The 1987 Constitution
The 1987 Constitution
The 1987 Constitution
OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
(Full Text)
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in
order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law
and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain
and promulgate this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
NATIONAL TERRITORY
.
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the
islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the
Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial
and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
ARTICLE II
Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The
Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State.
Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the
national territory.
Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the
people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in
the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions
provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.
Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty,
and property, and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the
enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
STATE POLICIES
Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and
pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
Section 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will
ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people
from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote
full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life
for all.
Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national
development.
Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and
guarantees full respect for human rights.
Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect
and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall
equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from
conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing
of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall
receive the support of the Government.
Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building
and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual,
and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and
nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and
shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the
people and instill health consciousness among them.
Section 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of
nature.
Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology,
arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate
social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall
protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national
economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector,
encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed
investments.
Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and
agrarian reform.
Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous
cultural communities within the framework of national unity and
development.
Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based,
or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and
information in nation-building.
Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public
service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.
Section 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public
service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.
ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national
security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and
private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not
contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate
legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to
have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places,
solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this
section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or
similar practices, and their families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by
reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction,
be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be
provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not
be required.
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense
without due process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until
the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against
him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face
to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses
and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment,
trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused: Provided, that
he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their
cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political
beliefs and aspirations.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or
inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed,
unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress
hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced
to reclusion perpetua.
ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines
from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their
Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance
with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their
citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law,
to have renounced it.
ARTICLE V
SUFFRAGE
Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and
sanctity of the ballot as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified
Filipinos abroad.
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates
to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be
allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on
Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.
ARTICLE VI
Section 4. The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and shall
commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of
June next following their election. No Senator shall serve for more than two
consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time
shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for
the full term of which he was elected.
(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the
total number of representatives including those under the party list. For three
consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the
seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law,
by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous
cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be
provided by law, except the religious sector.
(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall
make a reapportionment of legislative districts based on the standards
provided in this section.
Section 12. All Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives
shall, upon assumption of office, make a full disclosure of their financial and
business interests. They shall notify the House concerned of a potential
conflict of interest that may arise from the filing of a proposed legislation of
which they are authors.
Section 15. The Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday
of July for its regular session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall
continue to be in session for such number of days as it may determine until
thirty days before the opening of its next regular session, exclusive of
Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. The President may call a special
session at any time.
Section 16. (1). The Senate shall elect its President and the House of
Representatives, its Speaker, by a majority vote of all its respective Members.
Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.
(3) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
Members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of
all its Members, suspend or expel a Member. A penalty of suspension, when
imposed, shall not exceed sixty days.
(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time
publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in its judgment, affect
national security; and the yeas and nays on any question shall, at the request
of one-fifth of the Members present, be entered in the Journal. Each House
shall also keep a Record of its proceedings.
(5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place
than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 17. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an
Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the
election, returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. Each
Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of nine Members, three of whom shall
be Justices of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice, and
the remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of
Representatives, as the case may be, who shall be chosen on the basis of
proportional representation from the political parties and the parties or
organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. The
senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman.
Section 20. The records and books of accounts of the Congress shall be
preserved and be open to the public in accordance with law, and such books
shall be audited by the Commission on Audit which shall publish annually an
itemized list of amounts paid to and expenses incurred for each Member.
Section 22. The heads of departments may, upon their own initiative, with
the consent of the President, or upon the request of either House, as the rules
of each House shall provide, appear before and be heard by such House on
any matter pertaining to their departments. Written questions shall be
submitted to the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of
Representatives at least three days before their scheduled appearance.
Interpellations shall not be limited to written questions, but may cover
matters related thereto. When the security of the State or the public interest
so requires and the President so states in writing, the appearance shall be
conducted in executive session.
Section 23. (1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint
session assembled, voting separately, shall have the sole power to declare the
existence of a state of war.
(2) In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law,
authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions
as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a
declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the
Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof.
Section 24. All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase
of the public debt, bills of local application, and private bills, shall originate
exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or
concur with amendments.
Section 25. (1) The Congress may not increase the appropriations
recommended by the President for the operation of the Government as
specified in the budget. The form, content, and manner of preparation of the
budget shall be prescribed by law.
(3) The procedure in approving appropriations for the Congress shall strictly
follow the procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and
agencies.
(4) A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is
intended, and shall be supported by funds actually available as certified by
the National Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposal
therein.
(7) If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Congress shall have failed to pass the
general appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the general
appropriations law for the preceding fiscal year shall be deemed re-enacted
and shall remain in force and effect until the general appropriations bill is
passed by the Congress.
Section 26. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one
subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.
(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed
three readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form
have been distributed to its Members three days before its passage, except
when the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to
meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no
amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall be taken
immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.
Section 27. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a
law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same he shall sign it;
otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the
House where it originated, which shall enter the objections at large in its
Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-
thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of
that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House
shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the Members voting
for or against shall be entered in its Journal. The President shall
communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated within
thirty days after the date of receipt thereof, otherwise, it shall become a law as
if he had signed it.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in
an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item
or items to which he does not object.
Section 28. (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The
Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.
(2) The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified
limits, and subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff
rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties
or imposts within the framework of the national development program of the
Government.
(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the
concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress.
Section 29. (1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in
pursuance of an appropriation made by law.
(3) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated
as a special fund and paid out for such purpose only. If the purpose for which
a special fund was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if
any, shall be transferred to the general funds of the Government.
Section 30. No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court as provided in this Constitution without its advice and
concurrence.
Section 32. The Congress shall, as early as possible, provide for a system of
initiative and referendum, and the exceptions therefrom, whereby the people
can directly propose and enact laws or approve or reject any act or law or part
thereof passed by the Congress or local legislative body after the registration
of a petition therefor signed by at least ten per centum of the total number of
registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at
least three per centum of the registered voters thereof.
ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 4. The President and the Vice-President shall be elected by direct vote
of the people for a term of six years which shall begin at noon on the thirtieth
day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the
same date, six years thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any re-
election. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such
for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at
any time.
No Vice-President shall serve for more than two successive terms. Voluntary
renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an
interruption in the continuity of the service for the full term for which he was
elected.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-
President shall be held on the second Monday of May.
The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified
by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to the
Congress, directed to the President of the Senate. Upon receipt of the
certificates of canvass, the President of the Senate shall, not later than thirty
days after the day of the election, open all the certificates in the presence of
the Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public session, and the
Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and due execution thereof
in the manner provided by law, canvass the votes.
The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected,
but in case two or more shall have an equal and highest number of votes, one
of them shall forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members
of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of the certificates.
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests
relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice-
President, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose.
Section 5. Before they enter on the execution of their office, the President, the
Vice-President, or the Acting President shall take the following oath or
affirmation:
Section 7. The President-elect and the Vice President-elect shall assume office
at the beginning of their terms.
If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have
died or shall have become permanently disabled, the Vice President-elect
shall become President.
Where no President and Vice-President shall have been chosen or shall have
qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the
President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, shall act as President until a President or a Vice-President
shall have been chosen and qualified.
The Congress shall, by law, provide for the manner in which one who is to act
as President shall be selected until a President or a Vice-President shall have
qualified, in case of death, permanent disability, or inability of the officials
mentioned in the next preceding paragraph.
The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as President in case of
death, permanent disability, or resignation of the Acting President. He shall
serve until the President or the Vice-President shall have been elected and
qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of powers and
disqualifications as the Acting President.
