Mahinda Chintana Idiri Dakma Sin

chintana book sinhala final 2.
qxp 1/11/2010 7:39 PM Page i
iqn wkd.;hla !
ckdêm;sjrKh - 2010
uyskao
Ñka;k
bÈß oelau
w¨;a YS% ,xldjla

chintana book sinhala final 2.qxp 1/11/2010 7:39 PM Page iii
ud Tfnka ,o
m<uq ckjrfuka
Tn wfmaCId l< iduh
uu Tng Èkd ÿkafkñ'
tf,i''''
lS foa l<" l< foa lS
fmdÿ ck fiajlhl= jYfhka
Tfí ó<`. wfmaCIdjka o
bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka
ud i;= wêIaGdkh
zzuyskao Ñka;k bÈß oelau˜
f,i''''
fufia ilia lf<ñ'
wm ieu tlaj
wmf.a rg
ÈhqKqfõ ysksfm; lrd
/f.k huqæ
udf.a foaYfha meúÈ W;=ukag"
ujqjrekag" mshjrekag"
fidhqre fidhqßhkag iy orejkag
uu fuh fifkyiska ms<s.kajñ'
“fï .y fld< fï uy fmdf<dj Tnf.ah

tfy;a ta ish,a, Tnf.a muKla fkdj
Tnf.a u;= mrmqr fjkqfjka o /lsh hq;=h'
md,lhd hkq Tfí orejkaf.a Wreufhys
ysñlrejd fkdj ;djld,sl Ndrlrejdh'”
chintana book sinhala final 2.qxp 1/11/2010 7:39 PM Page v
mgqk
msgqj
mxpn, flaJøhka weiqfrka
Y%S ,xldj wdishdfõ wdYap¾hh njg 8
n; nq,;ska imsß w.ysÕlñka f;dr biqreu;a rgla 18
úkh .rel - kS;s .rel iodpdr iudchla 20
ksjdi" úÿ,sh" c,h iy ikaksfõok
myiqlï ieug ysñ jk rgla 34
ÈhqKq ud¾. moaO;shla iy
m%jdyk fiajhla mj;sk rgla 40
ÈkQ foaYh h<s fkdfnok talSh rgla 48
nyq;r iïuq;shlska f.dv kef`.k
;sridr iduhla 54
.yfld< iy i;d iSmdjd o
iqrlsk yß; ,xldjla 61
;reK wfmaCIdjkag uq,a ;ek fok
iqnjdoS rgla 64
wyi-fmd<j ihsn¾ wjldYfhka
ch .kakd wkd.; mrmqrla 67
fmr wmr È. fjolu iuj .;a ksfrda.S
iqj iïmkak ñksia le<la 73
foaYSh iïm;ska yd oekqfuka úfoaYhka o
ch .kakd foaYSh jHjidhl;ajhla 77
idys;H l,dfõ" m%didx.sl fõosldfõ
m%fndaOfha iqúi,a hq.hla 95
ñksiqka yer hk rgla fjkqjg
meñfKk rgla 98
chintana book sinhala final 2.qxp 1/11/2010 7:39 PM Page 7
rgg iqn wkd.;hla !

• mxpn, flaJøhka f,i wdishdfõ wdYap¾hh njg
• n; nq,;ska imsß w.ysÕlñka f;dr biqreu;a rgla
• ksjdi" úÿ,sh" c,h yd ikaksfõok myiqlï ieug ysñ jk rgla
• ÈhqKq ud¾. moaO;shla iy m%jdyk fiajhla mj;sk rgla
• úkh .rel - kS;s .rel hy md,khlska hq;a iodpdr iudchla
• ÈkQ foaYh h<s fkdfnok talSh rgla
• nyq;r iïuq;shlska f.dv kef.k ;sridr iduhla
• .yfld< iy i;d iSmdjd o iqrlsk yß; ,xldjla
• ;reKhkaf.a wfmaCIdjkag uq,a;ek fok iqNjdoS fygla
• wyi - fmd<j ihsn¾ wjldYfhka ch.;a oekqfuka n,d;aul .=re
isiq msßila
• fmr wmr È. fjolu iuj .;a ksfrda.S iqjiïmkak ñksia le<la
• foaYSh iïm;a" foaYSh oekqfuka úfoaYhka o ch .kakd foaYSh
jHjidhlfhla
• idys;H l,dfõ m%didx.sl fõosldfõ m%fndaOfha iqúi,a hq.hla
• ñksiqka yer hk rgla fjkqjg i;=áka meñfKk wdorKSh rgla
wjika l< fkdyels hehs lshQ ;%ia;jdoh iy fnÿïjdoh wms
mrdch lf<uq. ksoyia uõìfï Ndrlrejka f,i wysñ l< iuDoaêh
h<s oskd f.k cd;sh yd wfma orejka iqN wkd.;hlg /f.k hdug
b;ska w;aje,a ne|.uq.
07
mxpn, flaJøhka weiqfrka Y%S ,xldj

wdishdfõ wdYap¾hh njg
f.da,Sh wjmd;fhka fkdfi,ajqK wfma wd¾Ól uq,a.,
hqoaOh ch.%yKfhka fl<jr ùu;a iu.u “wd¾Ól hqoaOh o
ch.; hq;=h” hkak uE;l isg fndfyda fokdf.a uqj`. /õ fokq
wikakg olskakg ,enqKs' tfyhska bÈß yh jir ;=< tlS wNsfhda.h
o ndr.ekSug uu iQodkïj isáñ' wm rfÜ wd¾Ólh ksoyia úh hq;=
nj o" Yla;su;a úh hq;= nj o foaYSh wkkH;dj /flk mßÈ
úkhdkql+,j yeisfrñka cd;Hka;r uÜgfï j¾Okhla w;am;alr.;
hq;= nj o uu ;rfha úYajdi lrñ' tfyhska bÈß jir yh i|yd YS%
,xldfõ cd;sl wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh úêu;a mßÈ ls%hd;aul lsÍug uu
wfmaCId lrñ'
ud fï rfÜ md,kh ndr.kakd wjia:dj jk úg ksoyiska jir
57 la .; ù ;snq w;r tal mqo.
a , wdodhu j¾Okh ù ;snf q Ka weußldkq
fvd,¾ 1"000 olajd b;d fiñks' udf.a miq.h s jir 4 l m<uq md,k
ld,h ;=< th fvd,¾ 2"000 blau jQ iS.% j¾Okhla w;alr .;af;a h'
ta foaYhS wd¾Ólhg ys;lr wkaoñka by; lS cd;sl wd¾Ól m%;m s ;a;h
s
uysko a Ñka;khg wkql, + j uúiska lsh
% d;aul lrkq ,enQ ksid h'
ta wkqj bÈß jir 6 wjidk jk úg th fvd,¾ 4"000 olajd
wksjd¾hfhkau j¾Okh lsÍug wjYH ish¨ mshjr .ekSug uu wem
lem fjñ'
hqoaOh mej;s ;SrKd;aul hq.fha o ie,lsh hq;= wLKav j¾Ok
fõ.hla mj;ajd .ekSug ud iu;a jQ neúka bÈß jir yh ;=< o 8]
l wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.hla wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSug ish¨ mshjr
.kafkñ'
kj ,snr,ajdoS wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh l< ngysr iy
kef.kysr ish¨ rgj, wd¾Ólhka nxfldf,d;a ù .sh whqre wms
ÿgqfjuq' wm o tu wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;su lr .id f.k isáfha kï wfma
wd¾Ólh o iyuq,ska u úkdY ùug fndfyda ÿrg bv ;sìKs' wms
ljodg;a jvd wo ia:djrj isáuq' f,dalfha fõ.j;au wd¾Ólh
08
j¾Okh iys; m<uq rgj,a lsysmh w;rg YS% ,xldj o we;=<;a lsÍug
“È bfldfkdñiaaÜ” iÕrdj mshjr f.k we;af;a ta ksidh' f,dalfha
iS.%fhkau jefvkd fldgia fj<|fmd< w;=ßka fojeks ia:dkh wmg
ysñ jQfha o tneúks'
bÈßfha § wm yuqfõ oejeka; wNsfhda. folla we;' tlla kï
wmg wysñ lrjd we;s wd¾Ól iuDoaêh yd kQ;k ixj¾Okfha
m%;s,dN rfÜ fmdÿ uyckhdg ysñlr §uhs' fojkqj" È.=ld,Sk
;sridr ixj¾Okhlg wjYH wä;d,u o" iudka;rj ilia lsÍuhs'
fuf;la uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda.j,g wdorh lrñka tajd ch.;a
wdldrhgu fï wNsfhda.h o ch .ekSu uf.a mru wêIaGdkhhs'
YS% ,xldj-f.da,Sh mxp uy flakaøhla

wfma bÈß uyd msïfï m%uqL b,lalhla jkafka Y%s ,xldj f.da,Sh
jYfhka jeo.;a wd¾Ól flakaøia:dkhla njg m;alr .ekSuhs' ta
i|yd wm rg h<s;a wdishdkq fiao udjf;a uq;= wegh njg
m;alrjkakg uu wêIaGdk lrf.k we;' wm rg tys úYsIag
N+f.da,Sh msysàu Wmfhda.S lrf.k ngysr yd kef.kysr hd lrk
kdjql" .=jka" jdKsc" fj<| yd oekqfï flakaøhla f,i ÈhqKq lsÍug
uu mshjr .kafkñ'
kdjql flakaøia:dkhla
tod mrdl%undyq rc;=udf.a hq.fha oS fï l,dmfha kdjql n,j;d
jQfha wfma foaYhhs' wfma orejkaf.a f,a kEhd ;=< ta wNS;
keõm;shkaf.a" keõ ks¾udmlhkaf.a f,a Wreuh /|S we;ehs uu
;Èkau úYajdi lrñ' ta Wreuh yd Yla;sh mokï lr .ksñka uqyqÿ
fiao udjf;a kdjql flakaøia:dkh njg Y%S ,xldj m;a lsÍug bosß
oYlh ;=< mshjr .kafkñ' ta ;=<ska wfma rg wi,ska hk keõj,g
fiajdjka iemhSfï uOHia:dkhla njg m;a ùug wmg yels jkq we;'
tfiau" Y%S ,xldfõ jdKsc kdjql l¾udka;fha úma,jhla o isÿ jkq
we;' ,CI ixLHd; msßila mqyqKq keúhka" ld¾ñlhka" wdydr yd
ms<silr lghq;= lrkakka" f;,a imhkakka f,i kj /lshd
ud¾.j,g msúfikq we;'
09
ta fjkqfjka jk uyd mßudK jHdmD;Ska

yïnkaf;dg jrdh
• ish¨ ndOl ue`vf.k úYd, wdfhdackhlska hqla;j 2008 oS
wms yïnkaf;dg jrdfha boslsßï wdrïN lf<uq' ux.,
fk!ldj 2012 fkdjeïn¾ udifhaoS tys iïm%dma; jkq we;.
• fuu jrdh msysá ia:dkhg kdúl ie;mqï 10la Tífnka
we;af;a f,dj ld¾h nyq,u cd;Hkaa;r uqyqÿ fj<| ud¾.hhs'
ta uqyqo fiao udj;hs' jirlg m%Odk fj<| keõ muKla
70"000 - 80"000 ;a w;r m%udKhla ke;fyd;a osklg keõ
200 la muK wm miq lrk nj fu;=jla wu;l lr ;sîu
wjdikdjls'
• yïnkaf;dg jrdh l%shd;aul ùu;a iu. fuu keõj,ska
10"000 la myiqfjka Y%S ,xldjg meñfKkq we;'' tu`.ska
jirlg remsh,a fldaá 5"000 l úfoaY úksuhla b;d
myiqfjka bmhsh yels jkq we;'' fuu jrdh ksoyia jrdhla
f,i l%shd;aul flfrk neúka fuu ixLHdj fo.=Khla
fj;ehs uu úYajdi lrñ''
• ta wkqj n,k úg ;%ia;jdoh ksud l<d fukau jrdh fCIa;%fha
ixj¾Okfhka muKla ÿmam;alu;a iodld,slj wfma ráka
;=rka lsÍfï uf.a wêIaGdkh ksielju u,aM, .ekaùug wm
iu;a jkq we;'
• yïnkaf;dg" ;Ku,aú, iy weô,smsáh jeks w;s ÿIalr
m<d;a flaJø lr f.k oekgu;a ilia fjñka mj;sk
“ixj¾Ok l,dmh” tu m%foaYjdiSkaf.a Ôjk .uka u.
uq¿uKskau fjkia lrkq we;''
ol=Kq fld<U jrdh

• miq.sh jif¾oS boslsßï mgka.;a ol=Kq fld<U jrdfha
fufyhqï lghq;= 2012 oS wdrïN flf¾.
10
• oekg fld<U jrdhg we;=¿ l< fkdyels úYd, m%udKfha

keõ meñKSu;a iu. nyd¨ï Odß;dj fo.=Khla fjkq we;.
wdkhk wmkhk lghq;= i|yd .;jk ld,h wvq ùfuka o"
keõ iud.ï w;r we;sjk ;r.fhka keõ .dia;= my<
hdfuka o .fï f.dúhdf.a wiajekak fld<Ug muKla fkdj
úfoaY rgj,g o osk lSmhlska heùug yels ùfuka w;s úYd,
wd¾Ól jdishla rgg fukau foaYSh f.dúhdg yd
jHjidhlhdg o Wreu lr oSug wmg yels jkq we;'
.d,a, ixpdrl jrdhla njg

• .d¨ jrdfha oekgu;a werö we;s ixj¾Ok lghq;= o fuu
jif¾oS ksu lrñ.
• cd;Hka;r uqyqÿ udj;ska .uka .kakd lsisÿ ixpdrl
fk!ldjla oekg ,xldjg fkdmeñfKk ;rïh' Bg fya;=j
fld<U ixpdrl fk!ld i|yd wdl¾IKSh fkdùu;a" ,xldfõ
Bg iqÿiq myiqlï we;s fjk;a jrdhla fkdùu;ah.
• ft;sydislj ixpdrlhskaf.a fk;a is;a ne|.;a .d,a, k.rfha
fuu jrdh jeä oshqKq lsÍfuka ixpdrl fk!ld fukau uOH
mßudK iy l=vd m%udKfha ixpdrl hd;%d úYd, m%udKhla
f.kajd .; yelshehs úYajdi flf¾' jrdfhka ,efnk
wdodhu fuka lSm .=Khla ixpdrl l¾udka;fha kshef,k
wfma we;a;kag fvd,¾j,ska Wmhkakg ta ;=<ska yels jkq we;.
wksl=;a jrdhka
• T¨ú,a" lkalika;f
= ¾ iy ;%l
s K
= du,h hk jrdhka ;%; a fhau ixj¾Ok
s j
lghq;= wdrïN lf<ñ. T¨ú,a jrdfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= o fuu
jif¾ wjika lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjñ. ;%l s K= du, jrdh
wdYs;
% ixj¾Okmqrfha lghq;= mjd oekgu;a wdrïN lr ;sfí.
fï jrdhka ;=fkkau uQ,l s ju isÿ jkafka wNHka;r m%jdyk
lghq;= iy ixpdrl m%j¾Okhhs. fuf;la úhoï wêl jQ iy
wkdrCIs; jQ we;eï m%jdyk lghq;= uq¿ rgu wdjrKh jk
mßos isÿ lsÍug ta wkqj kqÿf¾oSu wmg yels jkq we;'
11
/lshd wjia:d
• fuu ixj¾Ok ld¾hh iïmQ¾K jk úg mqyqKq kqmqyqKq
fowxYfhau Rcq /lshd wjia:d 50"000 la ksielju wfma
;reKhskag ysñjkq we;. fuu fCIa;%j,g jvd;au wjYH
jkafka mqyqKq Y%ñlhskah. tneõka Wiia fm< iy idudkH fm<
iu;=kag fuu /lshd újD; lrñ. ta i|yd wjeis oekqu iy
mqyqKqj ,nd .; yels fCIa;% .Kkdjl mqyqKq mdGud,d
jD;a;Sh mqyqKq wêldßh yd tlaj oekgu;a osjhsk mqrd
wdrïN lr we;.
• Bg wu;rj wdydr" kjd;eka jeks úúO fiajd iemhSï wdYs%;j
;j;a ,CI ;=klg muK jl% /lshd wjia:d Wod jkq we;.
ixj¾Okfha m%;sM, .ñka .ug;a f.hska f.hg;a
mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg;a f.k hdug ud ie,iqï lr
we;af;a tf,isks.
• › ,xldfõ w¨;ska jrdhla bos jkafka jir 600 lg muK
miqjhs' miq.sh jir y;r we;=<; boslsßï wdrïN l< w¨;a
jrdhj,a 5 ;=<ska bosß jirj,oS jirlg o< cd;sl wdodhu
2% ne.ska tla lrñ'
• yïnkaf;dg jrdh flakaø lr .;a weô,smsáh" ;Ku,aú, hk
m%foaYj, o ;%sl=Kdu,h" T¿ú,a iy lkalika;=f¾ jrdhj,a
wjg m%foaYj, o wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l,dm 4 la msysgqjñ'
tajdfha mÈxÑlrejkag jrdh wdY%s; fiajd iemhSug wjia:dj
i,id oSfuka Tjqkaf.a Ôú; ixj¾Okh lrñ'
.=jka flakaøia:dkhla
f,dal b;sydifha w;S; m%jdohlg fyda .=jka hdkhla .ek i|yka
jkafka wfma rdjK rc;=udf.a o~qfudKrh ms<sn|jhs' tfiau" tod
fojeks f,dal ix.%duh wjia:dfõ § bx.S%iSka ish kdjql-.=jka
uQ,ia:dkh f,i ,xldj f;dardf.k ujqkaÜnegka idñjrhd fuys
/|jQfha wka;¾ cd;sl .=jka hdkd ud¾. fndfyduhla fï rg wi<ska
jeà we;s ksid h' tfy;a" ;ju;a isx.mamQrej" vqndhs wd§ rgj,a isÿ
12
l< mßos .=jka flakaøia:dkhla f,i wm rg f.dvke.Sug wmg

fkdyels ù we;'
fï wNsfhda.h o wm úiska ch .; hq;j
= ;sfí' ks,a wyi ch.ekSu
i|yd oejeka; há;, myiqlï f.dvkexùula ud úiska wdrïN lrk
,oafoa tneúks' lgqkdhl .=jkaf;dg kùlrKh l< w;r" u;a;, kj
.=jkaf;dgqfmd<la boslÍs ug lsh
% d lf<ñ' tfukau rgmqrd .=jka
f;dgqfmd< oyy;rla bkaÈhdj yd l,dmSh .=jka .uka i|yd
kùlrKhg o lghq;= lrkafkñ' ÈhqKq ud¾. moaO;shla u.ska fï
.=jka m: hd lsÍug oekgu;a lghq;= lr we;s w;r" .=jkahdkd tl,ia
lsÍu" w¨;ajeähdj jeks kj l¾udka;j,g o .=jka hdkd fiajd
iemhSug o" ld¾ñl fiajd iemhSug o fuu.ska bv m%i: a d újD; lrñ'
kss,a .=jk iy wNHjldYh ch .ekqu

wfma cj iïmkak ;reKhka fmdf<dfjys, ihqfrys fukau ks,a
.=jfkys o oialï mdkakg wmuK oCI nj miq.sh udkqISh fufyhqï
j,oS fmkajd oS ;sfí. th ug Yla;shls. fï Wodù we;af;a wyi
muKla fkdj wNHjldYh o osksh hq;= ld,hhs'
• wmf.a wi,a jeis rgj,a iu. wNHjldY ;dCIKh yqjudre
lr .ekSfï jevigykla ilia lrñ' ta hgf;a wfma rgg
pkaøsld whs;shla ,nd .ekSug;a lghq;= lrñ'
• wkd.;fhaoS › ,dxlSh cd;shu uy;a wNsudkhg m;a lrñka
bosß oi jir ;=<oS wfmau úoHd{hka úiska ks¾udKh
flfrk pJøsldjla wNHjldY.; lrk › ,xldjla ìys lsÍu
uf.a wfmaCIdjhs.
u;a;, - Y%S ,xldfõ fojk cd;Hka;r .=jkaf;dgqfmd<

jrdhla fukau w¨;ska .=jkaf;dgqfmd<la o ,xldfõ bosjkafka
hg;a úð; wjosfhka miqjh.
• lsf,da óg¾ y;rl os.ska hq;= .=jka m:hla iys; u;a;, .=jka
f;dg ,xldfõ fojk cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqfmd<hs.
13
• ol=fKa ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okhg fukau wdfhdack

iy ixj¾Ok l,dmj, j¾Okhg;a fuu`.ska losu wjia:djla
Wodjkq we;s nj uu úYajdi lrñ.
lgqkdhl cd;Hka;r .=jkaf;dgqm, kùlrKh

