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Floods

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shrikanttekadeyahooc
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13 views

Floods

FREE

Uploaded by

shrikanttekadeyahooc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLOODS

Introduction:- A flood is an unusually high stage in a river normally the level at which the river overflows its banks and inundates the adjoining area. The damages caused by floods in terms of loss of life, property and economic loss due to disruption of economic activity are all too well known. The hydrograph of extreme floods and stages corresponding to flood peaks provide valuable data for purposes of hydrologic design. Further, of the various characteristics of the flood hydrograph, probably the most important and widely used parameter is the flood peak. At a given location in a stream, flood peaks vary from year to year and their magnitude constitutes a hydrologic series which enable one to assign a fre uency to a given flood!peak value. "n the design of practically all hydrologic structures the peak flow that can be expected with an assigned fre uency #say $ in $%% years& is of primary importance to ade uately proportion the structure to accommodate its effect. The design of bridges, culvert waterways and spillways for dams and estimation of scour at a hydraulic structure are some examples wherein flood!peak values are re uired. The flood is the result of runoff from rainfall or melting snow in uantities too great to be confined in the low water channels or streams. 'hen the banks are overtopped water spreads over the flood plain and thus cause damage to crops and property within the flood plain of the stream. "t is not possible to prevent the floods but it is possible to prevent or reduce the damage due to floods by controlling the floods. Thus flood control or flood management is defined as the prevention or reduction of the flood damage. T()*+ ,F F-,,./! Ordinary flood:- The flood that are sure to be e ualled in magnitude once or more times in the estimated life of the project Standard project flood (SPF)/! "s the flood that is likely to be exceeded in magnitude only at rare occasions. And thus constitutes a standard for the design of structures that would provide enough flood protection. Although the +)F is of a such high magnitude. Probable maximum flood (PMF):- That might occur under the worst meteorological and hydrological conditions. This includes flood ranging in magnitude between +)F and )0F. As it is economically and practically unfeasible to provide flood control measures against all floods up to )0F value.

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