Section 10. The Congress shall, at ten o'clock in the morning of the third day
after the vacancy in the offices of the President and Vice-President occurs,
convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call and within seven
days, enact a law calling for a special election to elect a President and a Vice-
President to be held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days
from the time of such call. The bill calling such special election shall be
deemed certified under paragraph 2, Section 26, Article V1 of this
Constitution and shall become law upon its approval on third reading by the
Congress. Appropriations for the special election shall be charged against any
current appropriations and shall be exempt from the requirements of
paragraph 4, Section 25, Article V1 of this Constitution. The convening of the
Congress cannot be suspended nor the special election postponed. No special
election shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months before
the date of the next presidential election.
Section 11. Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that
he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he
transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and
duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President of the Senate and
to the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no
inability exists, he shall reassume the powers and duties of his office.
Meanwhile, should a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit
within five days to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, their written declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Congress shall
decide the issue. For that purpose, the Congress shall convene, if it is not in
session, within forty-eight hours, in accordance with its rules and without
need of call.
If the Congress, within ten days after receipt of the last written declaration,
or, if not in session, within twelve days after it is required to assemble,
determines by a two-thirds vote of both Houses, voting separately, that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-
President shall act as President; otherwise, the President shall continue
exercising the powers and duties of his office.
Section 12. In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be
informed of the state of his health. The members of the Cabinet in charge of
national security and foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, shall not be denied access to the President during
such illness.
Section 13. The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and
their deputies or assistants shall not, unless otherwise provided in this
Constitution, hold any other office or employment during their tenure. They
shall not, during said tenure, directly or indirectly, practice any other
profession, participate in any business, or be financially interested in any
contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by the
Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including
government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries. They
shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office.
The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil
degree of the President shall not, during his tenure, be appointed as Members
of the Constitutional Commissions, or the Office of the Ombudsman, or as
Secretaries, Undersecretaries, chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices,
including government-owned or controlled corporations and their
subsidiaries.
Section 15. Two months immediately before the next presidential elections
and up to the end of his term, a President or Acting President shall not make
appointments, except temporary appointments to executive positions when
continued vacancies therein will prejudice public service or endanger public
safety.
Section 16. The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the
Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of the executive
departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of
the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers
whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution. He shall also
appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not
otherwise provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law
to appoint. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of other officers
lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of
departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.
The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess
of the Congress, whether voluntary or compulsory, but such appointments
shall be effective only until disapproved by the Commission on Appointments
or until the next adjournment of the Congress.
Section 17. The President shall have control of all the executive departments,
bureaus, and offices. He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.
The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such
proclamation or suspension, convene in accordance with its rules without
need of a call.
A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor
supplant the functioning of the civil courts or legislative assemblies, nor
authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over
civilians where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.
The suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall apply only
to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses inherent in, or directly
connected with, invasion.
During the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, any
person thus arrested or detained shall be judicially charged within three days,
otherwise he shall be released.
He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a
majority of all the Members of the Congress.
Section 20. The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf
of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary
Board, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. The
Monetary Board shall, within thirty days from the end of every quarter of the
calendar year, submit to the Congress a complete report of its decision on
applications for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the Government or
government-owned and controlled corporations which would have the effect
of increasing the foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be
provided by law.
Section 22. The President shall submit to the Congress, within thirty days
from the opening of every regular session as the basis of the general
appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and sources of financing,
including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures.
Section 23. The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its
regular session. He may also appear before it at any other time.
ARTICLE VIII
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in
such lower courts as may be established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable,
and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or
instrumentality of the Government.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and
apportion the jurisdiction of the various courts but may not deprive the
Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof.
Section 3. The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the
Judiciary may not be reduced by the legislature below the amount
appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall be automatically
and regularly released.
Section 4. (1) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and
fourteen Associate Justices. It may sit en banc or in its discretion, in division
of three, five, or seven Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety
days from the occurrence thereof.
(3) Cases or matters heard by a division shall be decided or resolved with the
concurrence of a majority of the Members who actually took part in the
deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon, and in no case
without the concurrence of at least three of such Members. When the
required number is not obtained, the case shall be decided en banc:
Provided, that no doctrine or principle of law laid down by the court in a
decision rendered en banc or in division may be modified or reversed except
by the court sitting en banc.
(2) The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of lower courts,
but no person may be appointed judge thereof unless he is a citizen of the
Philippines and a member of the Philippine Bar.
Section 8. (1) A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under the
supervision of the Supreme Court composed of the Chief Justice as ex officio
Chairman, the Secretary of Justice, and a representative of the Congress as ex
officio Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor of law, a
retired Member of the Supreme Court, and a representative of the private
sector.
(2) The regular members of the Council shall be appointed by the President
for a term of four years with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments. Of the Members first appointed, the representative of the
Integrated Bar shall serve for four years, the professor of law for three years,
the retired Justice for two years, and the representative of the private sector
for one year.
(3) The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be the Secretary ex officio of the
Council and shall keep a record of its proceedings.
(4) The regular Members of the Council shall receive such emoluments as
may be determined by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall provide
in its annual budget the appropriations for the Council.
Section 9. The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of the lower courts
shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least three nominees
prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for every vacancy. Such
appointments need no confirmation.
For the lower courts, the President shall issue the appointments within ninety
days from the submission of the list.
Section 10. The salary of the Chief Justice and of the Associate Justices of the
Supreme Court, and of judges of lower courts, shall be fixed by law. During
their continuance in office, their salary shall not be decreased.
Section 11. The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts
shall hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy
years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office. The
Supreme Court en banc shall have the power to discipline judges of lower
courts, or order their dismissal by a vote of a majority of the Members who
actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted
thereon.
Section 12. The Members of the Supreme Court and of other courts
established by law shall not be designated to any agency performing quasi-
judicial or administrative functions.
Section 13. The conclusions of the Supreme Court in any case submitted to it
for decision en banc or in division shall be reached in consultation before the
case is assigned to a Member for the writing of the opinion of the Court. A
certification to this effect signed by the Chief Justice shall be issued and a
copy thereof attached to the record of the case and served upon the parties.
Any Members who took no part, or dissented, or abstained from a decision or
resolution, must state the reason therefor. The same requirements shall be
observed by all lower collegiate courts.
(4) Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the court,
without prejudice to such responsibility as may have been incurred in
consequence thereof, shall decide or resolve the case or matter submitted
thereto for determination, without further delay.
Section 16. The Supreme Court shall, within thirty days from the opening of
each regular session of the Congress, submit to the President and the
Congress an annual report on the operations and activities of the Judiciary.
ARTICLE IX
A. COMMON PROVISIONS
Section. 3. The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners shall be fixed
by law and shall not be decreased during their tenure.
Section 4. The Constitutional Commissions shall appoint their officials and
employees in accordance with law.
Section 1. (1) The civil service shall be administered by the Civil Service
Commission composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners who shall be
natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment,
at least thirty-five years of age, with proven capacity for public
administration, and must not have been candidates for any elective position
in the elections immediately preceding their appointment.
(2) Appointments in the civil service shall be made only according to merit
and fitness to be determined, as far as practicable, and, except to positions
which are policy-determining, primarily confidential, or highly technical, by
competitive examination.
Section 4. All public officers and employees shall take an oath or affirmation
to uphold and defend this Constitution.
Section 6. No candidate who has lost in any election shall, within one year
after such election, be appointed to any office in the Government or any
Government-owned or controlled corporations or in any of their subsidiaries.