• A 380 j¾.fha w;s oejeka; .=jka hdkd f.dv neiai úh yels
wdldrfha Odjk m:hla iy .=jka wx.khla iys;j lgqkdhl
cd;Hka;r .=jkaf;dgqfmd< kùlrKh lsÍfï lghq;=
werUQfhñ. l,dmfha wfkl=;a .=jka f;dgqfmd<j,a iu.
;r.ldßj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd;a u.Skaf.a wdl¾IKh i|yd;a
fuu kùlrKh Wmldß jkq we;.
• m,d,s, wïmdr, r;au,dk hk wNHka;r .=jka f;dgqfmd< jeä
oshqKq lsÍu wNHka;r m%jdyk moaO;sfhau ixj¾Okd;aul
os.=jls.
• fuh wd¾Ól úch.%yKh i|yd jk fhdaO msïula fukau
5,000 lg muK iDcq /lshd wjia:d Wod lr oSula o fjhs.
wkqnoaê; NdKAv iy fiajd iemhSu u.ska ;j;a 15,000 lg
muK jl% wdodhï ud¾. Wod fjkq we;. oshqKqfõ m%;sM,
fodßka fodr <Õd jkq we;af;a tf,isks.
jdKsc flakaøia:dkhla
YS% ,xldj jdKsc flakaøia:dkhla lsÍfï m<uq wNsfhda.h uu
ch.;af;ñ' ta fN!;sl jYfhka há;, myiqlï kexùfuka fukau
udkj iïm;a oekqfuka jeäÈhqKq lsÍfuks' tys m%;sM, f,i wfma
fldgia fj<|fmd< yd úfoaY wdfhdack oekgu;a f,dfõ m%uqL;u
;;a;ajhkag m;aù we;' wmg wjYH fuh úma,ùh fjkilska fmrg
f.k hduhs' jdKsc fiajdjka imhk (BPO) cd;Hka;r nexl= .kqfokq
isÿ lrk cd;Hka;r wdfhdack isÿ lrk wdishdfõ m%Odk;u jdKsc
uOHia:dkh njg YS% ,xldj m;a lsÍu udf.a wruqKhs'
14
n,Yla;s flakaøia:dkhla
jir 2008 § f;,a ñ, ;=ka .=Khlska by< hdu ksid we;s jQ
wd¾Ól lïmkh f,dfõu wd¾Ólhka .sksn;a lsÍug iu;a úh' f;,a
ñ, ;=ka .=Khlska by< hdfuka we;s jQ w¾nQoh tjekakla kï f;,a
ke;a;gu ke;s jQ úg ljr ;rfï w¾nQohla cks; fj;aoehs wkdjels
lshkakg lsisjl= wjYH ke;' wm fï .; lrñka isákafka Lksc f;,a
u; f.dvke.+Kq YsIaGdpdrfha Wmßu oYlhhs' ;j oYl mylska f;,a
n,Yla;s iïm;la jkafka ke;'
wfmau jQ n,Yla;s iïm;a fidhd hdug wm fm<fUkafka fï
miqìu Tiafia h' tys uq,a woshrla f,i uydoaùmsl ;vd.fha frdkauv
;Ügqfõ .Klu u.ska wm rgg wh;a úh hq;= foaY iSudj uek wjika
lr tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg Ndr §ug wfma úoaj;=kg yels ù
;sfí' uqyqÿ ;Srfhka ;=fkka folla jid isá uqyqÿ fldá ;%ia;jdoh o
ioygu w;= .d oud we;s ksid wmg ienE f,igu wfma uqyqÿ foaY
iSudfõ whs;sh N=la;s ú|Sug iaj¾Kuh wjia:djla ,eî we;' wfma rg
fuka úis ;=ka .=Khl uqyqÿ m%foaYhl whs;sh wmg ,eìh hq;= nj uu
úYajdi lrñ' tys iïm;a ish,a, wfma orejkag wkd.;fha ysñjkq
we;' th bgq lsÍug yelsùu ms<sn|j uu wdvïnr fjñ'
Bkshd igka úrduhla yryd W;=re kef.kysr fom<d; o" uqyqÿ
iSudj o ;%ia;jdohg mjrk ,o ryis.; .súiqu u.ska wfma fjr< yd
iuqø ;Srej, f;,a .fõIK lghq;= TGS fkdfmla kï iud.u yryd
úfoaYslhka i;= lsÍug .eg.ik ,o l=uka;%Kh mrdch lrñka uu
tlS .súiqu wfydais lf<ñ' ;%ia;jdofhka yd cd;Hka;r
cdjdrïlrejkaf.a .%yKfhka uqojd cd;sh i;= lr .kakd ,o wmf.a
id.r ;,h Ndú;d lr cd;sl wd¾Ólh n,Yla;sfhka fmdaIKh
lsÍug wmg oeka yels ù we;'
fï jif¾§ m<uq f;,a <s| leKSsu wrUñ' wfma f;,a yd .Eia iïm; o"
kHIaál n,h ksmoùu i|yd bkaOkhla jQ Lksc je,s iïm; o" cd;sh i;= jákd
foafmd< f,i t<eUqKq oYlfha § u;=lr .kakjd we;' tfukau yïnkaf;dg
yd imq.ialkafoa kj f;,a msßmyÿ bosjk w;r" tu`.ska cd;Hka;r
f;,a fj<|dug wjYH ;dlaIKsl moku wmg ,efnkq we;' wfma
15
úÿ,sn, moaO;sh kej; úÿ,sh ysÕhla we;s fkdjk f,i oejeka;

ixj¾Okhlg fhduq lr we;s w;r" bÈßfha wfmau jQ bkaOkj,ska
Odjkh jk jdyk yd ckkh jk úÿ,sh wmg ,efnkq we;'
fláfhka lshf;d;a wm l,dmfha n,Yla;s flakaøhla f,i wfma
ujqìu j¾Okh jkq we;' tu.ska ,CI ixLHd; msßilg kj /lshd
yd wdodhï ,efnk w;r wfma cd;sl wdodhu bÈß miajir ;=<
fo.=K lsÍfï b,lalh imqrd .kakg wmg yelshdj ,efnkq we;s nj
uu úYajdi lrñ'
oekqfï flakaøia:dkhla
w;S;fha wfma uyd úydrh wdishdjg O¾uh fnod yeÍfï
uOHia:dkh úh' úydria:dkj, j¾Okh jQ iQieg l,djka bkamiq
ÈhqKq oekqï moaO;shla njg m;a úh' kdúl" c, l<ukdlrK yd
jdia;= úoHd fCIa;%j, wfma oekqu wE; fmrÈ. rgj,g mjd .,d .sh
wdvïnr w;S;hla wmg ;sìKs' tfy;a miq.sh oYl .Kkdj ;=< isÿ
jQfha nqoaêuh fÄojdplhls' ksoyia wOHdmkh u.ska ckkh flreKq
W.;a nqoaêuh Y%uh úfoaY lrd nqoaê .,kh úh' kùlrKh fkdjq
mdGud,d ksid ú/lshdjg ng wfma WmdêOdÍ orejka l÷¿ .Eia
m%ydr iu. gh¾ iEhg hjk kreu foaYmd,khla ìys úh'
úfoaY.; ù f,dal mßudkfha úYsIaghka njg m;aj isák wfma nqoaêu;=kaf.a
wdfhdack" oekqu yd fiajdjka ,nd .ekSu i|yd m%;snqoaê.,kh i|yd jQ
ls%hdoduhla y÷qkajd ÿkafkñ' ta ls%hdoduh bÈßfha § úma,ùh
mßj¾;khla njg m;alr ráka hk fkdj rgg tk nqoaê m%jdyhla
we;s lrkafkñ'
úYajúoHd," ld¾ñl úoHd, yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk mdGud,dj,
úma,ùh fjkila we;s lrñ' ikaksfõok" kdjql" .=jka" jdKsc" mßir
ys;ldó ksIamdok wd§ fCIa;%j, kj oekqu iu. ne÷Kq mdGud,d yd
mqyqKq Y%uh ìys lrñ' fl<skau úfoaY fj<|fmd< b,lal lr.;a
mdGud,d o iliñ'
wOHdmkh yd oekqu rgg WÑ; f,i m%;sks¾udKh lrñ' Ys%
,xldj f,dalfha oekqfï flaJøia:dkhla njg kej; m;a lrjñ'
16
.fï n,h rgg

.u keÕ=u
.u iuDoaêu;a ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk uOHia:dkhla lrkq fjkqjg
kqjrekaf.a hemqï uOHia:dkhla njg m;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh werUkafka
hg;a úð; wjêfhah' k.rh ish¨ myiqlïj,ska hq;a iïm;a
uOHia:dkh njg m;a fjoaoS .u frda.shl= frday,lg f.khdu i|yd
mdrla, jdykhla ke;s ;;ajhlg m;a jQfha tfyhsks' k.rh
ñksiqkaf.ka msÍ b;sfroaoS .u lsisjla lr lshd .; fkdyels
wirKhskaf.a Wreuhla njg m;a jQfha ta whqßks' .fï mdi, tmd ù
orejka k.rfha mdi,aj,g weof.k tafï fÄojdplh werfUkafka
t;eksks'
ffjrjdoS foaYmd,k mCIj, Wis.ekaùïj,g yiq ù .ïno
;reKhka ,CI .Kkla rdcH úfrdaë ler<s lrejka ù urKhg m;a
jk 1971 iy 1987 o ler,s follg wiq jkafka tfyhsks'
f.dúhdf.a yoj; jka l=Ur q e uqo,d,s,dg úlsKS f.dúhd ;ukaf.au
l=Ufq ¾ l=,l
S refjl= jkafka tfyhsk's ksoyiska miq iEu rchlau mdfya
ta iïnJOfhka wvq jeä jYfhka j.lsj hq;= hehs uu lshñ'
• .u kej; jrla ñksiqkag Ôj;a ùu i|yd wjYH
myiqlïj,ska msß iuDoaêu;a Ôjk uOHia:dkhla njg m;a
lrk f;la .u ke`.=u jevigyk l%shdjg kxjñ'
• ,xldfõ iEu .ulu ishü wdldrfha ud¾. fldkal%SÜ
lrkafkñ' .ïudk 16000 ;=<u ish¨ há;, myiqlï"
Ôjfkdamdh iy iudc ixj¾Okh ;=<ska 2016 jk úg iïm;a
msreKq iuDoaêu;a .u ks¾udKh lrñ'
m<d;a keÕ=u
• W;=re iy kef.kysr m<d;aj, iS>% ixj¾Okhla wmg flá
l,lska ,nd .; yels jQfha tu fom<d;a i|yd ld¾h idOk
n,ldhka folla msysgqùfuks' fuu w;aoelSu Wmfhda.S
lrf.k rcrg kfjdaoh, jhU mqnqÿj, mqnqouq fj,a,iai"
17
l`ÿrg Wodkh iy inr.uq wreKdf,dalh hk mxp m<d;a

ixj¾Ok läkï jevigykla l%shd;aul lrñ' ta i|yd
m<d;a iNdjo taldnoaO lr .kakd ld¾h idOk n,ldhka
myla msysgqjñ'
• fld<U yd ;odikak k.r uOHu wdodhï,dNS rgl uÜgulg
mßir ys;ldó f,i kùlrKh lrñka ol=Kq wdishdfõ
jdKsc flaJøia:dkh f,i ixj¾Okh lrñ'
• yïnkaf;dg jrdh k.rhla f,i;a .d¨ mqrjrh ixpdrl
flaJøia:dkhla f,i;a ud;r ol=Kq wNsudkfha k.rh f,i;a
ixj¾Okh lrkafkñ'
n; nq,;ska imsß w.ysÕlñka f;dr

biqreu;a rgla
Ôjk nrg ieye,a¨jla
2005 oS ud n,hg m;a jk úg foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h lvd jeàug
i,iajd f.dúhd ish osú kid .kakd ;;ajhlg m;aj ;sìKs' ù wf,õ
uKav,h, wdydr flduidßia fomd¾;fïka;=j jeks f;d. mj;ajd
f.k hdfï wdh;k jid oud ;sìKs' wf,ú fomd¾;fïka;=j,
i'f;d'i' iy iuQmldrh jeks fmdÿ ckhdg w;HjYH NdKav iy
fiajd fnod yeÍfï wdh;k úkdY lr oud ;sìKs' tys m%;sM,h jQfha
cdjdrïlrejka w;f,diaila w;g NdKav yd fiajd iemhSfï yd
tajdfha ñ, ;SrKh lsÍfï n,h ysñ ùuhs'
wo Ôjk úhou .ek l:d lrkafka 1977 isg 2005 olajdu Ôjk
úhou md,kh lsÍug wiu;a jQ iy rcfha md,kfhka tu j.lSu
wE;a lsÍfï mdmhg wvq jeä jYfhka odhl jQ whj¨ka ùu .ek uu
mqÿu fjñ'
ù wf,ú uKav,h kej; msysgqjd" m%Odk k.rj, wd¾Ól
uOHia:dk jHdma; fldg" i'f;d'i yd iuQmldrh jeks wdh;k
Yla;su;a lrñka .; jQ isõ jir ;=< uu foaYSh ksIamdok iq,n
lsÍfï ;sridr l%shd ud¾.hlg m%fõY jQfhñ'
18
tys m%;sM,hla f,i f.dú ck;djf.a wdodhï ud¾. mq¿,a ùug

mgka f.k ;sfí' Ôjk nr ;sridr f,i wvq lsÍug kï fuu mshjr
wLKavj bosßhg f.k hd hq;=h'
• w;HjYH wdydr øjH wvx.= “ncÜ mela” i'f;d'i' fj<|
cd,hg wu;rj wfkl=;a fm!oa.,sl is,a,r fj<|i,a u.ska o
,nd oSug lghq;= lrñ'
• fkdfrdÉfpdaf,a .,a wÕ=re n,d.drfha úÿ,sh ksIamdokh fuu
jif¾ w. Nd.fhaa isg wdrïN ùu;a iu. úÿ,s n, moaO;shg
iemfhk wvq úhoï úÿ,sfha m%;s,dNh uu ck;djg ,nd
fokafkñ' wvq wdodhï,dNSka ksjdi i|yd úÿ,s ìf,ka 30% l
jÜgula ,nd oSug lghq;= lrñ'
• 2012 oS ieug úÿ,sh ,nd oSfï wruqK bgq lr .kakd f;la
oekg úÿ,s n,h fkdue;s lñka ta fjkqjg N+ñf;,a
mßfNdackfhka wdf,dalh ,nd .kakd iEu mjq,lgu uilg
N+ñf;,a ,Sg¾ 5 la ne.ska fkdñf,a ,nd fokafkñ'
iuDoaê,dNS mjq,a
• l=uk wdldrhg fyda iuDoaê iykdOdr ,eîu uÕ yeß we;s
ÿmam;a mjq,a ;sfí kï ta ishü mjq,aj,g iuDoaê wdOdr ,nd
oSug lghq;= lrñ.
• remsh,a 1000 g jvd wvqfjka iuDoaê iykdOdr ,nk iEu
mjq,la i|ydu tu oSukdj remsh,a 1000 olajd jeä lrñ'
• Bg wu;rj wjqreÿ 3 g wvq orejka isák iEu mjq,lu
orejka fjkqfjka remsh,a 1500 l w;sf¾l iykdOdrhla ,nd
fokafkñ'
• iEu iuDoaê mjq,a tallhlgu hï jHdmdrhla lrf.k hdug
fyda jD;a;shl kshe,Sug wjYH m%d.aOkh ,nd oSu i|yd
remsh,a 100,000 olajd Kh uqo,la ,nd oSug lghq;=
lrkafkñ'
19
• tu Kh uqo, m<uq wjqreoafoa oS fmd<S rys;j;a bka miq 6% l

iyk fmd<shlg;a ,nd fokafkñ' fuu Kh uqo, i|yd rch
wemlre f,i o lghq;= lrkakg i,iajñ'
• fmdaIK u,a,g wu;rj, iuDoaê,dNs mjq,aj, uõjreka
orejl= ìys lsÍfïoS orejdg wjYH oE wvx.= ;s<sK lÜg,hla
,ndoSug lghq;= i,iajñ.
• iuDoaê mjq,aj, wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd yd
Ôjfkdamdh lghq;= j¾Okh lsÍu myiq jk mßos iuDoaè
wèldßfha fiajlhka úY%du jegqmaj,g ysñlï lshk rdcH
fiajlhka njg m;a lsÍug wjYH fiajd jHjia:djla ilia
lrkafkñ'
• wdndO iys; mqoa.,hskaf.ka iukaú; mjq,lg iuDoaê
m%;s,dN ,nd§fï§ tu mjq,aj,g wod, wd¾Ól ;;ajh
fkdi,ld iuDoaê wdOdrh ,nd§ug lghq;= lrñ'
úkh .rel - kS;s .rel

iodpdr iudchla
biqrenr mjq,la
f,dalh r|d mj;skafka wïudjrekaf.a yoj;ska .,d tk
fifkyisks. orejka ksfrda.S ukiska iy iunr fm!reIfhka
jefvkafka ta fifkyi ;=<sks. uf.a úYajdih kï wm flf;la foa
oskd .;a; o uq,a lr .; hq;af;a wïud, ;d;a;d iy orejka f.ka
ieÿï ,;a mjq, njhs'
f.or nqÿka wïudg uq,a;ek

wm rfÜ wd¾Ól l%shdj,sfha jeäu odhl;ajhla Wiq,kafka
ldka;djhs' j;= j.dfõ, úfoaY /lshdfõ iy weÕ¨ï fCIa;%hkays
ldka;d odhl;ajh fnfyúka by< f.dia we;' tneúka wfma rfÜ
ldka;djg ysñ úh hq;af;a “iu ;ek” fkdj “m%uqLia:dkh” nj uu
úYajdi lrñ.
20
• ldka;djka w;r iajhx /lshd iy w;sf¾l wdodhï ud¾.

jeä oshqKq lsÍug wjYH uQ,H myiqlï iemhSu i|yd ldka;d
jHjidh ixj¾Ok wruqo,la msysgqjñ.
• tlu ld¾hfha fhfok msßñkag iy ldka;djkag iudk jegqma
f.ùu wksjd¾h lrñ'
• wd¾Óluh iy jD;a;Shuh f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug myiq jk
mßos ldka;d o;a; nexl=jla wdrïN lrñ'
• ldka;dj mjqf,a m%Odk j.lSu orkakd jk wjia:dj,oS weh
.Dy uQ,slhd f,i ms<s.ekSug wjYH kS;suh m%;smdok
ie,iSu ;=<ska we;eï wjia:dj,oS ldka;djka uqyqKmdk
mßmd,k fyda kS;suh ÿIalr;d bj;a lsÍug lghq;= lrñ'
• foaYmd,k iy mßmd,k jHqyhka ;=< ldka;d ksfhdackh jeä
lsÍug mshjr .kafkñ' tu.ska wfma oek W.;a ldka;djkag
ksis idOdrKh bgq lrñ'
• .fï ;Skaÿ ;SrK .kakd ck iNdfõ ldka;d ksfhdackh
wksjd¾h lsÍu u.ska m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSïj,oS ldka;d
odhl;ajh by< kxjñ'
ldka;d uQ,sl mjq,a

