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    Summary Chapter2

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    blalll
    The document summarizes key vector calculus concepts and equations needed for fluid dynamics, including: - Definitions of gradient, divergence, and curl operators - Formulas for gradient of a scalar, divergence of a vector field, and curl of a vector field in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates - Theorems relating surface and volume integrals like the divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem, and gradient theorem - Continuity, momentum, and energy equations in differential, integral, and substantial derivative forms - Concepts of streamlines, vorticity, circulation, and representation of velocity fields using stream functions and potentials.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Summary Chapter2

    Uploaded by

    blalll
    18 views4 pages
    The document summarizes key vector calculus concepts and equations needed for fluid dynamics, including: - Definitions of gradient, divergence, and curl operators - Formulas for gradient of a scalar, divergence of a vector field, and curl of a vector field in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates - Theorems relating surface and volume integrals like the divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem, and gradient theorem - Continuity, momentum, and energy equations in differential, integral, and substantial derivative forms - Concepts of streamlines, vorticity, circulation, and representation of velocity fields using stream functions and potentials.

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    The document summarizes key vector calculus concepts and equations needed for fluid dynamics, including: - Definitions of gradient, divergence, and curl operators - Formulas for gradient of a scalar, divergence of a vector field, and curl of a vector field in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates - Theorems relating surface and volume integrals like the divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem, and gradient theorem - Continuity, momentum, and energy equations in differential, integral, and substantial derivative forms - Concepts of streamlines, vorticity, circulation, and representation of velocity fields using stream functions and potentials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views4 pages

    Summary Chapter2

    Uploaded by

    blalll
    The document summarizes key vector calculus concepts and equations needed for fluid dynamics, including: - Definitions of gradient, divergence, and curl operators - Formulas for gradient of a scalar, divergence of a vector field, and curl of a vector field in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates - Theorems relating surface and volume integrals like the divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem, and gradient theorem - Continuity, momentum, and energy equations in differential, integral, and substantial derivative forms - Concepts of streamlines, vorticity, circulation, and representation of velocity fields using stream functions and potentials.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Summary Chapter 2

    Basic vector operations Need to know


    ∂ • / ∂x  ∂p / ∂x 
       
       
    grad (p) = ∇p = ∂ • / ∂y  p = ∂p / ∂y 
     
      
    ∂ • / ∂z  ∂p / ∂z 
    ∂ / ∂x  V 
       x 
        ∂Vx ∂Vy ∂Vz
    div(V ) = ∇ ⋅V = ∂ / ∂y  ⋅ Vy  = + +
      
       ∂x ∂y ∂z
     / ∂z  Vz 
    ∂
    ∂ / ∂x  V   ∂V / ∂y − ∂V / ∂z 
       x   z y 
         
    curl (V ) = ∇×V = ∂ / ∂y  × Vy  =  ∂Vx / ∂z − ∂Vz / ∂x 
      
        
    ∂ / ∂z  Vz  ∂Vy / ∂x − ∂Vx / ∂y 

    Gradient of a scalar You only need to know the formula for Cartesian coordinates
    ∂p ∂p ∂p
    ∇p = i + j+ k
    ∂x ∂y ∂z
    ∂p 1 ∂p ∂p
    ∇ p = er + eθ + e z
    ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
    ∂p 1 ∂p 1 ∂p
    ∇ p = er + eθ + eϕ
    ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

    Directional derivative of a scalar Need to know


    dp ∂p dx ∂p dy ∂p dz dr
    = + + = ∇p ⋅ = ∇ p ⋅ ns
    ds ∂x ds ∂y ds ∂z ds ds

    Divergence of a vector field You only need to know the formula for Cartesian
    coordinates
    ∂A ∂Ay ∂Az
    Cartesian: ∇⋅ A = x + +
    ∂x ∂y ∂z
    1 ∂ 1 ∂A ∂A
    Cylindrical: ∇ ⋅ A = ( rAr ) + θ + z
    r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
    1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂Aϕ
    ∇ ⋅ A = 2 ( r 2 Ar ) +
    1
    Spherical: ( Aθ sin θ ) +
    r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
    Stokes Theorem Need to know
    (
    ∫ A ⋅ d s ≡ ∫∫ ∇ × A ⋅ d S )
    C S

