Will Dobson N0458864 Corrie Graham N0503286 Carolina Batista N0557631 Ju-Hyun Kim T0011626 T e c h
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A r c h i t e c t u r e P r o j e c t
1 Research: Primary Structure
Skeletal framing Primary structure takes the main grunt of the load. It transfers all the load imposed to the ground evenly via foundations. It is imperative to design the skeletal frame as evenly as possible to disperse the force equally otherwise the frame will buckle/ defect and ultimately catastrophic failure. Engineers are normally tasked to calculate and design the skeletal frame with minute tolerances in order to comply with building regulations and for liability reasons. Loads/force could be from the following: Dead load (weight of the structure) Live load (inhabitants, furniture, activities etc.) Environmental load (wind, water/rain, snow etc.) Other load (construction equipment, Impact from vehicles etc.) 3 Research: Secondary Structure
Bracing The secondary structure binds the building and makes it rigid. It stops the building from fexing. This is achieved with a number of ways: A core: This is a solid (either concrete or blockwork) element in the centre of edge of the building which helps the structure become more anchored rigid. An example of this is a lift shaft; this is normally blockwork with steel rails. Note: they normally do not take load but can do if reinforced. Floors: Solid foors provide lateral bracing and stops the building from fexing and sheering/twisting. Metal bracing: Steel bracing would normally be placed on the corner (or otherwise specifed by the engineer) of the building. This stops sheering. Key: Primary Secondary Axo of core and skeletal structure Research: Retaining wall Types of Retaining walls
GRAVITY Gravity walls depend on their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressure from behind and may have a batter setback to improve stability by leaning back toward the retained soil. For short landscaping walls, they are often made from mortarless stone or seg- mental concrete units (masonry units). Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat fexible and do not require a rigid footing in most areas. The wall face is often of precast concrete units that can tolerate some differential movement. The reinforced soils mass, along with the facing, then acts as an improved gravity wall. The re- inforced mass must be built large enough to retain the pressures from the soil behind it. Gravity walls usually must be a minimum of 50 to 60 percent as deep or thick as the height of the wall, and may have to be larger if there is a slope or surcharge on the wall. CANTILEVERED Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (usually in the shape of an inverted L or T). These walls transfer the lateral overturning movements to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below. Sometimes cantilevered walls are buttressed on the front, or include a counterfort on the back, to improve their strength in resisting high loads. Buttresses are short wing walls at right angles to the main length of the wall. These walls require rigid concrete footings taken to below the depth affected by seasonal changes. This type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall. SHEET PILING Sheet pile retaining walls are usually used in soft soils and tight spaces. Sheet pile walls are made out of steel, vinyl or wood planks which are driven into the ground. The penetration of the pile is usually twice the supported height, but this may be altered depending on the environ- ment. Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or dead-man placed in the soil and tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod. ANCHORED An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in any of the aforementioned styles but also includes additional strength using cables or other stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it. Technically complex, this method is very useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak. Possible choice: Cantilevered wall with key. The basement will be over 3m deep and so therefore the force of the earth will hold the cantilevered wall in place and to make sure it does not move or slide, it will have Keys sent into the bottom of the wall. Sheet Piling Key to stop sliding Ground Level Reinforcement Concrete Some sort of drainage 5 Research: Foundations Pile Foundation
There are many types of piles that can be driven into the ground to create a stable base for a structure to sit on. Here are few examples: Driven precast concrete piles Driven steel tubular piles Driven combination piles (precast concrete/steel tubes) Cast insitu CFA piles (Continuous Flight Auger) Cast insitu CHD piles (Continuous Helical Displacement) Drilled piles (Drillbar, Rock-socketed piles) Jacked piles Each one of these have their own advantages and disadvantages thus the use of them are de- pendent on what the soil conditions are etc. Possible choice: Precast Concrete Piles Reasons why we chose this: -It is cheaper to buy it pre made as there will be no cost of time waiting for the concrete to cure. -No formwork needed -Less material required therefore less transportation cost -Quicker to construct -Can come with reinforcement -Strong -Less labour intensive than other methods How piles are driven into the ground How the load is dispersed into the ground Research: Column Reinforced concrete columns Common beam sizes: Made in-situ Very strong and cheap compared to other method High fre resistant Possible reasons for this choice: The amount of reinforcement is primarily to provide extra load carrying capacity which is greater or equal to the that attributed from the shell to compensate