Sec. 2. The Commission on Elections shall exercise the following powers and
functions:
(1) Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the
conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.
(3) Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions
affecting elections, including determination of the number and
location of polling places, appointment of election officials and
inspectors, and registration of voters.
Section 6. A free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve according
to the free choice of the people, subject to the provisions of this Article.
Section 10. Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any
form of harassment and discrimination.
Section 2. (1) The Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority, and
duty to examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and
receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property, owned or held in
trust by, or pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions,
agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled
corporations with original charters, and on a post- audit basis: (a)
constitutional bodies, commissions and offices that have been granted fiscal
autonomy under this Constitution; (b) autonomous state colleges and
universities; (c) other government-owned or controlled corporations and
their subsidiaries; and (d) such non-governmental entities receiving subsidy
or equity, directly or indirectly, from or through the Government, which are
required by law or the granting institution to submit to such audit as a
condition of subsidy or equity. However, where the internal control system of
the audited agencies is inadequate, the Commission may adopt such
measures, including temporary or special pre-audit, as are necessary and
appropriate to correct the deficiencies. It shall keep the general accounts of
the Government and, for such period as may be provided by law, preserve the
vouchers and other supporting papers pertaining thereto.
(2) The Commission shall have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations
in this Article, to define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the
techniques and methods required therefor, and promulgate accounting and
auditing rules and regulations, including those for the prevention and
disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or
unconscionable expenditures or uses of government funds and properties.
Section 4. The Commission shall submit to the President and the Congress,
within the time fixed by law, an annual report covering the financial
condition and operation of the Government, its subdivisions, agencies, and
instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations,
and non-governmental entities subject to its audit, and recommend measures
necessary to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. It shall submit such
other reports as may be required by law.
ARTICLE X
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 3. The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall
provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure
instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of
recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local
government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide
for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries,
powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters
relating to the organization and operation of the local units.
Section 5. Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own
sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees and charges subject to such
guidelines and limitations as the Congress may provide, consistent with the
basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue
exclusively to the local governments.
Section 11. The Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political
subdivisions, subject to a plebiscite as set forth in Section 10 hereof. The
component cities and municipalities shall retain their basic autonomy and
shall be entitled to their own local executive and legislative assemblies. The
jurisdiction of the metropolitan authority that will thereby be created shall be
limited to basic services requiring coordination.
Section 12. Cities that are highly urbanized, as determined by law, and
component cities whose charters prohibit their voters from voting for
provincial elective officials, shall be independent of the province. The voters
of component cities within a province, whose charters contain no such
prohibition, shall not be deprived of their right to vote for elective provincial
officials.
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Section 16. The President shall exercise general supervision over autonomous
regions to ensure that laws are faithfully executed.
Section 17. All powers, functions, and responsibilities not granted by this
Constitution or by law to the autonomous regions shall be vested in the
National Government.
Section 18. The Congress shall enact an organic act for each autonomous
region with the assistance and participation of the regional consultative
commission composed of representatives appointed by the President from a
list of nominees from multi-sectoral bodies. The organic act shall define the
basic structure of government for the region consisting of the executive
department and legislative assembly, both of which shall be elective and
representative of the constituent political units. The organic acts shall
likewise provide for special courts with personal, family, and property law
jurisdiction consistent with the provisions of this Constitution and national
laws.
Section 19. The first Congress elected under this Constitution shall, within
eighteen months from the time of organization of both Houses, pass the
organic acts for the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the
Cordilleras.
Section 20. Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of
this Constitution and national laws, the organic act of autonomous regions
shall provide for legislative powers over:
ARTICLE XI
Section 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must,
at all times, be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and
justice, and lead modest lives.
Section 3. (1) The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to
initiate all cases of impeachment.
(2) A verified complaint for impeachment may be filed by any Member of the
House of Representatives or by any citizen upon a resolution or endorsement
by any Member thereof, which shall be included in the Order of Business
within ten session days, and referred to the proper Committee within three
session days thereafter. The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote
of all its Members, shall submit its report to the House within sixty session
days from such referral, together with the corresponding resolution. The
resolution shall be calendared for consideration by the House within ten
session days from receipt thereof.
(3) A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House shall be
necessary either to affirm a favorable resolution with the Articles of
Impeachment of the Committee, or override its contrary resolution. The vote
of each Member shall be recorded.
(6) The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of
impeachment. When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or
affirmation. When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote. No person shall
be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the
Senate.
(7) Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than removal
from office and disqualification to hold any office under the Republic of the
Philippines, but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
prosecution, trial, and punishment, according to law.
Section 6. The officials and employees of the Office of the Ombudsman, other
than the Deputies, shall be appointed by the Ombudsman, according to the
Civil Service Law.
During their tenure, they shall be subject to the same disqualifications and
prohibitions as provided for in Section 2 of Article 1X-A of this Constitution.
Section 10. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have the rank of
Chairman and Members, respectively, of the Constitutional Commissions,
and they shall receive the same salary which shall not be decreased during
their term of office.
Section 11. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall serve for a term of seven
years without reappointment. They shall not be qualified to run for any office
in the election immediately succeeding their cessation from office.
Section 12. The Ombudsman and his Deputies, as protectors of the people,
shall act promptly on complaints filed in any form or manner against public
officials or employees of the Government, or any subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled
corporations, and shall, in appropriate cases, notify the complainants of the
action taken and the result thereof.
Section 13. The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers,
functions, and duties:
(2) Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or
employee of the Government, or any subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof, as well as of any government-owned or
controlled corporation with original charter, to perform and expedite
any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any
abuse or impropriety in the performance of duties.
(4) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject
to such limitations as may be provided by law, to furnish it with copies
of documents relating to contracts or transactions entered into by his
office involving the disbursement or use of public funds or properties,
and report any irregularity to the Commission on Audit for
appropriate action.
(8) Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers
or perform such functions or duties as may be provided by law.
Section 14. The Office of the Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Its
approved annual appropriations shall be automatically and regularly
released.
Section 15. The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by
public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or
transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.
Section 17. A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and
as often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a declaration under
oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In the case of the President, the
Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme
Court, the Constitutional Commissions and other constitutional offices, and
officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be
disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.
Section 18. Public officers and employees owe the State and this Constitution
allegiance at all times and any public officer or employee who seeks to change
his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country
during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.
ARTICLE XII
In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the
country shall be given optimum opportunity to develop. Private enterprises,
including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations,
shall be encouraged to broaden the base of their ownership.
Section 2. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum,
and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or
timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by
the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources
shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of
natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State.
The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may enter into co-
production, joint venture, or production-sharing agreements with Filipino
citizens, or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements may be for a period not
exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years,
and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law. In cases of
water rights for irrigation, water supply fisheries, or industrial uses other
than the development of water power, beneficial use may be the measure and
limit of the grant.
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its archipelagic waters,
territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use and
enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The President shall notify the Congress of every contract entered into in
accordance with this provision, within thirty days from its execution.
Section 3. Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or
timber, mineral lands and national parks. Agricultural lands of the public
domain may be further classified by law according to the uses to which they
may be devoted. Alienable lands of the public domain shall be limited to
agricultural lands. Private corporations or associations may not hold such
alienable lands of the public domain except by lease, for a period not
exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years,
and not to exceed one thousand hectares in area. Citizens of the Philippines
may lease not more than five hundred hectares, or acquire not more than
twelve hectares thereof, by purchase, homestead, or grant.