W;=re iy kef.kysr m<d;aj, mej;s .egqï u; fyda 1987-89
NSIK iuh fya;= lrf.k fyda fjk;a iajdNdúl fya;+ka ksid f.dv
ke`.=Kq ldka;d uQ,sl;aj mjq,aj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iy iqrCIdj
,nd oSu rcfha j.lSula fldg i,lñ'
• Tjqkag iqÿiq wd¾Ól l%shdj,shlg fhduq ùu i|yd remsh,a
,CI 2 lg fkdjeä iyk fmd<shla hgf;a Kh uqo,la ,nd
oSug lghq;= lrñ'
• bvï wysñ tn÷ iEu mjq,lgu j.djg iy mosxÑhg wjYH
bvula ,nd fokafkñ'
21
• tn÷ mjq,aj, wdndO iys; iEu orejl=gu wjYH jD;a;Sh

mqyqKqjla fyda úfYaI wOHdmkh i|yd ,laI 4 l uqo,a
m%;smdokhla fjka lrñ'
u,ajka orejka
ksoyia ksjy,a N+ñfha wkd.; ysñlrejka jkafka wm rfÜ
orejka h' tlS Wreuh Ndr .kakg kï Tjqka keK kqjKska iy fjr
ùßfhka imsß orejka úh hq;= h' wNsfhda. Ndr .kakg yels
wNsudkj;a › ,dxlslhl= jYfhka l%shd lrk whqre Tjqkg lshd
fokakg leue;af;ñ'
• rfÜ ish¨ orejkaf.a wdrCIdj iy /ljrKh
iïmQ¾Kfhkau iy;sl lsÍu i|yd cd;sl <ud wdrCIl
wêldßhg wkqnoaO lr fmd,sia <ud ld¾hdxYhla msysgqjñ'
;j o ish¨ wdldrfha <ud wmrdOj,g tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug
wjeis n,h iy iajdëk;ajh wêldßhg ,nd fokafkñ'
• orejkag muKla fjka jq Tjqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh wdrCId jk
mßos lghq;= lrk wêlrK moaO;shla wdrïN lrñ'
• jir 18 iïmQ¾K jQ kuq;a ksis /ljrKhla wysñ jk wkd:
orejkag újdyh f;la wod< ksjdi ;=<u /|S isàug fyda
mqrmamdvq wkqj tu ld¾h uKav,j,g n|jd .ekSug yels jk
mßos kS;s ixfYdaOkh lrñ'
• uj fyda mshd nJOkd.dr .; jQ mjq,j
a , orejka f.a /ljrKh
iy;sl lsÍu i|yd jk l%ufõohla l%h s djg kxjñ'
fogq mqrjeis w;aoelSï rg fjkqfjka

wm fï t<U isákafka ck.yKfhka jeä msß s i jeäuy¨ fldgig
wh;a jk wjêhlgh. tfyhska fcHIaG mqrjeishkag wNsudkfhka Ôj;a
ùug wjYH miqìu ks¾udKh lsÍug Wmldrùu wmf.a j.lSuls.
• jhi 65 blaujk iEu mqoa.,hl=gu úY%du jegqmla ,nd oSfï
l%uhla y÷kajd fokafkñ'
22
• jhi wjqreÿ 60 blaujk fcHIaG mqrjeishka i;= iaÓr

;ekam;= i|yd úfYaI fmd,S m%ido oSukdjla ,nd oSug lghq;=
lrñ'
• jeäysá wirK irK oSukdj remsh,a 1000 olajd by< kxjñ'
• oekg mj;akd rcfha jeäysá ksjdi Wiia ;;a;ajhg m;a
lsÍu iòyd lghq;= lrk w;r fm!oa.,sl wxYh fyda úúO
ixúOdk u.ska mj;ajdf.k hk jeäysá ksjdi oshqKq lsÍu
msKsi wdkhkh flfrk WmlrK wdosh wdkhk nÿj,ska
ksoyia lrñ'
úY%du Èúhg w;aje,la

w;a±lsïj,ska fmdaIKh jQ wm rfÜ úY%dñl rcfha fiajlhskag
f.!rjhla iys;j rg ixj¾Okh lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfha§ o
WmfoaYkd;aul N+ñldjla ksrEmKh lsÍfuka ilS%h odhl;ajhla
,ndoSu iòyd my; i|yka mshjrhka o wkq.ukh lsÍug wfmaCId
lrñ'
• úY%dñlhka udislj ,nk úY%du jegqm “rg fjkqfjka lsisÿ
fiajdjla bgq lsÍfuka f;drj ,nk msx mähla” njg miq.sh
wdKavq úiska f.dvkeÕ+ u;h iyuq,skau m%;sfCIam fldg §¾>
ld,hla Tjqka rg fjkqfjka bIag isoaO lrk ,o buy;a
fiajdj fjkqfjka wksjd¾hfhka Tjqkag ,eìh hq;=
f.!rjdkaú; §ukdjla neúka tlS i;Hh iudch fj; ;Èka
ld jeoa§ug mshjr .ksñ'
• rdcH wdh;k yd nexl= wdY%s;j úúO jQ uyck fiajdjka
,nd.ekSug hkakd jQ úY%dñlhskag ±kg ,efnk m%uqL;dj
;j;a mq¿,a fldg úY%du ye÷kqïm;" fcHIaG mqrjeis
ye÷kqïm; fyda jeäysá ye÷kqïm; bÈßm;a lsÍfuka ´kEu
wdh;khlska m%uqL;djh ,nd.; yels jevms<sfj,la bÈßhg
ls%hd;aul lrñ'
23
• úY%du jegqma ,nd .ekSfñ l%shdj,sfhaoS fcHIaG mqrjeishka

uqyqKmdk ÿIalr;d iy ria;shdÿùï j<lajd .ekSu iòyd
úY%du jegqm ksjigu ,efnk l%uhla l%shd;aul lrñ'
• 2006 g fmr úY%du ,enQ ishü rcfha fiajlhska f.a úY%du
jegqm 2006 jegqma l%uhg .e,fmk whqßka ilia fldg ó<Õ
whjefha isg ls%hd;aul lrñ'
• úY%dñl rcfha fiajlhskag fi!LH myiqlï fjkqfjka T!IO
iy ffjoH .dia;= i|yd j¾Ihlg remsh,a 10,000 la jk
fi!LH rCIK l%uhla y÷kajd fokafkñ'
fjkia yelshdjka we;s whg

wdndO iys; mqoa.,hka iudcfha wNsudkj;a msßila f,i Ôj;a ùug wjYH
iudc wd¾Ól udkisl mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu m%uqL ld¾hhla f,i uu olsñ'
wdndO iys; mqoa.,hkaf.a whs;sjdislï m%j¾Okh iy wdrlaId lsÍu iudcfha
ld¾hNdrhls' fjk;a rgj, fukau wfma rfÜ wdndê;hkag tu mjq,aj,
idudðlhska we;=¿ {d;Skaf.ka /ljrKh ;ju;a fyd|ska ,efnk nj uu oksñ'
tfia kuq;a Tjqkaf.a /ljrKh iy wdrCIdj i|yd rchg we;s j.lSu uu Ndr
.kafkñ'
• ;u yelshdj iy l=i,;dj wkqj wjYH wOHdmkhla iy
úfYaI mqyqKqjla ,eîu iòyd jhi wjqreÿ 12 isg 22 olajd
wdndO iys; iEu orejl=gu ,laI y;rl uqo,la fjka lrñ'
• ishü Y%jH oDYH iy fjk;a wdndO iys; orejka i|yd
wx.iïmQ¾K úfYaI wOHdmk tall ;=kla w¨;ska bÈlrkafkñ'
• YdÍßl wdndO iys; jQjkag wjqreÿ 50 §;a" udkisl wdndO
iys; jQjkag wjqreÿ 45 §;a idudðl uqo,a jir 20la f.jd
we;s úgoS;a ,nd.; yels jk whqßka ±kg mj;sk úY%du
jegqma l%uh ixfYdaOkh lrñ'
• wdndO iys; mqoa.,hka ;u m%jdyk lghq;= i|yd rfÜ fmdÿ
m%jdyk fiajd Wmfhda.S lr .kakd wjia:djkays§ Tjqkaf.a
lghq;= myiq jk wdldrhg fiajh ,nd§ug yels l%ufõohla
ilia lrñ'
24
• fmdÿ ia:dkj,§ wdndê; mqoa.,hskaf.a m%fõY myiqlï we;s

lrñ' úfYaIfhkau rcfha ish¨ wdh;k fj; wdndO iys;
m%cdjg m%fõYùu i|yd wjYH iEu myiqlulau we;s lrñ'
• Y%jKdndê; m%cdjf.a myiqj i|yd ish¨ udOH ;=< úldYh
lrk m%jD;a;s we;=¿ fjk;a .=Kd;aul jevigykaj,§ ix{d
ni Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu ;jÿrg;a m%p,s; lsÍug lghq;=
iïmdokh lrñ'
• wdndO iys; m%cdjf.a iudc wd¾Ól wjYH;d iu. uQ,sl
whs;Ska ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r jYfhka
y÷kajd § we;s ishü kS;s fr.=,dis fukau wjYH kï kj
kS;s fr.=,dis o y÷kajd § tajd n,d;aul lr Tjqkaf.a Ôjk
;;ajh;a iudc wdrlaIdj;a ;yjqre lrñ' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
wdndO iys; mqoa.,hka i|yd jQ m%{ma;sh ,xldfõ kS;s
moaO;shg wdfoaY lr YS% ,xldj wdndO iys; m%cdjg ys;ldó
(Differently abled Friendly Country) rgla njg m;alsÍu uQ,sl
fldg.;a jevms<sfj,la wdrïN lrñ'
• wdndO iys; mqoa.,hkaf.a lS%vd lghq;= i|yd wruqo,la
ia:dmkh lr l%Svl lS%äldjkaf.a yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍug
wfmalaId lrñ'
• wdndO iys; mqoa.,hkaf.a yelshdj iy leue;a; u; Tjqka
iajhx /lshdjla lsÍug bÈßm;a jkafka kï ta i|yd wjYH
wdOdr iemhSug úfYaI jHdmD;shla wdrïN lrñ' ta iòyd
2010 whjefhka uqo,a fjka lrñ'
rKúre wNsko
ksoyfia wreKe,a,g odhl jQfjda
;%i;
a jdohg tfrys igfka oS osú ms¥ fyda wdndê; jQ rKúrefjda
tla cd;shlg fyda ckj¾.hlg muKla wh;a fkdfj;s' Tjqka igka
lf<a lsih
s ï cd;shlg ck j¾.hlg tfrysj fkdfõ' ;%i; a jdoh ksid
ñh .sh" wdndê; jQ ìfhka .,a .eiS isá W;=f¾ yd kef.kysr fukau
ol=fKa;a ck;dj ;%i;a jdofha m%dK wemfhka uqod .ekSu i|yd h.
25
hqoO
a fha jvd;au wñysß h:d¾:h ú|skf
a ka osú ms¥ rKúrejkaf.a
ìßkaoEjreka iy orejkah. n,ldhkag tla jQ ;eka mgka Tjqkf a .a
yojf;ys ish ìßkaoEjreka fyda orejka isáh hq;= ;ek ;snf q Ka
uõìuhs. Tjqka iu. f.úh hq;= ld,h f.jqfKa rK ìfuys h.
ñh .sh we;eï rKúrejkaf.a orejka ;ju;a ;d;a;d tk;=re
fmru. n,d isák neõ uu oksñ. ta fkdorejka f.a u;lfhys
we;af;a ;E.s;a /f.k udi .Kklg fmr f.or wd ;d;a;d h.
tneúka fï l=ßre ;%ia;jdoh Wfoid osú ÿka m<uq fin<df.a isg
udkqIsl fufyhqu fjkqfjka osúÿka fyda wdndê; jQ wjika fin<d
olajd;a Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, ÿjd orejka fjkqfjkq;a uu uf.ka bgq úh
hq;= hq;=lï bgq lsÍug fkdmelsf<ñ.
• l%shdkaú;fha fh§ isáh§ mQ¾K wdndê;Ndjhg m;a jQ ish¨
wdndê; yuqod idudðlhkag iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag fukau
.%dudrCIl Nghkag o Ôj;aj isák f;la jegqm f.jñ'
tfukau Tjqkag /ljrKh o ,nd foñ'
• osú ms¥ iy mQ¾K wdndê; ;;ajhlg m;ajQ iEu rKúre
mjq,lgu bvul fyda ksjil whs;sh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd
bmf,da.u bos l< “rK ch mqr” ksjdi jHdmD;sh fuka
jHdmD;s 15 la rKúrejkaf.a wjYH;djg .e<fmk mßos
osjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, bos lrñ. ta i|yd wjYH kùk
há;, myiqlï iemhSug remsh,a fldaá 500 la fhdojkafkñ.
ksjdi boslsÍu i|yd m¾pia 10 g fkdwvq bvï len,a,la ,nd
fokafkñ.
• rKúrejka i|yd bvï ,nd oSfïoS oekg wh flfrk
;lafiare jákdlfuka 10% la wh lsÍu o wfydais lrñ.
• rcfha bvïj, wkjir f,i fyda n,m;% iys; bvïj, 2010
ckjdß ui 1 jeksod mÈxÑ ù isá whg tu whs;sh
kS;Hdkql+,j mjrd fokafkñ.
• rKúre .ïudkj, mosxÑ ù isák iaÓr jdiia:dkhla ysñ
whg uQ,sl há;, myiqlï jk c,h" úÿ,sh" ud¾. jeks
wjYH;d i,id §u i|yd rch u.ska l%shdlaul jk u.
26
keÕ=u iy .u keÕ=u" .%dóh úÿ,s jHdmD;sj,oS m%uqL;dj ,nd

fokafkñ'
• ;ukaf.a fiajd ld,h ksis whqßka iïmQ¾K fldg úY%du f.dia
isák rKúrejkag iq¿ fyda uOH m%udKfha l¾udka;hla
wdrïN lsÍug wjYH m%;smdok i|yd ,CI 20la olajd jk
Kh l%uhla ilia lrñ'
• ;u iajdñ mqreIhd fyda rKúre orejd mjq,g wysñ ùu iu.
mek keÕS we;s úúO kS;suh .eg¨ úi|d .ekSug wjYH
kS;suh Wmldr iy oekqj;aNdjh j¾Okh lsÍfï jev
ms<sfj,la l%shd;aul lrñ'
• wdndê; rKúrejkag ;u n|jd .ekSfï mámdáhg wkqj
,efnk Wiiaùï wdndê;j úY%du .eka jQ miqj o fiajd
ld,hg wkqj ,nd fokafkñ'
• fun÷ rKúrejkag l%Svdfõ, úfkdaodiajdofha fyda wNHdihkayS
fhosh yels úfõld.drhla iEu yuqod l|jqrlu ia:dmkh
lrñ' yuqod fiajh fjkqfjka YÍrdx. mqo l< rKúrejka
fjkqfjka osia;%slal uÜgñka cx.u ffjoH idhk meje;aùfï
l%uh Yla;su;a lrñ'
• udkisl iqjhla ,eìh yels iy wd.ñl jYfhka jeo.;a jk
wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej" l;r.u" uvq-ukakdru jeks mQckSh
m%foaYj, wdndê; rKúrejkg .e,fmk kùk .suka y,a
moaO;shla boslsÍug lghq;= lrñ'
• lD;su mdo yd WmlrK w¨;ajeähd lr .ekSug w.kqjrg
meñKSfïoS biau;= jk ÿIalr;d uÕ yrjd,Sug WmlrK
ksIamdok yd w¨;ajeähd lsÍfï cx.u nia r: 4 la
fhdojkafkñ'
• 2007 fkdjeïn¾ 21 g miq l%shdkaú; rdcldßhloS ñh .sh
fyda w;=reoyka jQ újdyl rKúrejkaf.a fouõmshkag
ìß|f.a leue;a; u; 25% la f.ùfï oekg l%shd;aul jk
l%uh by; oskg m%:u ñh.sh ish¨ rKúrejkaf.a
wïudjrekag iy ;d;a;djrekag o ,nd fokafkñ.
27
• l%shdkaú;fha oS osú ms¥" w;=reoykajQ yd wdndê; jQ rKúre

mjq,aj, ÿjd orejka i|yd jk wOHdmk YsIH;aj l%uh mq¿,a
lrñ' Wiia wOHdmkh ,eîu i|yd jk kj YsIH;aj l%uhla
y÷kajd fokafkñ' Tjqkaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh i|yd bjy,a
jk jev igykla rKúre ixioh yryd l%shdjg kxjñ'
wdrCIl fiajdjka
• l=ßre ;%ia;jdoh mrdchg m;a lr we;s kuq;a rfÜ wdrCIdjg
mej;s ;¾ck wjika ù we;ehs uu lsisfia;a fkdis;ñ' tajd
úúO iajrEmj,ska úúO wjia:dj, oS u;= úh yels nj uu
oksñ' ta ´kEu wjia:djl wfma ùfrdaodr yuqodjka rg
fjkqfjka wNsudkfhka fmrg tk nj;a uu oksñ' ta i|yd
wdrCIl fiajdjka ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;aj ;nkafkñ'
• udkqISh fufyhqfïoS fyda ;%ia;jdohg tfrysj mej;s iEu
igkloSu › ,xldfõ wdrCIl n,ldhka l%shd fldg we;af;a
ishü cd;Hka;r iïuq;Skag wkqj úkh .relj yd
udkqIShjdoSj nj uu j.lSfuka hqla;j lshd isáñ.
• tneúka uqo,a fyda fjk;a fødaysldß mrud¾:hka fjkqfjka
mdjdoSï lrk lsisjl=g hg;a fkdùug iy wfma lsisÿ yuqod
ks,Odßhl=g fyda finf<l=g tfrysj úfoaYShj lsisÿ mshjrla
.ekSug bv fkdoSug uu iy;sl jkafkñ.
• ;siajirlg wêl ld,hla ;siafia hqo fCIa;%fha wm ,nd .;a
oekqu iy w;aoelSï ;ju;aa ;%ia;jdofhka neg lk rgj,g
fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a jkq we;ehs uu is;ñ. tu ksid wfma
iydh wjYH fjk;a rgj,g wfma hqo ;dlaIKh yd Ys,am l%u
,nd oSu i|yd hqo ;dCIK iy l%fudamdh uOHia:dkhla
msysgqjñ.
• hqo fCIa;%fha m%ùK ks,Odßkag iy fin¿kag o fjk;a rg
j, yuqod fiajhg" hqo fi!LH fiajdjkag iy mqkre;a:dmk
lghq;=j,g iyNd.S ùug we;s wjia:d mq¿,a lrñ.
28
fmd,sia fiajh
mYApd;a hqo jd;djrKhloS kS;sh iy iduh mj;ajd f.k hdu
i|yd fmd,Sisfha ld¾hNdrh w;sYhska jeo.;a nj uu oksñ. úkh
.rel rgla" idrO¾u msß iudchla f.dv keÕSu i|yd u;a øjH
ksjdrKh, md;d, ;¾ck uev meje;aùu, wmrdO md,kh iy W;=re
yd kef.kysr m%foaYj, isú,a mßmd,kh h<s ia:dmkh lsÍug wjYH
uQ,sl miqìu ieliSug;a fmd,Sisfha iydh jvd jvd;a Wmfhda.S lr
.kafkñ'
• wdndê; iy ñh.sh ;%súO yuqod idudðlhka iy Tjqkaf.a
mjq,a N=la;s ú|sk ish¨ jrm%ido fmd,sia fiajhg wh;a tn÷
idudðlhskag yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, Woúhg;a iufia ,nd
fokafkñ'
• fmd,sia fiajfha we;s Wiiaùfï l%ufõohka jvd;a ksjeros
lrñ' Wiiaùï yd udreùï iïnJOfhka mek kÕsk ´kEu
.eg¨ldß;ajhla úi|Su i|yd myiq l%ufõohla y÷kajd
fokafkñ'
• fmd,sia fiajh jvd;a Ñ;a;dl¾IKSh iy wNsudkj;a uyck
fiajdjla njg m;a lsÍu i|yd ks, we÷u jvd;a wdl¾IKSSh
iy myiq lrùu we;=¿ m%;sixúOdk y÷kajd fokafkñ.
• fmd,sia úu¾Yk lghq;= myiq lsÍu msKsi wjYH ;dCIKsl
{dkh iy kùk WmlrK ,nd oS iEu ;rd;srulgu wh;a
ks,Odßkag wjYH foia úfoia mqyqKqj fkdwvqj ,nd oSug
lghq;= lrñ'
• yuqod fiajhg fukau fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag o wjYH oekqu iy
.re;ajh ,nd oSu i|yd fmd,sia welvñfha lghq;= iïmQ¾K
lsÍu msKsi remsh,a fldaá 50 la fjka lrñ.
• fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a ksjdi .eg¨j úi|Su i|yd úfYaI ksjdi
fhdackd l%uhla l%shd;aul lrñ'
• meh úisy;f¾ fiajd wjYH;dj we.ehSula f,i újdyl
fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl=f.a uQ,sl jegqfmka oekg wh lrk
29
12.5% l ksjdi l=,h

s 50% lska wvq lrkafkñ. fmd,sia ;kslv
ksjdi i|yd wh lrkq ,nk udisl l=,h s bj;a lrkafkñ.
• ;u fiajd fldÜGdYfhka neyerj rdcldßh bgq lsÍfïoS
fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag oekg f.jkq ,nk oSukdjka ,ndfok osk
.Kk jeä lrñ'
• fmd,sia ks,OdÍka i|yd ;Sre nÿ rys; h;=re meos ñ,oS
.ekSug Kh fhdackd l%uhla l%shd;aul lrñ'
isú,a wdrCIl n,ldh

