TITLE: JAR TEST

1.0 OBJECTIVE:
1. To conduct jar test.
2. To show the effectiveness of chemical treatment in a water treatment facility.
3. To evaluate coagulation efficiency.
4. To determine the most effective dosage of the recommended coagulants and
flocculants.
5. To selects the best chemical or best dosage to feed on the basis of clarifies of effluent
and minimum cost of chemicals.
6. To gain a hands on understanding of the treatment rocess for removing susended
solids from water.

2.0 THEORY:
!aw water or wastewater must be treated to remove turbidity" color and bacteria.
#olloidal articles are in the si$e range between dissolved substance and susended
articles. The articles are too small to be removed by sedimentation or by normal
filtration rocesses. #olloidal articles e%hibit the Tyndall effect& that is" when light
asses through li'uid containing colloidal articles" the light is reflected by the articles.
The degree to which colloidal susension reflects light at ()* angle to the entrance beam
is measured by turbidity. The unit of measure is a Turbidity +nit ,T+- or .ehlometric
Turbidity +nit ,.T+-. /t is determined by reference to a chemical mi%ture that roduces a
reroducible refraction of light. Turbidities in e%cess of 5 T+ are easily detectable in a
glass of water and are usually objectionable for aesthetic reasons. 0or a given article
si$e" the higher the turbidity" the higher the concentration of colloidal articles.
#olor is a useful term that is used to describe a solution state. 1ut it is difficult to
distinguish 2dissolved color and 2colloidal color. 3ome color is caused by colloidal iron
or manganese comle%es. 4lthough" the most common cause of color is from comle%
organic comounds that originate from the decomosition of organic matter. 5ost color
seems to be between 3.5 and 1)6m" which is colloidal. #olor is measured by the ability of
the solution to absorb light. #olor articles can be removed by the methods discussed for
dissolved or colloidal" deending uon the state of the color.
0inely disersed solid ,colloids- susended in wastewater are stabili$ed by
negative electric charges on their surfaces" causing them to reel each other. 3ince this
revents these charged articles from colliding to form larger masses" called flocs" they
do not settle. To assists in the removal of colloidal articles form susension" chemical
coagulations and flocculation are re'uired. These rocesses" usually done in se'uence" are
a combination of hysical and chemical rocedures. #hemicals are mi%ed with
wastewater to romote the aggregation of the susended solids into articles large enough
to settle or be removed. #oagulation is the destabili$ation of colloids by neutrali$ing the
forces that 7ee them aart. #ationic coagulants rovide ositive electric charges to
reduce the negative charge of the colloids. 4s a result" the articles collide to form larger
articles ,floc-. !aid mi%ing is re'uired to diserse the coagulant throughout the li'uid.
The coagulants overdose can cause a comlete charge reversal and destabili$e the colloid
comle%.
4 coagulant is the substance ,chemical- that is added to the water to accomlish
coagulation. There are three 7ey roerties of a coagulant&
1. Trivalent cation8 4s indicated in the last section" the colloids most commonly
found in natural waters are negatively charged& hence a cation is re'uired to neutrali$e the
charge. 4 trivalent cation is the most efficient cation.
2. .onto%ic8 This re'uirement is obvious for the roduction of safe water.
3. /nsoluble in the neutral 9 range. The coagulant that is added must reciitate
out of solution so that high concentrations of the ion are not left in the water. 3uch
reciitation greatly assists the colloid removal rocess.
The two most commonly used coagulants are aluminum ,4l
3:
- and ferric iron
,0e
3:
-. 1oth meet above three re'uirements. 4luminum can be urchased as either dry or
li'uid alum ;4l2,3<4-3=1492<>. #ommercial alum has an average molecular weight of
5(4. ?hen alum added to a water containing al7alinity" the following reaction occurs&
4l2,3<4-3=1492< : 69#<
@
3 A 24l,<9-3,s- : 6#<2 : 1492< : 33<4
2@
The above reaction shifts the carbonate e'uilibrium and decreases the 9. ?hen
sufficient al7alinity is not resent to neutrali$e the sulfuric acid roduction" the 9 may
be greatly reduced&
4l2,3<4-3=1492< A 24l,<9-3,s- : 3923<4 : B92<
/f the second reaction occurs" lime or sodium carbonate may be added to neutrali$e the
acid. The otimal 9 range for alum is aro%imately 5.5 to 6.5 with coagulation
ossible between 9 5to 9 B under some conditions.
