. A SHUGYOSHA ( ), should not be confused with a RONIN (), a samurai who lost his job and who was forced to wonder around because he lost his master, was banned, or purely dismissed for economical reasons. This was often the case at the end of the Tokugawa era, indicating the changing society. Most CHANBARA () deal with this period and tell stories of RONIN ( ). Probably the most famous person to have undertaken a MUSHA SHUGYO () is Myamoto Musashi, founder of NITEN ICHI-RYU (). Musashi left his village, at the age of 15 or to spend his time traveling and engaging in duels. In his later life Musashi stayed in Kumamoto, where he made various brush paintings, did calligraphy, and sculpted wood. He also wrote several books like Go Rin No Sho (The Book of Five Rings) and Dokkodo (The Way of Self Reliance, usually translated as Going My Way). The founder of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), Takagi Oriemon Shigetoshi, also went on a MUSHA SHUGYO (). There are numerous stories about heroic encounters that took place in different places of Japan. Once an accomplished master of BUJUTSU (), Takagi took up service as the master sword teacher of the Shiroishi domain (present day Miyagi prefecture).
See SHUGYO
MUSHIN :
MU : nothing, nil SHIN : heart, mind MUSHIN () is a state of mind that is not fixed upon anything and was introduced by Takuan, who also introduced the concept of FUDOSHIN ().
See FUDOSHIN
NAFUDAKAKE:
NA : name, reputation
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FUDA : tag KAKE : hang, suspend In a traditional DOJO (), the names of the members of the school are displayed on the on the NAFUDAKAKE () that consists of wooden name tags attached on a wooden plate. The name tags are hung on a small metal hook and organized by rank. When a student achieves a higher rank, the nameplate or NAFUDA () is moved to the correct position.
In the The SOHONBU DOJO (), or the Japanese Headquarters of HONTAI
YOSHIN RYU (), the names of the DENSHA (), holders of a DEN () license, are displayed on the NAFUDAKAKE (). The order is: MENKYO KAIDEN (), OKUDEN (), CHUDEN (), SHODEN (). Overseas members with a DEN () grade are also member of the SOHONBU DOJO () and their names are also included but written in KATAKANA. ().
NAGE:
NAGE : throw NAGE (), or throwing techniques, are part of JUJUTSU ROPPO (), the six kinds of techniques in JUJUTSU (). See also JUJUTSU ROPPO.
NAGE NO KATA
NAGE : throw KATA : shape; form; style

NAGE NO KATA () is a KATA () that concentrates on throwing.
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NAGE NO KATA () is a basic KATA () in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () and consists of 10 throwing techniques performed against the same set of attacks as in GYAKU NO KATA () . See GYAKU NO KATA () In NAGE NO KATA (), TORI will throw UKE to the ground while taking control of him with GYAKU techniques and/or finishing with ATEMI.
NAGI WAZA:
NAGI : mow down (the enemy)
WAZA : skill; art; craft; ability; feat; performance; vocation; arts NAGI WAZA () techniques, or mowing techniques are specific for the NAGINATA (), or for systems that were influenced by NAGINATAJUTSU ().
NAGI () techniques, or mowing techniques are still present in the BOJUTSU ( ) of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ():

NAGI SUNE UCHI (: ) is a downward mowing technique with a strike towards the legs shin or the knee of the opponent NAGI AGE (: ) starts downwards but finishes as a rising technique
See also NAGINATA
NAGINATA:
NAGI : mow down (the enemy) NATA : long sword
NAGINATA (), or halberd is now probably solely seen as a weapon used by woman, since in history, the NAGINATA (), has evolved into their preferred weapon. But numbers dont tell everything and despite the remarkable skills of some great woman masters, there have always been (even up to today) some excellent man too, who could turn this aesthetic weapon into a very dangerous fighting tool.
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One of the few examples of a true female warrior samurai in Japanese history was Tomoe Gozen ( ), who lived during the Genpei War ( , Genpei kassen). A beautiful Naginata of her can be seen in the museum near Oyamazumi Jinja. In the same museum there is also the only surviving example of women's armour in Japan, one of the many designated national treasures of the museum. Although some old schools, devoted to the use of the NAGINATA (), still exist, NAGINATA JUTSU () is these days often practiced in the form of a sport. This modern form, called NAGINATADO () is also known as "new naginata" or ATARASHII NAGINATA () and is organised in the All Japan Naginata Federation.
Many KORYU RYUHA (), such as TENSHIN SHODEN KATORI SHINTORYU (), include NAGINATA JUTSU () in their curriculum. In contrast, it is not part of the official curriculum of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().
Although these days, NAGINATA JUTSU () is not part of the official curriculum of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU, () one should not forget that the 4th master of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), OKUNI Kihei Shigenobu, developer of KUKISHIN RYU () BOJUTSU (), originally was a master of Tendo Ryu Naginata Jutsu. OKUNI changed skills with TAKAGI Gennoshin, the third successor of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () before becoming himself SOKE (). He incorporated his BOJUTSU () skills into the school. It is sometimes said that KUKISHIN RYU BOJUTSU ().has originated from the need to continue to fight with a NAINATA () from which the blade has been broken off. True or not, the fact is that in KUKISHIN RYU BOJUTSU (), some manipulations of the CHO BO () are very similar to what is done with a NAGINATA () or a YARI ().
NANAME:
NANAME : diagonal
Directions are important in martial arts. Besides straight directions, diagonal lines are also
often used.
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NAWA:
NAWA : rope NAWAJUTSU, (), also called HOJOJUTSU (), is the traditional art of rope binding used to restrain a prisoner.
The cord or rope, called NAWA () in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), is a kind of lasso, with knots tied in. The fast rope binding techniques in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ( ), are sometimes called HAYANAWA (), lit. quick rope.
NIHON or NIPPON:
NI : Sun HON : Source Japan, in Japanese called NIHON (), also pronounced NIPPON, is formally known as NIHON KOKU (), or NIPPON KOKU: the State of Japan.
NIHON KOBUD KYKAI:

NIHON : Japan KOBUD : old BUDO KYKAI : association; organization The NIHON KOBUDO KYOKAI () is the Japanese Classical Budo Association, established in February 1978.
In Japan there are two prestigious classical martial arts organizations: the Nippon Kobudo Kyokai and the Nihon Kobudo Shinkokai. Most well-recognized old schools are member of at least one (sometimes both) associations. For instance, Hontai Yoshin-ryu, is a member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (belonging to the Nihon Budokan). Nevertheless a small number of KORYU have chosen not to be member of either organizations.
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The Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (Japanese Classical Martial Arts Association), has strict guidelines for members entering into their association, and is especially known for its yearly event, a classical martial arts demonstration in Japan. Hontai Yoshin-ryu has participated at these events since the beginning. Co-sponsored by the Nihon Budokan, the demonstration occurs annually at the Nihon Budokan in Tokyo, or occasionally in other venues around Japan. Schools demonstrate by invitation only, and most members participate every two year. Nihon Kobudo Kyokai: list of schools (as listed in the 30th anniversary book, January 2009): Ryshin Katch-ry Jjutsu Shosh-ry Yawara Iga-ry Ha Katsushin-ry Jjutsu Kiraku-ry Jjutsu Tenjin Shiny-ry Jjutsu 1 Tenjin Shiny-ry Jjutsu 2 Hasegawa-ry Yawarajutsu Daito-ry Aikijjutsu Kit-ry Jjutsu Daito-ry Aikijjutsu Takumakai Shibukawa-ry Jjutsu Shingetsu Mus Yanagi-ry Jjutsu Hontai Yshin-ry Jjutsu Takagi-ry Jjutsu Kukishin-ry bjutsu Sekiguchi Shin Shin-ry Jjutsu Takenouchi-ry Jjutsu Koshi-no-mawari Kogusoku Takenouchi-ry Jjutsu Shibukawa Ichi-ry Jjutsu Bokuden-ry Kenjutsu Mizoguchi-ha Itt-ry Kenjutsu Hokushin Itt-ry Kenjutsu Kashima Shint-ry Kenjutsu Kogen Itt-ry Kenjutsu Tenshin Shden Katori Shint-ry Kenjutsu Tatsumi-ry Heih Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ry Ono-ha Itt-ry Kenjutsu Shint Munen-ry Kenjutsu Kurama-ry Kenjutsu Tennen Rishin-ry Kenjutsu Yagy Shinkage-ry Heih Kenjutsu Shingyot-ry Kenjutsu
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Shojitsu Kenri Kataichi-ry Kenjutsu Hyh Niten Ichi-ry Kenjutsu Noda-ha Niten Ichi-ry Kenjutsu Unk-ry Kenjutsu Taisha-ry Kenjutsu Jigen-ry Hyh Kenjutsu Nodachi Jigen-ry Kenjutsu Hayashizaki Mus ryu iaijutsu Mus Jikiden Eishin-ry Iaijutsu Tamiya-ry Iaijutsu Sui-ry Iai Kenp Hki-ry Iaijutsu Enshin-ry Iai Suemonogiri Kenp Kanshini-ry Iaijutsu Shojitsu Kenri Kataichi-ry Katch Battojutsu Kanemaki-ry Battojutsu Sekiguchi-ry Battojutsu Owari Kan-ry Sjutsu Fden-ry Sjutsu Hzin-ry Takada-ha Sjutsu Saburi--ry Sjutsu Muhi Muteki-ry Jjutsu Shint Mus-ry Jjutsu Chikubujima-ry Bjutsu Toda-ha Buk-ry Naginatajutsu Tend-ry Naginatajutsu Jikishinkage-ry Naginatajutsu Yshin-ry Naginatajutsu Higo kory Naginata Ryky Kobujutsu Wad-ry Jjutsu Kenp Itosu-ry Karate Ryky ke Hiden Motobu Udonde Kingai-ry Karate Okinawa Kobujutsu Okinawa Gj-ry Bujutsu Yagy Shingan-ry Katch Heih Yagy Shingan-ry daijutsu Seki-ry Hjutsu Morishige-ry Hjutsu Y-ry Hjutsu
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Araki-ry Kenp Araki-ry Guny Kogusoku Negishi-ry Shurikenjutsu Ogasawara-ry Kybajutsu Nit Shinkage-ry Kusarikamajutsu Takeda-ry Aiki no jutsu
NIHON T:
NIHON : Japan T : sword NIHON TO () is the correct translation of Japanese sword.
Depending on the length of the blade, several names for NIHON TO ( ) are used:

TANTO (): a knife has a blade shorter than 1 shaku SHOTO () : a short sword has a blade longer than 1 shaku but less than 2. The WAKIZASHI () and KODACHI () are SHOTO. DAITO (): a long sword has a blade longer than 2 shaku ODACHI (): although in some KENJUTSU schools, the DAITO is called ODACHI, the latter usually refers to an abnormally long blade (longer than 3 shaku), carried across the back. Another word for such a long sword is NODACHI ()
A TACHI () is a DAITO () which was worn cutting edge down and was suspended by cords from a belt, which was the way swords were worn before the 16th century. The name KATANA (as pronunciation for ), is used almost always exclusively for the DAITO (), the typical long Japanese sword as it was worn by the samurai from 1500 till 1867, namely with the cutting edge up.
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NINJA
NIN : secret, spy (another reading is shinobi) JA: person (another reading is mono) NINJA () is a modern word for SHINOBI NO MONO (), a sort of secret agent (usually mercenary organized in a sort of guild), involved in espionage and assassination. See SHINOBI
NIPPON BUDOKAN ()
NIPPON or NIHON : Japan BUD : (Japanese) martial arts KAN : large building The NIPPON BUDOKAN () is an indoor arena in Tokyo, originally built for the judo competition in the 1964 Summer Olympics. The Nippon Budokan Foundation, is the owner of the building and is in fact the governmental organization that promotes and organizes BUDO in Japan ().
Although the NIPPON BUDOKAN () is the name of the building, quit often the Nippon Budokan Foundation is also referred to by this name (leaving the word Foundation out). The Nippon Budokan Foundation is a member of the Japanese Budo Association. Among its other members we can find the Zen Nihon Judo Renmei, Zen Nihon Karatedo Renmei, Zen Nihon Kyudo Renmei, Zen Nihon Jukendo Renmei, Zen Nihon Kendo Renmei, Zen Nihon Naginata Renmei, Shorinji Kempo Renmei, Nihon Sumo Renmei and the Aikikai. The NIHON KOBUDO KYOKAI (), the Japanese Classical Budo Association, on its turn is a member of The Nippon Budokan Foundation.
See NIHON KOBUDO KYOKAI
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NITEN ICHI-RY:
NI : two TEN : heaven ICHI : one RY : school NITEN ICHI-RYU () is a KENJUTSU () school, mainly known for its two-sword, KATANA () and WAKIZASHI () techniques.
NITEN ICHI-RYU (), also known as HEIHO NITEN ICHI RYU (), was founded by the famous Miyamoto Musashi (1584 1645), the author of Go Rin No Sho (The Book of Five Rings) and Dokkodo (The Way of Self Reliance, usually translated as Going My Way). Strategy is an integrated part of the teachings of KENJUTSU schools. In this school the concept of Heiho which can also be read as Hyoho is incorporated in its name. Imai Masayuki Nobukatsu, the 10th Headmaster of HEIHO NITEN ICHI RYU () made a text with explanations of Dokkodo. These text are of great interest for all KORYU. The philosophy of the school is captured in the expression NITO ICHI (), "two swords as one", or NITEN ICHI (), two heavens as one. Although famous for its two-sword techniques, the school has many KATA () using only one sword, performed with a BOKUTO () or wooden sword.
NIT KAMAE:
NI : sun T: sword KAMAE : posture NITO KAMAE () is a basic stance for the CHO BO (), or long staff.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), NITO KAMAE (), is the most used KAMAE () with CHO BO (), especially in KIHON () and KUMIBO ().
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Note that NITO (), two swords, which is often used in BUDO (), is written with other kanji.
See also KAMAE, CHO BO
NT:
N : obtain T: sword NOTO () is the action in IAIJUTSU () or IAIDO () to return the sword in the scabbard See also IAIJUTSU
NUKITSUKE:
NUKI : extract; pull out TSUKE : adhere NUKITSUKE () is the action in IAIJUTSU () or IAIDO () to draw the sword from the scabbard See also IAIJUTSU
OBI ()
OBI: belt An OBI(), or belt, is worn under the HAKAMA ().
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The type of OBI () that is worn under the HAKAMA () can be a black cotton belt designed for KENDO () or IAIDO (). In any case it should be wide and long enough (the belt is folded twice around the body before a knot is made, creating as such 3 layers) to support the SAYA (). of the sword and in principle even for a DAISHO (), the long and short sword. Some people might prefer a more traditional (also nicer coloured) belt called KAKU OBI ().
As of SHODAN (), in most BUDO (), the budoka (person doing budo) are wearing a black belt, called KUROI OBI (). This is also the case in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), where a black belt can be worn above the HAKAMA ().
OGASAWARA RY:
OGASAWARA : family name RY : school OGASAWARA RYU () refers to the schools of the Ogasawara clan, famous for archery, horsemanship and etiquette.
The OGASAWARA RYU KYUBAJUTSU () has been established in 1187 and the succession of the archery school has past from father to one son since the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate. The 1st patriarch, Nagakiyo Ogasawara was born in Koshu (nowadays Yamanashi prefecture) in 1162, his father was Kagami-jiro-tomitsu. The surname "Ogasawara" was provided by the Emperor Takakura. Ogasawara-nagakiyo was the personal equestrian archery and marital tutor of Minamoto-yoritomo, the prominent and powerful military general of the Kamakura shogunate. In 1880, the 28th patriarch, Ogasawara-kiyokane, opened the Ogasawara school of propriety and horsemanship to the public. In the Edo period, the Ogasawara also instructed the elite of the shogunate in etiquette. Their code of etiquette was exhaustive.
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OKU NO KATA:
OKU : interior KATA : shape; form; style In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), OKU NO KATA () is still considered a basic KATA, to be studied after the techniques of GYAKU NO KATA and NAGE NO KATA have been sufficiently mastered.
The techniques in OKU NO KATA () are a combination of the JUJUTSU ROPPO (): GYAKU (), NAGE (), ATE (), SHIME (), TORITSUKE () and KATSU (). The correct execution of OKU NO KATA () requires already a very high degree of proficiency, especially regarding TAISABAKI and timing.
OMOTE :
OMOTE : surface; front; right side; face; exterior; outside OMOTE () is the front, compared to URA (), which is the back of something.
The concepts OMOTE () and URA () are very present in daily Japanese life. OMOTE ( ) refers to the image that someone wishes to present to the outside, while URA ( ) is the opposite. It is the reality behind OMOTE (). In JUJUTSU () this can be the same. OMOTE () can mean that only the superficial layer of a technique is revealed and behind that a more profound meaning, mostly obtained by a different execution of the WAZA (), is hidden: the URA WAZA (). In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () this is also the case, since the techniques that are shown in KATA () are meaningless without understanding the real application of the technique.
See also URA.
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OMOTE NO KATA:
OMOTE : surface; front; right side; face; exterior; outside KATA : shape; form; style OMOTE NO KATA () is the oldest JUJUTSU () KATA () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().
OMOTE NO KATA (), is a KATA () for the advanced level and consists of 13 techniques. It should only be studies after the basics of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().are sufficiently mastered. Therefore three basic KATA () were developed later in the history of the school, to help prepare students: GYAKU NO KATA (), NAGE NO KATA () and OKU NO KATA ()
ONO HA ITT RY:

ONO : Family name HA : Group, faction, school ITT : One sword RY ; School ONO HA ITTO RYU () is the KENJUTSU () school, founded by Ono Jiroemon Tadaaki (15651628), himself student and immediate successor of Ittosai Kagehisa, who developed ITTO-RYU (Itt Ry; ).
Ittsai (1550-1644), the founder of the Itt school of sword fighting, was a famous Japanese swordsman. Before starting his own style, he had studied Chj -ry with Kanemaki Jissai, a student of Toda Seigen (famous for short sword). Ono Jiroemon Tadaaki, his successor, was one of the many students he had. Tadaakis original name was Mikogami Tenzen. Before he became the successor of Ittosai, Mikogami Tenzen had to fight a serious duel w ith Ono Zenki (another student of Ittsai) in order to become the successor of his master. Mikogami Tenzen won and took the name of Ono Jiroemon Tadaaki. Later Tadaaki would serve as an instructor to both the second and third shoguns, along with Yagyu Munenori of the rival school YAGYU SHINKAGE-RYU (). Although some
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believe that Tadaaki was Munenori's superior in swordsmanship, his severe character led him to be the less favored of the two. ONO-HA ITTO-RYU (), which was based on Ittosai Kagehisa's original Itto-ryu () is at the origin of other systems like MIZOGUCHI-HA ITTO-RYU (), founded by Mizoguchi Shingoemon Masakatsu (a student of the second headmaster of Onoha Itt-ry, Ono Jiroemon Tadatsune); and NAKANISHI-HA ITTO-RYU (), founded by Nakanishi Chuta Tanesada (who studied under either the 5th or 6th generation headmaster of Ono-ha Itto-ryu). Although many other ITTO-RYU () branches were developed later, ONO-HA ITTO-RYU () remains the oldest of the surviving Itto styles.
The supreme philosophy of this school is to defeat the opponent with one stroke, hence the name ITT ( ), which can be translated as one sword or one stroke.
The main technique of ONO-HA ITTO-RYU () is KIRI-OTOSHI (). The idea is to wait for the attack to initiate, but when appropriate, to cut down at the same time as the enemy cuts down, along the same line as the enemys cut (straight through the cent re of the enemys body).
See KIRI OTOSHI
ONIGOTE:
ONI: devil KOTE : protective glove ONIGOTE (), lit. devils gloves, are the protective gloves used in ITTO RYU ().
Although there are several ways to hit the ONIGOTE ( ), a typical KATA () in ONO-HA ITTO-RYU () ends with SHIDASHI () executing a cut to the head of UCHIDACHI (), who resumed JODAN NO KAMAE () and takes the cut with his arm protected with the ONIGOTE ().
See ONO HA ITTO RYU
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OTOSU:
OTOSU : to drop; to let fall; In JUJUTSU (), to drop, or to let fall an opponent, or part of his body, is often part of a technique.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), there are many techniques that use the principle of bringing down or dropping. For instance:

HIJI OTOSHI (): bringing down the elbow, in GYAKU NO KATA () HORA OTOSHI (): bringing down the head (lit. bringing down a cavity, referring to the ear cavity), in NAGE NO KATA () KONOHA OTOSHI (): let fall the leaves of trees, in NAGE NO KATA () KOTE OTOSHI (): bringing down the forearm, in OKU NO KATA () KE OTOSHI (): bringing down a kick, in OKU NO KATA () TAI OTOSHI (): brining down the body, in OKU NO KATA () INAZUMA OTOSHI (): bringing down a flash of lightening in OKU NO KATA () MAWASHI OTOSHI (): bringing down while turning, in OKU NO KATA () HIKI OTOSHI (): bringing down while pulling, in TANTO DORI () KUGURI OTOSHI () bringing down while submerging, in TANTO DORI () HIJI GIME OTOSHI () bringing down while concluding on the elbow, in TANTO DORI () RANPU OTOSHI () bringing down a wind disturbance, in TANTO DORI () TAKI OTOSHI (): bringing down like a waterfall, in CHO BO KUMIDACHI () MAKIOTOSHI (): turn and bring down in HANBO KUMIDACHI ()
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OWARI KAN RY:

O : tail, end WARI : stretch KAN : penetrate RY : school OWARI KAN-RYU () is a SOJUTSU () school but it includes also some KENJUTSU (). The school was founded by Tsuda Gonnojo Taira Nobuyuki (17th century).
Apart from the regular spear, the school also uses the Kuda Yari (a spear in a metal tube that can be pushed through)
RAN:
RAN : chaos, revolt RAN () or complete chaos can lead to freedom.
Although most people will know RAN () as the name of the movie of Akira Kurosawa, the concept is frequently used in BUDO (). RANDORI (), or grasping chaos, is a term first used in JUDO () to describe freestyle practice. Later, other disciplines have started to use this term also.
REI :
REI : salute; bow; ceremony; thanks; remuneration While studying the techniques of a KORYU, a great importance is given to etiquette or REI () or REISHIKI.
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With REI (), reference is made to bowing (in the narrow sense) or to etiquette in a much broader sense. Although each KORYU () might have his set of rules, in essence they are all very alike. The rules, however are not just a description of physical gestures but are the formal expression of qualities like modesty, concern, respect and generosity. Although rules concerning bowing (in a very narrow way, also referred to as REI), are of primary importance, too often, in modern BUDO (), REI (in the broader sense of etiquette, courtesy, all eventually leading to modesty) is merely translated in a set of Japanese military like behaviour rules. As such the true meaning of REI is lost: the expression of humility that the highest ranked students have to pass on to the newcomers. In fact, the true meaning of REI () becomes clear when looking at its kanji, showing a man kneeling at an altar.
REI () was also part of the elements that were regarded very important by the samurai class. REI () sands for etiquette and the preservation of courtesy. The Samurai believed that it was better to lose his life than to be impolite.

GI (: Justice, Right Decision) YU (: Bravery) JIN (: Compassion, Benevolence) MAKOTO (: Truth, Sincerity) MEIYO (: Honour) CHU (: loyalty; fidelity)
REIH:
REI : salute; bow; ceremony; thanks; remuneration H : method; law; rule; principle; model; system REIHO () is often seen as the set of rules for bowing/greeting related to practice in a given school. The rules, however are not just a description of physical gestures but are the formal expression of qualities like modesty, concern, respect and generosity.
The most extreme form of etiquette can be observed by people following the guidance of the Ogasawara family as in the OGASAWARA RYU REIHO ().
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HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), like every school, also has its rules, REIHO (), but in essence, they should not be seen as an artificial set of well polished manners, but rather a true but simple manifestation of respect, which also incorporates qualities like modesty, concern and generosity. Correct attitude should not be studied from books, but will come naturally by training in the group.
Although only part of REIHO (), the actual greeting is very important as well. It is said that training starts and ends with REI ().
RITSUREI () is the bow executed from the standing position. This is used when entering or leaving the DOJO (), students perform REI () in the direction of SHOMEN (), where the KAMIZA () is located. ZAREI () is the bow executed from SEIZA, the sitting position. Most classes will start and end with ZAREI (). Either the teacher or the SEMPAI () will call SEIRETSU (, or line up. In the beginning of the training, there is:

SHOMEN NI REI (): bow to the front SENSEI NI REI (): bow to the teacher OTAGAI NI REI (): bow to each other In IAI (), these are preceded by T REI (), saluting the sword
The command SHOMEN NI REI () can also be replaced by SHINZEN NI REI, when a small altar is present. In most clubs, greeting the teacher, or SENSEI NI REI ( ) is formally done at the beginning or end of all lessons. In our DOJO (), when several high grade students are present, training is an exercise where all of us try to improve and is not seen as a class, even not by the one who is in charge (usually the highest ranked student). At that time SENSEI NI REI () is often omitted, which does not mean that students will not remain respectful, on the contrary, respect is not something that has to be imposed, it has to come naturally. At the end of the training, there is meditation or MOKUS (), followed by greeting:

SHOMEN NI REI () SENSEI NI REI (): OTAGAI NI REI () In IAI (), these are preceded by T REI ()
When starting an exercise with a partner, there is REI ( ), usually accompanied by the words ONEGAI SHIMASU (): please give. When finishing an exercise REI ( ) is accompanied by the words ARIGAT GOZAIMASHITA (): thank you for what is done. Depending on the situation, there will be a standing RITSUREI (), or sitting (kneeling) ZAREI ().
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REISHIKI:
REI : salute; bow; ceremony; thanks; remuneration SHIKI : style; ceremony; rite; function; method; system; form; expression While studying the techniques, a great importance is given to etiquette, or REISHIKI (). See REI and REIHO.
RENSHU:
REN : practice, drill, refine SHU : learn RENSHU () can be translated as training.
Both RENSHU () and KEIKO () can be used to refer to training in a martial context. Nevertheless some teachers of KORYU () would make a distinction between the pure physical training, RENSHU () ,where drills are rehearsed, and the process of trying to incorporate what previous generations achieved, referred to as KEIKO (), sometimes translated as the teaching of the old masters, a process where not only physical drills are involved but where one continuously tries to improve himself in order to achieve his optimal goal: to truly understand the meaning of the technique and to be able to execute it in a similar way than previous experts. Only when fully understanding the technique, one can go to the ultimate level where ones own character and interpretation can be incorporated. The kanji Ren (), can be found in different words like KUNREN (), SHUREN (), TANREN (), all related to the concept of training, be-it with maybe more emphasis on disciplining in the case of TANREN () for instance.
See KEIKO
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RENZOKU:
REN : take along, join ZOKU (from TSUZUKU) : continue RENZOKU () means continuously and is sometimes used in a training context, to indicate the continuity of techniques
RIAI:
RI: : justice, truth, logic AI (from the verb AU): to meet, to joint, to put together Understanding the RIAI () of a system, means understanding the deeper meaning and underlying principles.
In any BUDO (), it takes years to master certain techniques and to be able to execute them correctly. However mastering the techniques doesnt stop at the stage where the execution in a pre-arranged situation is perfect. Real understanding implies an openness towards the past as well as the future. For instance in many old JUJUTSU () situations, techniques are studied against an opponent who grasps the wrist. This made sense in the past because preventing an opponent to draw his sword was not such a bad tactic. These days people dont walk around with swords so these techniques might seem obsolet e. Nevertheless some principles, for instance KUZUSHI (), or break of balance, in these old KATA () might be useful in other situations. Transferring this knowledge from one situation to another is also captured in the concept of RIAI (). Therefore the aesthetical perfection judged in KATA () competitions, in some systems, is only an interesting way to differentiate among the still immature students of an art but doesnt allow to evaluate ones ability to have grasped the deeper meaning.
RITSUREI:
RITSU : standing REI : salute; bow; ceremony; thanks; remuneration
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RITSUREI () is bowing while standing, in contrast to ZAREI (), which is performed sitting (kneeling). See also REI, REIHO
ROKU SHAKU B:
ROKU : six SHAKU : unit of length B : stick, staff The long staff or CHO BO () is 6 SHAKU () long, hence its other name: ROKU SHAKU BO (). See CHO BO .
RY:
RY : both Techniques where both sides or hands are involved are marked as RYO (), as opposed to KATA (), which means one-sided.
Also in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the prefix RYO () is used for both hands techniques. For instance:
RYO GOTE (): consist of grabbing both wrists of the opponent and is part of the KOGEKI (), or attacking techniques, in the 3 basic KATA (): GYAKU NO KATA (), NAGE NO KATA () and OKU NO KATA ()
RYOTE DORI () general name for techniques against an opponent who grasps both wrists RYO ERI (): grasping the opponent's gear with both hands and also part of the KOGEKI () in the 3 basic KATA ()
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RYO MUNADORI: () technique against an opponent who grasps the chest with two hands. Part of OMOTE NO KATA () i
RY:
RY : current, flow All KORYU () and several GENDAI BUDO schools are called such-and-such-RYU. Indeed RYU (), when used as a suffix in Japanese can be best translated as style or school. As such, the -RYU appended to a title refers to the system's "name"; it is a "style" or "school" delineation.
HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), is one of the major surviving styles of JUJUTSU ( ) and as a school, it is a member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (). KYOCHI RYU SOJUTSU but also MUTO RYU KODACHI where among the schools that were studied by the founder of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ( ), Takagi Oriemon Shigetoshi
().
A significant influence in the early existence of the school came from TAKE (NO) UCHI RYU (), especially when it comes to weaponless techniques. Takagi Umanosuke, the second generation headmaster, who had received the teachings of Takagi Oriemon in 1671 at the age of 16. was a powerful and tall man. At one time Umanosuke and 3rd generation of Take (no) uchi Ryu, Takeuchi Kagasuke Hisakichi fought a duel before Lord Mori Sadahisa, head of the Mori family. Comparing the two's physical characteristics, Takeuchi Hisakichi stood at 4 foot 8 inches, while Takagi Umanosuke was a giant 6 foot 8 inches towering over Takeuchi like an adult and child. Two matches were held in which Takeuchi Hisakichi won easily. During each match, Umanosuke was thrown with Takeuchi Ryu's "Ganseki Otoshi", and when he tried to get up, was locked on the ground and tied up with a cord. However, Umanosuke was so powerful that he merely flexed his huge muscles, and the normally strong arresting cord snapped immediately. Being stabbed with a sword finally defeated him. Umanosuke saw his own arrogance in this and felt deeply ashamed. He went to Takeuchi Hisakichi to apologise, and became a student, eventually receiving KAIDEN ( ). Later in his life, Umanosuke travelled to a shrine for 100 days, and received a divine revelation "a willo ws branches can bear the snow". Following this and with his background in TAKE (NO) UCHI RYU ( ), he further developed the art of his father, mastering mental disciplines and concepts to form a
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system that defeated the opponent with a "Willow Heart" (YO no Shin), calling the system HONTAI YOSHIN [Takagi] RYU JUJUTSU (--). KUKISHIN RYU () is the origin of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU BOJUTSU
(), and TENDO RYU NAGINATA JUTSU (), is the name of the NAGINATA () school that was studied by Okuni Kihei Shigenobu., and therefore influenced the development of KUKISHIN RYU (). Relatively early in the style's history, a strong bond was forged between TAKAGI GENNOSHIN HIDESHIGE, () and OHKUNI KIHEI SHIGENOBU () from KUKISHIN RYU (), later to become the 4th SOKE () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). Despite this exchange of techniques, KUKISHIN RYU () has also continued to develop exclusive of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () and is still practiced today .
RYHA:
RY : current, flow HA : group, party, school, faction Although as a suffix, -RYU (-) is translated as school, the word RYUHA () as standalone word is probably more used to convey the idea of schools in a martial setting.
In many old schools, or KORYU (), there always have been side groups, whose style were similar but belonging to a different branch. Indeed a way of thinking, called ichi ryu ippa, explains part of the diversity: when a SOKE () had two students, both MENKYO KAIDEN (), then it happened that one of them became a precise follower and the other one left to establish a branch (HA: : group, party) or even a new style (RYU : school, style, current, flow). A suitable word for these schools (including the main branch) would be RYUHA ().
See RYU
SAGE B:
SAGE : carry in hand
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B : stick SAGE BO () usually refers to carrying a CHO BO () in the hand.

IN HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () BOJUTSU (), SAGE BO () is a KAMAE (), where the CHO BO () is held in the middle with one hand, with the BO () facing forward and parallel to the ground. In contrast to this SAGE BO (), there is a SAGE TO () position with the sword, which is not a fighting KAMAE ().
SAGE T:
SAGE : carry in hand T : sword SAGE TO () is a standing posture with the sword held in one hand. It is a way to correctly hold the sword when not engaged in an exercise.
Depending the schools, there are different ways to correctly hold the sword. In KENDO (), for instance SAGE TO () consists of holding the SHINAI () in the left hand, with extended arms and the TSURU (), or cord on the SHINAI (), facing downwards. In many IAIJUTSU () schools, the sword is either held in the left hand, at hip height and almost parallel to the ground, cutting edge up, imitating the position when the sword is supported by an OBI (); or with an extended arm, sword in the right hand, cutting edge down
SAMURAI:
SAMURAI : samurai (lit. one who serves) SAMURAI () was the name for the military nobility.
In the period of the great wars, prior to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, SAMURAI () was almost synonymous with BUSHI (). During the Tokugawa era, also known as Edo period, the SAMURAI () gradually lost their military function and many became bureaucrats.
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Nevertheless throughout the Edo period he SAMURAI () remained the elite class, not only the ones allowed to wear the DAISHO (), or paired long and short sword, but they also had the right to cut down a commoner who did not show proper respect as expressed by: KIRI SUTE GOMEN (). Although their code of conduct, or BUSHIDO (), which was influenced by Shinto and Buddhism, made sure that violence was well balanced with morality and serenity.
See BUSHI, BUSHIDO
SAYA:
SAYA : sheath; case; margin; difference The KATANA is sheathed in a scabbard or SAYA (). Terms related to the SAYA (): KOIGUCHI () Scabbard mouth (literally carp's mouth). KURIGATA () Knob for tying Sageo. SAGEO () Cord attached to the Saya.
SAYU:
SA : left (Y)U : right Although the usual reading for left is HIDARI () and right is MIGI (), in compound words the pronunciation can be SA () and (Y)U ().
Both in the HANBO () and KODACHI () KATA () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), there are the techniques called UEN (), right (hand sided) swallow, and
SAEN (), left (hand sided) swallow. In both cases left and right are merely the directions while the swallow is used to evocate the feeling of the movement.
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SAZA UKI:
SA : left ZA : squat, seat, sit U : right KI (from the verb okiru): to get up SAZA UKI () is a mnemotechnical help (although hard to sell as such to nonJapanese) that can be used in BUDU (): when sitting left leg should move first, when standing right leg is first. It is part of the etiquette or REIHO ().
In most BUDO (), certainly when no HAKAMA () is worn, going from a standing position to SEIZA (), sitting on the knees, is performed in the same way all the time: left leg starts when going from standing to sitting, right leg starts when going from sitting to standing. In KENDO (), despite the wearing of an HAKAMA (), sitting is performed in exactly the same way. This in contrast with some IAIDO () school where HAKAMA SABAKI () or spreading the HAKAMA () is often done with the right hand, before sitting (kneeling), which is then usually formalised by squatting with both legs together, rather than left leg first. Nevertheless even in this case the left knee is placed slightly earlier on the ground than the right knee.
See REIHO, SAYU
SEICHSEN:
SEI : correct CH : middle, center SEN : line SEICHUSEN () is the center line. See CHUSHIN
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SEIGAN (NO KAMAI)
: () or ()
SEI : blue or SEI : correct; justice; righteous GAN : eyeball KAMAE : posture; build; pretend SEIGAN NO KAMAE () is the most used KAMAE () with the sword; it is sometimes also referred to as CHUDAN NO KAMAE ().
Often SEIGAN NO KAMAE is written , using another kanji for SEI (SEI :correct; justice; righteous); With this combination of Kanji, SEIGAN () is sometimes translated as aiming at the eye (with a sword), which reflects the essence of the KAMAE ().
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), SEIGAN NO KAMAE () is also used with the CHO BO () and HANBO ().
SEIKA:
SEI : navel KA : under SEIKA () is the lower abdomen, the part under the navel, where the centre of gravity lies but also the concentration of inner energy.
SEIKA NO ITTEN () means the one point below the navel, and is some times used as a synonym for SEIKA TANDEN () or even TANDEN ()
See HARA, TANDEN
SEIRETSU:
SEI : organize, arrange RETSU : row
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SEIRETSU () simply means standing in a line. It is the command given at the beginning of the lesson, before an exercise is started or at the end of the lesson, to make sure students line up properly.
SEIZA:
SEI :correct; justice; righteous ZA : squat; seat; cushion; gathering; sit SEIZA () is the kneeling position used in REIHO (), but also the starting position of most of the IAIJUTSU IWAZA ( ).
SEIZA () can also be written by using the kanji SEI ( ), meaning quiet, referring to the meditation aspect.
SEKIGUCHI SHIN SHIN RY:

SEKI : gateway, connection KUCHI : mouth SHIN : new SHIN : heart RY : school SEKIGUCHI SHIN SHIN RYU () like many schools, used to be a more comprehensive system. Now it is a JUJUTSU () school with still some KENJUTSU () and IAIJUTSU () in its curriculum.
Founded by Sekiguchi Yarokuemon Ujimune (1598-1670). Originated in Wakayama, the art became popular in Edo and it is said that even the 8th Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, became a MENKYO KAIDEN (). Ujimune oldest son, Sekiguchi Ujinare became second headmaster and his second son, Sekiguchi Manemon Ujihide, succeeded his brother. Both brothers completed the work of their father. Ujinare attracted many students and also further formalized the IAIJUTSU () of
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the school, to become a separate SEKIGUCHI RYU (). Ujihide also formalized further the teaching of the JUJUTSU () part.
SEME:
SEME : aggression, attack SEME () in BUDO () is usually used to indicate the initiative to close the distance and maintain the pressure when launching an attack. This can be part of a very decisive and even explosive technique or in combination with TAME (), where pressure is build in a more gradual way and where the final target depends on the reaction of that opponent.
In KENDO (), where intentional strikes are important and a successful strike by chance is not rewarded, much emphasis is given on concepts like SEME (), from the verb SEMERU () and TAME (), from the verb TAMERU ().
See TAME
SEME AGE:
SEME : aggression, attack AGE: upwards SEME AGE () is attacking in an upwards way.
In sword fighting, SEME AGE () is a tactic by which the KISSAKI (), or sword point, is pushed forwards and upwards, to the opponents face, in order to make the opponent step back. Usually it is the way to initiate a cut, starting from SEIGAN NO KAMAE () where it is important that throughout the execution of the technique, the pressure towards the opponent is maintained.
SEMPAI :
SEN : before; ahead; previous; future; precedence HAI : comrade; fellow; people; companions SENPAI or SEMPAI () is the senior student.
In the traditional schools there is a strict sempai ( ) - kohai () or senior-junior student system, which is essential seen the complex but also dangerous nature of the arts, especially if practiced without guidance. If somebody does something weird, it will be corrected from higher. The system in itself is very clear. Within the system, dangerous things can be practised but when leaving the system, normal behaviour is expected. In BUDO (), everyone who started before you is your SEMPAI ( ) and he will have your respect, regardless of his technical competences (very often a talented student will become more skilled than his sempai). SEMPAI ( ) - KOHAI () relations, should however remain healthy and are by no means a way to get advantage of beginners. Also a SEMPAI () who has not been training for a long time, should be humble enough not to interfere with the progress of those who in training hours have surpassed him largely.
SEN:
SEN: before; ahead; previous; future; precedence SEN () indicates combative initiative, the decisive moment when a killing action is initiated:
There are several concepts related to SEN ():