• isú,a wdrCIl n,ldh iaÓr fiajdjla njg m;a lr úis
jirl fiajd ld,h iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka miq Tjqkg o úY%du
jegqma whs;sh ,nd fokafkñ'
rdcH fiajh ck;dj msKsihs

iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdlD;shlska rdcH fiajh foi n,k úg ud
yeu úgu úYajdi lrkafka rdcH fiajh yeu w;skau fiajd,dNshdf.a
myiqj msKsi l%shd;aul úh hq;= njhs. fuu u;h yeu úgu rg ;=<
jHdma; lf<a › ,xld ksoyia mCIh m%uqL rchkah.
rdcH wdh;k fm!oa.,sl wxYhg úlsKSfï 1977 isg 2005 olajd
l%shd;aul jQ m%;sm;a;sh iïmQ¾Kfhkau k;r fldg rdcH fiajh
miq.sh isõ jir ;=< b;sydifha ljr lf,l;a fkdjQ ;rñka ck;d
ñ;%Ys,S ld¾hCIu tlla njg m;alsÍug ug yels jQ nj Tn
ms<s.kakjd we;ehs is;ñ. rcfha fiajlhkag 2004 j¾IfhaoS wysñ lr
;snQ úY%du jegqm uu h<s ,nd ÿkafkñ. úY%dñlhskAg o Ôjk úhoï
oSukdjla wLKavj ,nd ÿkafkñ.
rcfha fiajlhl=f.a wju jegqm remsh,a 7"900 isg 11"730 olajd
uf.a m<uq whjefhkau jeä fldg jegqma úIu;d bj;a lsÍu i|yd o
wjYH lghq;= lf<ñ.
rdcH fiajh i|yd ffjoH, fyo" mßmd,k, .Kldêldß, l%u
iïmdok, wOHdmk iy .=re fiajhg o wdrCIl fiajdjka we;=¿
wksl=;a fCIa;%hkag o 500"000 wdikak kj fiajl ixLHdjla f.jqKq
isõ jir ;=< n|jd .;aaf;ñ.
30
lsisÿ rdcH wdh;khla fyda foafmd<la fm!oa.,sl wxYhg

fkdúlsKSfï uyskao Ñka;kfhka ÿka fmdfrdkaÿj wl=rgu bgq lf<ñ.
oreKQ ;%ia;jdohg tfrys nrm;, hqoaOhlg uqyqK foñka isáhoS
mjd rdcH fiajh Yla;su;a lrk ,oafoa ta whqßks.
2001 -2003 ld,h ;=< “h<s mqnqouq Y%S ,xld” jevigyk hgf;a
isÿjQfha rdcH fiajh lmamdÿ lr úY%du jegqma wysñ lrñka ,nd
.kaakd b;sßh kdia;s lsÍuhs' rdcH fiajlhkaf.a ixLHdj w;f<diaila
njg m;a lr tu w;f<diaig jegqma jeä lsÍu uf.a m%;sm;a;sh
fkdfõ. rcfha fiajlhd iqrCIs; lsÍug jegqma jeä lsÍug fukau
ksjdi wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lsÍug, úY%du jegqmA, Kh myiqlï iy
ffjoH wdOdr jeks iqnidOk oSukd o ,nd oSug o uu lghq;= lrñ.
• 2005 isg wLKavj isÿ l< whqßka rcfha fiajlhkayg 2010
o jegqma jeäùula ,nd fokafkñ' ta yryd rcfha fiajlhkag
remsh,a 2500 l wjuhlg hg;aj fuu jif¾ whjefhka
jegqma jeä ùula ,nd fokafkñ'
• uilg remsh,a 1"000 lska wdrïN lr fï olajd remsh,a 5"250
olajd jeä lr we;s Ôjk úhoï oSukdj jD;a;Sh iñ;sj,
woyia iy fhdackd ie<ls,a,g f.k Ôjk úhoug iß,k fia
jeä lrñ'
• bosß jif¾ isg ishü jD;a;Sh iñ;s iu. idlÉPd fldg
jegqma jeä lsÍu m%;sm;a;shla f,i wkq.ukh lrñ'
• by< isg my< olajd ish¨ rcfha fiajlhskag úfoaY YsIH;aj
,nd oSfï l%ufõohla y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• oaú;Shk moku u; ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,j, fiajh lsÍug rcfha
fiajlhkag o wjia:dj ,nd fokafkñ'
• rdcH fiajfha iajdëk;ajh uqjdfjka tys ld¾hlaIu;dj yd
M,odhs;dj ,shlshú,s yd fr.=,disj,g ysrlr ;eîu fjkqjg
rgg .e,fmkakd jq rdcH fiajd m%;sixialrKhla ls%hd;aul
lsÍug uu wêIAGdk lr f.k isáñ' tfyhska" ckdêm;s ld¾h
31
idOl n,ldh yryd ld¾hCIu iy fiajd,dNshdf.a ys; iqj

msKsi jk ñ;%YS,S iy úksúo fmfkk mßmd,k l%ufõohla
iys; M,odhS rdcH fiajhla ks¾udKh lrñ'
• rcfha ixia:dj,, jHjia:dms; uKav,j,, w¾O rdcH
wdh;kj, iy fm!oa.,sl wxYfha úY%du jegqma fkd,nk
ishü fiajlhka i|yd .e<fmk kj úY%du jegqma l%uhla
y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• §m jHdma; fiajdjkayS fiajd jHjia:djka 2006 jegqma pl%
f,aLkhg wkqj ilia lr mj;akd ishü úIu;djka udi
;=kla ;=< bj;a lsÍug wjYH udkj iïm;a yd uqo,a fjka
lsÍug lghq;= lrñ.
• iyk ;Srenÿ l%uhka hgf;a rcfha" ixia:d iy uKav,j,
fiajlhska i|yd jdyk f.kaùfï l%uhla l%shd;aul lrñ'
• WmdêOdÍka n|jd .ekSfï jevigyka hgf;a oekg rcfha iy
rcfha ixia:d" uKav,j, fiajh lrk ishü WmdêOdÍka
ksis fiajd ;,hkays msysgqjd Tjqkaf.a Wiiaùï yd jegqma j¾Ol
,nd oSug wjYH fiajd jHjia:djla w¨;ska ilia lrñ.
• Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, úisß isák bvï fkdue;s rcfha iy
ixia:d fiajlhskag ksjdi bos lr .ekSu i|yd m¾pia 10 lg
fkdwvq bvï len,s 25"000 la fnod fokafkñ.
• rcfha fiajlhskag ksjdi bÈlsÍu" jeä oshqKq lr .ekSu iy
w¨;a jeähd lr .ekSu i|yd ,nd oS we;s remsh,a ,CI 20
olajd jQ iyk fmd<sh iys; Kh l%ufha m%;s,dN oekg
,nkakdjQ mqoa.,hska 50"000 g wu;rj ;j;a mqoa.,hska
50"000 lg b;d blauKska ksjdi Kh imhkafkñ.
• ixia:d iy uKav, u`.ska l%shd;aul jk ksjdi Kh l%u
hgf;a ;j;a 10"000 lg Kh ,nd oSug wjYH m%;smdok fjka
lrñ.
32
• rcfha ixia:d iy uKav, fiajlhkag Tjqkaf.ka hefmkakka

o wdjrKh jk mßos wdl¾IKSh ffjoH rCIK l%uhla fuu
jif¾oSu y÷kajd fokafkñ.
• rcfha iy fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajh lrk oekg úY%du jegqma
fkd,nk ishü fiajlhka i|yd fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,
fuka fjkuu “fiajl úY%du jegqma wruqo,la” msysgqjñ'
• ishü rcfha fiajlhkaf.a myiqj i|yd kùk myiqlïj,ska
iukaú; “fiajl wdfrda.H Yd,djla” uykqjr osia;%slalfha
msysgqjñ.
úfoia biqre f.fkk ieug biqre msreKq fygla

wfma rfÜ rdcH wxYfha fiajh lrk m%udKhg;a jvd jeä msßila
úfoaY /lshdj, ksr; fjñka cd;sl ixj¾Okhg úYd, odhl;ajhla
or;ss. lïlre wud;Hjrhdj isá wjosfha isgu by< wdodhï ,nd .;
yels úfoaY /lshd flfrys wfma ;reK ;reKshka fhduq lsÍug uu
úYd, m%h;akhla oerefjñ' úfoaY /lshdj, ksr; msßñ Y%ñlhkaf.a
ixLHdj 50% lg wdikak uÜgug j¾Okh jQfha wmf.a ta
W;aidyhkaf.a Rcq m%;sM,hla jYfhks.
• bÈß j¾I ;=k we;=<; fldßhdj cmdkh ,sìhdj we;=`M
rgj, › ,dxlslhka 50"000 lg muK /lshd ,nd oSug
ie,iqï lr we;s w;r fuu /lshd i|yd ;reKhka f;dard
.ekSu uq¿uKskau úksúo Ndjhlska hqla;j l%shdjg kexùug
lghq;= lrkafkñ.
• oekqu mokï lr .;a ixj¾Ok udj;lg › ,xldj m%fõY
ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i fyo" kdúl" .sKqï" mß.Kl" nexl= iy
bxðfkare jeks cd;Hka;r Y%u fj<| fmd<g wjYH iqúfYAIS
oCI;d iys; whg we;s wjia:d ñka bosßhg mq¿,a lsÍug
úfYaI jevms<sfj,la ilia lrñ'
• úfoaY /lshd,dNSka fjkqfjka úfoaY úksufhkau mj;ajd
f.k hk “úfoaY /lshd w¾: idOl wruqo,la” wdrïN lrñ.
33
ksjdi" úÿ,sh" c,h iy ikaksfõok

myiqlï ieug ysñ jk rgla
biqrenr osúhlg ieug ksjila
ish¨ rchka úiska ksjdi boslsÍu i|yd miq.sh ld,h mqrdu f.k
.sh jev igyka hgf;a ksjdi wxYfhka wfma rg úYd, m%.;shla ,nd
we;. › ,xldfõ iEu mjq,lau ksjila ysñ mjq,la úh hq;=h hkak
uf.a m%;sm;a;shhs. th h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍu i|yd jevigyka
rdYshla miq.sh jir 4 ;=< l%shdjg kxjd we;af;ñ. hqoaOh ksud
ùfuka miqj rg ;=< we;s ù ;sfnk msìoSu u; tu jev igyk
läkï lsÍug oeka wjia:dj Wod ù ;sfí. ksjdi wysñ ieug bosß yh
jir ;=< ;ukaf.au ksjil ysñldß;ajh ,nd oSu i|yd rcfha mQ¾K
ueosy;aùfuka w¨;ska ksjdi ,CI 6 la boslsÍug wjYH ie,iqï
oekgu;a ilia lr we;'
• W;=re iy kef.kysr m<d;aj, wj;eka jQjka h<s mÈxÑ
lrùu i|yd ksjdi 150"000 la boslsÍfï jev igykla
läkñka l%shd;aul lsÍug fuu jif¾ wh-jefhaoS uq,a ;ek
fokafkñ.
• c,a;r, täukagka iy fgdßkagka ksjdi fhdackd l%u jeks
rdcH fiajd ksjdi fhdackd l%u 25 la iEu osia;%slalhlu
m%Odk k.rh mokï lr f.k tu osia;%slalfha fiajh lrk
ksjdi fkdue;s rcfha iy rdcH ixia:d fiajlhka fjkqfjka
wdrïN lrñ. fuu jHdmD;s oekgu;a tlÕ ù we;s bkaoshdkq"
fldßhdkq iy Ök úfoaY wdOdr hgf;a l%shd;aul lrñ.
• úYajúoHd, m%cdfõ ksjdi wjYH;dj iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd
ksjdi 5"000 la ta ta úYAjúoHd, wjg bos lroSug fyda ta
i|yd iqÿiq bvï lene,a,la ,nd oSug wjYH m%;smdok bosß
whjefhka fjka lrkafkñ.
34
• úfoaY /lshdj, kshq;= l=reKE.," wkqrdOmqr" uykqjr hk

osia;%slalj, mosxÑlrejka fjkqfjkau ksjdi 15,000 lska
iukaú; kj ksjdi fhdackd l%u ;=kla wdrïN lrñ.
• fld<U k.rfha me,am;a jdiSka f.a ksjdi .eg¨j úiòSu i|yd
ksjdi tall 40000 lska iukaú; ;Ügq ksjdi fhdackd l%u 20
la fld<U iy ;odikak k.rj, boslÍ s u msKi
s remsh,a fldaá
500 l wdrïNl m%d.aOkhla bosß whjefhka fjka lrñ.
• .%dóh jeishkaf.a ksjdi m%Yakh úiòSu i|yd .u keÕ=u
jevigyk hgf;a ksjdi boslsÍug wjYH fiú,s ;yvq fyda
W¿ iy isfuka;s iyk ñ,g imhkafkñ.
• ëjr m%cdjf.a ksjdi m%Yakh o ;ju;a uq¿ukskau úi|S
fkdue;s ksid ta fjkqfjka o ëjr k.r yd .ïudk b,lal lr
f.k ;j;a ksjdi 30000 la boslsÍug remsh,a fldaá 150 la
fjka lrñ.
• 1818 iy 1848 úuqla;s wr.,j,ska miq iy uqvq ìï wd{d
mk;g wkqj l÷ uqÿkaj,g ;,a¨ lr ouk ,o 461"000 la
muK jk ck;djla ;ju;a tu l÷ uqÿkaj, fjfik nj uu
oksñ' tu ck;djf.a ksjdi m%;sixialrKh i|yd wjYH
wdOdr uqo,a fkdmudj imhñ' kdhhEï ksid wk;=reodhl
;;ajhg m;aù we;s ieug wdrCIs; ia:dkj,ska kj ksjdi
iemhSfï jev igykla y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• j;= m%cdj ksjdi ysñ iudchla njg m;a lsÍu uf.a m%Odk
b,lalhls. ta wkqj 2015 jk úg iEu j;= fiajl mjq,lau
oekg mosxÑ fma<s ksjdi fjkqjg uQ,sl myiqlï iys; kj
ksjil idvïnr ysñldr mjq,la njg m;a lrñ. tu
jevms<sfj, läkï lsÍu i|yd úfoaY wdOdr o Wmfhda.S lr
.kafkñ. fï i|yd rcfha odhl;ajh jYfhka remsh,a fldaá
500 la jd¾Islj fjka lrkafkñ.
• kd.ßl uy,a ksjdi yd rcfha fjk;a ksjdi fhdackd l%uj,
mÈxÑlrejka ;u ksjfia iskaklalr whs;slrejka njg m;a
lsÍfï jev ms<sfj, udi ;=kla we;=<; ksu lrñ'
35
wfma Wreuho Ôú;ho c,hhs

jir 2500 lg;a jvd merKs wfma YsIaGdpdrh ìys jkafka jdß
ixialD;sh mokï lr f.kh. jeõ, wuqKq l¾udka; w;ska ,dxlslfhda
f,dj by<u ;dCIK {dkhlg Wreulï lSfjda h' ta ish,a, jeõ
wuqKq fukau leã ì|S .sfha Y; j¾I .Kkdjl hg;a úð; wjosh
;=<oS h.
rclug o iqÿiq jQ f.dúhd ;ukaf.au N+ñh ;=< wirK jQfha tys
m%;sM,hla f,isks. wo;a wfmaa f.dú ck;dj b,a,d isákafka rka uiqrka
fkdfõ' oyiska ne|s msh,s o fkdfõ. c,hhs' c,h ,enqKq úg Tjqka
wmg uiqrka f.fkkq we;'
c, iñmf;a we;s wkd.; Wmdhud¾.sl jeo.;alu wms fï jk
úg fyd¢ka jgyd f.k isáuq'
• l¿" le<Ks" .x`.d mquqL ksß;È. ;eks;,dfú c, iïm;
ol=K" jhU, W;=re ueo fukau W;=re m<df;a c, mji ksjk
yd fNda. kxjk ixj¾Ok W,am;la njg m;a lsÍug yels
wdldrhka ms<sn| ksis wOHhkhka lr wjYH ie,iaula ilia
lrñ.
• c, ¥IKh yd kdia;sh msgq oelsug lghq;= lrkafkñ' mdkSh
c, wjYH;djka iïmQ¾K lsÍug wjYH c, iemhqï kxjñ'
• c, iïmf;ys fmdÿ whs;sh ;yjqre fldg th cd;Hka;r
cdjdrñlrejkaf.a fm!oa.,sl whs;shla ùu je<elaùug o uu
mshjr .kafkñ' c, uq,dY% ixrlaIKhg yd by< .x`.d
fødaKsj, iajNdúl msysàu ;jÿrg;a iq/lSug mßird;aul
mshjr .kafkñ'
• jeis c,h /ia lsÍfï l%ufõohka mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd foaYSh
úoHd{hkaf.a {dkh m%fhdackhg .kafkñ'
• N+.; c, uÜgu r|jd ;nd .ekSug yels whqßka iEu jejlau
ixrCIKh lsÍfï jev igykla iliñ'
36
• fudr.ylkao iy wfkl=;a uyje,s jHdmD;s hgf;a W;=re yd

W;=re ueo m<df;a jeõj,g w;sf¾l c,h iemhSug lghq;=
lrñ.
• u,aj;= Th iy hdka Th w;r W;=re ;eks;,dfõ .x.d yd
we< ud¾. foaYSh ;dlaIKh iy Y%uh Ndú;d lrñka kj jdß
c,dY 30 la bos lrkafkñ'
• jkaks c,dY fmdaIKh lsÍu i|yd fudr.ylkafoa isg W;=re
ueo we< bos lrkafkñ'
• uyje,s ol=K bjqr fhdackd l%uh l%shd;aul fldg w,a,
lka;f,a m%foaYj, c, .eg¨j ioygu ksud lrkafkñ'
• uqkafoKs wdre fødaKs fhdackd l%uh wdY%s;j kj jeõ 3 la bos
lr wïmdr fmd;=ú,a w;r jdß c, .eg¨j úi|kafkñ'
• yev Th jdß ud¾. l%uh osh;a lsÍfuka fmd;=ú,a m%foaYfhaa
lDIsl¾uh oshqKq lsÍug lghq;= lrkafkñ'
l¿jr hq.hg ;s;' ieug ieuod úÿ,sh

f,dalfha fndfyda rgj," úfYaIfhkau idla l,dmSh rgj,
úúOdldrfha fya;+ka u; osklg meh 16 la muK úÿ,sh lmamdÿ lrk
;;ajhla hgf;a jqj o miq.sh jir y;r uq¿,af,a rfÜ iuia; mjq,a
,CI 47ka mjq,a ,CI 42 lg meh úis y;r mqrdu wLKavj úÿ,sh
iemhSug yelsùu uf.a ch.%yKhla f,i i,lñ. fuh úÿ,sh
iemhqu iys; mjq,a ,CI 30 isg ,CI 42 l olajd by< kexùuls'
;jÿrg;a úÿ,sh iemhsh hq;af;a mjq,a ,CI 5 lg muKs' oekg
l%shd;aul jk .%dóh úÿ,s fhdackd l%u hgf;a ,eî we;s úfoaYdOdr
o mokï lr f.k 2012 wjika jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ ksjeishkaf.ka
100] lgu wLKavj úÿ,sh imhkakg uu lghq;= lrkafkñ'
• wm rfÜ l¾udka; wdh;kj,g cd;Hka;r fj<ofmdf<ys
;r. lsÍug yels ñ,lg úÿ,sh ,nd oSug;a" .Dyia; we;=¿
wksl=;a úÿ,s mdßfNda.slhka yg oeßh yels ñ,lg úÿ,sh
iemhSug;a" iß,k fia úÿ,s n, iemhqu ixj¾Okh lsÍug
lghq;= lrñ'
37
• 2008 jif¾ úÿ,s ckkh werUQ flrj,msáh oaúpl% úÿ,s

