Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 100 views

    Evaporation

    Uploaded by

    shrikanttekadeyahooc
    - Evaporation is the process where water changes from a liquid to a gas and is transferred from surfaces like bodies of water into the atmosphere. - The rate of evaporation is affected by meteorological factors like vapor pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, and heat storage capacity of the water body. It also depends on physical factors like the water supply, size and shape of the evaporating surface, and depth of water. - Various methods are used to measure evaporation rates from surfaces, including evaporimeters, empirical equations that factor in variables like wind speed and vapor pressure difference, and energy balance methods involving calculations of energy inputs, outputs, and storage.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Evaporation

    Uploaded by

    shrikanttekadeyahooc
    100 views20 pages
    - Evaporation is the process where water changes from a liquid to a gas and is transferred from surfaces like bodies of water into the atmosphere. - The rate of evaporation is affected by meteorological factors like vapor pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, and heat storage capacity of the water body. It also depends on physical factors like the water supply, size and shape of the evaporating surface, and depth of water. - Various methods are used to measure evaporation rates from surfaces, including evaporimeters, empirical equations that factor in variables like wind speed and vapor pressure difference, and energy balance methods involving calculations of energy inputs, outputs, and storage.

    Original Description:

    this ppt is on evaporation

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    - Evaporation is the process where water changes from a liquid to a gas and is transferred from surfaces like bodies of water into the atmosphere. - The rate of evaporation is affected by meteorological factors like vapor pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, and heat storage capacity of the water body. It also depends on physical factors like the water supply, size and shape of the evaporating surface, and depth of water. - Various methods are used to measure evaporation rates from surfaces, including evaporimeters, empirical equations that factor in variables like wind speed and vapor pressure difference, and energy balance methods involving calculations of energy inputs, outputs, and storage.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    100 views20 pages

    Evaporation

    Uploaded by

    shrikanttekadeyahooc
    - Evaporation is the process where water changes from a liquid to a gas and is transferred from surfaces like bodies of water into the atmosphere. - The rate of evaporation is affected by meteorological factors like vapor pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, and heat storage capacity of the water body. It also depends on physical factors like the water supply, size and shape of the evaporating surface, and depth of water. - Various methods are used to measure evaporation rates from surfaces, including evaporimeters, empirical equations that factor in variables like wind speed and vapor pressure difference, and energy balance methods involving calculations of energy inputs, outputs, and storage.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    EVAPORATION

    In this process, water changes from its liquid state to gaseous state. Water is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere through evaporation. Evapotranspiration:- is a natural process which occurs whenever there is vegetation. Considerable part of water applied for irrigation is lost by evaporation and transpiration. The two processes are being difficult to separate taken and called as evapotranspiration or consumptive use

    Factors affecting evaporation


    1) meteorological factor: Vapour pressure: The rate of evaporation is proportional to the difference between the saturation vapour pressure at the water temperature, ew and the actual vapour pressure in the air. EL = C (ew - ea) EL = rate of evaporation (mm/day); C = a constant ; ew and ea are in mm of mercury; The above equation is known as Daltons law of evaporation. Evaporation takes place till ew > ea, condensation happen if ew < ea Module

    Temperature: The rate of evaporation increase if the water temperature is increased. The rate of evaporation also increase with the air temperature. Heat Storage in water body: Deep bodies can store more heat energy than shallow water bodies. Which causes more

    evaporation in winter than summer for deep lakes. Humidity Wind action Atmospheric pressure

    Physical factor:-

    Water supply Size and shape of the evaporating surface Depth of water

    Types of evaporation

    Measurement of evaporation
    The amount of water evaporated from a water surface is estimated by the following methods: 1. Using evaporimeter data 2. Empirical equations 3. Analytical methods 1. Evaporimeters : Water containing pans which are exposed to the atmosphere and loss of water by evaporation measured in them in the regular intervals. a) Class A Evaporation Pan b) ISI Standard pan c) Colorado sunken pan d) USGS Floating pan

    Class A Evaporation Pan


    Pan of standard dimensions is used and water is filled in this pan up to a certain range of level. The amount of water evaporated from this pan is measured from which the rate of evaporation per unit time per unit area is calculated. It is then multiplied by suitable pan coefficient so as to maintain the evaporation rate. 1.2 m diameter, 0.25 m deep, water level is kept 5cm below the ground level, pan coefficient 0.7

    92 cm square, 0.3 to 0.9m deep, water level within 2.5 cm from ground level, pan coefficient 0.78

    Colorado sunken pan

    92 cm square, 46 cm deep, pan coefficient 0.8

    USGS FLOATING PAN

    Demerits of Evaporation pan: 1.Pan differs in the heat-storing capacity and heat transfer from the side and bottom. Result: reduces the efficiency (sunken pan and floating pan eliminates this problem) 2.The height of the rim in an evaporation pan affects the wind action over the surface. 3.The heat-transfer characteristics of the pan material is different from that of the reservoir.

    2. Fitzgerald formula:E=(0.4+0.124V)(es-ea) V= wind velocity near water surface es= saturated vapour pressure in mm of Hg ea= actual vapour pressure in mm of Hg

    3. Rohwers formula:E= 0.771(1.465-0.000732Pa)(0.44+0.07334V)(es-ea) Pa= mean barometric pressure in mm of Hg

    4. Lake mead formula:E= 0.0331V(es-ea)[1-0.03(Ta-Tw)] Ta= average air temp. in 0c Tw= average water temp. in 0c

    Energy balance method: Energy balance method is an application of law of conservation of energy. The energy available for evaporation is determined by considering the incoming, outgoing and energy stored in water body over a known time of interval Qi+Qa=Qr+Qb+Qe+Qh+Qs Qi = is incoming shortwave radiation of sun both direct and diffused Qa= net energy convected into the body of water by sum of processes such as inflow outflow seepage Qr= the reflected radiation Qb= the net outgoing large wave radiation Qe= the energy utilized in evaporation Qh= the energy conducted and convected from water surface to the atmosphere called the sensible heat Qs= the energy stored in water

    Hn= Ha+He+Hg+Hs+Hi Hn= net heat energy received by water surface Ha= sensible heat transfer from water to air He= heat energy used in evaporation Hg= heat flux into ground Hs= heat stored in water body Hi= net heat conducted out of the system by water flow (Hc(1-r)-Hb)= incoming solar radiation into surface of reflection coefficient LEL = density L= latent heat of evaporation EL = evaporation in mm

    Control of evaporation from reservoir


    Reduction in surface area or water spread area By providing mechanical covers By applying oil films to control the evaporation (surface films, cetyl alcohol or hexadeconal)

    Evapotranspiration

    You might also like