GO NO SEN (): after an enemy has already launched his own attack SEN NO SEN (): prepares to meet an attack (also called saki) SEN SEN NO SEN (): anticipate an attack (also called sen-no-saki, kakari no sen)
The first, GO NO SEN (), is a late initiative while the others are early initiatives, where IRIMI () becomes to play an important role. All these initiatives can determine the outcome of an encounter, which could be:

KATSU (): victory MAKE (): defeat
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AI-UCHI (): mutual killing
Also closely related is KOBO ITCHI (), or the concept in which the priority of offensive or defensive action depends on the appropriateness of the situation. Note: SEN (, initiative), should not be confused with SEN ( , line), SEN (, battle) or SEN (, thousand).
See IRIMI, KOBO ITCHI
SENSEI :
SEN: before; ahead; previous; future; precedence SEI : life; genuine; birth SENSEI () is the title used to refer to or address teachers. In Japan, the title SENSEI is not only used for teachers but for all kind of authority figures such as doctors, lawyers, politicians, and others.
SENSEI () is also used to show respect to someone who has achieved a certain level of mastery in an art form, for instance BUDO (), even if that person is not currently involved in teaching activities.
KEIKO also refers to the teaching of the old masters. Their skills have been passed from generation to generation. Therefore we have to rely on our own search with the guidance of our current teachers.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU, we still reflect on some of the sayings of the older masters:
The 14th soke, Ishiya Takeo, who was known as the master of masters in the Edo era, had 2 famous teachings:

1 eyes, 2 speed, 3 courage, 4 power soft on the surface, strong inside "BUDO (martial arts) is philosophy, and is the art of creation" "BUDO is art. Without the art of Buddha, there is no BUDO " "Do not lose the path to sincerity"
The 17th soke, Minaki Saburo Seikyo, said many times to his students:

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The 18th soke, Inoue Tsuyoshi Munetoshi, helped us to put BUDO in an actual context:

The root of modern BUDO is traditional BUDO. Without traditional BUDO, the modern styles would not have been possible "BUDO is the way of peace. With this attitude, BUDO is useful for the development of the youth in the world
SENSEI NO OSHIE:
SEN: before; ahead; previous; future; precedence SEI : life; genuine; birth OSHIE : teachings SENSEI NO OSHIE () or the words of the ancient masters, was written by Chiba Shusaku Narimasa (, 1794-1856), the founder of Hokushin Itto Ryu (). He was one of the last great sword masters of the samurai era and the headmaster of one of the three most famous sword schools in Edo (, present day Tokyo). He was also one of the developers of modern KENDO ().
BU O MANABAN TO SURU MONO MAZU KOKORO O TADASE KOKORO TADASHI KARAZAREBA BU NO MICHI MATA TADASHI KARAZU KEN WA HITO O KIRU NI ARAZU MI O OSAME O KONAI O TADASU KORE SEIKEN NARI JAKEN WA HITO O USHINAI SEIKEN WA HITO O SUKUU KORE TAKARA NARI KONO MICHI O MANABU MONO TSUNE NI TENON O KANJI KAMI O UYAMAI SOSEN O TATTOBI HAJI O SHIRU NO NEN Those who wish to study the way of the warrior Must first correct the heart. If the heart is correct The way of budo will also be correct. The sword is not for cutting a person down. It is for disciplining the self and training ones conduct. This is true sword An evil sword takes live A true sword protects life. This is a treasure. Those who wish to study this way Be grateful for the blessings of heaven, respect the gods, Honor your ancestors. Never forget the sense of honor
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SUNJI TARU TO MO WASURERU KOTO NAKARE
Always be mindful of these teachings.
When INOUE Tsuyoshi Munetoshi (), the 18th SOKE () of the school begun to formally teach HONTAI YOSHIN RYU IAIJUTSU () to his students, these words were always repeated after him at the end of a training session.
SEPPUKU:
SE(TSU) : cut FUKU : belly; abdomen SEPPUKU () is the more formal name for HARA KIRI (. 2 characters but in reverse order.
Seppuku was used by samurai who preferred to die with honour rather than to fall into the hands of the enemy. It was also an outcome offered to a who had committed a serious offense. Seppuku goes back to the 12th century, when Tametomo, a minor retainer associated with the Minamoto clan (), became the first samurai slitting his belly open with his dagger rather than surrender. During seppuku, a tanto is plunged into the abdomen and the blade is sliced from left to right. In most cases, this is followed by decapitation, performed by an assistance (carefully chosen by the one who performed seppuku), called kaishakuin. Some schools still have a kata, called kaishaku, to train in becoming kaishakuin if needed.
It is written with the same
See also BUSHIDO
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SHAKU:
SHAKU: unit of length The SHAKU () is an old Japanese unit of length, normally not used any-more, except in some areas like BUDO ().
The SHAKU () is defined as 10/33 meters (approximately 30.3 cm), and a SHAKU ( ) is divided into 10 SUN (). The shakuhachi ( Japanese flute) measures 1 shaku and eight (hachi) sun in length. The ROKU SHAKU BO (), the long stick used in BOJUTSU, is 6 SHAKU () or approximately 182 cm long
SHIBUKAWA RY:
SHIBUKAWA : family name RY : school SHIBUKAWARYU () is a JUJUTSU () school, also known for its KUSARIGAMA () and BO, and influenced by SEKIGUCHI RYU ().
Created in the late 17th century, by Shibukawa Bangoro, himself a student of Sekiguchi Ujinari (2nd soke of Sekiguchi-ryu), who gave him menkyo kaiden. At one time, Shibukawa Bangoro left for Edo but gave the permission to Morishima Motome Katsutojo, to open an official SHIBUKAWARYU () branch in Hiroshima. Later, with Oyama Masakatsu, the school would move to Osaka. Apart from JUJUTSU () KUSARIGAWA () and BO BO ()., the school also uses sword, NAGINATA (), YARI (), KODACHI () and TESSEN ().
SHIDACHI:
SHI : receive
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TA : plump; thick; big around CHI : sword In KENJUTSU () and IAIJUTSU (), in exercises with an opponent, SHIDASHI (), is the doing sword and UCHIDACHI (), the attacking sword.
In most KENJUTSU () schools, the role of SHIDACHI () would be given to the student, while the teacher, or a senior student, would take the role of UCHIDACHI (). In that sense, SHIDACHI () not only receives the initial attack but he also receives from his seniors, who help him do/execute the technique. Although SHIDACHI (), the receiving sword, is used quite commonly to indicate the person who receives in a KENJUTSU () context, the correct translation of receiving person is SHIKATA (). This term can be used in almost all situations even if no sword is involved. Note: Sometimes the word SHIDACHI () is used instead of SHIDACHI (). Although both words are used in the same context and their pronunciation is similar, their meaning is slightly different. With SHIDACHI () the emphasis is more on doing than on receiving. SHIDACHI () is the one doing the technique on UCHIDACHI ().
See UCHIDACHI
SHID:
SHI : gentleman, samurai D : road-way; street; district; journey; course; moral; teachings SHIDO (), later to be known as BUSHIDO () is the initial word for the code of the samurai See BUSHIDO
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SHIKATA:
SHI : receive KATA : person SHIKATA ( or ) is the receiving or doing person. Usually, the one who receives the attack of the opponent and then performs the technique that is studied. See SHIDACHI
SHIKK:
SHITSU (or HIZA): knee G (from the verb iku): to go SHIKKO () is the correct method of moving around starting from SEIZA ().
SHIKKO () is sometimes translated as knee walking or Samurai walking and is practiced on a regular basis in most AIKIDO () classes. Nevertheless it should be mastered by all practitioners of BUDO (), because it is the only correct way to move around, starting from SEIZA () in formal situations, e.g. graduations, when receiving a certificate from a teacher.
SHIME:
SHIME : tighten; tie; shut; lock; fasten SHIME () or choking (strangling) techniques are part of JUJUTSU ROPPO ( ), the six kinds of techniques in JUJUTSU. See also JUJUTSU ROPPO.
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SHIN:
SHIN : heart (SHIN is another reading for , KOKORO) The heart is pronounced SHIN () in most compound words (e.g. Yoshin, Fudoshin) but is called KOKORO () as a standalone word. See also KOKORO, FUDOSHIN, YOSHIN
SHINAI:
SHINAI : bamboo replica sword used in kendo The SHINAI () was developed by a group of KENJUTSU teachers, in an effort to reduce injuries during practice, since even the BOKUTO (?) or wooden sword was not very harmful. In parallel the development of BOGU (), or protective armour, opened the path for the development of KENDO.
Originally, SHINAI () was short for SHINAI TAKE () or flexible bamboo. Indeed SHINAU (), means "to bend and TAKE () stands for bamboo. Later the alternative writing SHINAI () would become popular. Before the SHINAI (), we know from KENDO (), was in use, attempts were made to have safer devices. Older forms, but still in use in some KORYU () are called FUKURO SHINAI (). Usually this was a split bamboo covered with leather. A special form, called HIKIHADA () is used in SHINKAGE-RYU ().
SHIN GI TAI:
SHIN : hear, mind GI : technique TAI : body
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The three qualities of a sumo wrestler are considered to be SHIN GI TAI (): heart, technique, physique.
SHIN GI TAI ICHI () is a concept well known in BUDO (): heart, technique and body are one. Indeed, it is important that when executing a technique, concentration and body movement are aligned with the technique. They all come together at the moment of impact. Another related concept is KI KEN TAI ICHI (): concentration, sword and body are one. This expression is obviously more used in a KENJUTSU () or KENDO () setting.
See KI KEN TAI ICHI
SHINKEN:
SHIN : true; reality KEN : sabre; sword; blade A real (cutting) sword is called SHINKEN ().
A real sword or SHINKEN (), is used in some official demonstrations (EMBU) of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () like those that are sponsored by the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (). No need to tell that only the most advanced students are authorised to demonstrate with real bladed weapons, or SHINKEN ( ), like TANTO (), KODACHI () or KATANA ().
SHINOBI
SHINOBI : spy (another related concept is NINJA) SHINOBI NO MONO (), are a sort of secret agents (usually mercenary organized in a sort of guild), involved in espionage and assassination. The more modern word NINJA () is usually better known.
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Since the SHINOBI (), or NINJA (), used covert methods, in contrasted with the samurai, who had strict rules about honour and combat, their related arts and culture are beyond the scope of this work. Indeed most KORYU () were lead by such samurai, and they were not involved in NINJUTSU () or ninja techniques, themselves. In contrast, they would hire a SHINOBI () if necessary. Nevertheless, it is interesting to know that some KORYU () did include teachings (although usually orally transmitted and not part of an official curriculum) as a defence against SHINOBI (). A good example is TENSHIN SHODEN KATORI SHINTO RYU ().
See NINJA
SHINT
SHIN (also pronounced KAMI): gods D (also pronounced MICHI): way, path to follow SHINTO () is a typical Japanese religion, also known as kami no michi, which is an alternative reading.
SHINTO () is considered the religion of Japan. However, the concept of religion in Japan is a complex one and Japanese who claim not to believe in religion can still carry a SHINTO () amulet, called OMAMORI () or have an house altar. Moreover SHINTO () and Buddhism can go hand in hand, and for some Japanese most "life" events are handled by SHINTO () and "death" or "afterlife" events by Buddhism. The most extreme illustration is probably the fact that often birth is celebrated in a JINJA ( ), or Shinto shrine, while a funeral is arranged according to Buddhist tradition. Several martial schools had strong links with local shrines and some even have SHINTO () incorporated in their name. A very explicit link is also seen in SUMO (), where many SHINTO () traditions, such as purifying the arena by throwing salt.
SHINT MUS-RY:
SHINT : Shinto
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MUS : name of the founder RY : school JOJUTSU () school founded by Muso Gonnosuke Katsuyoshi.
Gonnosuke is known for his 2 duels with Miyamoto Musashi) in the early 17th century. The first was won by Musashi, who speared the life of Gonnosuke. Gonnosuke then reflected on his defeat and got the idea to use a new kind of stick that was lighter than the usual CHO BO () but still long enough to maintain some advantage in distance over the sword. In a second duel with Musashi he was proven to be right. SHINTO MUSO RYU () includes teachings of other weapon systems. Nevertheless, it main weapon is the JO () and the school is at the origin of several recent JOJUTSU () developments.
See JOJUTSU
SHISEI:
SHI : figure SEI : force, military strength SHISEI (), like KAMAE () is sometimes used to describe a posture, or stance.
Some people argue that although SHISEI ( ) refers also to a posture, attitude, KAMAE () has more a technical feature that is codified and needs to be trained physically as well as mentally.
See KAMAE
SHITEN :
SHI : branch; support; sustain TEN : spot; point; mark
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SHITEN () is fulcrum
A typical GYAKU WAZA is applied by placing the opponent's joint (e.g. an extended arm at the back of the elbow) over a part of your body (such as the arm, leg or hip) that acts as the fulcrum or SHITEN (). The opponent's body is controlled while leveraging the arm over the fulcrum.
See KUZUSHI.
SHOMEN:
SHO : correct; justice; righteous MEN : mask; face; surface SHOMEN (), or front, is a common reference direction in martial arts. It also has its importance in a traditional DOJO () because the KAMIZA (; upper seat), is located in the front or SHOMEN ().
In the beginning and the end of a training, there is SHOMEN NI REI (), a bow to the front. The command SHOMEN NI REI () can also be replaced by SHINZEN NI REI, when a small altar is present.
SHOSH-RY:
SHO : many, several SH : award RY : school SHOSHO RYU YAWARAJUTSU () is a JUJUTSU () school, that also includes sword, staff and rope tying techniques and even SHURIKENJUTSU ().
The first roots of this school date back to the seventh century as KANZE RYU (), founded by a certain Tamura (758-811). It is said that Takeshi Hisa received an important award (shosho) during a wrestling contest in 1192, hence the name SHOSHO RYU ()
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Special emphasis is given on ATEMI () or strikes to the body, especially by using attacks against the eyes, kicking techniques) and elbow strikes. Therefore, in some KATA (), the opponent is wearing a protection called NIGURA (), made of bamboo and leather. There are both sitting, called KOGAISOKU ( ), and standing techniques, called TACHI AI () but the school also has KATA () wearing armor in its curriculum.
SHUGY:
SHU : discipline, master GY : journey According to many resources, the ultimate goal in BUDO is to conduct oneself in a way that inspires mastery. The journey that will lead to this goal is called SHUGYO ( ).
SHUGYO (), the pursuit of knowledge, or the process of studying, is similar but not identical to SHUGYO (), which has a more spiritual connotation. Nevertheless, both are pronounced in the same way and both are used in a related context
See RENSHU, KEIKO
SHURIKEN:
SHU : hand RI: inside, palm KEN : sword SHURIKEN () are small bladed weapons used for throwing.
Although SHURIKEN () are commonly known as throwing devices used by a ninja to kill an opponent, in general they were not seen as lethal weapons but instead they were used as supplemental to the sword. Hitting an enemy with a SHURIKEN () would cause distraction, after which delivering a final blow with a sword would become easier.
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Sometimes KOZUKA (), or the small blades attached to a KATANA (), are thought to be a kind of SHURIKEN () but this seems to be a myth.
See KOZUKA
SJUTSU:
S : spear JUTSU : art; technique; skill; means; trick The spear, also pronounced YARI () was a popular weapon during the feudal period of Japan. Today there are still a few prestigious spear schools that continue to spread the art. Among them: HOZOIN RYU () of Nara.
The founder of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ( ), Takagi Oriemon Shigetoshi (), studied KYOCHI RYU SOJUTSU, and although now ,SOJUTSU () is not any-more part of the official curriculum of the school, certain elements of SOJUTSU ( ) are still incorporated in the art
SKE:
S : religion; sect; denomination; main point; origin; essence KE : house; home The SOKE (), in the older days, was the head of a family. In a KORYU () like HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () it now is the title for the "headmaster." of the school.
Much has been written about the meaning of SOKE ( ). The word SOKE () is originally a Chinese word (Mandarin zongjia) with strong familial and religious connotations and its translation as grandmaster is not really accurate. More-over, the role of soke changed over time and most Japanese, not involved in KORYU ( ), will have a hard time explaining its meaning. Having a SOKE () in KORYU (), should be seen as a guarantee for succession and preservation of the historical and cultural legacy of the school. Nevertheless,
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SOKE () still has absolute authority over the branch instructors and indirect authority over their students by controlling what and how the style should be taught.
INOUE Kyoichi Munenori ( ), the 19th generation SOKE
() of
HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () lives and teaches in Nishinomiya, JAPAN.