n,d.drfha m<uq woshf¾ fu.dfjdÜ 200 l úÿ,s ckkh 2008
fkdjeïn¾ 06 jk osk úÿ,s moaO;shg tl;= lrk ,o w;r"
fojk woshf¾ fu.dfjdÜ 100 l úÿ,s ckkh 2010 ckjdß 15
jk oskg fmr úÿ,s moaO;shg tl;= lsÍu ;=<ska fu.dfjdá
300 l uq¿ Odß;djla moaO;shg tla lrñ' oekg bos fjñka
mj;sk mq;a;,u ;dm n,d.drfha m<uq jk woshf¾ fu.dfjdÜ
300 l úÿ,s ckl yelshdj 2010 foieïn¾ ui jk úg úÿ,s
n, moaO;shg tl;= lrkafkñ'
• tys fojk mshjr hgf;a fu.dfjdÜ 600 l úÿ,s n,d.drhla
boslsÍu 2010 ckjdß ui wdrïN fldg" 2013 j¾Ifha úÿ,s
n, moaO;shg tl;= lrkafkñ'
• fu.dfjdÜ 150 l Odß;djlska hq;a by< fld;auf,a
úÿ,sn,d.drfha úÿ,s ckkh 2011 cQks udifha wdrïN
lrkafkñ'
• fu.dfjdÜ 120 lska hq;a Wud Th c, úÿ,s n,d.drfha yd
fu.dfjdÜ 35 lska hq;a fn%daâ,kaâ c, úÿ,s n,d.drfha bos
lsÍï lghq;= fuu jif¾ bosß udi 3 ;=< weröug ie,iqï
lr we;s w;r fudrf.d,a, c, úÿ,sn,d.drfha ^fu.dfjdÜ
35& iy .sx .Õ c, úÿ,sn,d.drfha ^fu.dfjdÜ 45& boslsÍï
fuu jif¾ wdrïN lsÍug lghq;= lrñ'
• fu.dfjdÜ 1000 l Odß;djlska hq;a .,a w`.=re n,d.drhla
;%sl=Kdu,fha boslsÍï lghq;= fuu jif¾ weröug lghq;=
fhdod we;'
• 2020 jir olajd jeä jk úÿ,s b,aüg iß,k úÿ,s ckkhla
i|yd wjYH ish¨ n,d.drhka wju msßjeh iys; ckl
ie,iqïj,g wkqj boslrkafkñ'
• 2016 jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ úÿ,sn, ksIamdokfhka 10]
m%udKhla idïm%odhsl fkdjk mqk¾ckkSh n, Yla;s m%fNao
u.ska ckkh lsÍug o lghq;= lrkafkñ'
38
• úÿ,s iemhqï moaO;sfha we;sjk ydksh wju lsÍug;a" wod<

kùk ;dlaIKh y÷kajd oSug;a" wjYH jk iïfm%aIK
moaO;sh iy úÿ,s Wm fmd<j,a osjhsfka ishü N+f.da,Sh
m%foaY wdjrKh jk fia kùlrKh lsÍug iy w¨;ska
boslsÍug fï jk úg mshjr f.k we;s w;r" wdishdkq
ixj¾Ok nexl=fõ wdOdr u; fï jk úg jevlghq;= rdYshla
wdrïN lr we;'
• bkaoshdj iy ,xldj w;r úÿ,sh yqjudre lr .ekSug yels
jk mßos lsf,dafjdÜ 400 l wê úÿ,s /yeka iïfm%aIK
moaO;sh uÿf¾ isg wkqrdOmqrh olajd úysfok f,i boslsÍfï
jevlghq;= fuu jif¾ wdrïN lsÍug mshjr f.k we;'
fuu`.ska úÿ,sh w;sßla; jk wjia:dj,oS forg w;r yqjudre
lr .ekSfuka iy wvq úhoï úÿ,sh bkaoshdfjka ,nd .ekSug
yels ùfuka wd¾Ól jYfhka rgg úYd, jdishla ,efnkq
we;'
• fu.dfjdÜ 300 lska hq;a m%:u .,a w`.=re n,d.drhla 2010
jif¾ moaO;shg tla lsÍug;a" 2011 jif¾ by, fld;auf,a
úÿ,s n,d.drh l%shd;aul ùu;a iu. wêl úhoulska úÿ,s
ckkh lrk ãi,a n,d.dr ckl moaO;sfhka l%udkql+,j
bj;a l< yels ùfuka ,nd .kakd jdish" úÿ,s ì, wvq lsÍu
yryd wm rgjeishkag ,nd oSug;a lghq;= lrkafkñ'
tieKska úYaj .ïudkhg

wfma rfÜ ;reK mrïmrdj mq¿,a jYfhka ikaksfõok iy
f;dr;=re ;dCIKh fj; fhduq l< hq;=j we;' wkd.; /lshd fj<|
fmd< uq¿uKskau ta u; r|d mj;skq we;' tneúka fuu fCIa;%fha
oekqu ,eîu i|yd ;reK mrmqrg myiq wjia:djla Wod lrk w;r
rfÜ ishü fiajdjka imqrd .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok
;dCIKh y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• cd;sl wNHdjldY m¾fhaIK wdh;khla msysgqjñ'
• m%Odk k.r 25 l f;dr;=re ;dlaIK uOHia:dk msysgqjñ.
39
• 2016 jk úg f;dr;=re ;dCIKsl idCIr;dj 75% la njg

m;a lrñ'
• ikaksfõok ;dCIKh ixj¾Okh i|yd jk ih jeoEreï
ms<sfj; uu l%shdjg kxjñ.
• ikaksfõokh iy f;dr;=re ;dCIKh ms<sn| jr,;a
wdh;khla fkdmudj wdrïN lrñ'
• fuu fCIaa;%h ;=< we;s kS;suh wvqmdvqlï ÿr,Su msKsi
f;dr;=re ;dCIKh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh ;j ÿrg;a
bosßhg f.khñ'
ÈhqKq ud¾. moaO;shla iy

m%jdyk fiajhla mj;sk rgla
rg tl udj;lg uyd ud¾. uyd msïulg
óg jir lSmhlg fmr rEmjdyskS kd,sldj,ska mjd wmg ks;r
olskakg ,enqfKA frda.shl= mjd frday,lg f.k hd fkdyels
;;a;ajhg wn,kajQ ud¾. moaO;shls' ls' ñ' 11700 la jQ cd;sl ud¾.
moaO;sfhka ud n,hg m;a ùug fmr jQ jir 20 ;=<u ixj¾Okh lr
;snqfKa ls' ñ' 2000 g;a wvq m%udKhls' tfy;a miq.sh jir 4 ;=<
muKla uyd ud¾. ls' ñ' 2278 la mq¿,a lr we;s w;r ;j;a uyd
ud¾. ls. ñ. 2823 la bÈ fjñka mj;s' ;j;a lsf,da óg¾ 4000 la bosß
jir 6 ;=<oS ixj¾Okh lrñ' fuhska ls' ñ' 1200 lau W;=re m<d;g
wh;a uyd ud¾. jkq we;' wo ,xldfõ ´kEu ÿr neyer m<d;l isg
meh lSmhlska meñKsh yels mßos m%Odk ud¾.j,ska jeä fldgila
ldmÜ mdrj,a f,i ilia lr we;' tfiau iEu .ulu jdf.a
fldkal%SÜ we;=rE .%dóh ud¾. moaO;shla ilia fjñka mj;S'
• uyd ud¾.j, md,ï 370la iod ksu l< w;r md,ï 116 la bÈ
fjñka mj;S' bÈß jir 6 ;=< ;j;a md,ï 200 la bÈ
lrkafkñ'
40
• ol=Kq iy lgqkdhl wêfõ.S ud¾. blaukska uyck whs;shg

mjrñ'
• fld<U k.rh iy ;odikak m%foaYj, mj;sk ud¾. ;onoh
bj;a lsÍu i|yd .=jka md,ï boslsÍfï iy ix{d t<sj,ska
uxikaê j,oS jdyk yeisrùfï jev igyka wdrïN lf<ñ'
bosß jir 6 ;=< ud¾. ;onoh mj;akd uxikaêj,g .=jka
md,ï fyda ix{d t<s moaO;s iú lsÍu u.ska ud¾. ;onoh
wvq lrñ'
• bosß jir 6 ;=< Wvrg m%foaYj, uydud¾. i|yd jeä
wjOdkhla fhduq lrkafkñ'
• oekgu;a wdrïN lr we;ss ls' ñ' 16500 lska iukaú; m<d;a
ud¾. moaO;sh bosß jir yh ;=< ixj¾Okh lr ck;d
whs;shg mjrñ'
fmdÿ m%jdykfha kQ;k .uka u.

kQ;k;ajfhka wkQk jQ cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla
iuia; Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfhka 90% l muK m%;sY;hla ;u
tÈfkod lghq;= fjkqfjka Ndú;lrkq ,nkafka ÿïßh" niaßh" ;%Sú,¾
jeks fmdÿ m%jdyk fiajdjkah' tfy;a ck.ykfhka 10% la muK jQ
fm!oa.,sl jdyk ysñhka ud¾.fha jeä mrdihla fjkalr .ekSu ksid
wo wm yuqfõ ixlS¾K iudc m%Yak .Kkdjla Woa.;j ;sfí' fï
i|yd YsIaG;ajfhka yd kQ;k;ajfhka wkQk jQ fmdÿ m%jdyk fiajdjla
ks¾udKh fldg" fmdÿ m%jdyk fiajdj Ndú; lsÍu f.!rjhla f,i
i,lk jgmsgdjla ielish hq;=h hkak udf.a úYajdihhs' fm!oa.,sl
niaßh" ,x.u yd ÿïßh u.sfhl= f,i ud Ôú;h mqrd ,nd.;a ±kqu
yd wjfndaOh úiska fulS uÕ fmkaùu ud uki ;=< ;e;am;a fldg
;sfí'
tfiau" fmdÿ m%jdykh f;dr;=re ;dCIKfhka ikakoaO l< hq;=
nj o mßirhg wdorh lrkq ,nk f;audjka Tiafia th l%shd;aul úh
hq;= nj o rdcH m%;sm;a;sh jkq we;'
41
miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< fmdÿ m%jdykfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh

fukau fN!;sl ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka uyskao Ñka;k l%shdkaú;h
n,md we;s whqre Tng weiamkdmsg ±l.; yelsh' 2005 jif¾
niar: weKsh 2100 la jQ Y%S ,x.uh wo mkaoyi ^5000& blaujd
bÈßhg f.khdug fukau jir myf,djlg ^15& miqj ÿïßh ueÈß
yd n,fõ.lÜg, ,nd§ lk;a; fj; mS,s.; fldg ;snQ ÿïßh
fiajdj lafIauN+ñhla lrd le|jdf.k taug yelsùu ud olskafka
m%d;syd¾hhlg jvd f.!rjhla jYfhks' ujqìu" W;=re fl<jr
lkalika;=rfha isg ol=Kq fl<jr l;r.u olajd ÿïßh uÕ yryd
tlafiai;a lsÍu udf.a wNs,dYhhs' th isy," oñ< ñ;%;ajfha
iod;ksl neïu njg m;ajkq fkdwkqudkh'
udf.a fojeks OQr ld,h fmdÿ m%jdykfha iaj¾Kuh hq.h f,i
i,lkakehs ud Tng wdrdOkd lrkafka buy;a j.lSfuks'
fmdÿ m%jdykh ms<sn| udf.a o¾Ykfha moku jkqfha" ÿïßh
Y%S ,x.u fyda fm!oa.,sl niar: fkdj “u.shd” neúka u.shd flakaø
fldg .;a m%dfhda.sl yd ÈhqKq jev ms<sfj< fláfhka fufia
fm<.iajñ'
• ms<s.;a fmdÿ cd;sl m%jdyk m%;sm;a;shla ilid ÿïßh"
niaßh" ;%Sú,rh m%uqL ish¨ m%jdyk fiajdjka ld¾hCIu úkh
.rel ÈhqKq yd jeo.;a fiajdjka njg m;alrkafkñ'
Odjlhdg o u.shdg o Wmßu m%fhdackh ,efnk fia
f;dr;=re ;dCIKh fmdÿ m%jdyk fiajdfõ lfYareldj njg
m;alsÍu 2010 jir wjidkhg fmr bgqlrkafkñ'
• úfYaIfhka w.kqjr fld<U fldgqj ÿïßh fmd< yd ish¨
niakej;=ï taldnoaO fldg m%jdyk l,dmhla ieliSu yryd
Èklg meñfKk ,CI ixLHd; u.Skag M,odhS yd ld¾hCIu
fiajdjla iemhSu 2010 jif¾ udf.a rch úiska imqrd.kq ,nk
m%Odk;u b,lalhla jkq we;'
42
ÿïßh yß mS,a,g
• ksoyiska miq b;sydifha m<uq ÿïßh u. È.= lsÍu jQ uqyqÿnv
ÿïßh u. fn,sw;a; olajd È.= lsÍu 2010 jir ;=< ksu lrñ'
• hd,afoaúh W;=re ÿïßh u. Tiafia lkalika;=f¾ olajd legqj
hdu 2011 jir ;=<§ isÿ lrñ'
• ;f,hsukakdru olajd jQ ÿïßh .ukd.ukh jir 30 lg
miqj 2011 jir ;=<§ werfUkq we;'
• ;f,hsukakdru isg bkaÈhdj olajd ÿïßh u. bÈlsÍu ms<sn|
YlH;d wOHhkh o bka§h rch iu. idlÉPdj o 2010 jir
;=< isÿ flfrkq we;'
• lgqkdhl wka;¾ cd;sl .=jka f;dgqfmd< yd fld<U w;r
iqfLdamfNda.S ÿïßh fiajdj 2012 jir ;=< wjika lrñ'
• Y%S ,xldj mqrd msysá ckdlS¾K k.r 25 l ÿïßh
kej;=ïfmd< kùlrKh fldg bka fndfyduhl fm!oa.,sl
jdyk yd nhsisl,a kj;d ;eìh yels myiqlï o nia kej;=ï
o msysgqjñ'
• nyd¨ï m%jdykh i|yd ÿïßh wx.khla bÈlrk w;r"
NdKav m%jdykh ÿïßh fiajfha m%uqL wruqKla njg
m;aflfrkq we;'
• ÿïßh bvlvï yd foafmd< ixj¾Okh fldg ÿïßh wdodhu
25] lska by< kxjd .ekSfï wruqKq fmr±ßj fomd¾;fïka;=
wNHka;rfha úfYaI tallhla ìyslrk w;r" rdcH wdodhu o
rdcH foafmd< o iqrCIs;jk wdldrhg th isÿflfrkq we;'
• 2012 fkdfrdÉfpda, n,d.drfha fojeks wÈhr o by<
fld;auf,a úÿ,s n,d.drh o l%shd;aul jQ jydu fld<U yd
;odikak ÿïßh fiajdj úÿ,s ÿïßh njg m;aflfrkq we;'
• fld<U k.rh yd wjg fufg%da ÿïßh u. bÈlsÍu 2010 jir
;=< wdrïN fldg l%shd;aul lrkq we;'
43
fï wkqj" w.kqjr m%Odk m%jdyk udOHh f,i úÿ,s ÿïßh yd

fufg%da ÿïßh Ndú;d lsÍfuka ld¾hCIu;dj" ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
fõ.j;a ù mßirh o ck;dj o ksfrda.S iïmkak njg m;alrñ'
nia r: ksjerÈ u.g

YS% ,x.u yd fm!oa.,sl nia r: w;r kSfrda.s iïnkaO;djhla
mj;ajdf.k hdu fmdÿ m%jdykfha b;d jeo.;a wx.hls' rdcH nia r:
weKsh Yla;su;a lrkjdg iudka;rj fm!oa.,sl nia r: fiajdj
wdrlaId lsÍuo tys l¾udka;Sh .=Kh /l.ekSu o udf.a j.lSuls'
úfYaIfhka rg mqrdu nia r: fiajdj ld,igykla wkqj Odjkh
lsÍu › ,dxlsl u.Skag lrkq ,nk idOdrKhla nj o rfÜ ksIamdok
ls%hdj,shg fokq ,nk by<u iyfhda.h njo udf.a taldhk
ms<s.ekSu fõ'
• nia fiajdfõ by<u wjOdkh mdi,a orejkag ,nd§u udf.a
m%;sm;a;shhs' ta wkqj" ud n,hg m;afjoa§ 182 lajQ mdie,a nia
r: weKsh wo jk úg 634 olajd f;jirla ;=< j¾Okh l<
w;r 2010 jir ;=<§ th 1500 olajd Wiiafldg YS% ,dxlsl
ish¨ orejkaf.a m%jdyk wmyiq;d uÕ yrjñ'
• m<uqj “isiq ießh” nia fiajdj i|yd bf,lafg%dksl
m%fõYm;% l%uhla y÷kajd fok w;r YS% ,x.u yd fm!oa.,sl
nia r:j,g o fuu l%uh y÷kajd foñ'
• mdi,a orejka m%jdykh lrkq ,nk fm!oa.,sl jEka r:
jHdmdrh o wjodkñka uqojd ,shdmÈxÑ fldg úêu;a lrñ'
• fm!oa.,sl nia fiajdfõ yd YS% ,x.u nia fiajdfõ fhfok
ish¨ ßhÿre-fldkafodia;r uy;=ka fj; úfYaI rlaIK
l%uhla y÷kajd foñ' fm!oa.,sl ysñlrejka iu. idlÉPd
fldg tu wxYfha fiajlhskag úY%du jegqma l%uhla
y÷kajd§ug mshjr .kafkñ'
44
• wjidk nia r:h yd WoEik nia r:h fukau .%dóh m%foaY

i|yd jQ .eñ ießh fiajdfõ wúÉýkak meje;au iy;sl
fldg u.S úYajdih ;yjqre lrñ'
• fld<U k.rh ;=< BRT úfYaI nia fiajdjla ms<sn| YlH;d
wOHhkh fï jk úg o ksufldg we;s w;r 2010 jir
wjidkfha th ls%hd;aul lsÍug wfmalaId lrñ'
• ldka;djka i|yd jQ úfYaI ld¾hd,hSh nia r: fiajdjla
wdrïN lrñ'
• fm!oa.,sl nia r: jHdmdßlhka fj; úfYaI nÿ iyk iy
jeÜ iyk ,nd § wu;r fldgia fukau kj ñ,§ .ekSï j,§
uqyqK fok nrm;,u m%Yakh jQ ,Sisx jdßl ms<sn| uQ,H
wiykh iuyka lrñ'
• rdcH nia m%jdyk fiajlhskaf.a udisl jegqm kshñ; ÈkloS
,nd §u o Tjqkg ks, we÷ula ,nd §u o udf.a fojeks OQr
ld,fha m<uq jir ;=< bgqjkq we;'
;%Sfrdao r:hg wìuka