    Divergence Theorem Need to know


    (
    ∫∫ A ⋅ d S ≡ ∫∫∫ ∇ ⋅ A dV )
    S V

    Gradient Theorem Need to know


    ∫∫ p d S ≡ ∫∫∫ ∇ p dV
    S V

    Substantial derivative Need to know


    D ∂
    = + V ⋅∇
    Dt ∂t
    ( )

    Continuity equation Need to know


    ∂
    ρ dV + ∫∫ ρV ⋅ d S = 0
    ∂t ∫∫∫
    Integral form
    V S

    ∂ρ
    + ∇ ⋅ ρV = 0 Differential form
    ∂t
    Dρ
    + ρ ∇ ⋅V = 0 Substantial derivative form
    Dt

    Momentum equation You need to know what the terms in these models physically
    mean
    ∂
    ∂t ∫∫∫
    ( )
    ρVdV + ∫∫ ρV ⋅ d S V = − ∫∫ pd S + ∫∫∫ f ρ dV + F visc Integral form
    V S S V

    ∂ ρV( )+
    ∂t
    ( )
    ∇ ⋅ ρV V = −∇ p + ρ f + Fvisc Differential form

    DV
    ρ = −∇ p + ρ f + Fvisc Substantial derivative form
    Dt
    ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂p
    ∂x
    ( ρ u 2 ) + ( ρ uv ) + ( ρ uw ) = −
    ∂y ∂z ∂x
    ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂p
    ( ρ vu ) + ( ρ v 2 ) + ( ρ vw ) = − Euler Equation
    ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y
    ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂p
    ( ρ wu ) + ( ρ wv ) + ( ρ w2 ) = −
    ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z

    Energy equation You need to know what the terms in these models physically mean

    ∫∫∫ ρ qdV + Qɺ
    V
    visc − ∫∫ pd S ⋅ V + ∫∫∫ ρ f dV ⋅V + Wɺvisc =
    S V
    Integral form
    ∂
    ∫∫∫
    ∂t V 
     1 
    ρ  e + V ⋅V  dV + ∫∫ ρV ⋅ d S
    2 
    ( )  1 
     e + V ⋅V 
     2 
    S
    ∂
    ( ρ E ) + ∇ ⋅ ρ E V = ρ qɺ − ∇ ⋅ pV + ρ f ⋅ V + Qɺ 'visc + Wɺ 'visc Differential form
    ∂t

    D ( e + V 2 / 2)
    ρ
    Dt
    ( ) ( )
    = ρ qɺ − ∇ ⋅ pV + ρ f ⋅V + Qɺ 'visc + Wɺ 'visc Substantial Derivative form

    Streamline Need to know


     vdz − wdy 
     
    V × d s =  wdx − udz  = 0 In 3D space
     udy − vdx 
     
    dy v
    = In 2D space
    dx u

    Vorticity Need to know


     ∂w ∂v 
     ∂y − ∂z 
     
     ∂u ∂w 
    ξ = 2ω =  −  = ∇ × V
    ∂z ∂x
     
     ∂v − ∂u 
     ∂x ∂y 
     

    Circulation Need to know


    Γ = − ∫V ⋅ds
    C

    (
    Γ = − ∫∫ ∇ × V ⋅ d s)
    S
    Stream function Need to know
    ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ
    ρu = ρVr =
    ∂y r ∂θ Compressible form (Cartesian / Cilindrical)
    ∂ψ ∂ψ
    ρv = − ρVθ = −
    ∂x ∂r
    ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ
    u= Vr =
    ∂y r ∂θ Incompressible form (Cartesian / Cilindrical)
    ∂ψ ∂ψ
    v=− Vθ = −
    ∂x ∂r
    Velocity components in Cartesian coordinates Need to know
    ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
    u= , v= , w= .
    ∂x ∂y ∂z

    Velocity components expressed in the potential in polar coordinates Need to know


    ∂φ
    ur =
    ∂r
    1 ∂φ
    uθ =
    r ∂θ

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