/n flocculation rocess" the flocculating agent is added by slow and gentle mi%ing
to allow for contact between the small flocs and to agglomerate them into larger articles.
The newly formed agglomerated articles are 'uite fragile and can be bro7en aart by
shear forces during mi%ing. /ncreasing the dosage will increase the tendency of the floc to
float and not settle. <nce susended articles are flocculated into larger articles" they
can usually be removed from the li'uid by sedimentation" rovided that a sufficient
density difference e%ists between the susended matter and li'uid. ?hen a filtering
rocess is used" the addition of a flocculants may not be re'uired since the articles
formed by the coagulation reaction may be of sufficient si$e to allow removal. The
flocculation reaction not only increases the si$e of the floc articles to settle them faster"
but also affects the hysicals nature of the floc" ma7ing these articles less gelatinous and
thereby easier to dewater.
3.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL
1. Car test aaratus with si% rotating addles
2. 3i% ,6- bea7er
3. Thermometer
4. Time D 3towatch
5. 9 meter
6. Turbidity meter
E. iette
4.0 REAGENT
1. #oagulant e.g. aluminum sulfate ,alum-" olyaluminum chloride ,F4#-" ferrous
sulfate" ferric chloride" etc.
2. #oagulant aid e.g. 9 adjusters ,lime or sulfuric acid-" activated silica" olyelectrlye
,e.g. synthetic olymer such as acrylamide-" clays ,e.g. bentonite" montmorillonite"
etc.-
3. Gi'uid samle
5.0 PROCEDURES
1. The waste water from the treatment lant was reared. The sodium was use to
stability the F9 of the waste water to the neutral.
2. The temerature" 9" color" al7alinity and turbidity of the synthetic water samle
were measured.
3. 6))ml was filled each of the reared synthetic water susension into si% different
bea7ers ,Fle%iglas bea7ers-
4. The rescribed dose of coagulant was added to each jar by using a iette. <ne jar has
no coagulant since a control samle was re'uired.
5. /f a coagulant aid is re'uired" it is added to each jar ,e%cet for control samle- during
the last 15 seconds of the raid mi% stage.
6. 3tart stirring raidly ,6) to B) rm- for 3 minute ,!aid mi% stage-.
E. 4fter the raid mi% stage" reduce the seed to 3) rm for 2) minutes.
B. 0loc formation were record ed by referring to the chart of article si$es in final 1)
minutes.
(. 4fter the stirring eriod was over" sto the stirrer and the flocs was allowed to settle
for about 5 minutes as in scheme ,iv-
1). 5))mG of settle water was searate out into another bea7er.
11. The temerature" 9" color" al7alinity and turbidity of the clarified water were
determined.
12. 4 grah of turbidity versus coagulant dose ,mgDG- was lotted. The most effective
dose of coagulant ,or with the resent of coagulant aid- that gives the least turbid
results also determined.
13. The 'ualitative characteristics of floc as bad" moderate" good and very good were
recorded. #loudy samles indicate bad coagulation while good coagulation refers to
raid floc formation resulting in clear water formation on the uer ortion of the
bea7er.
14. The following grah8 color versus coagulant dose" 9 versus coagulant dose"
temerature versus coagulant dose" etc. were lotted. These grahs will assist students
in the interretation of the coagulation@flocculation rocess.
6.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS
C4! .<. 1 2 3 4 5 6
/nitial 9 6.42 6.42 6.42 6.42 6.42 6.42
/nitial Temerature ,
o
#- 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5
#oagulant dose ,mgDG- 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) control
4gigate ,minutes- 23 23 23 23 23 23
0ast ,rm- E) E) E) E) E) E)
3low ,rm- 3) 3) 3) 3) 3) 3)
3ettling Heth ,mm- 1) B 4 3 2 2
0inal 9 5.35 4.)6 3.6) 3.25 3.22 @
0inal Temerature ,
o
#- 23.1 23.1 22.( 22.( 22.( @
0inal Turbidity ,.T+- E 5 4 1E 32 1)B
0loc 0ormation fine
Iery
fine moderate #oarse
Iery
coarse
5oderately
fine
Time of floc formation J 5 minutes
0loc si$es for8
Iery fine is ).3)mm to ).E5mm
0ine is ).5)mm to ).E5mm
5oderate fine is 1.))mm to 1.5)mm.