• rgmqrd úisÍ isák ;S%frdao r: ysñhkag yd ßhÿrkag
iudrlaIK l%ufõohla y÷kajd foñ'
• iEu k.rhlu ;S%frdao r: keje;aùu i|yd ksYaÑ; myiqlï
imhk f,i ish¨ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g ksfhda. lrñ'
• mdßißl ys;j;a ;S%frdao r: y÷kajd §u yd Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd
úfYaI nÿ iyk o iqug nexl= Kh fhdackd l%u o wdrïN
lrñ'
• ;S%frdao r: ysñ yd ßhÿrkaf.a jD;a;Sh .re;ajh o" wNsudkh
o" iqrlaIs;Ndjh o i|yd úfYaI jev ms<sfj<la 2010 jir
;=< ls%hd;aul lrñ'
45
lh uki iunr is; ksjk oehla

wOHd;añl ixj¾Okh" hym;a mqoa.,hd fukau rgl iudc
ixj¾Okh o y÷kd .ekSfï levm;hs.
wfma rg f,dalfha wfkl=;a fndfyda rgj, f.!rjhg md;% jkafka
wm i;= udyeÕs Wreuh jQ nqÿ oyu ksidh. tneúka rdcH wd.u f,i
fn!oaOd.ug we;s ;ek wdrCId lrñka ish¨ wd.ïj, Wkak;sh i|yd
iïmQ¾K rdcH wkq.%yh ,nd fokafkñ.
• mkai,a fldaú,a m,a,s yd uqia,sï foajia:dk we;=¿ ishü
wd.ñl isoaOia:dkj, Wkak;sh i|yd tajdfha há;,
myiqlï ixj¾Okhg wdOdr jevigykla ilia lrñ.
• úkdY ù .sh W;=re kef.kysr wd.ñl ia:dk iïmQ¾Kfhkau
rcfha úhoñka w¨;a jeähd lr fokafkñ.
• 2011 oS t<fUk 2600 jk iïnqoaO;aj chka;sh ieuÍug rdcH
wkq.%yh ,nd fokafkñ.
jxpdfjka ¥IKfhka f;dr iudchla

jir ydrishhlg muK fmr ,xldjg meñKs frdnÜ fkdlaia
jeks úfoaYslhka mjd tod j¾Kkd l< wfma wdpdrYs,S;ajh,
ix.%yYS,S;ajh iy úkh .rel;ajhhs' fuu idrO¾u nrm;, iudc
mßydkshlg m;a jQfha 1977 ka miqj h' jxpdj, ¥IKh kS;s.; jk
;;ajhg iudch weo oud ysxikd;aul l%shdldrlï u.ska iudc
iqrCIs;;dj uq¿uKskau ì| jefgkakg u. mdod fok ,oafoa tu
jljdkqfõoSh'
ld,dka;rhla ;siafia iudch fj<d f.k mej;s jxpd, ¥IK yd
wl%ñl;d uq¿ukskau furáka ;=rka fldg" ish¨ wmrdOldß;ajhka
md,kh fldg idrO¾uj,ska msßmqka rgla f.dv ke`.Su uf.a taldhk
wruqKhs.
ta i|yd miq.sh isõ jir mqrd rcfha ish¨ uQ,H lghq;= iïmQ¾K
úksúoNdjhlska hqla;j l%shd;aul lsÍu we;=¨ úúO l%shd ud¾.
wkq.ukh lf<ñ'
46
idrO¾uj,ska msßmqka iudchla f.dv ke`.Su i|yd o u;g ;s;

jevigyk, md;d,h u¾okh lsÍu i|yd iy <ud wmpdr, ia;%S ¥IK
yd ldka;d ysxikh je<elaùu i|yd mshjr f.k we;s w;r úúO
wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl jevigyka rdYshla o l%shdjg kexjQfhñ.
tu`.ska wm w;am;a lr.;a m%.;sh w;sYhska i;=gq odhl kuq;a ta
i|yd ;j;a l< hq;= foa fndfyda nj uu oksñ.
rg ;%ia;jdofhka uqod .ekSu i|yd miq.sh isõ jir ;=< ud úiska
fhdojk ,o ld,h, Y%uh yd lemùu fuu Wodr wruqK Wfoid lrk
,o jeh bosß ld,fhaoS;a lrkakg uu lsisfia;a fkdmelsf<ñ'
• ishü wdldrfha jxpd ¥IK je<elaùu i|yd kj jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkh hgf;a foaYmd,k mlaImd;S;ajfhka f;dr
iajdëk nqoaêu;=kaf.ka hq;a uKav,hla m;a lrñ'
• kj md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq mk; jYfhka rcfha, ixia:d,
uKav, iy uQ,H wdh;kj, ¥IK, jxpd iy wl%ñl;d
je<elaùu i|yd fukau fgkav¾ mßmdá W,a,x>Kh lsÍï
k;r lsÍu i|yd iy ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re ck;djg
,nd.ekSug myiqjk úfYaI úêúOdk mk;la bosßm;a lrñ.
• t;eka isg udi 3la ;=< fï iïnJOfhka mj;sk wdh;ksl iy
kS;suh rduqj Yla;su;a lr l%shdjg kexùu wdrïN lrñ.
• .%dóh uÜgfï ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd fhdojk rdcH wruqo,a
mßyrKh lsÍfï úksúoNdjh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd m%foaYfha
ck;djf.a úYajdih oskd .;a mqoa.,hska iy wd.ñl
kdhlhkaf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla ckiNd f,alï ld¾hd,
uÜgñka m;a lsÍu i|yd wjYH kS;suh rduqj ilia lrñ.
• ish¨ wdldrfha md;d, l%shdldrlï u¾okh lsÍu i|yd
mj;sk kS;suh l%shd ud¾.j, we;s wvqmdvqlï u. yrjd tu
fufyhqï läkï lrñ. ta i|yd wjYH wdh;ksl jHqyhka
Yla;su;a lrkafkñ.
• u;a øjH Wjÿr uq¿uKskau iudcfhka w;=.d oeóu i|yd
wjYH ish¨ l%shd ud¾. .ekSug wod< wdh;kj,g úOdkh
lrñ'
47
• u;ameka iy u;a øjHj,g weíneys jQjka tu ;;ajfhka uqod

.ekSu i|yd wjYH m%;sldr, WmfoaYk iy mqkre;a:dmk
jevigyka Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd whjefhka remsh,a fldaá
50 la jd¾Islj fjka lrñ'
• fuu ld¾hhg odhl ùu i|yd mkai,a, fldaú,a iy m,a,sj,g
wdrdOkd lrñ' ta i|yd m%uqL;ajh oS lghq;= lrk tn÷
wdh;kj,g uQ,HdOdr imhk w;r tu wdh;k nÿj,ska o
uq¿uKskau ksoyia lrñ'
m%;sm;a;s yd Wmdh ud¾.sl l%fudamdhk ie,iqï ixj¾Okh

miq úmrï iNdj fjkqjg m%;sm;a;s yd iudc ixj¾Ok Wmdh
ud¾.sl yd l%fudamdhk ie,iqï uOHia:dkhla msysgqjñ. ta hgf;a
iudc ixj¾Okh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï ilia lsÍu, iudc
wmrdO md,kh, iudc úkh mj;ajd f.k hdu, jxpd ¥IK je<elaùu
i|yd l%fudamdhka ilia lsÍu i|yd wjYH j.lSu iy n,h
mjrñ.
wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾. ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmdh ud¾.sl jHjidh
l<ukdlrK wdh;kh Yla;su;a lr wd¾Ól wxYfha ish¨ ie,iqï
kshdukh Yla;su;a lrñ.
ÈkQ foaYh h<s fkdfnok talSh rgla

tlafiai;a uõìula - tlais;a cd;shla
kef.kysr fukau W;=re m<df;a o m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKh flá
l,la we;=<; mj;ajd iyuq,skau m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lrkafkñ'
tu`.ska ish¨ uyck ksfhdað;hka iu. i¾j mdlaIsl iuq¿jg kj
ksfhdackhla ,eî th ienE cd;sl iïuq;shla we;slr .ekSfï
uKavmhla jkq we;ehs uu úYajdi lrñ'
48
tl rgla - tl kS;shla
b;sydifha oYl .Kkdjlg miq tl rgla - tl kS;shla mj;ajd
.ekSfï yelshdj oeka wmg ,eî ;sfí' kj wdKavq l%uhla ms<sn| uf.a
woyia újD;j Tn fj; ;nkakg ud l,amkd lrkafka tu`.ska fï
ckdêm;sjrKh wjia:dfõ§u úêu;a" nqoaêu;a idlÉPdjla ta i|yd
we;slr.kq msKsih'
.ug n,h - ck iNdj

idïm%odhsl kscìu" iajhxkS¾Kh whs;sh jeks uQ,O¾uhka ys isr
fkdù" ish¨ mqrjeishka i;= n,h Wmßu f,i Yla;su;a flfrk
iduldó foaYmd,k úi÷ula we;slr .ekSu uf.a m%uqL b,lalh
nj;a" ud n,h msßkukakg n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka mqrjeishd w;g
nj;a" uu tod uyskao Ñka;k m%;sm;a;s m%ldYfha i|yka lf<ñ'
• ta wkqj" wfma m%dfoaYSh md,kfha uq,a., jk wfma .u kexùu
i|yd “ck iNd l%uh” .u ke`.=ug iudka;rj ls%hd;aul
lf<ñ'
• oeka uf.a wruqK ckiNdj jHjia:dms; lsÍuhs' tu`.ska iEu
.%du fiajl jiulu msysgqjk ckiNdj tlS m%foaYfha
ixj¾Okfha" iyÔjkfha" iodpdr iudcfha" m<uq uqr.,
njg m;a lsÍuh'
• .u ke`.=fï ish¨ ixj¾Ok lghq;= ms<sn| ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSu"
ls%hdjg kexùu" kv;a;=j fiajdjka iy ¥IK jxpd
je<elaùu" wd§ ish¨ lghq;= uu tlS ckiNdjg mjrñ'
ck iNdfjka .ï iNdjg
ck iNd lSmhl tl;=fjka ilia jk .ïiNdj m%dfoaYSh
ksfhdackfha m<uq tallh f,i ia:dms; lrñ' .ï iNdj i|yd
foaYmd,k ksfhdað;fhl= m;alr .ekSfï whs;sh .ï jeishdg ,nd
fokafkñ'
49
wfma w;S; Wreufha id¾:l mßmd,k wx.h .ï iNdjhs' .%du

rdcH l%uhhs' mKavqldNh rc;=ud úiska cd;sl kfjdaohla we;slrk
wjia:dfõ fuh ia:dms; lrk ,§' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ yd bkaÈhdfõ
úúO m%foaYj, .ï rdcHh yd mxpdh;a l%uh f,i fuhg iudk
l%uhla ls%hd;aul fõ' bx.S%iSka úiska hg;aúð;lrKfha § .ïiNd
l%uh uq,§ wfydaisl< kuq;a miqj ia:dms; lf<a tys id¾:l;ajh
wêrdcHjd§ ukig mjd jegyqKq ksidh' oeka wfma rg" iudch fjkia
ù we;' tfyhska ck iNdj yd .ï iNdj kQ;k k.r" wkd.;
iudchg o .e,fmk f,i ilia lsÍug woyia lrkafkñ'
.ï iNdfjka m%dfoaYSh iNdjg - k.r iNdjg

.ïiNd .Kkdjla tlalr ilia fjk m%dfoaYSh iNd yd k.r iNd
cd;sl mßmd,kfha uQ,sl iy Yla;su;a tallh f,i mj;ajd .kafkñ'
m%dfoaYSh iNd yd k.r iNdj, kj iSud udhsï ks¾Kh lsÍfï
lghq;a; úêu;a lr kQ;k ck.ykh" iudch" ixialD;sh" mßirh
wd§ uQ,O¾u u; kj m%dfoaYSh iNd n, m%foaY ìyslrñ'
m%dfoaYSh iNd ue;sjrK l%uh ixfYdaOkh i|yd jQ kj fhdackd
ls%hd;aul lrñ' ta wkqj m%dfoaYSh iNdj i|yd nyq;r ksfhdackh
.ïiNd n, m%foaYj,ska o iq¿;r ksfhdackh wkqmd; l%ufhka o m;a
flfrk kj ue;sjrK l%uhla ilia lrñ'
m%dfoaYSh iNd iy k.r iNd wd{d mk; ixfYdaOkh lr kj
n,;, fukau wkafkdakH lghq;= myiq lsÍfï jevigyka o n,d;aul
lrñ'
m<d;a iNdj
oYl folla ;=< m<d;a iNd l%uh l%shd;aul lsÍfuka wmg
w;aoelSï /ila ,eî ;sfí' .e,fmk" fkd.e,fmk" w¨;ska tlal<
hq;=" bj;a l< hq;= wd§ f,i úúO woyia ta yd iu.u u;=ù ;sfí'
m<d;a iNd l%uhg leu;s" wlue;s msßia o wm w;r isá;s'
flfia fj;;a th wfma jHjia:dfõ 13 jeks ixfYdaOkh f,i rfÜ
uQ,sl kS;shg o tl;= ù ls%hd;aul fjñka mj;S' oy;=kajeks
50
ixfYdaOkh yd m<d;a iNd l%uh ms<sn| újD; idlÉPdjlg uu

t<fUñ' wm úiska ish¨ mlaI yd ixúOdk iu. we;s lr .kakd
idlÉPdfõ mokula jkafka tlS újD; idlÉPdjhs'
w;S;fha úúO wjia:dj, § rg iNd" Èia;s%la ixj¾Ok iNd"
m%dka; iNd wd§ f,i isÿl< fhdackd ms<sn|j o tys§ idlÉPd l<
yel' wo wmg wjYH fn§ fjka fjk foig fkdj" rfÜ talSh Ndjh
;yjqre jk f,i f.dvkef.k m%dfoaYSh md,khla nj is;ays
;ndf.k újD; idlÉPdjla ud¾.fhka iïuq;shla we;slr .ekSug
lghq;= lrñ'
m<d;a iNd l%uhg wod< ue;sjrK l%uh o m%dfoaYSh iNd yd
Èia;s%la wkqmd;h mokï lr.;a ñY% l%uhla njg m;a lsÍfï
fhdackdjla o bÈßm;a lrñ'
tf;la fkdmudj 13 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a W;=f¾ m<d;a iNdj
h<s;a ia:dmkh lrñ'
W;=re m<df;a W;=f¾ ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh läkñka
Yla;su;a lsÍu iy ;sridr ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï
wruqKska wdrïN lr we;s W;=re jika;h jevigyk Yla;su;a jk
mßos tu m<d;a iNdfõ uyck ksfhdað;hskaf.a iyh ,nd .ekSug
lghq;= lrñ'
fikÜ uKav,h
rfÜ talShNdjhg ljr fyda ydkslr n,mEula we;s fkdjk
whqßka yd md¾,sfïka;=fõ W;a;Í;rNdjhg ydks fkdjk whqßka
m<d;a iNdj, iïu; lr .kakd Í;s moaO;Ska yd md¾,sfïka;=fõ
iïu; lr .kakd kS;s jvd;a yrj;a idlÉPd lsÍu i|yd;a uOHu
wdKavqfõ lghq;=j,g Tjqka ls%hdldÍj iyNd.S lr .ekSu i|yd
wd.ñl kdhlhska" jD;a;Shfõ§ka jeks iDcq Pkaofhka f;dard m;a lr
.ekSug fkdyels ksfhdað;hskag md¾,sfïka;=fõ lghq;=j,g odhl
ùu i|yd ish¨ foaYmd,k mCIj, ixúOdkj, woyia úuiSfuka miq
fojk uka;S% uKav,hla msysgqùug woyia lrñ'
51
md¾,sfïka;=j rdcH iNdjla njg

wfma rfÜ uQ,sl kS;sh jk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ks¾udKh lrk
uQ,sl tlu ia:dkh md¾,sfïka;=jhs' rfÜ uQ,H lghq;= ms<sn| j.lSu
/£ we;af;a o md¾,sfïka;=j i;=jh'
md¾,sfïka;=jg ksfhdað;hka f;dard m;alr .ekSfï wkqmd; Pkao
l%ufõoh fjkia lsÍug fhdackd lrñ' iudcfha Okj;a iq¿ msßilg
muKla md¾,sfïka;=jg meñKSfï ;;ajhla o" tuksidu ¥IKh"
jxpdj l=¿.ekaùfï m%jK;djhla o wkqmd; Pkao l%uh ksid we;sù
;sfí' m%dfoaYSh ksfhdackh iyuq,skau wjq,a ù we;'
m%dfoaYSh n,m%foaY tlla fyda jeä .Kkla mokï lr.;a
ue;sjrK fldÜGdY l%uh h<s;a ia:dms; lsÍug fhdackd lrñ'
iq¿ foaYmd,k m%jK;d" ckj¾. wd§ ksfhdackhkag bvlv
,efnk Èia;s%la yd cd;sl wkqmd; l%uhla o we;s lr,Sug fhdackd
lrñ'
ia:djr wdKavqjla" Yla;su;a úmlaIhla" ish¨ iq¿ foaYmd,k
m%jK;dj, ksfhdackh tljr iy;sl lr .ekSu" tlS ue;sjrK
ixfYdaOkfha uf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'
tu`.ska wka;sfï§ ck;djg ;u m%foaYhg j.lshk uka;S%jrfhl=
,eîu;a" Okh n,h wysñ ienE ck;d ksfhdað;hkag wjia:dj
,eîu;a ;jÿrg;a isÿfõ'
md¾,sfïka;=jg fjku ckjrula ,efnk fyhska thg .re
lsÍula f,i rfÜ cd;sluh jYfhka w;HjYH wjia:dj, yer
ckdêm;sjrhdg md¾,sfïka;=j ys;=uf;a jirlg miq úiqrejd yeßfï
n,h bj;a lsÍug lghq;= lrñ'
tfukau" ckdêm;sjrhd md¾,sfïka;=fõ ieisj,g iyNd.s fjñka
ckdêm;s OQrh yd md¾,sfïka;=j w;r iyÔjkh Yla;su;a lrñ'
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ish¨ uka;S%jrekag rfÜ uQ,H ls%hdoduh
Yla;su;aj úksú§ulska hq;=j isÿlsÍug bv§u i|yd ish¨
wud;HdxYj, WmfoaYl ldrl iNdj, n,;, jvd;a Yla;su;a lrñ'
52
ckdêm;s OQrh Ndrldr OQrhla njg

úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrfha n,;, mßyrKh lsÍfï§ uu b;d
m%fõYïldÍ jQfhñ' w;S;fha§ úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrh fhdod.kakd
,oafoa ue;sjrK l,a oeóug" ue;sjrKj,ska m;ajQ wdKavq fmr<d
oeóug" wêlrKhg ndOd lsÍug" mlaI ;ykï lsÍug" Woaf>daIK
u¾okh lr >d;k ixialD;shlg rg f.khEug" rdcH wdh;k l=Kq
fld,a,hg úl=Kd oeóug" wmrdOlrejka /lSug iy
cdjdrïlrejkag iyk ,nd§ugh' rg mdjdfok .súiqï we;slr
.;af;a o úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrh fhdod f.kh'
ud th fhdod.;af;a rg tlafiai;a lsÍu msKsih' úOdhl
ckdêm;s OQrh ms<sn| ish¨ mlaI yd ck;d ksfhdað;hka iu. újD;
idlÉPdjlg t<fUñ' md¾,sfïka;=jg ,efnk ckjrug .re lrñka
md¾,sfïka;=jg j. lshk kS;sh bÈßfha ish,a,ka iudkh hk
m%;sm;a;sh .re lrñka wêlrKhg j.lshk jHjia:d iïmdokh"
úOdhlh yd wêlrKh tlsfklg .efgk tall f,iska fkdj"
iyÔjkfhka ne÷Kq tlu rdcHhl fldgia nj ;jÿrg;a wjOdrKh
lrk Ndrldr OQrhla njg úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrh m;alrñ'
fkdne|s úfoia ms<sfj;

Y%S ,xldj ljo;a wkq.ukh l< fkdne|ss úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;j
ÿrg;a Yla;su;a fldg mj;ajdf.k hkafkñ' bkaoshdj cmdkh" Ökh"
mlsia:dkh we;=¨ wdishdkq rgj,a iu. mj;ajdf.k hk wfma ñ;%YS,S
inò;djka fldf;la M,odhS o hkak miq.sh isõ jir ;=< ukdj
meyeos,s jQ w;r foaYmd,k" wdrCIl" wd¾Ól" fj<ò yd ixialD;sl
fCIa;%hkays tu inò;d w;sYhska ñ;%YS,S f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug
lem fjñ'
f,dal mdßißl iy foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka yd ne`ÿkq cd;Hka;r
iïuq;Ska yd .súiqï iu. taldnoaOj lghq;= lrk w;r" tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixúOdk iu. we;s iïnkaO;d ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a
lrñ'
53
Y%S ,xldj fjk;a rgj,a iu. mj;ajk úfoaY inò;djkaysoS rfÜ

f.!rjh iy wNsudkh iq/flk mßos l%shd lsÍug;a úfoaY rgj,
wdl¾IKh j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a wjYH kj jevms<sfj<la y`ÿkajd
foñ'
nyq;r iïuq;shlska f.dv kef`.k