The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing
property rights or relations in determining the ownership and extent of
ancestral domain.
Section 6. The use of property bears a social function, and all economic
agents shall contribute to the common good. Individuals and private groups,
including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations,
shall have the right to own, establish, and operate economic enterprises,
subject to the duty of the State to promote distributive justice and to
intervene when the common good so demands.
Section 10. The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and
planning agency, when the national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the
Philippines or to corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of
whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher percentage as
Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments. The Congress shall
enact measures that will encourage the formation and operation of
enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
The State shall regulate and exercise authority over foreign investments
within its national jurisdiction and in accordance with its national goals and
priorities.
Section 11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the
operation of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the
Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the
Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such
citizens; nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in
character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any such
franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it shall be
subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the
common good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in
public utilities by the general public. The participation of foreign investors in
the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their
proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing officers
of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
Section 12. The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino labor,
domestic materials and locally produced goods, and adopt measures that help
make them competitive.
Section 13. The State shall pursue a trade policy that serves the general
welfare and utilizes all forms and arrangements of exchange on the basis of
equality and reciprocity.
Section 15. The Congress shall create an agency to promote the viability and
growth of cooperatives as instruments for social justice and economic
development.
Section 16. The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the
formation, organization, or regulation of private corporations. Government-
owned or controlled corporations may be created or established by special
charters in the interest of the common good and subject to the test of
economic viability.
Section 18. The State may, in the interest of national welfare or defense,
establish and operate vital industries and, upon payment of just
compensation, transfer to public ownership utilities and other private
enterprises to be operated by the Government.
Section 19. The State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when the public
interest so requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair
competition shall be allowed.
Until the Congress otherwise provides, the Central Bank of the Philippines
operating under existing laws, shall function as the central monetary
authority.
Section 21. Foreign loans may only be incurred in accordance with law and
the regulation of the monetary authority. Information on foreign loans
obtained or guaranteed by the Government shall be made available to the
public.
Section 22. Acts which circumvent or negate any of the provisions of this
Article shall be considered inimical to the national interest and subject to
criminal and civil sanctions, as may be provided by law.
ARTICLE XIII
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and
disposition of property and its increments.
LABOR
Section 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas,
organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of
employment opportunities for all.
The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers,
recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and
the right of enterprises to reasonable returns to investments, and to
expansion and growth.
Section 5. The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and
landowners, as well as cooperatives, and other independent farmers'
organizations to participate in the planning, organization, and management
of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate
technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and
other support services.
The State may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own
agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the manner
provided by law.
Section 9. The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in
cooperation with the private sector, a continuing program of urban land
reform and housing which will make available at affordable cost, decent
housing and basic services to under-privileged and homeless citizens in
urban centers and resettlement areas. It shall also promote adequate
employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such
program the State shall respect the rights of small property owners.
Section 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their
dwelling demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane
manner.
HEALTH
Section 11. The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach
to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health
and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. There
shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled,
women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care
to paupers.
Section 12. The State shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug
regulatory system and undertake appropriate health, manpower
development, and research, responsive to the country's health needs and
problems.
Section 13. The State shall establish a special agency for disabled person for
their rehabilitation, self-development, and self-reliance, and their integration
into the mainstream of society.
WOMEN
Section 14. The State shall protect working women by providing safe and
healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions,
and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and
enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
Section 15. The State shall respect the role of independent people's
organizations to enable the people to pursue and protect, within the
democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and
aspirations through peaceful and lawful means.
Section 16. The right of the people and their organizations to effective and
reasonable participation at all levels of social, political, and economic
decision-making shall not be abridged. The State shall, by law, facilitate the
establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 17. (1) There is hereby created an independent office called the
Commission on Human Rights.
Section 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following
powers and functions:
(1) Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human
rights violations involving civil and political rights;
(2) Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for
contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the Rules of Court;
(3) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of
all persons within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and
provide for preventive measures and legal aid services to the under-privileged
whose human rights have been violated or need protection;
(9) Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the
performance of its functions;
(10) Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law; and
(11) Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law.
Section 19. The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human
rights that should fall within the authority of the Commission, taking into
account its recommendations.
ARTICLE XIV
EDUCATION
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to
quality education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all.
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training
in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills.
Section 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the
Constitution as part of the curricula.
(2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity,
respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the
historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of
citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character
and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden
scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.
Section 4.(1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and
private institutions in the educational system and shall exercise reasonable
supervision and regulation of all educational institutions.
Section 5. (1) the State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and
conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of
educational policies and programs.
(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject
to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements.
(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement.
Non-teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the
protection of the State.
(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and
ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best
available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job
satisfaction and fulfillment.
Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic
evolution of a Filipino national culture based on the principle of unity in
diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.
Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The State
shall conserve, promote, and popularize the nation's historical and cultural
heritage and resources, as well as artistic creations.
Section 16. All the country's artistic and historic wealth constitutes the
cultural treasure of the nation and shall be under the protection of the State
which may regulate its disposition.
Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of
indigenous cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures,
traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of
national plans and policies.
Section 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities
through the educational system, public or private cultural entities,
scholarships, grants and other incentives, and community cultural centers,
and other public venues.
(2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts
and culture.
LANGUAGE
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the
Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a
medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the
educational system.
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and
shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development
and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development,
invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology
education, training, and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate,
and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application
to the country's productive systems and national life.
Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax
deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of basic and
applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of
incentives shall be provided to deserving science students, researchers,
scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation
of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the
widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-
based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and
technology.
Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of
scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual
property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such
period as may be provided by law.
SPORTS
Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage
sports programs, league competitions, and amateur sports, including training
for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and
excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry.
ARTICLE XV
THE FAMILY
Section 1. The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the
nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its
total development.
ARTICLE XVI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun
and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by
law.
Section 2. The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a
national anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and
symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall
take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum.
Section 5. (1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath or
affirmation to uphold and defend this Constitution.
(2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit and nationalist
consciousness of the military, and respect for people's rights in the
performance of their duty.
(4) No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at any time, be
appointed or designated in any capacity to a civilian position in the
Government, including government-owned or controlled corporations or any
of their subsidiaries.
(5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow extension of their
service.
(6) The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces shall be
recruited proportionately from all provinces and cities as far as practicable.
(7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the armed forces shall not exceed
three years. However, in times of war or other national emergency declared
by the Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.
Section 6. The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall
be national in scope and civilian in character, to be administered and
controlled by a national police commission. The authority of local executives
over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
Section 7. The State shall provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and
other forms of assistance to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns,
their surviving spouses and orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and
due consideration shall be given them in the disposition of agricultural lands
of the public domain and, in appropriate cases, in the utilization of natural
resources.
Section 8. The State shall, from time to time, review to increase the pensions
and other benefits due to retirees of both the government and the private
sectors.
Section 9. The State shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and
from substandard or hazardous products.
Section 10. The State shall provide the policy environment for the full
development of Filipino capability and the emergence of communication
structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation and the
balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in
accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press.
Section 11. (1) The ownership and management of mass media shall be
limited to citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations, cooperatives or
associations, wholly-owned and managed by such citizens.
(2) The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be
regulated by law for the protection of consumers and the promotion of the
general welfare.
Section 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the
President on policies affecting indigenous cultural communities, the majority
of the members of which shall come from such communities.