0rom the grahs we could conclude&
The most effective coagulant dose is 1) mgDG" and 2) mgDG
The most effective 9 is 5.35
The e%ected temerature was 22.() at otimum coagulant dose.
DISCUSSION
?e had successfully done this e%eriment because the objective of this
e%eriment" to conduct various e%eriments on chemical coagulation and flocculation and
to determine the otimum dose combination of coagulant aid ,when used- which will
roduce the highest removal of turbid water samle has achieved.
Car tests have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various coagulants and
flocculants under a variety of oerating conditions for water treatment. . This rocedure
allows individual olymers to be comared on such criteria as floc formation" settling
characteristics" and clarity. Kenerally" the best erforming roducts rovide fast floc
formation" raid settling rate" and clear suernatant. This test should be erformed on@
site" since large amounts of water may be re'uired for testing.
Turbidity is essentially a measure of the cloudiness of the water which indicates
the resence of colloidal articles. The articles should be ma7ing sure removed from
the water before for the ublics use. 9owever these colloids are susended in solution
and can be removed by sedimentation or filtration. Iery simly" the articles in the
colloid range are too small to settle in a reasonable time eriod" and too small to be
traed in the ores of a filter. 0or colloids to remain stable they must remain small. 5ost
colloids are stable because they osses a negative charge that reel other colloidal
articles before they collide with one another. The colloids are continually involved in
1rownian movement" which is merely random movement. #harges on colloids are
measured by lacing Hc electrodes in a colloidal disersion. The articles migrate to the
ole of oosite charge at a rate roortional to the otential gradient. Kenerally" the
larger the surface charge" the more stable the susension.
1ased on this e%eriment" the first jar is serving as a control and no coagulant was
added. The coagulant doses increased in the containers from no 1to no 6. 0or this water"
as the dose of coagulant increased the residual turbidity imroved. /t is imortant to note
that the otimum coagulant dose is the dose which meets the secified turbidity re'uired
on the regulatory ermit. The addition of e%cess coagulant may reduce turbidity beyond
what is re'uired but also could lead to the roduction of more sludge which would
re'uire disosal.
The most effective dose of coagulant we get from the Krah turbidity versus
coagulant after the e%eriment is 2) mgDG. The most effective 9 is 5.36.
Car tests are used in these rocedures to rovide information on the most effective
flocculants" otimum dosage" otimum feed concentration" effects of dosage on removal
efficiencies" effects of concentration of influent susension on removal efficiencies"
effects of mi%ing conditions" and effects of settling time.
The general aroach used in these rocedures is as follows8
a- Freare stoc7 susension of sediment.
b- Test a small number ,si%- of olymers that have erformed well on similar
dredged material which has 2@grams@er@litre susensions and is a tyical concentration
for effluent from a well@designed containment area for freshwater sediments containing
clays. /f good removals are obtained at low dosages ,1) milligrams er liter or less-" then
select the most cost@effective olymer. /f good removals are not obtained" e%amine the
olymer under imroved mi%ing and settling conditions and test the erformance of other
flocculants
c- The effects of settling time on the removal of susended solids and turbidity
from a susension of average concentration should be e%animate using the selected
dosage and li7ely mi%ing conditions.
d- The effects of the range of ossible mi%ing conditions on the re'uired dosage of
flocculants for a tyical susension should be e%animate.
.0 CONCLUSION
4s conclusion" this e%eriment is successfully been done and it is because the
objective of this e%eriment which to conduct various e%eriments on chemical
coagulation and flocculation and to determine the otimum dose combination of
coagulant aid ,when used- which will roduce the highest removal of turbid water samle
has achieved.