;sridr iduhla
cd;sl iyÔjkhg w¨;a u.la
jir 2005 ckdêm;sjrKfha § uyskao Ñka;k m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh
bÈßm;a lrñka uu fufia lSfjñ'
“W;=re yd kef.kysr mj;akd w¾nqoh ms<sn|j kejqï f,i is;kakg;a"
w¨;a úi÷ï u.la fiùug;a uu wÈgka lrf.k isákafkñ' w;S;fha fï m%Yakh
úi£ug .kq ,enQ ish¨ mshjrj, fyd| krl uefkúka úuid tlS kejqï uf.a
moku f,i i,lkafka fkdfnÿKq rgla" f.!rjkSh iduhla yd nyq;r
iïuq;shla hkakhs”'
tlS m%;sm;a;s wkqj hñka ud ckdêm;s OQrhg m;ajQ jydu ish¨
m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaI le|jd i¾j mdlaIsl iuq¿jl § uyskao
Ñka;khg wkql+, jQ uf.a wfmaCIdj m<lf<ñ' ta wkqj tjlg cd;sl
wdrlaIdjg" wNsudkhg" rfÜ iaffjÍ;ajhg wNsfhda.hla jQ igka
úrdu .súiqu ms<sn|j fldá ixúOdkh iu. o idlÉPdjg msúiqfkñ'
Tjqkaf.a m%;spdrh jQfha fmr isÿ l< mßÈu wfma iqyo idlÉPd
u. ;%ia;jd§ hqo u. Yla;su;a lsÍug fhdod .ekSuh' udú,awdre
m%foaYfhka wdrïN l< iDcq ;%ia; m%ydrh úiska f.!rjkSh iduh
Wfoid udkqISh fufyhqula Èh;a lrkakg wm fmd<Ujkq ,eîh' wfma
rKúrejka Wvq.=jkska uqyqoska f.dvìfuka mshjfrka mshjr"
ch.%yKfhka ch.%yKh lrd .uka lrñka fkdfnÿKq rgla"
f.!rjkSh iduhla hkak wre;a .kajñka fï rg tlafiai;a l<y'
54
tlS udkqISh fufyhqu w;f¾§ kj hqo - foaYmd,ksl cd;sl Wmdh

ud¾.hla o uúiska Èh;a lrk ,§' th ieÿï,kq ,enqfõ ksrúlrKh"
m%cd;ka;%lrKh yd ixj¾Okh hk mokï u;h' ;%ia;jdofhka
uqod.;a iEu m%foaYhlgu m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK mj;ajd
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lrk ,§'
f,dalfha ñka fmr lsisÿ rgl isÿ fkdjQ úrE f,i w;s iS.% f,i
hqo .egqïj,ska wj;eka jQjka h<s mÈxÑ lrùu isÿlrk ,§' tfukau
“kef.kysr kfjdaoh” yd “W;=re jika;h” hgf;a fmr fkdjQ úrE
ixj¾Okhla W;=re yd kef.kysr fom<df;a Èh;a lrk ,§'
ta w;r" i¾jmdlaIsl iuq¿j È.gu mj;ajd .ksñka" tys ksfhdað;
lñgqjla u`.ska .eUqre foaYmd,k m%Yak újD; idlÉPdjlg f.k tk
,§'
by<ska mgjk úi÷ï fjkqjg foaYmd,k mlaI" isú,a ixúOdk yd
ck;dj ;=<skau u;=jk kj foaYmd,k lñgqjlg" nyq;r iïuq;shlg
wod< me;slv tu`.ska u;=lr .kakd ,§'
oYl .Kkla merKs is;a wukdmlï" fn§ï ;u ;ukaf.a woyia
Woyia úfYaIfhka f,a je.sreKq .eàula mj;akd úg tfia
iïuq;shlg .ekSu w;sYhska ÿIalr ld¾hhls' tkuq;a tlS ÿIalr
ld¾hh i|yd o m<uq wä;d,u wm úiska oeka oud wjikah' úúO
woyia oeÍug ´kEu wfhl=g whs;shla mj;sk nj ud ms<s.kakd
kuq;a" i;H lreKq iïnkaOfhka úúO woyia tla iïuq;shlg
meñKsh hq;= nj uf.a ms<s.ekSu fõ'
bÈßfha Wodjk iqn wkd.;fha" kfjdaofha oS bÈß .ufka cd;sl
iyÔjkh i|yd wjYH jkafka ta uyd cd;sl iïu;hhs'
wfma rKúrejka tlafiai;a lf<a wfma rg muKla fkdfõ' ish¨
ck lKavdhïj, is;ai;ka o tlais;a lrkd ,§' tfyhska bÈßfha§
;=jlal=j,g ìh fkdù" újD; ukilska idlÉPd lrkakg;a"
iïuq;Skag t<eöug;a wmg yelsjkq we;s nj uf.a ;srir úYajdih
hs' úfYaIfhkau" ìh iel ÿre ù ;ukaf.au jQ .ïìïj, mÈxÑ ù
55
;ukaf.au jQ uyck ksfhdað;hka m;alr .ekSug W;=re yd

kef.kysr ck;djg fï ckdêm;sjrKfha § yd t<efUk uy
ue;sjrKfha § yelsjkq we;'
kef.kysr kfjdaoh
ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih fjkia lrkq ,enQ igk
werfUkafka fldá ;%ia;jdoSka úiska udú,awdre fidfrdõj jid
oeóu;a iu.h' udú,awdre fidfrdõj w;am;a lr f.k ck;d
whs;shg mejÍu;a iu.h' 2007 cQ,s udifhaoS f;dmams., uqod.ekSu;a
iu. iuia; kef.kysr m<d;u ksoyia lr .ekSfï mgka wdrïN l<
kef.kysr kfjdaoh jevigyk wo jk úg w;sYhskau id¾:l;ajhg
m;a ù we;s neõ ud i|yka lrkafka buy;a i;=áks'
• fï jkúg ;%sl=Kdu,h, uvl,mqj iy wïmdr hk osia;%slal
;=fkau ish¨ m%Odk ud¾. mq¿,a lr ixj¾Okh lr we;'
kef.kysr uqod .eksfuka miqj wïmdr Èia;%slalh ol=Kq
m<d;, inr.uq m<d; iy W!j m<d;g blauka in|;djla
,nd È wd¾Ól yd iudc iïnkaO;djhka f.dv ke`.Sug
ldr;sõ iy fmd;=ú,a isg ishU,dKavqj fudKrd., yryd
we;s ud¾. ish,a, ixj¾Okh lf<ñ'
• mdku isg mq,auqfâ olajd kef.kysr fjr<nv ud¾.h;a
lka;f,a fiareú, ud¾.h;a ,ys ,ysfha bÈ fjñka mj;S'
kef.kysr m<df;a b;sß ish¨ uydud¾. bÈß jir 2 ;=< jev
wjika lr rfÜ wfkl=;a m%foaY w;r we;s wd¾Ól iudc
foaYm,k iïnkaO;djhka ÈhqKq lrñ'
• uvl<mq Èia;%slalfha isg W;=re ueo m<d; iy fld<Ug;a
blauka m%jdyk myiqlï ie,iSug urokalvj,
fmdf<dkakrej ;%sfldaK uvq mdr oekgu;a boslr we;'
;%sl=Kdu, osia;%slalfha trlalKaä md,u újD; lr we;s w;r
hdkaTh md,u we;=`M wod< ish¨ md,ïj, jev lghq;=
iïmQ¾K lr we;'
56
• wïmdr osia;%slalfha wdre.ïfí md,u újD; lr we;'

uvl<mqj osia;%slalfha Tâvudjä md,u iy kj l,a,ä
md,u o ck;d whs;shg mjrd we;' fï m%foaYfha c,
wjYH;dj iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd kj c, fhdackd l%u 59 la
wdrïN lr m%Odk c, l=¿Kq 12 la boslsÍu oekgu;a wdrïN
lr we;'
• w¨;ska mdi,a f.dvke.s,s 164 la boslr we;s w;r ;j;a
f.dvke.s,s 327 la m%;sixialrKh lr we;s w;r iEu
mdi,lau kùk úoHd.drhla iy mß.Kl uOHia:dkhlska
iukaú; lrñ'
• fi!LH wxYfha ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka frday,a i|yd w¨;ska
jdÜgq 55 la bos lr we;ss w;r ffjoHjre muKla 445 ;a
w¨;ska n|jd f.k we;'
• Ôjfkdamdh ixj¾Okh i|yd w¨;ska l=Uqre wlalr 80"000 la
wiajoaod we;s w;r f.j;= j.d 2500 la iy m<;=re .ïudk
19 la boslr we;s w;r bosßfha oS ;j ÿrg;a fulS j.djka
kxjd kj fj<| l%uhla y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• lsß f.dú l¾udka;h kxùu i|yd osia;%slal ;=kg w¨;ska
wdo¾Y f.dúfmd< 3 la boslr we;s w;r lsß f.dú .ïudk
50 la ilia lr we;af;ñ' whdf,a hñka isá .jhska 85,000 la
muK whs;slrejkag ,nd oS we;af;ñ' fuu .ïudk i|yd
wjYH myiqlï iy Kh iykdOdr ;jÿrg;a imhñka tu
f.dùkaf.a wkd.;h ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lrñ' bosß oYlh
;=< fuu m<d; uq¿uKskau ixj¾Okh lr tys m%;sM,
ck;dj w;r fnod yeßu uf.a taldhk wruqKhs'
• wmkhk ieliqï l,dmhla wdrïN lrñ'
• Ôjfkdamdh ixj¾Okh i|yd w¨;ska l=Uqre wlalr 100"000 la
wiajoaoñ' f.j;= j.d 5000 la iy m<;=re .ïudk 100 la
f.dv kÕñ'
• lsß f.dú l¾udka;h kexùu i|yd w¨;ska wdo¾Y f.dúfmd<
3 la bos lr we;s w;r lsß f.dú .ïudk 100 la o ilia lrñ'
57
W;=re jika;h
;sia jirlg;a jvd merKs .egqïj,ska oreKq mSvdjg ,lajQ m%Odk
fldgi W;=f¾;a kef.kysr;a fjfik oñ< uqia,sï ck;dj nj uu;a
uf.a rch;a fyd|dldrju oksñ' oeka ;sridr iduhla Wod ù we;'
rfÜ wfkla ck fldgia fukau W;=re iy kef.kysr fom<df;a
ck;dj o wfmaCId lf<a fujka jQ iduhla nj uu okafkñ'
iajdñmqreIhka wysñ Nd¾hdjka" orejka wysñ fouõmshka"
fouõmshka wysñ orejka" wndê;jQjka" foam< wysñj b`ÿï ysgqï wysñ
jQ msßila fï fom<df;a isák nj;a uu oksñ' tksid hqoaOh ksud
ùug;a fmr lsisÿ mels,Sulska f;drj kef.kysr mosxÑ ckhdg
wjYH há;, myiqlï Ôjfkdamdh ixj¾Okhg wjYH lghq;=
kef.kysr kfjdaoh hgf;a l%shd;aul lf<ñ'
W;=re jika;h hgf;a ish¨ m%;s,dN W;=f¾ ck;djg ,nd oSu
uf.a taldhk wruqKhs' ta i|yd W;=re jika;h hgf;a fhdaO wd¾Ól
iy há;, myiqlï ixj¾Ok jev ms<sj,la oekgu;a l%shdjg kÕd
we;af;ñ.
• W;=re m<df;a ´kEu ;ekl ksoyfia hkakg tkakg mej;s
ndOdjka uu uq¿uKskau bj;a lrñ'
• mj;sk wkdrCIs; ;;a;ajh ie<ls,a,g .ksñka wê wdrlaIs;
l,dmh bj;a lsÍug l%udkql+,j mshjr .kq ,efí'
• W;=f¾ ksIamdokh lrk ÆKq" ñßia we;=¿ lDIs ksIamdok
i|yd myiq fj<|fmd<j,a Èjhsfka wfkl=;a m%foaYj, we;s
wd¾Ól uOHia:dkj,g m%jdykh lsÍu i|yd if;di u.ska
myiqlï imhkq ,efí'
• ueojÉÑh - ukakdru ud¾.h, hdmkh - fmaÿre ;=vqj ud¾.h,
hdmkh ñksfma yryd lfrhsk.¾ ud¾.h, uqrelalka - Ys,d
j;=r, Tâvqiqvdka - keÿkal¾ks ud¾.h iy jõkshd
fydfrdõm;dk ud¾. mq¿,a lr ixj¾Okh lrñ'
• hdmkh kqjr ud¾.h (A9) hdmkh mq;a;,u ud¾.h (A32)
oshqKq lr wêfõ.S ud¾. f,i oshqKq lrñ'
58
• ix.=msâä md,u jydu bÈ lr hdmkh w¾Ooaùmh ukakdru

yd mq;a;,ï m%foaYj,g iïnkaO lrkafkñ' tfiau hdmkfha
¥m;a jeä ÈhqKq lr uyd ud¾. moaO;shlska tlsfkl hd lr
hdmkh w¾Ooaúmh iu. iïnkaO lrñ'
• hdmkh YsCIK frday, uq¿uKskau kùlrKh lrñ' Bg
iu.dój ls,sfkdÉÑh" uq,;sõ" udkal=,ï we;=`M ish¨
k.rj, we;s frday,a m%;sixialrKh lrñ'
• fodf¾wmamd l%Svdx.Kh kùlrKh lrñ'
• ksoyfia ixfla; k.rh f,i udkal=,ï k.rh ixj¾Okh
fldg ud¾;= udifha ck;d whs;shg mjrñ'
• hdmkh úYajúoHd,h i|yd w¨;ska bxðfkare mSGhla ,nd
fokafkñ' ld¾ñl úoHd,h i|yd fkajdisl myiqlï mq¿,a
lrñ'
• W;=re m<df;a ù j.d lrk f.dúhka iòyd by< wdodhï
ud¾. ie<fik kùk ;dCIKfhka hq;a uyd mßudK iy,a
ieliqï uOHia:dk folla msysgq jkafkñ'
• W;=re m<df;a lDIsld¾ñl mqkreohg fya;=jk lDIsld¾ñl
úoHdmSGhla ls,sfkdÉÑ m%foaYfha msysgqjkafkñ'
• hdmkh osia;%alhg wjYH mdkSh c, wjYH;dj bgq lsÍu
i|yd hdmkh c, iïmdok fhdackd l%uh ud¾;= udifhaoS
l%shdjg kxjñ'
• ;f,hsukakdru ueojÉÑh yd úkaf;hs ÿïßh ud¾. 2011 oS
ksu lrñ'
• 2012 jk úg hdmkh ol=Kq wdishdfõ úYsIag;u k.rhla
njg m;a lrkafkñ'
• miq.sh ld,h ;=< leue;af;ka fyda wlue;af;ka fkdu`.
f.dia ikakoaO ixialD;shg ;u fh!jkh ì,sÿka ;reK
;reKshka Tjqkaf.a iudc ixialD;sl wkkH;djg ydks
fkdjk whqßka ms<s.;a iïu;hkag wkqj mqkre;a:dmkh
fldg jirla we;=<; Tjqkaf.a fouõmshkag Ndr foñ'
59
W;=f¾ iy kef.kysr ifydaor ck;dj kej; ;u .ïíïj,g

W;=re jika;h jev igyk hgf;a oekgu;a wdrïN lr we;s
jõkshdfõ iqNidOk .ïudkj, isá jõkshdj ukakdru iy hdmkh
osia;%slalj,g wh;a ish¨ fokd;a uq,;sõ iy ls,sfkdÉÑ
osia;%slalj,ska úYd, msßila kej; mÈxÑ ù wjikah' ;j;a mÈxÑ
lrùug we;af;a uq,;sõ iy ls,sfkdÉÑ osia;%slalj, msßia muKs. ìï
fndaïn bj;a lrk m%udKh wkqj ta ish¨ fokd o l%udkql+,j iy
fkdmudj mÈxÑ lrjñ.
ksjdi f.dvke.Sug
• kej; mÈxÑ lrk iEu mjq,a tallhka iòydu ;djld,sl
jdiia:dkhla bos lr .ekSug uqo,ska remsh,a 50"000la yd
wu;rj remsh,a 50"000la jákd øjHuh wdOdr ,ndfoñ'
• úkdY jQ ksjdi kej; ilia lr .ekSu i|yd remsh,a
350"000l uqo,la oS¾> ld,Sk moku hgf;a ,nd fokakñ'
• ksjdi w¨;ajeähdj iòyd remsh,a 100"000 l oSukdjla ,nd
fokafkñ'
• iEu ksjilgu jeisls<s myiqlï imhd .ekSug wdOdr
imhkafkñ'
lDIsld¾ñl Èßh
• iEu lDIsld¾ñl mjq,la iòydu oekg ,nd fok lDIsld¾ñl
WmlrK kej; mosxÑ jk ishü mjq,a tallhka iòyd ,nd
fokafkñ'
• iEu lDIsld¾ñl mjq,la i|ydu oekg ,nd fok j.d lrk
iEu fNda.hlgu wod< îc" fmdfydr fkdñf,a ,nd fokafkñ'
• iEu f.dú ixúOdkhlgu j;=r fudagrhla iy g%elagrhla
fkdñf,a ,nd fokafkñ'
60
ëjr l¾udka;h
• iEu ëjr ld¾ñlhl= iòydu wdïmkak lÜg,hla ,nd
fokafkñ'
• u;aiH ieliqï uOHia:dk 2 la ukakdru iy hdmkfha
msysgqjñ'
mY= iïm;a ixj¾Okhg

• l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï l¾udka;h iòyd megjqka we;=¨ wksl=;a
WmlrK fkdñf,a imhkafkñ'
• lsß ksIamdok m%j¾Okh i|yd lsß f.dú .ïudk msysgqjñ'
oshr lsß ksIamdok l¾udka;Yd,djla jjqkshdfõ wdrïN lrñ'
• iajhx /lshdj, ksr; ùug leu;s ieug wod< WmlrK
lÜg,hla fkdñf,a imhñ'
.yfld< iy i;d iSmdjd o

iqrlsk yß; ,xldjla
ks,a, msreKq rgla msú;=re mßirhla
udf.a md,k ld,h ;=< mßir idfmaCIKh i|yd foaYhg fukau
úfoaYhg o ;sridr m%;sm;a;shl isg lghq;= lrñ' ¥Ilhd úiska
¥IKfha msßjeh oeßh hq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sfha isg wm wkq.ukh l<
uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh ksid mßir wud;HdxYh NdKavd.drhg nrla fkdjk
wdh;khla jQfhah' wuqøjH f,i wfma iajNdj iïm;a úfoaY.; ùu
k;r ùu ksid “rka forK jHdmD;sh” hgf;a foaYSh je,s" l`M.,a"
fj<ofmd<" ñ, md,kh i|yd rch m;,a lekSfï iud.u yryd
ueosy;a ùu ksid LKsc fCIa;%fha rcfha wdodhï ;=ka .=Khlska
kexùug miq .sh isõ jir ;=< wmg yels úh' msgráka úÿ,s lKq"
ÿïßh is,amr fldg f.k tafï hq.h ksud fldg “oej cjh”
jevigyk hgf;a oej ixia:dfõ wdodhu fo.=Khlska by< oukakg
wms iu;a jQfhuq'
61
li< l<ukdlrKh i|yd uq,a jrg cd;sl jevms<sfj<la

“ms<sire” kñka bosßm;a lr 2012 oS l=Kq li<j,ska f;dr ,xldjla
hk f;audj hgf;a l%shdldß jevigykla l%shd;aul lf<ñ' w,s ñksia
iyÔjkh i|yd “.c ñ;=re” jHdmD;sh o oeka l%shd;aulh' id.r
¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd kj mk;la u.ska id.r ¥IK je<elaùfï
wêldßh o Yla;su;a lf<ñ' cd;Hka;r jYfhka ´fidaka úhk /l
.ekSfï fyd|u rg f,i 2008 oS iïNdjkdjg m;a jkakg wmg
yelsúh'
;sridr fyglg yß; ,xld

iïm;a ysÕh yd mßir ¥IKh ksid mj;sk kQ;k ixj¾Okh
tf,iu ;sridr f,i fmrg f.k hdug fkdyels nj meyeos,s
lreKls' ta ksid ;sridr ixj¾Okhg wä;d,u oeófï wruqfKka
udf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka hq;= “yß; ,xld” kï jQ cd;sl jevms<sfj<la
2010-2020 w;r osh;a lrkafkñ' tu`.ska wmf.a c, iïm; /l
.ekSu" ihqr yd ihqre iïm;a ixrCIKh lsÍu" msßisÿ jd;h iq/lSu
yd j¾Okh lsÍu" mdxY= ixrCIKh" lDIsl¾udka;h ms<sn|j kj
l%fudamdhka y÷kajd oSu" mqk¾ckkSh n, Yla;s m%j¾Okh" msßisÿ
l¾udka; ìyslsÍu" fi!LH iïmkak k.r yd ckdjdi boslsÍu"
mßir ys;ldñ m%jdyk l%ufõohla jeäoshqKq lsÍu" li<
l<ukdlrKh" foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi i|yd iQodkï ùu" wOHdmksl yd
ixialD;sl oekqj;a ùu wdoS fCIa;% i|yd os.= ld,Sk jevigykla
ilia lr we;af;ñ' uQ,sl f;aud .Kkdjla tysoS l%shdldß ie,eiaulg
.efkkq we;' úfYaIfhkau ol=Kq wdishdkq ld,dmSh jYfhka o
tluq;=j foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi bosßfha ksis mshjr .ekSug lghq;=
fhfokq we;'
foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdij,ska wkd.;fhaoS we;s úh yels kshÕh" c,
.e,Sï" iq<s iq<x" uqyqo f.dv .e,Su" Ôj úfYaI j| ù hdu" fndajk
frda. jix.;h" wdydr fNda. wk;=rg ,la ùu wdoS ish¨ fCIa;%j,
m%Yak wjfndaO lr f.k úi`ÿï ,nd .ekSu i|yd l%shdldß ie,eiaula
2010 isg l%shdjg kxjuq'
62
li<ska f;dr ,xldjla

li< l<ukdlrKh i|yd j.lSï mejß ;snqfKa k.r iNd iy
m%dfoaYSh iNdj,gh' kuq;a ta i|yd m<d;a md,k wud;HdxYh,
kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh, my;a ìï ix¾Ok uKav,h wdoS ish¨
wdh;k tlalr uOHu mßir wêldßfha l%shdldß;ajfhka “ms<sire
jevms<sfj<” 2008 cQ,s udifhaoS wdrïN lf<ñ' li< l<ukdldß;aj
ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla yd 2012 oS li<ska f;dr ,xldjla wruqKq
lr .;a cd;sl jev ms<sfj<la wfmau uQ,H iïm;aj,ska ñ,shk
5"600la jeh lr osh;a lr we;af;ñ' tu`.ska oejeka; li< l÷
mqkre;a:dmkh lr úêu;a li< l<ukdldß;ajhlg bosß ld,fhaoS
mshjr ;nñ' ta i|yd úfoaY ;dlaIKh mqoa.,sl wdfhdackhka o
iïnkaO lr .ekSug oekgu;a mshjr f.k we;s nj m%ldY lrñ'
mshlre mqrjr - “yß; .ñudkh”