for the strength which is lost when their shell splits off into smaller pieces. Two comomon types of reinforcement: Spiral columns are cylinder shaped columns with a helical bar continuously wrapping around the column. The purpose of the spiral is the support the transverse direction and prevents the column from barreling. If the spiral rebar is further thickened, the axially loaded concrete becomes the weakest of all the links in the system and the strength contribution from the extra rebar doesnt take effect until the column has failed axially. At this point the extra strength from the spiral comes into action and prevents disastrous failure, instead it slows down the failure massively giving plenty of time to react to the issue. Rectangular tied column is the cheapest method of reinforcing the column as it will use little time to prep as well as using little material (rebar). 7 Research: Column Steel columns Beam sizes: Universally made; check companies for list Very strong and no formwork required. High fre resistant Possible reasons for this choice: Early columns were mainly made of stone, some out of single pieces of stone. One of the heaviest stones used in architecture is a Monolithic column. Other types of stone columns are created out of lots of sections of stone, which are either mortared or dry-ft together. In a lot of classic sites, sectioned columns are carved with a central hole, so they can be joined together, using either stone or metal pins. The design of classic columns incorporates entasis; this is when there is an inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides. Also a reduction in the diameter along the height of the column was required, so the top is then as little as 83% of the diameter of the bottom of the column. This deduction mirrors the parallax effect which the eye would normally expect to see, making the column look a lot taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to the effect. Source: http://www.rainhamsteel.co.uk/products/universalcolumns.asp Research: Beam Castellated beam
Max span: 10-12000mm Common beam sizes: 150x100 to 1200x300 High fre resistant Possible reasons for this choice: There are many specifc possibilities and advantages in terms of using Castellated beams; light, strong, and easy to assemble at the construction site. Plus, constructional elements such as ceiling systems, can also be installed easily. Example of how castellated beams are made. Example of how castellated beams used in carpark Conclusion: Cost of the material: 10/10 Cost of Labour and time: 5/10 Strength vs span: 10/10 Hidden cost: 6/10 Depth of beam 5/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: Castellated beams are overall excellent beams offering long span without compromising the strength. It can also be made in situ however this is not advised due to engineering specifcation and liability reasons. The cost of these beams are also substantially cheaper than truss as it is basically a universal beam cut in a staggered pattern then joined together again. The cut out holes are designed to reduce the weight of the beam. 9 Research: Beam Truss beam
Max span: 18-30000mm (commonly) Common beam sizes: Depends on the order High fre resistant Possible reasons for this choice: The Warren Truss has diagonal members, which are alternatively in tension and compression. It has fewer members than the Pratt Truss and has equal length compression. This can also be applied to larger structures ranging from 20-100m in length. For these, the modifed Warren Truss can be adopted where additional restraint towards the internal members is required. Spread of load on truss beam Center spread of load on truss beam Conclusion: Cost of the material: 5/10 Cost of Labour and time: 5/10 Strength vs span: 10/10 Hidden cost: 8/10 Depth of beam 7/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: Truss beams are extremely strong without becoming too big (depth) meaning the foor depth will be smaller than the castellated beam; this will result in overall cheaper material cost and construction time. The only hidden cost is if the alignment holes for the bolts are not correct the beam will not ft thus sending it back to the factory and wasting time. Research: Floor Composite foor
Max span: 3.5m for 10kN/m 2 Max width: 600mm Max depth: 140mm 1 hour fre resistant Met Floor 80 http://www.cmf.uk.com/content/products.html Possible reasons for this choice: Long-span capability The curved profle designs of MetFloor 80 delivers exceptional spanning capability, helping to reduce structural steel requirements and costs. This will be benefcial for our basement level where we have very little beams to hold the ceiling up. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=mgh_cee&name=Typical-composite-foor-system.jpg 11 How we can use this It could be more cost effcient to go with this method as you will require less time to manufacture the slabs as the concrete is poured in-situ. Furthermore it will require less materials as the composite uses less concrete overall compared to other methods, it is also more sustainable and safer due to the small width of the sheets which is also lightweight. Estimation for Composite foor for residential (W x L) 3 x extra beams 40 x (600 x 3500mm) Full foor 12 x extra beams 160 x (600 x 3500mm) Total = 160 panels plus 12 extra beams. Conclusion: Cost of the material: 5/10 Cost of Labour and time: 2/10 Strength vs span: 5/10 Hidden cost: 1/10 Insulation & eco properties: 7/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: Composite foor is an excelent fooring system in general however not suitable for our building as the hidden cost of instaling this system would include instaling extra beams and columns due to the span length being too long. Further more the concrete would be cast in situe meaning there will be a downtime of a month or two for the concrete to cure and be able to take load. For this reason we will not use this foor type. Research: Floor