Car testing is an e%erimental method where otimal conditions are determined
emirically rather than theoretically. Car test are meant to mimic the conditions and
rocesses that ta7e lace in the clarification ortion of water and wastewater treatment
lants. The values that are obtained through the e%eriment are correlated and adjusted in
order to account for the actual treatment system. 4fter the e%eriment" Krah turbidity
versus coagulant dose are lot" from the grah we get the most effective dose of
coagulant is 6)mgDG
1ase on the data" we conclude that although the turbidity is generally declines as
the amount of the alum which added into the water but there is a oint where more alum
should not be added. This is because alum will ma7e the water more acidic. Therefore" to
overcome these roblems" buffer should be added with same amount of alum at the same
time the alum is added.
4fter this e%eriment" we reali$e that a successful Car Test is very reliant uon the
roer rearation of the olymers being tested. Hilution techni'ue ,Lma7e downL- is
esecially critical" since it involves comactly coiled large molecules in emulsions" rior
to activation. The olymer must be uncoiled to rovide ma%imum contact with the
colloidal articles to be flocculated. /f the following rocedures are not followed" the Car
Test results will be very unreliable. 4s conclusion" after we analy$ed the data" we have
decided that the otimum dosage of alum for this e%eriment is 10 !"#L. we reach this
conclusion base on the fact that the turbidity minimum at $ NTU.
%.0 QUESTIONS
Two sets of e%erimental data obtained from a jar test on water samles with initial
turbidity of 15.T+ and 9#<3 al7alinity of 5)mgDG #a#<3
Car .o 1 2 3 4 5 6
9 5.) 5.5 6.) 6.5 E.) E.5
#oagulant
dose
,mgDG-
1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
Turbidity
,.T+-
11 E 5.5 5.E B 13
JAR TEST 1
Car .o 1 2 3 4 5 6
9 6.) 6.) 6.) 6.) 6.) 6.)
#oagulant
dose
,mgDG-
5 E 1) 12 15 2)
Turbidity
,.T+-
14 (.5 5 4.5 6 13
JAR TEST 2
(.1 Flot a grah of turbidity versus 9 and turbidity versus coagulant dose ,mgDG-.
(.2 3tate the otimum 9 value and otimum alum dose of the coagulation rocess of the
raw water.
The otimum 9 was chosen as 6.25 and the otimal alum dose was about 12.5mgDG
,based on grah E.1-
(.3 ?hat is the usage of Cag testM
The urose of Car Testing is to redetermine the amount of chemicals re'uird
to treat and reciitate as sludge the contaminants in a given volume of wastewater.
The hrase LCar TestingL is commonly used in the waste treatment industry. /t is used
in reference to a method that will determine treatability of a solution or establish a
se'uence of stes re'uired to achieve treatability. Car Testing is used as a tool to
determine why roer treatment is not being achieved.
(.4 9ow to reduce dosage of alum in treatment lantM
3ince the two imortant factors in coagulant addition are 9 and dose.
Therefore to reduce the dosage of alum we can add coagulant aids such as 9
adjusters ,lime or sulfuric acid-" activated silica" clay ,bentonite montmorilionite-and
olymers . The addition of activated silica and clays is esecially useful for treating
highly colored" low turbidity waters as it add weight to the floc .
(.5 .ame and e%lain briefly three tyes of al7alis that are suitable for 9 control.
Gime #a,<9-2 "soda ash ,.42#<3-" 3odium 1icarbonate" 3odium 9ydro%ide
5agnesium 9ydro%ide" #alcium 1icarbonate and others .The alum reacts raidly
with comounds in the water that contain carbonates" bicarbonates and hydro%ides to
roduce a jelly@li7e substance that absorbs imurities. 4t the same time" alum" with a
ositive charge" neutrali$es the negative charge common to natural articles"
which draws them together. 3mall articles microfloc are formed. The following
e'uation shows the reaction of alum with al7alinity8
A&2'SO4(3
.
14H2O )3C*'HCO3(2
2A&'OH(3
)
3C*SO4
)
6CO2 )14H2O
A&+!,-+! S+&.*/0

C*&1,+!
B,1*234-*/0

A&+!,-+!
H56247,60

C*&1,+!
S+&.*/0

C*234-
D,47,60
8*/02
(.6 ?hat are the advantages of using coagulant aidsM
To accelerate settling" minimum the usage of chemical in treatment and adjustd
the 9 of the water into the otimal range for coagulation.