ARTICLE XVII
AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this
right.
Section 3. The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a
constitutional convention, or by a majority vote of all its Members, submit to
the electorate the question of calling such a convention.
Section 4. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section
1 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a
plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety
days after the approval of such amendment or revision.
ARTICLE XVIII
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Of the Senators elected in the elections in 1992, the first twelve obtaining the
highest number of votes shall serve for six years and the remaining twelve for
three years.
The first regular elections for the President and Vice-President under this
Constitution shall be held on the second Monday of May, 1992.
Section 7. Until a law is passed, the President may fill by appointment from a
list of nominees by the respective sectors, the seats reserved for sectoral
representation in paragraph (2), Section 5 of Article V1 of this Constitution.
Section 10. All courts existing at the time of the ratification of this
Constitution shall continue to exercise their jurisdiction, until otherwise
provided by law. The provisions of the existing Rules of Court, judiciary acts,
and procedural laws not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain
operative unless amended or repealed by the Supreme Court or the Congress.
Section 11. The incumbent Members of the Judiciary shall continue in office
until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge
the duties of their office or are removed for cause.
Section 12. The Supreme Court shall, within one year after the ratification of
this Constitution, adopt a systematic plan to expedite the decision or
resolution of cases or matters pending in the Supreme Court or the lower
courts prior to the effectivity of this Constitution. A similar plan shall be
adopted for all special courts and quasi-judicial bodies.
Section 13. The legal effect of the lapse, before the ratification of this
Constitution, of the applicable period for the decision or resolution of the
cases or matters submitted for adjudication by the courts, shall be
determined by the Supreme Court as soon as practicable.
Section 14. The provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4), Section 15 of Article VIII
of this Constitution shall apply to cases or matters filed before the ratification
of this Constitution, when the applicable period lapses after such ratification.
Section 15. The incumbent Members of the Civil Service Commission, the
Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit shall continue in
office for one year after the ratification of this Constitution, unless they are
sooner removed for cause or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of
their office or appointed to a new term thereunder. In no case shall any
Member serve longer than seven years including service before the
ratification of this Constitution.
Section 16. Career civil service employees separated from the service not for
cause but as a result of the reorganization pursuant to Proclamation No. 3
dated March 25, 1986 and the reorganization following the ratification of this
Constitution shall be entitled to appropriate separation pay and to retirement
and other benefits accruing to them under the laws of general application in
force at the time of their separation. In lieu thereof, at the option of the
employees, they may be considered for employment in the Government or in
any of its subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including government-
owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries. This provision also
applies to career officers whose resignation, tendered in line with the existing
policy, had been accepted.
Section 17. Until the Congress provides otherwise, the President shall receive
an annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos; the Vice-President, the
President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, two hundred forty thousand pesos each;
the Senators, the Members of the House of Representatives, the Associate
Justices of the Supreme Court, and the Chairmen of the Constitutional
Commissions, two hundred four thousand pesos each; and the Members of
the Constitutional Commissions, one hundred eighty thousand pesos each.
Section 18. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall increase the
salary scales of the other officials and employees of the National Government.
Section 19. All properties, records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other
assets of any office or body abolished or reorganized under Proclamation No.
3 dated March 25, 1986 or this Constitution shall be transferred to the office
or body to which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially
pertain.
Section 20. The first Congress shall give priority to the determination of the
period for the full implementation of free public secondary education.
Section 21. The Congress shall provide efficacious procedures and adequate
remedies for the reversion to the State of all lands of the public domain and
real rights connected therewith which were acquired in violation of the
Constitution or the public land laws, or through corrupt practices. No
transfer or disposition of such lands or real rights shall be allowed until after
the lapse of one year from the ratification of this Constitution.
Section 22. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall expropriate
idle or abandoned agricultural lands as may be defined by law, for
distribution to the beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program.
Section 24. Private armies and other armed groups not recognized by duly
constituted authority shall be dismantled. All paramilitary forces including
Civilian Home Defense Forces not consistent with the citizen armed force
established in this Constitution, shall be dissolved or, where appropriate,
converted into the regular force.
Section 25. After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement between the
Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America concerning
military bases, foreign military bases, troops, or facilities shall not be allowed
in the Philippines except under a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate and,
when the Congress so requires, ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the
people in a national referendum held for that purpose, and recognized as a
treaty by the other contracting State.
Section 27. This Constitution shall take effect immediately upon its
ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held for the purpose
and shall supersede all previous Constitutions.
Adopted:
Ambrosio B. Padilla
Vice-President
Napoleon G. Rama
Floor Leader
ORDINANCE
MANILA, six (6) - First District: Barangays Nos. 1-146, N-City Boundary
between Manila and Caloocan; E - From Estero de Sunog Apog going South
to Estero de Vitas up to the bridge spanning Juan Luna Street, eastward to
Tayuman Street up to the Railroad Tracks along Dagupan Street, thence
southward to Claro M. Recto Avenue; SE - From point Claro M. Recto Avenue
extending westward to Manila Bay; W - Manila Bay northward to City
boundary between Manila and Caloocan. Second District: Barangays Nos.
147-267, N - City boundary between Manila and Caloocan; E - From end of
Rizal Avenue Extension extending southward to Railroad Tracks at Antipolo
Street; from corner Antipolo Street and Rizal Avenue on southern side of
Railroad Tracks extending westward to Estero de San Lazaro, southward
along Estero de San Lazaro up to corner of C. M. Recto Avenue westward to
bridge spanning Claro M. Recto at Estero de la Reina; W - Estero de la Reina
to Estero de Vitas to Estero Sunog Apog to City boundary between Manila
and Caloocan; Third District: Barangays Nos. 268-394, N - City boundary
between Manila and Caloocan; E - A. Bonifacio Street extending southward to
Dimasalang, to Anda-lucia, Claro M. Recto Avenue eastward to Estero de San
Miguel ending at Pasig River; S - Mouth of Estero de San Miguel at Pasig
River, westward to Del Pan Bridge, thence to Del Pan Street; W - Del Pan
Street northward up to Claro M. Recto Extension to Estero de San Lazaro,
northward to Antipolo Street, eastward to Rizal Avenue Extension,
northward to boundary between Manila and Caloocan; Fourth District:
Barangays Nos. 395 - 586 SW - Estero de San Miguel up to Mendiola Bridge,
thence to C. M. Recto Avenue to Quezon Boulevard; W - Quezon Boulevard,
Andalucia, Dimasalang up to boundary between Manila and Quezon City; NE
- City boundary between Manila and Quezon City up to Ramon Magsaysay
Boulevard; SE - Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard up to V. Mapa Street; S -
Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard up to point Estero de San Miguel where Ramon
Magsaysay Boulevard spans Estero de San Miguel; Fifth District: Barangays
Nos. 649-828 N - Mouth of Pasig River inland to point Paz M. Guanzon
Street extending to Estero de Pandacan; NE - Estero de Pandacan up to
Pedro Gil Street to Tejeron Street up to boundary of Manila and Makati; SE -
City boundary between Manila and Makati up to Estero de Tripa de Gallina; S
- City boundary between Pasay and Manila down to Roxas Boulevard up to
edge of reclaimed areas westward to Manila Bay; W - Manila Bay up to mouth
of Pasig River, Sixth District: Barangays Nos. 587-648; and 829-905 N -
Starting from point which is mouth of Estero de San Miguel going eastward
to Mendiola Bridge, following line along Estero de San Miguel up to point
where Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard eastward to City boundary between
Manila and Quezon Cityl; NE - City boundary up to point city boundary of
Manila, San Juan and Quezon City; E - Manila-San Juan-Mandaluyong-
Makati boundaries up to Tejeron Street; SE - Tejeron Street to Pedro Gil
Street up to bridge spanning Estero de Pandacan; SW & W - Estero de
Pandacan going northward to Paz M. Guanzon Street, then northward on Paz
M. Guazon Street up to Pasig River to mouth of Estero de San Miguel on
Pasig River.