Precast concrete slab Max Span: 7400mm for 10kN/m 2 Max Width: 1200mm Max depth: 250mm (10kN live loading + self weight + 1.5kN/2m for fnishes) 1 hour fre resistant Bison http://www.bison.co.uk/ Possible reasons for this choice: This does offer a bigger span at the cost of the depth of the foor which will increase the height of the overall building as we want to retain the original foor height as specifed by the client. http://www.bison.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/featherstone-main.jpg 13 How we can use this Having the concrete slabs pre made could be faster to erect and thus lowering labour cost. This may lead to a cheaper and quicker construction however, the depth of the concrete for the span we have would be very big in comparison to the composite foor. In addition to this, the thick foor will also impact on the loads imposed on the beams and columns therefore there will more columns which then increases the material cost anyway. The goal with this system is to try to achieve an equilibrium. Estimation for concrete slab for residential (W x L) 10 x (1200x6000mm) 1 x (1000 x 6000mm) Full foor 20 x (12000 x 6000m) 2 x (1000 x 6000mm) 20 x (12000 x 7000mm) 2 x (1000 x 7000mm) Total = 44 panels Conclusion: Cost of the material: 8/10 Cost of Labour and time: 7/10 Strength vs span: 10/10 Hidden cost: 5/10 Insulation & eco properties: 7/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: Precast slabs are strong with excellent span length thus eliminating the need for extra beams and columns. The only hidden cost for this foor type would be the cost of hiring a crane as each unit weighs close to a metric tonne. Furthermore, it has survice holes pre made which means running piping and cables will be easy and hidden from sight. Research: Cladding
Glass Cladding Possible reasons for this choice: Advantages: 1. Adds beauty to the building. 2. Its use fulflls the architectural view for external decoration. 3. By using glass in interior, it saves the space inside the building. 4. Fulfll functional requirement of lighting, heat retention and energy saving. 5. Its use appear a sense of openness and harmonious. 6. As toughened glass is available, one can have good interior design with the use of glass in transparent staircase, colored shelves, ceiling etc. 7. Excellent material for thermal insulation, water proofng and energy conservation. 8. Bad conductor of heat; it saves energy in air conditioning of building. 9. For making glass partition on upper foors, no extra design is required for slab as glass is light in weight. Disadvantages: 1. Costly material, may increase the budgeted cost of construction work. 2. Use of glass also enhances the cost of security. 3. Uses in hilly area and desert may cause more maintenance cost. 4. Glass is also unsafe for earthquake proven area. Glsss with wood cladding Glsss with thin aluminum frame Conclusion: Cost of material: 6/10 Cost of Labour and time: 8/10 Overall aesthetics: 9/10 Maintenance: 7/10 Insulation & eco properties: 8/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: Glass will allow for natural desirable light therefore in public spaces is perfect. It also has great insualtion properties which means it will save money on the long run. Glass is also a quick to clad as the building would have a predesigned frame to which the glass planes are bolted to via special fttings; the only additonal cost would be a crane. 15 Research: Cladding
Zinc Cladding Possible reasons for this choice: Advantages: 1. Environmentally friendly, 100% recyclable. 2. Zinc is a very soft and malleable metal that can be formed into desirable shapes with ease. This characteristic allows zinc to be used for a wide range of unique architectural applications 3. Waterproof 4. Zinc has low toxicity levels. 5. The production of zinc consumes less energy, as compared to other types of metals. 6. Longitivity Disadvantages: 1. The underbody is susceptible for moisture. 2. It corrodes when it is not suitable condition. Example of installation Detail DWG Conclusion: Cost of material: 5/10 Cost of Labour and time: 7/10 Overall aesthetics: 8/10 Maintenance: 10/10 Insulation & eco properties: 5/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: Though zinc will not rust, it will darken in colour (patina) which could be a very unique and beautiful feature of this cladding. However, it does gather lots of condensation on the underbody which if not installed correctly could lead to damp then mould. Research: Cladding
Kentic Cladding Possible reasons for this choice: Advantages: 1. Can be used to regulate the temp of building (ie. sunlight) 2. Aesthetically pleasing/different 3. Can control light level 4. Effcent to run and heat building 5. Can incorporate other technology 6. Can come in different material (ie wood, metal, terracotta) Disadvantages 1. Kinetic cladding may cost a lot since its costume made 2. May take months to manufacture in a factory 3. May not be resdentally friendly Louvers cladding which is a type of kentic cladding Conclusion: Cost of material: 1/10 Cost of Labour and time: 3/10 Overall aesthetics: 7/10 Maintenance: 5/10 Insulation & eco properties: 7/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: It may be high-tech and offer inbuilt solar panels however the cost is too high to be used in this project. Furthermore, you will need specialist (ie engineer) to install the cladding which will result in more cost. Also it would not be suitable for residential builds as it looks too commercial. Terracotta 17 Research: Cladding