(.E ?hat are the effects of alum dosage in treatment criteriaM
4lum will have the effect of lowering 9 so careful monitoring is necessary when
alying alum. 4lum contains aluminum" which is to%ic to fish in acid water"
therefore overdose of alum can give negative effect to the environment. 4lum use
results in sludge of reciitated articles that should either be vacuumed out or
removed via a bottom drain .
(.B .ame five differences between alum and ferric coagulants.
a. Fh@ The otimum 9 range for alum is generally about 5 to B. The otimum 9
range for ferric chloride is 4 to 12.
b. Hosage @ 0erric dosage is tyically about half of the dosage re'uired for alum.
c. #hemical !eaction@ 0erric coagulant reacts in water with hydro%ide al7alinity to
form various hydrolysis roducts that incororate 0e,<9-3. These comounds
ossess high cationic charge which allows them to neutrali$e the electrostatic
charges found on colloidal comounds and also to bind to negatively charged
articles" including the ferric hydro%ide itself. This ability to bind to itself is the
mechanism for the formation of floc aggregates and the basis for ferric chlorides
flocculation abilities.
0e#/3 : 3 9#<3 J 0e ,<9- 3 : 3#<2 : 3#/
@
/n the case of alum coagulants" these reactions can be reresented as follows8
4l2,3<4-3 : 3 #a,9#<3-2 J 2 4l,<9-3 : 3 #a3<4 : 6 #<2
4l2,3<4-3 : 3 #a,<9-2 J 2 4l,<9-3 : 3 #a3<4
4l2,3<4-3 : 3 .a2#<3 : 3 92< J 2 4l,<9-3 : 3 .a23<4 : 3 #<2
The alum reacts raidly with comounds in the water that contain carbonates"
bicarbonates and hydro%ides to roduce a jelly@li7e substance that absorbs
imurities. 4t the same time" alum" with a ositive charge" neutrali$es the negative
charge common to natural articles" which draws them together. 3mall articles
microfloc are formed.
d. 0erric coagulant can be urchased either in sulfate salt ,0e 2 ,3< 4 - 3 .%9 2 <- or chloride
salt ,0e#l 3 .%9 2 <- where as alum only in sulfate salt 4l 2 ,3< 4 - 3.
e. Gi'uid alum is sold aro%imately 4B.B ercent alum ,B.3N4l 2 < 3 - and 51.2 ercent
water.if it is sold as a more concentrated solution" there can be robles with
crystalli$ation of the alum during shiment and strorage. ?hile ferric coagulant is
available in various dry and li'uid forms.

10.0 RE9ERENCES:
K. C. 3chroefer" 5. G. !obins" and !. 9. 3usag" ,1(64-O!esearch Frogram on the
5ississii !iver in the Iicinty of 5inneaolis and 3t. Faul"P 4dvances in ?ater
Follution !esearch" vol. 1
G.Havis " /.#ornwell. /ntroduction to Qnvironmental Qngineering. Third Qdition.
Gab sheet8 Qnviromental Qngineering" Test8 C4! Test
?ebsite8 4
th
0eb 2))6 ,date retrieved-
htt8DDwww.watersecialists.bi$Dhtml
htt8DDwww.hisbird.comD
htt8DDhome.alltel.netDmi7ericDFretreat5aintD
9ammer" 5ar7C. ,2))1-P?ater and ?aste water Technology 0routh QditionP .ew
Ter$ey8 Frentice 9all
5aster" Kelbert 5 ,1((B- O/ntroduction to Qnvironmental Qngineering and 3cienceP
1lac7" C.K. ,1((6-. Microbiology. Principles and Applications. Third Qdition. Frentice
9all. +er 3addle !iver" .ew Cersey.
Tortora" K.C." 0un7e" 1.!." #ase" #.G. ,1((5-. Microbiology. An Introduction. 0ifth
Qdition. The 1enjaminD#ummings Fublishing" #o." /nc." !edwood #ity" #4.
9. 4. Thomas",1((B- OKrahical Hetermination of 1. <. H. #urve #onstants" O?ater and
3ewage ?or7sP" 5cKraw 9ill #omanies /nc.