Student Handout 13 2014

Differential equations of motion
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 13
Reading: Fox 5.1

Brief reminder: Taylor series expansion:
f(x
0
+x) = f(x
0
) +
df
dx
x=x
0
x + . . .
1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. State conservation of mass in differential form.
2. Find velocity components that satisfy conservation of mass.
2
Recall: Integral formulation of laws
Mass balance:
Linear momentum balance:
Angular momentum balance:
Energy balance:
These formulations all require setting up (diffcult) integrals and do not
allow us to obtain detailed knowledge of the fow feld point-by-point
3
CV
dV =
CS
vdA
F = F
S
+F
B
=

t
CV
vdV +
CS
vvdA
r F
s
+
M(sys)
r g dm+T
shaft
=

t
CV
r v dV +
Cs
r vvdA
Q

W
s

W
shear

W
other
=

t
CV
e dV +
CS
(u + pv +
v
2
2
+ gz)v dA
dx
dy
dz
Conservation of mass: differential form 1
x
y
z
Want: to obtain a differential version of the
law of mass conservation of mass for fows
Density at center:
Velocity at center: (u,v,w)
u
v
w
CV
dV =
CS
vdA
First step: calculate net rate of mass fux out through CS (RHS)
Taylor series expansion for right-hand face, given , (u,v,w) at center,
keep 1st order only:
Remember: all functions evaluated at the center point!
4
|
x+dx/2
= +
dx
2
+
1
2!
dx
2
2
+ . . .
u|
x+dx/2
= u +
u
x
dx
2
Taylor series expansion for left-hand face, given , (u,v,w) at center,
keep 1st order only:
CS
v dA
Evaluate on right-hand face:
5
dx
2

u +
u
x
dx
2
dydz
= udy dz +
1
2
u
x
dxdy dz
u|
xdx/2
= u +
u
x
dx
2
|
xdx/2
= +
dx
2

6
= udy dz +
1
2
u
x
dxdy dz
dx
2

u
u
x
dx
2
dydz
from area normal
Exercise for the reader: write out equations for other four faces
7
CS
v dA =
u
x
v
y
w
z
dxdy dz
CS
v dA =
u
x
+
u
y
+
u
z
dxdy dz
8
Go back to LHS of original equation: need
Putting it all together in rectilinear coordinates:
CV
dV =

t
dxdy dz
u
x
+
u
y
+
u
z
+

t
= 0
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z
=
We can rewrite the conservation laws using the vector operators:
and put this all together to obtain:
9
v +

t
= 0
Simplifcations of conservation of mass
10
For an incompressible fuid ( constant in space and time) simplifed:
For steady fow ( = (x,y,z)) simplifed:
v = 0
v = 0
v +

t
= 0
Vector calculus derivation
Note: using vector calculus theorems, we can derive this much faster:
Rewrite 2nd term slightly:
Recall Gausss divergence theorem:
and apply to mass balance equation:
11
CV
dV +
CS
v dA = 0
CS
v dA =
CS
v ndA
surf
F ndA =
vol
FdV
CV
dV +
CS
v dA =
CV
t
dV +
CV
vdV = 0
Example: incompressible fuids 1
Given: x component of velocity in a steady incompressible fow given by:
Wanted: simplest form of the y component of velocity satisfying continuity?
Assumptions:
12
u = Aexp
x
b
cos
y
b
Example: incompressible fuids 2

Given: x component of velocity in a steady incompressible fow given by:
Wanted: simplest form of the y component of velocity satisfying continuity?
13
u = Aexp
x
b
cos
y
b
Integrate to get v(x,y):

Conserv. of mass in cylindrical coord.s 1
Consider a piece of a
cylindrical differential control
volume as shown.
Want: net rate of mass fux

through this surface.
CS
v dA
14
Inside (-r):
=
dr
2

v
r
v
r
r
dr
2

r
dr
2
d dz
Outside (r):
=
dr
2

v
r
+
v
r
r
dr
2

r +
dr
2
d dz
volume as shown.

CS
v dA
15
Back ():
=
d
2

v
d
2
dr dz
Front (-):
=
d
2

v
d
2
dr dz
volume as shown.

CS
v dA
16
Bottom (-z):
=
dz
2

v
z
v
z
z
dz
2
rd dr
Top (z):
=
dz
2

v
z
+
v
z
z
dz
2
rd dr
Recall: the form of the vector operator del in cylindrical coordinates:
v = e
r
v
r
+e
+kv
z
Result:
17
= e
r
r
+e
1
r
+k

z
1
r
(rv
r
)
r
+
1
r
(v
+
(v
z
)
z
+

t
= 0
e
r
= e
= e
r
and
Example: cylindrical coordinates 1
Given: r component of velocity in a steady incompressible fow given by:
Wanted: simplest form of the component of velocity satisfying continuity
in the case of steady incompressible fow?
Assumptions:
18
v
r
= U cos
1
a
2
r
2
v
r
= U cos
1
a
2
r
2
Example: cylindrical coordinates 2

Given: r component of velocity in a steady incompressible fow given by:
Wanted: simplest form of the component of velocity satisfying continuity
in the case of steady incompressible fow?
Integrate to get v
(r,):
19

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Differential equations of motion

Reading: Fox 5.1

Conservation of mass: differential form 3

Example: incompressible fuids 2

Integrate to get v(x,y):

Want: net rate of mass fux

Want: net rate of mass fux

Want: net rate of mass fux

Example: cylindrical coordinates 2

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