Counting from the founder (for convenience counted as the first SOKE), there have been 19 generations of SOKE () to date. The last ceremony of SOKE Succession was celebrated on 16/01/2005. At that time the 18th SOKE, INOUE Ttsuyoshi Munetoshi ( ), commissioned his son the SOKE's status. INOUE Kyoichi Munenori ( ), the 19th generation SOKE () lives and teaches in Nishinomiya, JAPAN. In formal situations and when referring to the 19 generations, the current SOKE is called JUUKYUU DAISOKE (JUUKYUU : nineteen DAI : substitute; change; convert; replace; period; age; counter for decades of ages, eras, etc.; generation SOKE : headmaster) and his father, who is still alive, is called JUUHACHI DAISOKE (JUUKYUU : eighteen). The previous SOKE () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () are: 1. Takagi Oriemon Shigetoshi 2. Takagi Umanosuke Shigesada 3. Takagi Gennoshin Hideshige 4. Ohkuni Kihei Shigenobu 5. Ohkuni Hachikurou Nobotoshi 6. Ohkuni Daifu Tadanobu 7. Ohkuni Kihei Yoshishada 8. Ohkuni Yozaimon Yoshishada 9. Nakayama Jinnai Sadahide 10. Ohkuni Buemon Hidenobu 11. Nakayama Kazaemon Sadayoshi 12. Ohkuni Kamaji Hidetoshi 13. Yagi Ikugorou Hisayoshi 14. Ishiya Takeo Masaharu 15. Ishiya Matsutarou Masayoshi 16. Kakuko Happeita Masayoshi 17. Minaki Saburou Masanori The metaphor of the willow was incorporated in the schools name by its founder (SHODAI; : first generation, founder), Takagi Oriemon Shigetoshi ( ), born in 1635.
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SUIGETSU:
SUI : water GETSU : moon SUIGETSU (), also pronounced as SUIGATSU, is a Buddhist term that refers to the image of the moon reflected in water.
In a Buddhist context, the image of the moon reflected in water is one of the standard metaphors used for explaining the concept of emptiness of all things. The reflection of the moon only seems real to people who lack the ability to perceive reality.
SUIGETSU () is also the point where the heart chakra (which is fire) meats the belly chakra (which is water).
SUIGETSU () is located near the solar plexus in Western medicine, hence the commonly used translation of SUIGETSU () as solar plexus. Although the correct translation of solar plexus in Japanese would be MIZUOCHI ( ), SUIGETSU () is by far more used in a martial arts context. Note that in a BUDO context there is sometimes reference to 5 elements or wheels, also used by Musashi in GO RIN NO SHO () or The Book of Five Rings. In the Shakta Tantra tradition, which is known in the West through yoga, seven chakras are described.
In a martial context, reference to SUIGETSU can often be found.

An example can be found in the deployment of troops, where the principle of SUIGETSU () refers to a sudden invasion, hard to perceive by the enemy, like the heavenly moon that invades water. Indeed, sometimes the moon is invisible, covered by clouds but, as soon as the clouds clear from the sky, the heavenly moon without moving instantly appears inside the boundaries of water. The immovable heavenly moon is always out of reach but still it invaded the water faster than anyone could see. Another example can be found in KENJUTSU (), where SUIGETSU () can be used to illustrate that ordinary people cannot always see the sword of an opponent, but a trained swordsman has the ability to see the moon through its reflection, therefore knowing when the sword is out of reach and when it is in range.
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In many martial arts schools, however, SUIGETSU () is used in a less philosophical context and techniques directed towards the solar plexus of the opponent will simply be called SUIGETSU (). In HANBO OKU () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), the fourth technique is called SUIGETSU (). In IAIJUTSU (), SUIGETSU HARAI TSUKI () is a technique where from SEIGAN NO KAMAE (), one absorbs and defends and immediately counter attacks with TSUKI () from an opponent who attacked with TSUKI () to the solar plexus.
SUKI
SUKI : fissure, opening SUKI (), sometimes written SUKI (), refers to an intentional opening in a posture or KAMAE (), that invites the opponent to attack.
Creating an opportunity by making an intentional opening is called SUKI O TSUKURU (). Note: SUKI (), should not be confused with SUKI () which means liking, loving.
See KAMAE
SUM:
SU : together, each other M : strike, hit, beat SUMO () is a Japanese traditional form of wrestling. that includes many ritual elements, such as salt purification, indicating its strong link with SHINTO () religion.
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The first big SUMO () tournaments in Japan, were organized in the middle of the Tokugawa period, but there are records of wrestling events in the Nara (710-794) and Heian period (794-1185). Throughout the history, the aim of this wrestling has changed and finally became very simple: force the opponent to step out of the ring, or force the opponent to touch the ground (with any part of his body other than the bottom of his feet).
SURI ASHI:
SURU : rub ASHI : leg, foot SURI ASHI () is the typical sliding way of moving, seen in many BUDO (). See ASHI SABAKI.
SY HA RI:
SY : guard; protect; defend; obey HA : rend; rip; tear; break; destroy; defeat RI : rough-woven fence; bamboo hedge SYU HA RI () is an old concept closely related to BUDO () and somewhat similar to KAI GYO SO (). Although SYU HA RI () is often more related to how we learn things over time from our teachers where KAI GYO SO () tends to be more used to emphasise the different executions of a WAZA () at a given time.
At the beginning of studying a WAZA () we need to keep the teaching of our teacher as it is. We imitate his moving and execution. This keeping is SYU (). At the next step, the principles can be broken and some applications on them are made. This breaking is HA (). Next, there is the separation from the teaching t o make ones own way. Often this is more loose, although still very strong. This is illustrated by RI (), a rough woven but strong fence.
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See also KAI GYO SO.
TABI
TABI : Japanese socks (with split toe) Although training is performed barefoot, the only acceptable footwear when performing HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), are TABI (), or traditional socks with a split toe.
The space to separate the big toe from the other toes in TABI () facilitates the wearing of sandals.
TACHI:
TA : plump; thick; big around CHI : sword The TACHI () is a long sword or DAITO (), which was worn cutting edge down and was suspended by cords from a belt, which was the way swords were worn before the 16th century. Later, from 1500 till 1867, the long sword, DAITO ( ), was called KATANA () and was worn blade-side-up.
In the names of the KATA of many schools, the name TACHI is used to refer to a DAITO (). Similar in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), especially in KUMIDACHI () applications, the sword is called TACHI ().
See also KATANA.
TACHI DORI :
TA : plump; thick; big around CHI : sword
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DORI : catch; capture In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), TACHI DORI () consists of 5 techniques performed against an opponent who attacks with TACHI (), a Japanese long sword.
TAIKAI
DAI : big KAI : meeting A TAIKAI () is a big meeting, tournament or convention.

HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () holds a yearly GASSHUKU TAIKAI (), in June, a training meeting, organised by the European branches. Every year another branch is the host and Soke is invited for training sessions with Hontai Yoshin Ryu students. In 2010, Belgium hosted the event and also celebrated the 20 th anniversary of the branch. In February, 2009, the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai ( ) held its 32nd ENBUTAIKAI () event in Tokyo and also celebrated its 30th anniversary. Members of the Belgian branch participated in that event, together with members of the SOHONBUDOJO () and with INOUE Kyoichi Munenori ( ), the 19th generation SOKE () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().
TAI SABAKI
TAI : body; substance; object; reality; counter for images SABAKI : handle; deal with; dispose of; sell; be in demand TAI SABAKI () is the body control or movement in response to an aggressive act. See ASHI SABAKI (footwork) and TE SABAKI (handwork).
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TAKAGI:
TAKA : tall KI : tree TAKAGI () can be translated as Tall tree, and is incorporated in the philosophy of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (): a willow is flexible but strong and will resist the wind, while a tall tree initially might not move, eventually will snap
The founder of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), was TAKAGI ORIEMON SHIGETOSHI (). Born on the 2nd January, in the 12th year of Kannei (1635), Takagi's childhood name was Umon. The school would remain in the Takagi family for 3 generations, before to be headed by members of the OKUNI () family from the Ako-han. The first, but certainly the second generation headmaster of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () and TAKAGI RYU (), Takagi Umanosuke, would experience the need of being flexible in combat. Despite (for that time) their unusual tall morphology and huge strength, they learned the quality of the willow compared to the tall tree (which was their name). Indeed, at one time Umanosuke and 3rd generation of TAKE(NO)UCHI RYU (), Takeuchi Hisayoshi fought a duel before the head of the Mori family. Comparing the two's physical characteristics, Takeuchi Hisayoshi stood at 4 foot 8 inches, while Takagi Umanosuke was a giant 6 foot 8 inches towering over Takeuchi like an adult and child. Two matches were held in which Takeuchi won easily. During each match, Umanosuke was thrown to the ground. When he tried to get up, he was locked on the ground and tied up with a cord. However, Umanosuke was so powerful that he merely flexed his huge muscles, and the normally strong arresting cord snapped immediately. Being stabbed with a sword finally defeated him. Umanosuke saw his own arrogance in this and felt deeply ashamed. He went to Takeuchi Hisayoshi to apologise, and became a student, eventually even receiving a license that permitted him to teach. Later, after mastering mental disciplines and concepts, Takagi Umanosuke continued his search and later, he succeeded to obtain a system that defeated the opponent with a "Willow Heart" (Yo Shin). The true (honto) willow system was born and from that time on it was called HONTAI YOSHIN-RYU TAKAGI-RYU (): The true willow school of the Takagi family. Today, there are still 2 main lines that originated from the original art of TAKAGI () and that continue to exist. Both are recognized members of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai (owned by the Nippon Budokan): TAKAGI RYU () and HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). The split occurred after the 16th SOKE of the school. In the 14th year of Showa (1939 A.D.), when
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Kakuno (16th SOKE) passed away, Minaki (later to become 17th SOKE), took over his masters dojo for a while. Later he entrusted Kakuno's school with Tsutsui Tomotaro and went out on a journey to pursue further training. On returning to Kobe, he entered Fumon no Taki, a waterfall in Maya Mountain, as part of his training to achieve the finest spirit for activating technique (mastering ki, or vital energy). In the meantim e, Tsutsui Tomotaro had taken up his role as SOKE of TAKAGI RYU () and Minaki could claim the school of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU ().
See also HONTAI YOSHIN RYU.
TAKE(NO)UCHI RY:
TAKE : bamboo UCHI : house RY : school TAKE(NO)UCHI RYU () is one of the oldest JUJUTSU () schools in Japan, founded in 1532 by Takenouchi Nakatsukasadaiyu Hisamori.
Hisamori's second son, Takenouchi Hitachinosuke Hisakatsu, was the second headmaster and became very famous. In fact, at one point, Hisakatsu, received the title Hinoshita torite kaidan, meaning the founder of arresting techniques, from the emperor . Therefore, TAKENOUCHI RYU () can be seen as the origin of the Japanese JUJUTSU () tradition we now know. The oldest son of Hisakatsu, Takenouchi Kaganosuke Hisayoshi, became third headmasters and as such attracted many students. Among them also Takagi Umanosuke Shigesada, 2nd head of HONTAI YOSHIN-RYU TAKAGI-RYU (). After the 8th headmaster, Takenouchi Toichiro Hisataka, the lineage was split into two branches. The sodenke lineage began with Takenouchi Tojuro Hisatane. The soke line of TAKENOUCHI RYU () started with Ikeuchi Gamonta (9th headmaster), whose name was changed to Takenouchi Gamonta Hisayori when he was adopted into the Takenouchi family. The split in 2 lines was done to ensure that the blood line and tradition would be preserved. Both families inherited the main tradition. Although famous for its JUJUTSU (), TAKENOUCHI RYU () is a complete system including amongst others: armed grappling (yoroi kumiuchi), staff (bojutsu), sword (kenjutsu),
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sword drawing (iaijutsu), glaive (naginatajutsu), iron fan (tessenjutsu), restraining rope (hojojutsu), and resuscitation techniques (sakkatsuho). KOSHI-NO-MAWARI KOGUSOKU () are the techniques of defeating an opponent by grappling while using a short sword (dagger). It also includes techniques of binding in order to capture the opponent (torite).
See TAKAGI
TAME:
TAME : to collect, to gather, to accumulate TAME (), in a BUDO () context, is usually used to describe the condition of building a mental and physical balance that will enable a successful execution of a technique or WAZA ().
TAME (), from the verb TAMERU (), and a related concept called SEME (), from the verb SEMERU (), are often used in KENDO () but sometimes also in other arts. It is usually used to indicate the creation of an interval between approaching the opponent and actually striking him and where one tries to determine the opponents intention and choose ones target. In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () it is especially present in some of the EMONO KATA () or weapon forms. The easiest example is seen when in order to build up pressure, one waits calmly or even moves slowly but firmly towards an opponent prepared to execute a WAZA (). In extreme cases, one can even start slowly the initial part of that WAZA (). The period of TAME () is usually followed by an explosive execution of the final part of that WAZA (), or in real combat situation, often a quick change to another WAZA ( ) changing the initial pressure point from, for instance, the head of the opponent to let say his legs. Another application of TAME () is building up pressure in such a way that the opponent has no opportunity to attack, and if he does, his attack becomes predictable and easy to counter or even enter straight into his technique with IRIMI ().
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No need to say that ZANSHIN () is an important part of TAME () and although students should train to build up pressure, only few will ever master it.
See also SEME, ZANSHIN
TAMESHIGIRI:
TAME : test; try; attempt; experiment GIRI : beheading; kill; murder TAMESHIGIRI () is an exercise in which students try their cutting skills on appropriate material.
TAMESHIGIRI () used to be the name for of a sword test: a cutting exercise to test the quality of the blade rather than the cutting skills of the swordsman. The materials used to test the quality of the sword were condemned criminals and cadavers. Another use was to train to be a good assistant, or KAISHAKUNIN ( ), for someone who will perform SEPPUKO (), also known as HARAKIRI (). Indeed TAMESHIGIRI () can also be written with a kanji, emphasizing decapitation. These days, TAMESHIGIRI ( or ) is performed on adequate material (like tatami mats or bamboo) to test the cutting abilities of the swordsman. Some purists, however, are seeking other ways to give a name to this activity. Because TAMESHIGIRI ( or ) can be written in 2 different ways, some emphasis can be given. An alternative is to use SHITO ( ) which is sword testing, and SHIZAN (), which is test cutting. You can see this distinction being made recently by some IAIDO people. Another name for testing cutting techniques, is SUEMONO GIRI (), which means cutting fixed/still objects. This is for instance used by Masumoto Takakazu, current soke of Enshin-ryu.
Testing cutting skills, is considered important in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () and students are encouraged to do this on a regular basis.
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TANDEN
TAN : red (rust-colored) DEN : rice field TANDEN () is a point below the navel and is the focus for several meditative techniques.
In BUDO (), there is often reference to the TANDEN (), as either the centre of balance, or the focus point of breathing, or energy in general. The origin of the TANDEN (), as a concept of energy centre, comes from Indian tradition, where they refer to seven main chakra (lit. wheel), that can be seen as points of power in the body. The TANDEN () is the second point from below in their scheme, with the Indian name Svadhisthana, or dwelling of the self. In Japanese (and Chinese), TANDEN () refers to a red rice field, symbolising a significant amount or source of energy that glooms or even burns. Related concepts are: SEIKA TANDEN (), or centre in the lower abdomen, and KIKAI TANDEN (), or centre with ocean of energy.
See HARA, SEIKA
TANT:
TAN : short T : sword A TANTO () is a Japanese "short sword", with a blade length shorter than one SHAKU. In most cases it will be translated as (Japanese) knife.
The TANTO () and TACHI () were a commonly-used pair of weapons, especially in the battlefield. However in the Edo period, marked by approximately two hundred fifty years of relative peace following the unification of Japan, both the KATANA () and WAKIZASHI () were the weapons worn by the samurai. Nevertheless the TANTO () remained a
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useful weapon and some samurai preferred to wear a TANTO () in place of a WAKIZASHI (). In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), during practice, the TANTO () is usually made of wood, but at important ENBU ( ), a real blade is used.
See NIHON TO () and TANTO DORI ()
TANT DORI:
TAN : short T : sword DORI : catch; capture In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), TANTO DORI () is formalised in a KATA () that consists of 10 techniques performed against an opponent who attacks with a TANTO (), a Japanese knife.
The current TANTO DORI () KATA () has been formalised by Kanazawa Ichizo (menkyo kaiden), a student of the 16th soke, and a good friend of Minaki Saburo (17th soke). Both the 18th and 19th soke were his students before they were introduced to Minaki soke.
TATAMI:
TATAMI : traditional mat TATAMI () mats were the standard floor covering mats in Japanese rooms.
TATAMI () mats were traditionally made of rice straw, covered with a woven cover (also made out of straw). The early TATAMI () were thin and could be folded up when not used, hence the name (tatami is derived from the verb tatamu, to fold). The size of a TATAMI () can vary depending the region but usually the mats are slightly smaller than 1m by 2m, and slightly less than 6cm thick . In Japan it is still common to indicate the size of a room by the number of TATAMI () mats. Using the counter JO ().
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The method of laying mats is called MAWASHIJIKI (): mats are laid such that they run lengthwise along the walls of the room. At the entrance, a junction between two mats will be avoided. According to Otake Sensei from KATORI SHINTO RYU (), there is another reason to lay TATAMI () in such a way. When a SHINOBI (), commonly known as a ninja, would enter a house and walk along the walls, he would make a different noise than someone who walked in the middle of the room, because of the weave of the mats. Apparently, some samurai were trained to hear the difference in noise (a more swishing noise when stepping against the weave of the mat, i.e. along the walls). With the introduction of JUDO (), specially designed mats were made in order to absorb shocks during throwing exercises. These specific, usually fully synthetic, judo mats are nowadays also called TATAMI ().
TATAMI OMOTE (), literally the outer cover of TATAMI () mats, are used for TAMESHIGIRI ().
For TAMESHIGIRI (), TATAMI OMOTE () mats are rolled together and soaked in water for about 12 hours.
TATSUMI RY:
TATSUMI : name of the founder RY : school TATSUMI RYU (), also known as TATSUMI RYU HEIHO (), referring to the importance of strategy, is a school founded in the early 16th century by Tatsumi Sankyo.
TATSUMI RYU () teaches also JUJUTSU (), which they call YAWARA (). The sword however, remains the main weapon of the school but is also used in forms, or KATA (), against YARI (), NAGINATA () and BO ().
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TEKO:
TE : lever KO : child TEKO () is a lever. See KUZUSHI.
TEND-RY:
TEN : heaven D : way RY : school TENDO RYU () is a NAGINATAJUTSU () school, founded by Saito Hangan Denkibo Katsuhide in the 16th century.
The school also has KENJUTSU (), JOJUTSU () that originated from a broken NAGINATA () and KUSARIGAMAJUTSU (). Together with JIKISHINKAGE RYU (), the school was at the origin of the sports version of NAGINATA ().
See NAGINATA
TENJIN SHINY-RY
TEN : heaven JIN : mind, soul SHIN : true Y : willow RY : school
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TENJIN SHINYO RYU () is a JUJUTSU () school that was studied by the Kano, the founder of KODOKAN JUDO ( ), and Ueshiba, the founder of AIKIDO (). Techniques include striking, resuscitation and bone-setting.
Founded by Iso Matauemon Minamoto Masatari (1787 1863) in the mid 19th century (around 1830); with roots in YOSHIN RYU () and SHIN NO SHINDO RYU () [Iso Mataemon Masatari studied Yoshin-ryu under Hitotsuyanagi Oribe and Shin no Shindo-ryu under Homma Jouemon]. Kano Jigoro, founder of KODOKAN JUDO ( ), studied TENJIN SHINYO RYU () with Fukuda Hachinosuke, a fellow student of Torajiro Yagi, who was one of the most senior students of the 3th and 4th headmaster.. Morihei Ueshiba, founder of AIKIDO (), studied TENJIN SHINYO RYU () with Tozawa Tokusaburo, a student of Iso Mataemon Masatomo (3th generation).
TE NO UCHI:
TE : hand UCHI : inside; within; between; among; house; home In general, TE NO UCHI () refers to the skills, or the scope of one's power, one's intention; in an IAIJUTSU context however, it refers to the correct grip of the sword.
TENUGUI:
TE : hand NUGU : swab, wipe A TENUGUI () is a small hand towel made of cotton.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU, (), there is a famous story of one of the headmasters, who used a wet TENUGUI (), with a stone wrapped in, to defeat a large number of villains.
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Although in Japanese household, the traditional TENUGUI () has been completely replaced by modern towels, it remains very popular as a gift item or souvenir, especially amongst people involved in martial arts. A particular use if the TENUGUI () can still be seen in KENDO (), where it is used as a head cover under the MEN (), or helmet.
TEPPAN:
TEN : iron PAN : board, plate TEPPAN () is a general term for iron plate.
In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU, (), the use of SHURIKEN () has been lost over time. Nevertheless there used to be a period were small throwing weapons, in the form of little iron plates, called TEPPAN () were used in the school.
See SHURIKEN
TEPP:
TE(TSU) : iron H : cannon After the introduction by the Portuguese in the 16th century, guns became rapidly popular in Japanese warfare.
Compared to the Japanese bow, the TEPPO () had a more superior range and man like Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582), would be among the first to efficiently integrate the use of guns in his strategy.
See HOJUTSU
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TESABAKI:
TE : hand SABAKI : handle; deal with; dispose of; sell; be in demand In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), TESABAKI () is usually used in the context of CHO BO, which is used over its full length and requires good hand sliding techniques.
TESSEN:
TE(S) : iron SEN : fan The TESSEN () is a sort of fan, used by samurai. It was made out of plates of iron.
The TESSEN () looked like a normal fan and could be taken to places where swords or other weapons were not allowed.
TODA-HA BUK-RY:
TODA : family name HA : Group, faction, school BUK : name of a mountain RY : school The school was derived from TODA RYU (), founded by Toda Seigen in the 16th century. The school was renamed as TODA-HA BUKO RYU () by the 13th headmaster, referring to Mt. Buko.
TODA-HA BUKO RYU () is known as a NAGINATA () school but it also includes other weapon techniques like KENJUTSU (), SOJUTSU (), BOJUTSU () and KUSARIKAMAJUTSU (.
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From the 14th headmaster, till the previous headmaster, Suzuyo Nitta (although in official records referred as Suzuo, which uses a male name ending) the school had a tradition of female headmasters.
TODOME:
TODOME (from the verb TODOMERU): stopping, halting In a BUDO () context, TODOME () is finishing blow.
TODOME WAZA () are decisive techniques usually used at the end of a confrontation where the opponent is in a defenceless situation but not yet eliminated. Nevertheless some schools might insist on using decisive techniques from the start. The expression TODOME O SASU () means to deliver the final blow, ensuring the opponent is dead.
TORI:
TORI : catch; capture TORI () is the opponent who in a KATA, actually performs the technique, in contrast to UKE ().
In the KATA () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), TORI () usually executes a defensive technique against an attack initiated by UKE (). There is an exception in OMOTE NO KATA (), the oldest JUJUTSU () KATA () of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), where in some cases TORI () takes the initiative without an aggression coming from UKE (). In JUDO (), it is much more common that TORI ( ) initiates the attack against UKE (), the training partner.
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In IAIJUTSU KUMIDACHI (), there is a tendency to name both opponents SHIDACHI () and UCHIDACHI () respectively.
TORITSUKE :
TORI : catch; capture TSUKE : attach TORI TSUKE () is enemy capturing and attaching (or rope binding) and is part of JUJUTSU ROPPO (), the six kinds of techniques in JUJUTSU. See also JUJUTSU ROPPO.
TORI TSUKE () is enemy capturing and attaching (and thus also rope binding) and can be seen as part of the duties of Edo period samurai who helped to maintain order and authority in their master's domain. In the capital, Edo (today Tokyo) itself, this was under the responsibility of 2 MACHI BUGYO () and their 25 assistants (the yoriki) each. Each of them had also some doshin. The doshin put out most of the physical effort and the yoriki would only be involved in very serious incidents. The doshin (although lower class samurai), wore only one sword and no hakama. Instead they wore a typical uniform and carried a jitte. They also employed townsfolk to help them (they also carried a jitte as symbol of authority). Both in Edo (or other big cities like Osaka, Nagoya, Kyoto, where also a Machi bugyo was appointed) and in the country domains, bringing in a prisoner was important because a confession was a prerequisite for a punishment (this could be an execution but also banishment of various degrees).
TOSHU NO KATA: ()
TO: emptiness SHU : hand KATA : form
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TOSHU NO KATA (), are the empty handed or weaponless KATA ().
A significant influence in the early existence of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () came from TAKE (NO) UCHI RYU (), especially when it comes to the weaponless techniques.
At one time Umanosuke (the second soke of Hontai Yoshin Ryu) and 3rd generation of Take (no) uchi Ryu, Takeuchi Hisayoshi fought a duel before the head of the Mori family. Comparing the two's physical characteristics, Takeuchi Hisayoshi stood at 4 foot 8 inches, while Takagi Umanosuke was a giant 6 foot 8 inches towering over Takeuchi like an adult and child. Two matches were held in which Takeuchi won easily. During each match, Umanosuke was thrown to the ground. When he tried to get up, he was locked on the ground and tied up with a cord. However, Umanosuke was so powerful that he merely flexed his huge muscles, and the normally strong arresting cord snapped immediately. Being stabbed with a sword finally defeated him. Umanosuke saw his own arrogance in this and felt deeply ashamed. He went to Takeuchi Hisayoshi to apologise, and became a student, eventually receiving Kaiden. While in his younger days Umanosuke had a tendency of using his physical strength, as he grew older, he realised the limitations of a system reliant on physical strength. For several years he tried to create such an art but failed. Later, when he travelled to a shrine for 100 days, he received a divine revelation "a willows branches can bear the snow". Following this, Umanosuke further developed the initial art. After mastering mental disciplines and concepts he eventually succeeded to obtain a system that defeated the opponent with a "Willow Heart" (Yo Shin). The true (honto) willow system was born and from that time on it was called Hontai Yoshin Ryu Takagi Ryu: The true willow school of the Takagi family.
It is fare to say that currently the 3 major components of HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () are TOSHU (NO) KATA (), BOJUTSU () and KODACHI ().
See also EMONO KATA
TSUKI:
TSUKI : thrust, pierce, prick
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In KARATE (), a TSUKI () is a punch but in most other BUDO, especially when weapons are used, a TSUKI () is a thrust towards the abdomen or throat of the opponent.
UCHI:
UCHI : strike; hit; knock UCHI () is used for strikes, whether with a fist or a weapon like a BO ().
IN HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () BOJUTSU (), UCHI KOMI (), lit strike included, is the name of a CHO BO () and HANBO () technique. In both cases targeted to the head. Note: UCHI (), should not be mistaken with UCHI (), meaning inside, home.
See also ATEMI
UCHIDACHI:
UCHI : strike; hit; knock TA : plump; thick; big around CHI : sword In KENJUTSU (), and even IAIJUTSU () in exercises with an opponent, UCHIDACHI () is the attacking sword and SHIDASHI ( or ), the receiving or doing sword. After initiating the encounter, UCHIDACHI () will usually undergo the technique of SHIDASHI ().
In most situations, UCHIDACHI () initiates a confrontation by attacking but then becomes the one undergoing the techniques. Nevertheless his role is never passive. In fact in many schools this role is taken up by the more senior student who will help SHIDASHI () to correctly study his technique.
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Although UCHIDACHI (), the attacking sword, is used quite commonly to indicate the person who receives in a KENJUTSU () context, the correct translation of attacking person is UCHIKATA (). This term can be used in almost all situations even if no sword is involved.
See SHIDACHI
UCHIDESHI:
UCHI : inside; within; between; among; house; home DESHI : student, pupil UCHI , inside, is a very common word in Japanese language. An UCHI DESHI () was a student who was accepted to live with his teacher in a kind of apprenticeship.
Nowadays, in a KORYU () context, some schools, still consider UCHIDESHI (), those students that are close to a Soke and considered true followers, disciples of the school. The fact of actually living in the same house as the master is no longer applicable.
UCHIGATANA:
UCHI : strike; hit; knock KATANA : sword During the late Muromachi period (15th-16th century), swords started to be worn cutting edge-up in the belt. These KATANA () can be called UCHIGATANA ().
In the course of history, Japanese swords, or NIHON TO, changed shape. In the earlier days when swords were used on horseback, they were worn cutting edge dawn and were known as TACHI (). Later they were worn cutting edge up which is a much more efficacious way to allow fast drawing, with the intention of hitting an opponent already during the draw. Nowadays the name KATANA (), has become a synonym for UCHIGATANA ()
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See NIHON TO,KATANA, TACHI, BATTOJUTSU
UCHIKATA:
UCHI : strike; hit; knock KATA : person UCHIKATA () is the attacking person. See UCHIDACHI
UKE:
UKE : accept; undergo receive UKE () is the opponent who in a KATA undergoes the technique in contrast to TORI (), who actually performs the technique.
In JUJUTSU practice, UKE initiates an attack, and his partner (TORI) then defends and performs the technique of the KATA. UKE is thus the one who undergoes the technique. In IAIJUTSU, UKE is often called UCHIDACHI (the attacking sword) and TORI is often called SHIDASHI (the doing or receiving sword). Although UKE undergoes the techniques, his role is never passive. UKE can be neutral but he can also facilitate the work for TORI or in contrast resist and make TORIs life difficult. All of this is part of the educational process in martial arts. In weapons based KATA, the teacher will often take the role of UKE, with the student defending and counter-attacking. In an ENBU (formal demonstration of martial arts), UKE and TORI should perform a KATA in full harmony, i.e. UKE should be challenging enough to be realistic but not too much in order to allow TORI to remain within the framework of the KATA and not to improvise or use an application in order to succeed the challenge.
UKEMI:
UKE : accept; undergo receive MI : somebody; person UKEMI WAZA () are falling techniques, necessary to avoid injury when being thrown.
Falling techniques are much less formalised in KORYU () than in most GENDAI BUDO () like aikido, judo and even modern jujutsu. Nevertheless most teachers will devote sufficient time in helping novice students to break fall correctly. The need for good falling techniques in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () becomes evident in demonstrations (enbu), where usually KATA () are performed on a floor without tatami.
URA:
URA: back; amidst; in; reverse; inside; palm; sole; rear; lining; wrong side URA () is often used in names of techniques, indicating the back or reverse of things.
In BUDO (), URA () or back, relates to OMOTE () or front. In Japanese society in general, the concepts TATEMAE () and HONNE () are more frequently used: TATEMAE () refers to formal principles or rules that are considered politically correct, while HONNE () conveys personal feelings or motives, which cannot be openly expressed. Although sometimes translated as false and true, TATEMAE () and HONNE () are not actually opposites but illustrate the often complex double social reality in daily Japanese life. Note: URA is sometimes also being written with the kanji (meaning reverse; inside; palm; sole; rear; lining; wrong side).
URA WAZA:
URA: back; amidst; in; reverse; inside; palm; sole; rear; lining; wrong side WAZA : skill; art; craft; ability; feat; performance; vocation; arts
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URA WAZA (), is used for the true but secret (or at least non public) meaning or execution of a technique.
When looking at the techniques of a KATA, () only the surface is shown. For the true meaning, often another level of practice is needed (see KATA). The term HIMITSU (), secret, is also used to refer to hidden techniques within KATA, ().
See KATA
WA:
WA : harmony; peace
Some say that Japanese culture is based upon WA () or harmony.