QUEZON CITY, four (4) - First District : Barangays Del Monte, Paltok,
Bungad, San Antonio, Katipunan, Veterans Village, Talayan, Damayan,
Mariblo, Paraiso, Sta. Cruz, Nayong Kanluran, Philam, West Triangle, N.S.
Amoranto, Paang Bundok, San Isidro Labrador, Sta. Teresita, Salvacion,
Maharlika, St. Peter, Lourdes, Sto. Domingo, Sienna, San Jose, Manresa,
Pag-ibig sa Nayon, Balingasa, Masambong, Damar, Bahay Toro, St. Cristo,
Ramon Magsaysay, Project 6, Vasra, Alicia, and Bagong Pag-asa; Second
District: Barangays Fairview, New Era, Holy Spirit, Batasan Hills,
Commonwealth, Payatas, Bagong Silangan, Sauyo, Talipapa, Bagbag, San
Bartolome, Sta. Lucia, Gulod, Novaliches Proper, San Agustin, Nagkaisang
Nayon, Sta. Monica, Kaligayahan, Pasong Putik, Apolonio Samson, Unang
Sigaw, Tandang Sora, Pasong Tamo, Culiat, Baesa, Capri, Balumbato, and
Sangandaan: Third District : Barangays E. Rodriguez, Silangan, Quirino 3-A,
Duyan-Duyan, Quirino 3-B, Amihan, Socorro, San Roque, Manga, Zobel
Dioquino, Tagumpay, Aguinaldo, Escopa 1, Escopa 2, Escopa 3, Escopa 4,
West Kamias, East Kamias, Quirino 2 A, Quririno 2 B, Quirino 2 C, Ugong
Norte, Bagumbayan, Libis, Villa Maria Clara, Masagana, Milagrosa, Marilag,
Bagumbayan, Loyola Heights, Pansol, and Matandang Balara; Fourth
District: Barangays Bagong Lipunan, Kaunlaran, San Martin, Immaculate
Concepcion, South Triangle, Sacred Heart, Laging Handa, Paligsahan,
Obrero, Roxas, Kamuning, Kanluran, Kamuning Silangan, Tatalon, Don
Manuel, Dona Josefa, San Isidro, Dona Aurora, Santo Nino, Santol, Dona
Imelda, Kristong Hari, Kalusugan, Damayang Lagi, Mariana, Valencia,
Horseshoe, Pinagkaisahan, San Vicente, U.P. Campus, Krus Na Ligas,
Central, Old Capital Site, U.P. Village, Teacher's East, Teacher's West,
Sikatuna, Malaya, Pinahan, and Botocan.
REGION I
BENGUET, with the City of Baguio, two (2) - First District: Baguio City;
Second District: all the Municipalities of Benguet.
ILOCOS NORTE, with Laog City, two (2) - First District: Laoag City and the
Municipalities of Bacarra, Bangui, Burgos, Pagud-Pagud, Pasuquin, Piddig,
Sarrat, Vintar, Adams, Carasi, and Dumalneg; Second District: Municipalities
of Badoc, Batac, Currimao, Dingras, Espiritu, Marcos, Nueva Era, Paoay,
Pinili, San Nicolas, and Solsona.
PANGASINAN, with the Cities of Dagupan and San Carlos, six (6) - First
District: Municipalities of Bolinao, Bani, Agno, Burgos, Dasol, Infanta,
Mabini, Alaminos, Anda and Sual; Second District: Municipalities of
Labrador, Lingayen, Bugallon, Aguilar, Mangatarem, Binmaley, Urbiztondo,
and Basista; Third District: San Carlos City, and the Municipalities of
Malasiqui, Bayambang, Calasiao, Mapandan, and Sta. Barbara; Fourth
District: Dagupan City and the Municipalities of Mangaldan, San Fabian, San
Jacinto, and Manaoag; Fifth District: Municipalities of Binalonan, Laoac,
Urdaneta, Villasis, Sison, Pozorrubio, Bautista, Alcala, and Sto. Tomas; Sixth
District: Municipalities of Rosales, Asingan, Balungao, Sta. Maria, Umingan,
San Quintin, Natividad, Tayug, San Nicolas, and San Manuel.
REGION II
ISABELA, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Sta. Maria, San Pablo,
Cabagan, Sto. Tomas, Albano, Tumauini, Ilagan, Divilican, Maconacon, and
Palanan; Second District: Municipalities of Aurora, San Manuel, Roxas,
Mallig, Quezon, Quirino, Burgos, Gamu, Naguilian, Benito Soliven, An
Mariano; Third District: Municipalities of Reina Mercedes, Cauayan, Luna,
Cabatuan, San Mateo, Alicia, Angadanan, and San Guillermo; Fourth
District: Municipalities Cordon, Santiango, Ramon, San Isidro, Echague,
Jones, San Agustin, and Dinapigui.
REGION III
NUEVA ECIJA, with the Cities of Cabanatuan, Palayan and San Jose, four (4)
- First District: Municipalities of Nampicuan, Cuyapo, Guimba, Quezon,
Talavera, Licab, Sto. Domingo, Aliaga, and Zaragoza, Second District: San
Jose City and the Municipalities of Lupao, Munoz, Talugtog, Caranglan,
Pantabangan, Lanera, and Rizal; Third District: Cabanatuan City; Palayan
City, and the Municipalities of General Natividad, Bongabong, Laur,
Gabaldon, and Sta. Rosa, Fourth District: Municipalities fof San Leonardo,
General Tinio, Penaranda, Gapan, San Isidro, Cabiao, San Antonio, and Jaen.
PAMPANGA, with Angeles City, four (4) - First District : Angeles City and the
Municipalities of Mabalacat and Magalang; Second District: Municipalities of
Lubao, Guagua, Floridablanca, Porac, Sta. Rita, and Sexmoan; Third District:
Municipalities of San Fernando, Arayat, Mexico, Bacolor, and Sta. ana;
Fourth District: Municipalities of Candaba, Apalit, Macabebe, Masantol,
Minalin, Sto. Tomas, San Luis, and San Simon.
ZAMBALES, with Olongapo City, two (2) - First District: Olongapo City and
the Municipalities of Subic, Castillejos, and San Marcelino, Second District:
Municipalities of Botolan, Cabangan, Candelaria, Iba, Masinloc, Palauig, San
Antonio, San Felipe, San Narciso, and Sta. Cruz.
REGION IV
BATANGAS, with the Cities of Batangas and Lipa, four (4) - First District:
Municipalities of Nasugbu, Lian, Calatagan, Balayan, Tuy, Calaca, Lemery,
and Taal; Second District: Batangas City and the Municipalities of Lobo, San
Pascual, Bauan, Mabini, San Luis, and Tingloy; Third District: Municipalities
of Balete, Malvar, Sto. Tomas, Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, San
Nicolas, Sta. Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, and Mataas na Kahoy; Fourth
District : Lipa City and the Municipalities of San Juan, Taysan, Rosario, P.
Garcia, Ibaan, and San Jose.