Alternative/Cheap Cladding Solution (UPVC) Possible reasons for this choice: Advantages: 1. It is very lightweight 2. Low cost of production and instalation 3. Resists rot, fading, corrosion, discoloration, and rust. 4. Resists pollution, UV rays, and salt water. 5. Easy to clean 6. Can be recycled however expensive to do so Disadvantages 1. May have high carbon foot print 2. Not environment friendly as it may not break down if not disposed of correctly Conclusion: Cost of material: 10/10 Cost of Labour and time: 8/10 Overall aesthetics: 3/10 Maintenance: 10/10 Insulation & eco properties: 7/10 1=Bad 10=Good Comments: It may be the cheapest solution for the client however it is the most unattractive and for a multi-dwelling unit will look awful. However with that said, it is extremely cheap to buy as it is made mass production and installation is very quick meaning less labour thus decreasing cost. UPVC cladding in different size and colour Research: Elevator
Glass Elevator Glass elevators work with either pneumatic vacuum or with a simple cable system. It is the air pressure which lifts the elevator for the former mechanism, this features turbines at the very top of the tube which draw out the air. This is the process which makes the elevator go up, and to go back down the turbines simply turn off. When the cab has reached its destination it then gets held in place by steel brakes which secure the cab to the landing. Cable elevators however feature a motor and a drum which are located at the very top of the shaft. The cab is connected to the drums by two cables. To go up, the drum winds up the cable and to go back down the cables are slowly spooled out. At the same time a variable frequency drives power through the motor to control the elevators speed ascending and descending very carefully. We drew the elevator up on AutoCAD to demonstrate how the mechanism works then transferred that to our fnal CAD model. We chose the glass elevator because it dislocates the wooden cladding up on the render. The glass will be mounted to a specially designed frame and held in place with spider mounts/brackets with silicone sealant to prevent cold bridges and weather entering. AutoCAD drawing 19 Research: Glass
Tempered Glass Toughened (tempered glass) is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Safer to use in public building; if damaged, glass will not shatter in big planes therefore reducing the harm to public. Laminated Glass Laminated glass is a specifc type of safety glass that will hold together when shattered. In the event of a break it will stay held in place by an interlayer, this will typically be polyvinyl butyral (PVB), between the two or more layers of glass. It is clear to see if its laminated glass because of the noticeable spider web cracking pattern when it is broken. This type of glass is used where there is normally a possibility of human impact or the glass could fall if shattered. Laminated glass is typically used in skylight glazing and automobile windshields. Another great beneft of the PVB layer is that is has a much higher sound insulation rating, this is due to the damping effect, and also it blocks out 99% of all incoming UV radiation. A standard laminated makeup is 2.5mm glass / 0.38 mm inner layer / 2.5mm glass. This will give the fnal product, which will be referred to as 5.38 laminated glass. Having thicker glass or multiple laminates will increase the strength of the window. What we will use: We have decide to use laminated glass for the whole building as it is stronger but more importantly, due to the nature of the building being tall, having laminated glass is safer for the occupants. Glass Beam and calculations 21 Detail Drawings PROJECT TITLE October 27, 2014 Project Location A U T H O R
N A M E 01 A 23 25 UB 356 x 171 x 67 DPC Precast concrete slab Bibliography Books 1. EDWARD R. FORD. (1997). The details of modern architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2. VIDIELLA, ALEX SANCHEZ. (2007). The source book of contemporary architecture. Collins Design and Loft Publication. 3. FENGLER, MAX. (1964). Students dormitories and homes for the aged. Union Druckerei GmbH Stuttgart. 4. CHING, FRANCIS D.K. (2009). Architectural graphics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5. UDDIN, M. SALEH. (1997). Axonometric and oblique drawing. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. HOWELER, ERIC. (2000). Skyscraper. Universe Publishing. 7. SMITH, KENDRA SCHANK. (2005). Architects Drawings. Elsevier Ltd. 8. UDDIN, M. S. (1997). Composite Drawing. McGraw-Hill. 9. YEE, RENDOW. (2007). Architectural Drawing. John Wiley & Sons, INC. Website 1. THE ENGINEERING TOOLBOX. (2007). British Universal Columns and Beams. [Date accessed: 24/10/14]. Available from: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/british-universal-steel-columns-beams-d_1316.html 2. UNIVERSAL BEAM. (2005). Structural steel. [Date accessed: 22/10/14]. Available from: http://polsteel.co.uk/steel-guide/steel-sections/ub/ 3. GLASSSOLUTION. (2013). Product & Application Overview. [Date accessed: 11/10/14]. Available from: http://www.glassolutions.co.uk/business-streams/interior-glass-specialists/product-application-overview Journals 1. HELLEMANS, PHILIPPE. (2012). Architecture detail. A+D. 42. 1-57. 2. MILLARD, BILL. (2013). Architectural record. Art and Architecture. 08. 1-142. 3. RICHARDS, ADAM. (2011). RIBA J. The awards 2014. 121. 1-122. 4. GORST, JAMES. (2010). RIBA J. September 2014. 124. 1-131.
Strength Of Beams, Floor And Roofs - Including Directions For Designing And Detailing Roof Trusses, With Criticism Of Various Forms Of Timber Construction