The Z Transform
The Z Transform
The Z Transform
Motivation
Topics
z0
z1
f ( z ) = an ( z z 0 )
n=0
Topics
f ( z ) = an z n
n =0
f (z) =
n =
an z n
f ( z) =
n =
an z n
r2
r1
n =
an z n
2 i z
Region1
Region 2
Region 3
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
n
n
n
cn z = an z bn z
n =
n=
n=
Topics
n =
x [ n] z n
j n
)=
n =
x [ n ] e jn = F { x [ n ]} ( )
Z { x [ n ]} ( z ) = z n0
Re z n0
n0
F { x [ n ]} ( ) = e jn0
Re e jn0 = cos ( n0 )
Im z n0 = z
n0
sin ( n0 arg ( z ) )
Im e jn0 = sin ( n0 )
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
2
-1.5
2
2
1
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
2
1
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
Z { x [ n ]} ( z ) = a n z n =
n =0
1
1 az 1
( ROC :
1 Re az 1
1
Re
=
2
1
1 az 1 2 Re az 1 + az 1
F { x [ n ]} ( ) =
1
1 ae j
z >= a)
Im az 1
1
Im
=
2
1
1 az 1 2 Re az 1 + az 1
( if 1 > = a )
1 cos ( )
1
Re
=
2
1
1 az 1 2 cos ( ) + a
sin ( )
1
Im
=
2
1
1 az 1 2 cos ( ) + a
5
2
4
2
-1
0
2
0
1
-2
2
0
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
Z { x [ n ]} ( z ) = a z
n n
n =
= 1 an z n = 1
n =0
1 Re az 1
1
Re
=
2
1
1 az 1 2 Re az 1 + az 1
F { x [ n ]} ( ) =
1
1 ae j
1
1
ROC : z < = a )
=
1
1 (
1 a z 1 az
Im az 1
1
Im
=
2
1
1 az 1 2 Re az 1 + az 1
( if 1 < = a )
1 cos ( )
1
=
Re
2
1
1 az 1 2 cos ( ) + a
sin ( )
1
=
Im
2
1
1 az 1 2 cos ( ) + a
Note : All is the same as the right - sided exponential but with a different ROC .
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
0
-5
-10
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
0
0
1
2
-2
1
2
-2
x [ n]
1 z
1
2
( ROC :
z >
1
2
),
1
ROC : z < 2 )
(
1
Z 1 2z
32 z 1
1
1
1
=
ROC
:
(
2 < z < 2)
2
5
1
Z 1 z
1 2z
1 2 z + z
2
2n u [ n 1]
[ n m]
a nu [ n]
a nu [ n 1]
na u [ n ]
n
na u [ n 1]
n
Transform
z m
1 (1 az 1 )
1 (1 az 1 )
az
az
1
1
(1 az )
(1 az )
ROC
z >0
z >a
z <a
1 2
z >a
1 2
z <a
r n cos (0 n ) u [ n ]
1 z 1 cos 0
1 2 z 1 cos 0 + z 2
z >r
r n sin (0 n ) u [ n ]
z 1 sin 0
1 2 z 1 cos 0 + z 2
z >r
Topics
1 (1 + z 2 ) = 1 z 2 + z 4
(1 c z )
M
bM z + + b0 b0
=
H (z) =
M
aN z + + a0 a0
k =1
N
d
z
1
( k )
1
P
z
(
)
b0
=
a0 Q ( z 1 )
k =1
Q ( z 1 )
= q ( z 1 ) +
r ( z 1 )
Q ( z 1 )
A1
AN
=
++
.
1
1
1
Q ( z ) (1 d1 z )
(1 d N z )
A1 (1 d k z 1 )
(1 d1 z
+ + Ak + +
AN (1 d k z 1 )
1
1
d
z
( N )
(1 d d )(1 d
1
1 k
r ( d k1 )
1
1
1
d
1
d
d
d
d
)(
)
(
k 1 k
k +1 k
N k )
Q(z
= qL z
A1
AN
+ + q0 +
+ +
1
1
1
1
d
z
d
z
( 1 )
( N )
: z > d1
a0 d1 u [ n ]
d Nn u [ n 1] : z < d N
n
: z > d N
d N u [ n ]
3
2
1
2
q
z
(
) =1
z +2
z +1
= 1+
2
3 1
3 1
2
3 1
z 2 z 1
z 2 z 1
r ( z ) = 2 z + 2
Step 2 : (Find the Partial Fraction Coefficients)
2
r ( z 1 )
3
2
2
3 1
z 1 + 2
+2
A1
A2
2 z
=
=
=
+
1
1
1
1
3 1
1
1
Q ( z ) z 2 z 1 (1 2 z )(1 2 z ) (1 2 z ) (1 2 z 1 )
A1 =
A2 =
3
2
2
r ( z 1 )(1 12 z 1 )
(1
1
2
z 1 )(1 2 z 1 )
r ( z ) ( z 2 z 1 )
1
1 1
1
z
1
2
z
( 2 )(
)
2) + 2
(
=
= 53
(1 2 ( 2 ) )
3
2
z = 12
=
z =2
32 ( 12 ) + 2
(1 ( ) )
1
2
1
2
5
3
n
1 n
1
: z > 2
: z > 2 2 u [ n ]
( 2 ) u [ n ]
Topics
x [ n] X ( z ) , y [ n] Y ( z )
x [ n] + y [ n] X ( z ) + Y ( z )
Z { x [ n ] + y [ n ]} ( z ) = Z { x [ n ]} ( z ) + Z { y [ n ]} ( z )
Time Shift:
x [ n ] X ( z ) x [ n n0 ] z n0 X ( z )
Z { x [ n n0 ]} ( z ) =
=
n =
n =
=z
n0
( ROC = ROCX )
x [ n n0 ] z n
x [n] z
( n + n0 )
x [ n] z
n =
= z n0 Z { x1 [ n ]} ( z )
Summary