CAVITE, with the Cities of Tagaytay, Cavite and Trece Martires, three (30 -
First District: Cavite City and the Municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta,
and Rosario; Second District: Trece Martires City and the Municipalities of
Imus, Dasmarinas, Carmona, Gen. Mariano Alvarez, General Trias, and
Tanza; Third District: Tagaytay City and the Municipalities of Alfonso,
Amadeo, General Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Mendez-
Nunez, Naic, Silang, and Ternate.
LAGUNA, with San Pablo City, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of
Binan, San Pedro and Sta. Rosa; Second District: Municipalities of Bay,
Cabuyao, Calamba, and Los Banos; Third District: San Pablo City and the
Municipalities of Calauan, Alaminos, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Liliw, and Victoria:
Fourth District: Municipalities of Sta. Cruz, Pila, Lumban, Pagsanjan,
Cavinti, Kalayaan, Paete, Pakil, Pangil, Siniloan, Famy, Mabitac, Sta. Maria,
Magdalena, Luisiana, and Majayjay.
PALAWAN, with Puerto Princesa City, two (2) - First District: Municipalities
of Agutaya, Araceli, Busuanga, Cagayancillo, Coron, Cuyo, Dumaran, El Nido,
Linapacan, Magsaysay, Roxas, San Vicente, Taytay, and Kalayaan; Second
District: Puerto Princesa City and the Municipalities of Aborlan, Balabac,
Batarasa, Brooke's Point, Narra, Quezon, and Marcos.
QUEZON, with Lucena City, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of
Burdeos, Gen. Nakar, Infanta, Jumalig, Panukulan, Patnanungan, Polilio,
Real, Sampaloc, Mauban, Pagbilao, Lucban, and Tayabas; Second District:
Lucena city and Municipalities of Candelaria, Dolores, San Antonio, Sariaya,
and Tiaong; Third District: Municipalities of Catanauan, Gen. Luna,
Macalelon, Mulanay, Pitogo, San Andres, San Francisco, San Narciso,
Buenavista, Padre Burgos, Agdangan, and Unisan; Fourth District:
Municipalities of Calauag, Guinayangan, Gumaca, Lopez, Tagkawayan,
Atimonan, Plaridel, Alabat, Perez, and Quezon
REGION V
CAMARINES SUR, including the Cities of Naga and Iriga, four (4) - First
District: Municipalities of Del Gallego, Ragay, Lupi, Sipocot, Libmanan,
Cabusao, Pamplona, Pasacao, Minalabac, and San Fernando, Second District
: Naga City and the Municipalities of Bonbon, Calabanga, Camaligan,
Canaman, Gainza, Magarao, Milaor, Ocampo, and Pili; Third District:
Municipalities of Caramoan, Garchitorena, Goa, Lagonoy, Presentacion,
Sangay, San Jose, Tigaon, Tinambac, and Siruma; Fourth District: Iriga City
and the Municipalities of Baao, Balatan, Bato, Buhi, Bula, and Nabua.
REGION VI
CAPIZ, including Roxas City, two (2) - First District: Roxas City and the
Municipalities of Panay, Pilar, Pontevedra, President Roxas, Ma-ayon, and
Panitan; Second District: Municipalities of Dumalag, Jamindan, Mambusao,
Sapian, Sigma, Tapaz, Cuartero, Dao, Dumarao, and Ivisan.
REGION VII
BOHOL, with Tagbilaran City, three (3) - First District: Tagbilaran City and
the Municipalities of Alburquerque, Antequera, Baclayon, Balilihan, Calape,
Catigbian, Corella, Cortes, Dauis, Loon, Maribojoc, Panglao, Sikatuna, and
Tubigon; Second District: Municipalities of Clarin, Inabangan, Sagbayan,
Buenavista, Jetafe, Dagohoy, Danao, San Miguel, Trinidad, Talibon, Ubay,
Bien Unido, San Isidro, and Pres. C. P. Garcia; Third District: Municipalities
of Loay, Loboc, Bilar, Batuan, Carmen, Sevilla, Lila, Dimiao, Valencia,
Garcia-Hernandez, Jagna, Duero, Guindulman, Candijay, Mabini, Alicia,
Anda, Sierra Bullones, and Pilar.
CEBU, with the Cities of Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, and Toledo, six (6) -
First District: Municipalities of Talisay, Minglanilla, Naga, San Fernando,
Carcar, and Sibongan; Second District: Municipalities of Argao, Dalaguete,
Alcoy, Boljoon, Oslob, Santander, Samboan, Ginatilan, Malabuyoc, Alegria,
Badian, Moal- boal, Alcantara, Ronda, and Dumanjug; Third District: Toledo
City and the Municipalities of Barili, Alonguinsan, Pinamungajan, Balamban,
Asturias, and Tuburan; Fourth District: Municipalities of Tabuelan, San
Remigio, Sta. Fe, Bantayan, Madridejos, Daan- bantayan, Medellin, Bogo,
and Tabogon; Fifth District: Danao City and the Municipalities of Borbon,
Sogod, Catmon, Carmen, Compostela, Liloan, San Francisco, Poro, Tudela,
and Pilar; Sixth District: Lapu-lapu City, Mandanue City, and the
Municipalities of Cordova and Consolacion.
CEBU CITY, two (2) - First District: Barangays of Adlawon, Agsungot, Apas,
Bacayan, Banilad, Binaliw, Budla-an, Busay, Cmbinocot, Camputhaw, Capitol
Site, Carreta, Central Proper, Cogon-Ramos, Day-as, Ermita, Guba,
Hipodromo, Kalubihan, Kamagayan, Kasambagan, Lahug, Lorega, Lusaran,
Luz, Mabini, Mabolo, Malubog, Pahina Central, Parian, Paril, Pit-os, Pulang
Bato, Sambag 1, Sambag 11, San Antonio, San Jose, San Roque, Sta. Cruz,
Sirao, T. Padilla, Talamban, Taptap, Tejero, Tinago, and Zapatera; Second
District: Barangays of Babag, Basak Pardo, Basak San Nicolas, Bonbon,
Buhisan, Bulacao pardo, Bout-Taup, Calamba, Cogon Pardo, Duljo Fatima,
Guadalupe, Inayawan, Kalunasan, Kinasang-an Pardo, Labangon,
Mambaling, Pahina San Nicolas, Pamutan, Pardo, Pasil Abuno, Sibugay,
Punta Princesa, Quiot, San Nicolas, Sawang Calero, Sinsin, Suba Pasil,
Sudlon, Sapangdako, Tabunan, Tigbao, Tisa, and Toong.
NEGROS ORIENTAL, with the Cities of Bais, Canlaon, and Dumaguete, three
(3) - First District: Canlaon City and the Municipalities of Vallehermoso,
Guihulngan, La Libertad, Jimalalud, Tayasan, Ayungon, Bindoy, and
Manjuyod; Second District: Bais City, Dumaguete City, and the
Municipalities of Mabinay, Tanjay, Pamplona, Amlan, San Jose, and Sibulan;
Third District: Municipalities of Valencia, Bacong, Dauin, Zamboanguita,
Siaton, Sta. Catalina, Bayawan, and Basay.