WA () is also the oldest recorded name of Japan. In the 8th century, the original kanji for Japan was changed from WA () to another existing kanji, WA () or harmony. Japan became known as WA () or WAKOKU (), the land of harmony. Although Japan is now known as NIHON (), the land of the rising sun, WA () is still found in compound words like WASHOKU () or Japanese cuisine and WAFUKU () or Japanese clothing.
WAJUTSU (), or art of harmony is sometimes used to refer to JUJUTSU (). See JUJUTSU
WABI SABI:
WABI : proud, lonely SABI :: loneliness, mellow, mature WABI SABI ( ), is a general term that refers to the aesthetic sense in Japanese art emphasizing quiet simplicity and subdued refinement. Originally the concept is religious (derived from Buddhism).
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The sense for aesthetic simplicity is also a feature of many KORYU (). This is often already apparent in the contrast between how people dress in modern styles, compared to KORYU (). In HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), for example, the training suit or KEIKOGI () is plain white, with a dark HAKAMA () and apart from the name of the school, written in KANJI (), there are no badges or any other decorations used.
WAKIGAMAE:
WAKI : flank KAMAE : posture , stance WAKIGAMAE (), is a KENJUTSU () stance, where the blade is hidden behind the body. Both the intention, or the length of the blade is difficult to catch by the opponent.
WAZA:
WAZA : skill; art; craft; ability; feat; performance; vocation; arts As a suffix, -WAZA () is used a lot in BUDO () and should be translated as technique.
Note: other kanji can be used for WAZA, for instance (meaning vocation; arts; performance), which is used in I-WAZA and TACHI-WAZA (see IAIJUTSU KATA).
YADOMEJUTSU:
YA : arrow TOME : stop JUTSU : technique, art YADOMEJUTSU () is the art to deflect arrows with a sword.
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Today YADOMEJUTSU () is very rarely practiced. An exception is MANIWA NEN RYU (), a KORYU () that still trains in deflecting arrows with the sword.
SEE MANIWA NEN RYU
YAGY SHINGAN RY:

YAGY : family name of Yagyu Munenori (from Yagyu Shinkage-ryu) SHIN : heart GAN : eyeball RY : school YAGYU SHINGAN RYU () is an old school with two main lines: YAGYU SHINGAN-RYU KATCHU HEIHO () and YAGYU SHINGAN RYU TAIJUTSU (). SHINGAN () refers to the ability to sense the opponent's intentions and has an underlying ZEN influence.
YAGYU SHINGAN-RYU KATCHU HEIHO () was founded by Takenaga Hayato in the early 17th century. Takenaga Hayato studied SHINDO RYU () of Ushu Tatewaki. Later he went to Edo, where he was employed by the Yagyu family and where he studied YAGYU SHINKAGE RYU () with Yagyu Munenori. The tradition past to Yoshikawa Ichiroemon, Ito Kyuzaburo, and then to Koyama Samon (1718 - 1800), who moved to Edo but later in his life returned to Sendai. KATCHU BUJUTSU (), or YOROI KUMI UCHI (), consists of grappling and fighting combat in full armour. HEIHO () refers to military strategy. YAGYU SHINGAN RYU TAIJUTSU () was founded by Araki Mataemon (15941634), who also studied under Yagyu Munenori (1571-1646). The headmaster Koyama Samon (1718 - 1800), played an important role because he carried the art from Sendai to Edo. The school is a comprehensive system, including TAIJUTSU (), BOJUTSU (), NAGINATAJUTSU () and KENJUTSU (). In contrast to YAGYU SHINGAN RYU KATCHU HEIHO (), also referred to as the Sendai line, YAGYU SHINGAN-RYU TAIJUTSU (), referred to as the Edo line, is practiced without armor. This is because headmaster Koyama Samon moved from Sendai to Edo (the capital), where life was very different. The practice of techniques wearing
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full armor were therefore abandoned during the course of the schools history at least in the Edo line. Ueshiba Morihei, the founder of AIKIDO (), was a student of YAGYU SHINGAN-RYU () and trained with Nakai Masakatsu, a senior student of the 6th headmaster Goto Saburo of the Edo line. Kano Jigoro, the founder of JUDO () trained under the 7th headmaster, Ohshima Masateru of the Edo line.
YAGY SHINKAGE RY:

YAGY : family name of the second grandmaster SHIN : new KAGE : secret, shadow, yin (KAGE is an alternative reading for IN) RY : school YAGYU SHINKAGE-RYU () was one of the major schools of KENJUTSU () of the Edo period (1603-1868).
Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Nobutsuna (1508- 1578), studied the schools of TENSHIN SHODEN KATORI SHINTO-RYU () and KAGE-RYU () before creating his own school, SHINKAGE RYU () Until the 16th century, basic postures were very distinct; very low, in protection of the body. Kamiizumi changed the basic postures by raising them slightly, he changed the manner of holding the sword, and he shortened the length of the blade of the sword. He also invented the HIKIHADA (), a FUKURO-SHINAI (), ancestor of the modern SHINAI (). The name was completed by the second headmaster, Yagyu Muneyoshi (1507 1606) and became YAGYU SHINKAGE-RYU (). In 1606, the school split into two branches. Yagyu Toshiyoshi (grandson of Yagyu Muneyoshi) took command of the main line (Owari branch), while Yagyu Munenori (son of Yagyu Muneyoshi) became the head of a new Edo branch. Yagyu Munenori, served as KENJUTSU () teacher for the 3rd and 4th Tokugawa Shoguns, Hidetada and Iemitsu.
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YANAGI:
YANAGI : willows YANAGI () like YO (), means willow.
There is a school, called YANAGI RYU () , member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai. Although that school (its full name is Shin Getsu Muso Yanagi Ryu) is said to originate some 500 years ago (founded by a certain Iwanaga Gennojo Masamitsu), it is interesting to notice that one of its grandmasters, Iwanaga Kenichi also has been studying with Wakita Yoshinori, himself a student of Kakuno Happeita (Hontai Yoshin Ryus 16th Soke). Interestingly, when looking at their WAZA () shown at recent ENBU, one can notice that many are quite similar to HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (). YANAGI RYU () is now lead by Iwanaga Genzaburo Masayoshi sensei.
YARI:
YARI : spear Although originally the spear was used in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), it is no longer part of the curriculum.
SOJUTSU () is the art of using the spear or YARI (). Indeed, SO is another pronunciation for the same kanji as YARI
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YAWARAKAI:
YAWARAKAI : soft YAWARAKAI (), soft, in a martial arts setting often used in the sense of relaxed, is usually seen as the opposite of the application of strength or CHIKARA (). Nevertheless a relaxed status and strength go together as natural complements, forming the basis for JUJUTSU ()
When using muscular force, the prerequisite is to be totally relaxed in order to move fast and to concentrate the strength only at the moment of impact or that part of the technique where it is required. Therefore when practicing JUJUTSU (), the emphasis of being relaxed, YAWARAKAI () is important, not because force is not useful but because inappropriate use of force will limit the abilities to perform the technique. As such, the most common mistake is to have tense shoulders, limiting the optimal range of arm movements
Another expression is KARUKU () which means lightly. This is often said when a techniques is studied and the use of strength is useless because the movements are not precise yet.
YO:
YO : sunshine; yang; positive; male; heaven; daytime The concepts of Yin (IN) and Yang (YO) are present in many aspects of Japanese life, including BUDO ().
One of the major KAMAE (), or postures, in KENJUTSU (), is HASO NO KAMAE (). In ONO HA ITTO RYU (), it is called YO () when the sword is held to the left and IN (), when the sword is held to the right.
See also IN.
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YOROI KUMIUCHI:
YOROI : putting on armour KUMI : construct UCHI : hit YOROI KUMIUCHI () or KATCHU BUJUTSU () are grappling techniques wearing full armour.
Some old schools, like the KATCHU HEIHO () branch of YAGYU SHINGAN RYU () still have YOROI KUMI UCHI () in their curriculum. Note that YOROIGUMI () which is another word for fighting in armour was part of the BUGEI JUHAPPAN (), a list of 18 essential martial skills of the Japanese warriors.
See BUGEI, YAGYU SHINGAN RYU
YSHIN:
Y : Willow SHIN : Mind; heart; spirit A willow heart or YOSHIN (), which indicates that one has to be flexible in all situations, is considered an important quality in JUJUTSU (). Hence the great number of schools that incorporated this philosophy in their training.
The concept of the willow heart has been fully incorporated in HONTAI YOSHIN RYU () but of course TAKAGI RYU and YANAGI RYU (), which are also descendent from Takagis YOSHIN RYU (), conserved somehow a similar philosophy. All 3 schools are member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai. Another important JUJUTSU () school that is called YOSHIN RYU (), but not related to HONTAI YOSHIN RYU (), had a great influence on the development of JUJUTSU () in many parts of Japan and even Europe. This school was founded by Akiyama Yoshitoki in Nagasaki in the 17th century.
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Also in Nagasaki and even slightly earlier, Nakamura Yoshikuni, also created his YOSHIN RYU (). This school lost transmission in the early 20 th century but some schools that were influenced by it, still continue today. SHINDO YOSHIN RYU (), which means New way Yoshin Ryu, was created by Katsunosuke Matsuoka in the 19th century, just prior to the MEIJI Restoration, and was heavily influenced by both the Akiyama school and the Nakamura school It is one of the rare KORYU where a non Japanese MENKYO KAIDEN, Toby Threadgill, became in charge of the system. Interesting to know, also WADO RYU (), the modern KARATE school, includes a lot of JUJUTSU based on SHINDO YOSHIN RYU (). In Hiroshima there is a NAGINATA school called YOSHIN RYU (). This school headed by Koyama Takako is also a member of the Nihon Kobudo Kyokai.
See also HONTAI YOSHIN RYU
YSHIN RY (NAGINATAJUTSU): []
Y : Willow SHIN : Mind; heart; spirit RY : school The NAGINATAJUTSU () school, called YOSHIN RYU (), was founded by Akiyama Shirobei Yoshitoki in the 17th century.
YOSHIN RYU () Is typically a school that is specialized in the practise of womens defensive techniques by the use of a NAGINATA (). Students learn to execute the techniques while wearing a KIMONO (). The school also has BOJUTSU (), with a stick called HANBO (), In their case the stick is not half the length of a ROKU SHAKU BO () but it is longer, since it originates from a broken NAGINATA (). Some other NAGINATA () schools had a similar development but call it JOJUTSU (), because the length of a broken NAGINATA () usually tended to be similar in length than a JO ( ).
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See NAGINATA, BO, JOJUTSU
YOY:
YO : surplus, remainder Y : abundant YOYU (), or critical margin, is the minimal gap between target and weapon during training. The expression YOYU () illustrates the importance of space and distance.
In the age of the samurai it is said that the very skilled swordsmen could cut a cooked grain of rice on the head of someone, without touching the skin. Although the mastering of YOYU () at this level is probably never equalled by todays BUDOKA (), it is still an important part of training. YOYU (), however is not to be mistaken with the obsession to withdraw an attack near a target. Of course there are safety concerns, especially with the use of weapons but the mastering of YOYU () has a much more strategic implication. The ability to narrow the gap between target and weapon is an important skill needed to gain absolute control of an attack, allowing changes in the direction or manner of an attack, even at a late stage, i.e. very near the target:
YDANSHA:
Y :posses; have DAN :grade SHA : person YUDANSHA () are BUDO () practitioners who hold DAN () grades. Specifically for higher DAN () grades (6th and above), the name KODANSHA () is used.
Those who dont have a DAN () grade can be called SHOSHINSHA () In many BUDO (), YUDANSHA () can wear a black belt or KUROI OBI ().
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See DAN
YUMI:
YUMI : bow YUMI () is the Japanese term for bows,
The bow that is known from KYUDO (), or the art of archery, is called HANKYU () and is asymmetric, probably because it was designed to be used on a horse or from a kneeling position (this is somewhat controversial because bows have been asymmetric before archery on a horse was common). Although the HANKYU () is the more popular model, in some occasions, a longer DAIKYU () could also be used.
See KYUDO
ZANSHIN:
ZAN : to be gradually extinguished SHIN : heart, mind, spirit ZANSHIN () is a high state of awareness, vigilance and alertness, sometimes translated as: to stay with spirit, i.e. to be in a state where concentration remain until necessary.
The kanji that is used for ZAN is true martial in its meaning: cutting (the right part is illustrating a pair of halberds) until only bare bones (left part of the character) are remaining.
In many schools ZANSHIN () is studies by including formally, as part of the KATA, this state of vigilance and alertness, before and after executing the techniques, so that students learn that they must be ready for any offensive, even when the encounter seems finished.
Although ZANSHIN () can be very formalized in many Koryu, it is by no means, just a fierce grimace and a stance of rigid aggression. On the contrary true ZANSHIN () is not exhausting but is vigilant calm, allowing a stead of awareness without focussing on, and so
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being distracted by, any phenomenon. Therefore, true ZANSHIN is not the formal gesture that is taken by the beginner but the state of mind and attitude that is even hard to master by the advanced student.
ZANSHIN NO KAMAE () is a preparatory stance that is taken in the beginning and the end of every confrontation in the KATA. See also KAMAE.
ZAREI:
ZA : squat; seat; cushion; gathering; sit REI : salute; bow; ceremony; thanks; remuneration ZAREI () is bowing while sitting (kneeling), in contrast to RITSUREI (), which is performed while standing. See also REI, REIHO
ZEGOKU ITTO:
ZE : right GOKU : climax ITTO : one sword, one strike ZEGOKU ITTO () refers to the level of swordmanship where the body and mind control allows the perfect strike, i.e. preventing the opponent to strike adequately. This means the ability to anticipate the opponents action and to combine perfect timing with perfect technique.
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ZEN:
ZEN (): Zen ZEN () is a branch of Buddhism. The latter is called BUKKYO () in Japanese.
ZEN () is closely linked to Japanese martial development even in the pre Tokugawa period and is characterized by Taoist influence. Note: ZEN () should not be confused with ZEN (), meaning whole; like in ZENNIPPON (), whole Japan.
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Glossary Related To HYR

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Glossary

Related to BUD () and KOBUD ()

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

, , ,) and also that there is a phenomenon in Japanese voicing, called RENDAKU

Glossary (February 2012)

List of major entries

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

See also: AIKIDO, IAIDO, KI-AI

Glossary (February 2012)

See also GENDAI BUDO, KI, KIAI

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

See also: ATEMI

Glossary (February 2012)

See also: IAIJUTSU, TAMESHIGIRI.

Glossary (February 2012)

See also: BOJUTSU, CHO BO and HANBO.

See also: CHO BO.

Glossary (February 2012)

See also: CHO BO and HANBO

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

See also: GENDAI BUDO, KOBUDO, KORYU

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

See HENKA, KATA

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

See also IAIJUTSU.

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

See HYOSHI, KATA

Glossary (February 2012)

Note: CHU (, loyalty) should not be confounded with CHU (, middle)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

See also SOKE ()

See also KATANA, WAKIZASHI, TANTO and NIHON-TO

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

. See also YUDANSHA, DEN, KYU

Glossary (February 2012)

See ZEN, BUKKYO

Holders of a DEN () license can be called DENSHA ().

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

Glossary (February 2012)

The ground map of a traditional DOJO ():

Glossary (February 2012)

See also TANTO and TACHI.