REGION VIII
LEYTE, with the Cities of Tacloban and Ormoc, five (5) - First District:
Tacloban City and the municipalities of Alangalang, Babatngon, Palo, San
Miguel, Sta. Fe, Tanauan, and Talosa; Second District: Municipalities of
Barugo, Barauen, Capoocan, Carigara, Dagami, Dulag, Jaro, Julita, La Paz,
Mayorga, MacArcthur, Pastrana, Tabontabon, and Tunga; Third District:
Municipalities of Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Calubian, Culaba,
Kawayan, Leyte, Maripipi, Naval, San Isidro, Tabango, and Villaba; Fourth
District: Ormoc city and the Municipalities of Albuera, Isabel, Kananga,
Matagob, Merida, and Palompon; Fifth District: Municipalities of Abuyog,
Bato, Baybay, Hilongos, Hindang, Inopacan, Javier, Mahaplag, and Matalom.
SAMAR, with Calbayog City, two (2) - First District: Calbayog City and the
Municipalities of almagro, Gandara, Matuguinao, Pag- sanghan, San Jorge,
Santa Margarita, Sto. Nino, Tagapul-an, and Tarangnan; Second District:
Municipalities of Basey, Calbiga, Catbalogan, Daram, Hinabangan, San Jose
de Buan, Jiabong, Marabut, Motiong, Pinabacadao, San Sebastian, Sta. Rita,
Talalora, Villareal, Wright, and Zumarraga.
REGION IX
ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE, with the Cities of Dapitan and Dipolog, three (3)
- First District: Dapitan City and the Municipalities of Sibutad, Rizal, La
Libertad, Mutia, Pinan, Sergio Osmena, Sr., and Polanco; Second District:
Dipolog City and the Municipalities of Katipunan, Pres. Manuel A. Roxas,
Manukan, Ponot, Siayan, and Sindangan; Third District: Municipalities of
Salug; Godod, Liloy, Tampilisan, Labason, Gutalac, Siocon, Baliquian,
Siraway, Bacungan, and Sibuco.
ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, with Pagadian City, three (3) - First District:
Pagadian City and the Municipalities of Dumingag, Mahayag, Molave,
Tambulig, Midsalip, R. Magsaysay, Labangan, Aurora, Tukuran, Josefina,
and Don Mariano Marcos; Second District: Municipalities of Dumalinao, San
Pablo, Tabina, Dima- taling, Dinas, San Miguel, Margosatubig, Lapuyan,
Kumalarang, Bayog, Lakewood, Pitogo, and Vincenzo A. Sagun; Third
District: Municipalities of Malangas, Alicia, Olutanga, Mabuhay, Siay,
Kabasalan, Naga, Ipil, Titay, Tungawan, Buug, Imelda, Payao, Talusan,
Diplahan, and Roseller Lim.
REGION X
AGUSAN DEL NORTE, with the City of Butuan, two (2) - First District:
Butuan City and the Municipality of Las Nieves, Second District:
Municipalities of Buenavista, Cabadbaran, Carmen, Jabonga, Kitcharao,
Magallanes, Nasipit, Santiago, Tubay, and Remedios T. Romualdez.
MISAMIS ORIENTAL, with Gingoog City, two (2) - First District: Gingoog
City and the Municipalities of Magsaysay, Talisayan, Balingoan, Medina,
Kinogitan, Sugbongcogon, Binuangan, Salay, Lagonglong, and Balingasag;
Second District: Municipalities of Claveria, Jasaan, Villanueva, Tagoloan,
Alubijid, El Salvador, Gitagum, Initao, Laguindingan, Libertad, Lugait,
Manticao, Naawan, and Opol.
REGION XI
SOUTH COTABATO, with General Santos City, three (3) - First District:
General Santos City, and the Municipalities of Polomolok, Tampakan, and
Tupi; Second District: Municipalities of Tantangan, Norala, Banga, Sto. Nino,
Surallah, Koronadal, Tiboli, and Lake Sebu; Third District: Municipalities of
Alabel, Malapatan, Glan, Maasim, Kiamba, Maitum, and Malungon.
REGION XII
LANAO DEL NORTE, with Iligan City, two (2) - First District: Iligan City,
Linamon, Kauswagan, Bacolod, Maigo, Kolambugan, Tubod, and Baroy;
Second District: Baloi, Pantar, Tagoloan, Poona-Piagapo, Pantao-Ragat,
Matungao, Tangkal, Munai, Nunungan, Magsaysay, Salvador, Kapatagan,
Karomatan. Sapad, and Lala.
LANAO DEL SUR, with Marawi City, (2) - First District: Marawi City and the
Municipalities of Marantao, Piagapo, Saguiaran, Tagoloan, Kapai, Ditsaan -
Ramain, Bubong, Buadiposo-Buntong, Bumbaran, Maguing, Wao, Molundo,
Taraka, Lumba-Bayabao, Poona-Bayabao, Masiu and Tamparan; Second
District: Municipalities of Balindong, Tugaya, Bacolod Grande, Madalum,
Madamba, Pualas, Ganassi, Pagayawan, Sultan Gumander, Malabang,
Balabagan, Kapatagan, Marogong, Tubaran, Binidayan, Lumbatan,
Lumbayanague, Butig, Bayang and Calanogas.
MAGUINDANAO, with Cotabato City, two (2) - First District: Cotabato City
and the Municipalities of Parang, Sultan Kudarat, Buldon, Barira, Dinaig,
Kabuntalan, Matanog and Upi; Second District: Municipalities of Pagalunga,
Buluan, Sultan sa Barongis, Maganoy, Talaya, South Upi, Datu Piang, Datu
Paglas, and Ampatuan.
Section 3. Any province that may hereafter be created, or any city whose
population may hereafter increase to more than two hundred fifty thousand
shall be entitiled in the immediately following election to at least one Member
or such number of Members as it may be entitled to on the basis of the
number of its inhabitants and according to the standards setforth in
paragraph (3), Section 5 of Article VI of the Constitution. The number of
Members apportioned to the province out of which such new province was
created or where the city, whose population has so increased, is
geographically located shall be correspondingly adjusted by the Commission
on Elections but such adjustment shall not be made within one hundred and
twenty days before the election.
Attested:
Flerida Ruth P. Romero
Secretary General
MEMBERS
OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION
[CON COM]
WHICH DRAFTED THE
1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Ambrosio B. Padilla
Vice-President
Napoleon G. Rama
Floor Leader
Jose D. Calderon
Assistant Floor Leader
Yusuf R. Abubakar
Felicitas S. Aquino
Adolfo S. Azcuna
Teodoro C. Bacani
Jose F. S. Bengzon, Jr.
Ponciano L. Bennagen
Joaquin G. Bernas
Florangel Rosario Braid
Crispino M. de Castro
Jose C. Colayco
Roberto R. Concepcion
Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
Vicente B. Foz
Edmundo G. Garcia
Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon
Serafin V.C. Guingona
Alberto M. K. Jamir
Jose B. Laurel, Jr.
Eulogio R. Lerum
Regalado E. Maambong
Christian S. Monsod
Teodulo C. Natividad
Ma. Teresa F. Nieva
Jose N. Nolledo
Blas F. Ople
Minda Luz M. Quesada
Florenz D. Regalado
Rustico F. de los Reyes, Jr.
Cirilo A. Rigos
Francisco A. Rodrigo
Ricardo J. Romulo
Decoroso R. Rosales
Rene V. Sarmiento
Jose E. Suarez
Lorenzo M. Sumulong
Jaime S. L. Tadeo
Christine O. Tan
Gregorio J. Tingson
Efrain B. Trenas
Lugum L. Uka
Wilfrido V. Villacorta
Bernardo M. Villegas
Attested by :
Flerida Ruth P. Romero
Secretary-General