;srir kd.ßl ixj¾Okhla Wfoid w.k.rhg ;odikak k.r
“yß; mshlre mqrjr” njg m;a lsÍfï jevms<sfj<la ie,iqï lr
we;af;ñ' uyd k.rj, yß; uxfm;a o" fl;a ìï ixrCIKh o" we<
ud¾. mqkre;a:dmkh o" we;=<;a yß; k.r njg wfma k.r m;a
lsÍfï kj jevms<sfj<la mßir yd kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wud;HdxY
u.ska osh;a lrñ'
tfukau .u ke`.=u hgf;a mßir ys;ldñ f,i .ïudk f.dv
ke`.Su i|yd yß; .ïudk jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lrñ'
jk ixrCIKfhka c, ixrCIKhg “.sß;=re fijK”

wmf.a l÷lr m%foaY c, ixrCIKfha uq,a ìuhs' wêrdcHjdoSkaf.a
jeú,s ksid o" wúêu;a ixj¾Okh ksid o wmf.a c, fmdaIl m%foaY
úkdYhg m;afjñka we;' fï ksid bosß jir 10 ;=< c, fmdaIl
m%foaY iajdNdúl jkdka;r lsÍu i|yd “.sß;=re fijK” jevms<sfj<
osh;a lrñ' úfoaYSh Ydl fjkqjg foaYSh Ydl jkdka;r we;s lsÍu
iòyd jQ “fy< ;=re fijK” jevms<sfj< o jHdma; lrñ'
63
“.c ñ;=frda ” - w,s ñksia iyÔjkh

• miq.sh oYl lSmhl wúêu;a ixj¾Okh yd ;%ia;jdoh úiska
wfma cd;sl jfkdaoHdk .s, .ekSu ksid w,s we;=ka .ï jeoS w,s
ñksia .egqula ks¾udKh úh' fï iòyd ms<shula f,i 2009 oS
“.c ñ;=frda” jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lf<ñ' tu`.ska w,s
md,k tall msysgq ùu yd w,s jeg boslsÍu fõ.j;a l< w;r
miq.sh jir fol ;=< muKla úÿ,s jeg lsf,da óg¾ 600 la
boslsÍu yd kùlrKh isÿ lf<ñ' W;=re kef.kysr o
we;=`Mj fuu .eg¨jg uqyqKmdk ish¨ .ïudkj, úÿ,s jeg
bosß jir ;=fkaos wjika lrñ'
• ;%ia;jdoh ksid jeiS .sh ú,am;a;=" l=uk" hdka Th"
uqkaäl=,u wdoS ish¨ jk WoHdk kùlrKh lr bosß jir ;=<
újD; lrñ'
• jòù hk i;aj úfYaI wdrCId lsÍu;a" mßir ixrCIKh jeä
oshqKq lsÍu;a i|yd remsh,a ñ,shk 2"600 la jeh jk kj
jHdmD;shla 2010 isg l%shd;aul lrñ'
;reK wfmaCIdjkag uq,a ;ek fok

iqnjdoS rgla
;reK mrmqr ixj¾Okfha iúhg
b;sydifha wjia:d lSmhloSu cj iïmkak ;dreKHh úkdYhg
,la úh' ;dreKHfha wjYH;d fjkqfjka uyskao Ñka;kh ;=< jeä
bvla fjka lsÍug ud ;SrKh lf<a tneúks'
wm t<U isák fï ishji ;reKhskaf.a h. th oekqu mss<sn|
ishjihs'
• jhi wjqreÿ 18 isg 22 olajd iEu orejl=gu ;u wNsu;d¾:h
wkqj wjYH ;D;shSl wOHdmkhla fyda mqyqKqjla ,nd .ekSug
remsh,a ,laI 2 la olajd uqo,la fjka lr fokafkñ'
64
• f,dalfha ÈhqKq rgj, ;reK ;reKshka jvd;a wdl¾IKh ù

we;s ;D;shSl wOHdmkh flfrys we;s iudc ms<s.ekSu wfma
rfÜ ;reKhka ;=< by< kexùug wjYH wdl,amuh fjki
we;s lsÍug wjYH mßirh ilikafkñ'
• YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhd f,dalh iu. iïnkaO lrk e-life kñka
kj f;dr;=re ;dlaIK jevigykla ls%hdjg kxjkafkñ' ta
hgf;a úod;d iy keKi, uOHia:dk kùlrKhg ,la fldg
“.u keÕ=u” jevigyk iu. taldnoaO fldg ls%hd;aul
lsÍug wfmalaId lrñ' ;reK ck.yKh ie,ls,a,g f.k
tla m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdYhla i|yd wju ;rñka e-life
uOHia:dk 10 la ia:dmkh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjñ'
• úfoaY /lshd i|yd mqyqKq Y%ñlhska fhduqlr,Su i|yd iqÿiq
jevms<sfj,la ilia lrñ'
• ú/lshdj wju lsÍu wruqKq lr .ksñka ;reK ;reKshka
i|yd wd¾Ól W;amdok wjia:djka Wodlr,Sug yelsjk mßÈ
/lshd iy jHjidhl;aj l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkhla
ia:dmkh lrñ'
• fuu wjYH;dj imqrd,Su i|yd úfoaY Y%u fj<|fmdf,a
wjYH;djkag iy b,aüg iß,k mßÈ cd;Hka;r
ms<s.ekSula iys; mdGud,d iy iy;sl m;% fukau ;D;shSl
wOHdmk jevigyka y÷kdf.k ta fj; ;reK ;reKshka
fhduqlrjkakg wfmalaId lrñ'
• .%dóh ;reK ;reKshkag Wiia jegqma iys; /lshdjla ,nd
.ekSu i|yd wjYH mqyqKqj ,nd fokq msKsi .sKqïlrKfha yd
;dCIKsl wxYfha l=i,;d we;s 25"000 la, mß.Kl wxYhg
Wkkaÿ jk 25"000 la, ixpdrl fCIa;%fha 25"000 la, bÈlsßï
fCIa;%fha 25"000 la, fi!LH fCIa;%hg fhduq ùug leu;s
15"000 la, rEm,djkH fCIa;%fha 10"000 la yd fjk;a úúO
úfYaI l=i,;d iys; 25"000 la jYfhka 150"000 lska hq;a Y%u
ixÑ;hla fuu jir ;=<oS uu f.dv kÕñ'
65
• rfÜ iEu mjq,lskau wju jYfhka tla ;reKfhl=g fyda

;reKshlg ;u iqÿiqlïj,g iß,k f,i rdcH wxYfha fyda
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fkdtfia kï úfoaY /lshd fjf<|fmd<
;=< by< jegqmla iys; /lshdjla ,nd.ekSug wjYH
ueÈy;aùu iy iïnkaëlrKh isÿlsÍug lghq;= lrñ'
• iq¿ mßudK úfoaY wdfhdackhka iDcqju .ug f.k hdfï
hdka;K% hla f,i “l¾udka; .ïudk” ixl,amh y÷kajd§ug
wfmalI a d lrñ' úúO l=i,;d iys;j yia; l¾udka;fha iy
idïm%odhsl ksuejqïlrKfha kshq;= ;reK ld¾ñlhskaf.a
ksuejqï wdfhdack uKav,fha iy .u keÕ=u jevigyfka
iïnkaëlrKh u.ska ueÈy;a jHdmdßlhska fkdue;sj úfoaY
fj<|fmd< fj; wmkhkh lsÍug yels hdka;%Khla
f.dvkeÕSug fuu.ska wfmalI a d lrñ' úfYaIfhkau úfoaY
úksuh iDcqju .ug .,d hk fuu l¾udka; .ïudk u.ska
rfÜ wd¾Ólfha jeo.;a wx.hla njg m;a lsÍu udf.a wruqKhs'
• .ïno ;reK ;reKshka f.a l%Svd" l,d" iy ixialD;sl
l=i,;d by< kexùu i|yd ;reK fiajd iNdfõ lghq;=
mq¿,a f,i m%;sixúOdkh lrñ' ta hgf;a wka;¾ cd;sl ;reK
yqjudre jevigykla wdrïN lsÍu ;=<ska wfma ;reK
;reKshkaf.a oekqu iy w;aoelSï mq¿,a lsÍug lghq;= lrñ'
l%Svdfõ iqj osúfhka f,djla oskkakg

kQ;k f,dalfha l%Svdj hkq iudcfha cj iïmkak ;reKhkag
muKla wh;a jQjla fkdj nd, uy¿ ieu fokdgu újD; jQjls.
ksfrda.S;ajh, udkisl j¾Okh iy iduQysl;ajh hk fï ish,a,u
l%Svdj iu. tlsfklg iïnkaOh' tneúka l%Svdj ixj¾Okh lsÍu
hkq wkd.; iudc meje;au i|yd w;HdjYH jkakdjQ wdfhdackhla
nj uu úYajdi lrñ. tneúka l%Svdj ;=<ska mqoa.,hd j¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd l%Svd fCIa;%hg iqúfYaIS Yla;shla ,nd oSug uu l%shd lrkafkñ'
• iEu m<d;lu uyd mßudKfha l%Svd uOHia:dk boslsÍug
lghq;= lrkafkñ'
66
• l%Svd iy ixpdrl fCIa;% w;r ióm iïnkaOhla we;s ksid

l%Svdj j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska ixpdrl fCIA;%hg Yla;shla ,nd
oSug lghq;= lrkafkñ'
• cd;Hka;r l%Svd ieKfl<s úúO l%Svd fjkqfjka ixúOdkh
lsÍfuka wm rfÜ l%Svd uÜgu by< ;;a;ajhlg f.k taug
lghq;= lrk w;ru Y%S ,xldfõ hym;a foaY.=Kh Wmfhda.S
lrf.k wm rg cd;Hka;rj by< ms<s.ekSulg ,la lsÍug
lghq;= lrkafkñ'
• u,, l%Svd" B;, úoSu" fjä ;eîu" fïi mkaÿ l%Svdj"
neâñkagka l%Svdj jeks l%Svd ;=<ska Y%S ,xldjg f.!rjhla ysñ
jk f,i T,sïmsla molalï bosß jir lsysmh ;=<oS ,nd
.ekSug úfYaI osß .ekaùula ,nd fokafkñ'
• ish¨ l%Svd fCIa;%hkag wh;a mqyqKq lrejka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd
foaYSh uOHia:dkhla f.dv k`.ñ.
• iEu uQ,sl frday,lg l%Svd fi!LH tallhla wdrïN lrñ.
wyi-fmd<j ihsn¾ wjldYfhka

ch .kakd wkd.; mrmqrla
wkd.;hg Tìk ch .kakd .=re isiq msßila
b;sydi fmd; lshjk úg w;S;h .ek wNsudkhla fkdoefkk,
uq,a fmd; lshjkúgu uõ ni tmd lrjk, bx.%Sis fmd; lshjkúg
fojk ni ;s;a; jk, fm<fmd;a, úIh ks¾foaY iy mdi,aj,
kdulrK fjkia lsßïj,g muKla iSud jQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK
.Kkdjla wms miq lr isáuq. tfy;a foaYSh;ajfha uq,a is÷Kq mrmqrla
ks¾udKh ùu;a wOHdmkh ksud lsÍug;a fmr rg yer hk W.;=ka
ìys ùu;a yer wka m%;sM,hla uu tu m%;sixialrKj,ska
fkdoelaflñ'
ta fjkqjg ks¾udKYS,S › ,dxlslfhl= ìys lsÍu i|yd jk
wdl,amuh fjkialï mokï lr .;a ksis ie,eiaula iys; cd;sl
wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhla uu fhdackd lrñ.
67
fmr <udúh ixj¾Okh

fmr mdi, orejd fifkyiska fjka lrk ia:dkhla fjkqjg
fifkyi kxjk ia:dkhla úh hq;=h. foaYSh;ajh ms<sn| yeÕSu,
iduQysl;aj yeisÍu iy ksjeros YsCIKh orejkag yqre lsÍu mQ¾j
<ud úh ixj¾Ok jevigyfka wruqK úh hq;=h.
• <ud f,alï ld¾hd,h <ud wdrCIl wêldßh fuka mq¿,a
n,;, iys; wêldßhla njg m;a lrñ. rg mqrd jHdma;
rcfha iy fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fmr mdie,a, mQ¾j <ud úh
uOHia:dk iy osjd iq/l=ï uOHia:dk iïnJOfhka by;
wruqKq ch .ekSu i|yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh, l%shd;aul lsÍu
iy kshdukh lsÍfï j.lSu tu wêldßhg mjrñ.
• tlS kshdukhkag wkqj <ore mdi,a mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd
rcfhka wdOdr uqo,la ,nd oSu iy;sl lrñ.
mdi,a wOHdmkh
miq.sh jir lSmh foi n,k úg fmfkk nrm;,u lreK kï
idudkH fm< iu;a ùug fkdyelsùfuka iy úYaj úoHd,j,g m%fõY
ùug fkdyels kqmqyqKq Y%ñlhka ,CI ;=kla jd¾Islj /lshd
fj<|fmd<g tla jk njhs. fuu whf.a j.lSu wfma j.lSula fkdfõ
hehs lshkakg ud iqodkï ke;.
mdi,a wOHdmk l%uh wruqKq .; úh hq;af;a bosß ixj¾Ok
oYlh i|yd fkdj ishjila ÿr hd yels whqßks. j¾;udkfha
wOHdmkh i|yd orejl= .; lrk ld,h fldf;la ÿrg wkd.;h
i|yd M,odhS o hkak kej; i,ld ne,sh hq;= hehs uu is;ñ. orejka
ish wkd.;h ;=< w;rux fkdjk mßos mdif,a mka;s m%udKh iy
úNd. rgdj ixfYdAOkh lsÍu i|yd mshjr .kafkñ.
• oekg wjqreÿ 14 olajd jk wksjd¾h wOHdmk jhi w'fmd'i'
îdudkH fm<%& fyda wjqreÿ 16 olajd §¾> lrñ.
• Wiia wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a jk mßos mdi,aj, mka;s ixLHdj
iy úNd. rgdj m%;sfYdaOkh lrñ.
68
• uõni cd;shl wkkH;dj iy ks¾udKYS,s;ajfha W,am;

neúka wOHdmkfha udOHh uõni úh hq;=h. tneúka uQ,sl
wOHdmkfha isg Wmdêh olajd iajNdIdfjka wOHdmkh
,eîug mqoa.,fhl=g we;s whs;sh uu ;yjqre lrñ.
• wOHdmkh ,eîug fukau l%Svdjg o orejl=g we;s whs;sh uu
iqrlsñ.
• hï orejl= oCI jkafka fi!kao¾h úIhhkag fyda NdIdjg
kï tlS l=i,;d wvqjla fkdue;sj j¾Okh lr .ekSfï
myiqj i,iajñ.
• f;dr;=re ;dCIKh, mß.Kl iy ikaksfõokh, ;dCIKsl
l%shdldrlï, M,odhs;dj jeks wxY flfrys o mdi,a uÜgfï
isgu fhduq ùug wjYH mßirh ks¾udKh lrñ.
NdId wOHdmkh i|yd kQ;k NdId.dr

kQ;k f,dalfha wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK oSu i|yd bx.%Sis NdIdj b;d
fyd|ska yeisrùfï yelshdj w;HjYH idOlhls. tu yelshdj
iudcfha ál fofkl=g fkdj ish¨ fokdgu ,eìh hq;=h. ta i|yd
jvd;a wdl¾IKSh iy M,odhS jQ NdId b.ekaùu i|yd jk kQ;k
;dCIKsl Ndú;hkaf.ka hq;a l%ufõohka y÷kajd fokafkñ.
• ish¨ myiqlïj,ska iukaú; wx. iïmQ¾K NdId.dr
úYajúoHd, we;=¿ iEu Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khlu
msysgqjkafkñ. wkd.;fhaoS úYajúoHd,j,ska msgjk iEu
WmdêOdßhl=u bx.%Sis NdIdj yeisrùfï m%ùKhka njg jir
;=kla ;=<oS m;a lrñ.
• iEu wOHdmk fldÜGdYhlg tla NdId uOHia:dkhla ne.ska
ia:dmkh lrñ. tu`.ska bx.%Sis muKla fkdj isxy, fou< iy
fjk;a NdId yeoEÍfï wjia:dj o ieug i,ikafkñ.
• oekg wOHdmkh ,nk lsisÿ orejl=g widOdrKhla fkdjkq
msKsi bx.%Sis" .Ks;h" úoHdj hk úIh ;%s;ajhg n,mdk .=re
ysÕh bosß jir fol ;=<oS uq¿uKskau ksud lrkafkñ. úIh
69
ksis whqßka yeoEÍu i|yd wjYH kQ;k l%ufõohka ms<sn|

oekqu tu .=rejrekag ,nd fokafkñ.
• hï orejl= ish¨ úIhhka f.ka wiu;aùu jeks ;;ajhka
orejdf.a muKla fkdj Tyqf.a mjq,a mßirfha;a mdi,a
moaO;sfha;a .eg¨ldÍ;ajfha m%;sM,hla fia i,ld tn÷
orejka i|yd fjku iqmÍCIK l%ufõohka oshqKq lrñ.
• j;=lrfha iy ;¾ð; .ïudkj, úoHd.dr iy mqia;ld,
myiqlï iys; mdi,a moaO;shla ia:dmkh lrñ'
• øúv udOHfhka úoHdj .Ks;h jeks úIhhka b.ekaùu i|yd
wod< iqÿiqlï we;s j;=lrfha ;reK ;reKshka 1000 lg
läkï .=re mqyqKqjla ,nd fokafkñ'
• mdi,aj,g we;=<;a lrk lsisu <ufhl=g wd¾Ól fya;= u;
mdif,ka .s,syS hdug bvlv fkd;nñ. <ud ixj¾Ok iy
ldka;d wNsjDoaê wud;HxYh hgf;a we;ss <ud iq/l=ï wruqo,
;r fldg YsIH;aj ,nd oSfï l%uh mq¿,a lrñ.
• orejka fyd| mdi,aj,g we;=<;a lr .ekSfï foudmsh
wfmaCIdjka imqrd .ekSug yels jk mßos w;sYhska oshqKq
mdi,a 1000 la rgmqrd we;s lrñ.
• hqoaOfhka oeä f,i mSvdjg m;aj wOHdmk lghq;= wvd, jQ
W;=re" kef.kysr yd ;odikak m<d;aj, wOHdmkh kxjd,Su
i|yd läkï mdi,a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla l%shdjg kxjñ.
• cd;Hka;r mdi,a úêu;a f,i ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu md,kh iy
wl%ñl;d uÕyeÍu u.ska tu mdi,a f;dard .kakd orejkaf.a
hym; iy;sl lsÍu i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYh hgf;a
fjku fomd¾;fïka;=jla wdrïN lrñ'
• msßfjka wOHdmkh kexùu i|yd jvjvd;a rdcH wkq.%yh
,nd fokafkñ.
70
• kj wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shg .e<fmk mßos jD;a;shfõoS;ajh,

Ydiaa;%sh l=i,;d j¾Okh iy .=re wNsudkh kxjkq msKsi
úfYaI jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok jevigykla l%shdjg kxjñ.
• úÿy,am;sjreka yd wfkl=;a wOHdmk fiajdjka ys jD;a;Sh
;;ajh kxjd,Sug mshjr .kafkñ. iEu úÿy,am;s jrhl=gu
mYapd;a Wmdê yeoEÍu i|yd wjYH myiqlï i,ikafkñ.
• wOHdmk wud;HxYfha" m<d;a iNd wOHdmk mßmd,k jHqyfhaa
yd cd;sl uÜgfñ wOHdmk wdh;khkaf.a ld¾hlaIu;dj"
M,odhs;dj yd hy md,kh ;yjqre lrñ.
nqoaêh i|yd úYajúoHd,h

rgl ch.%yKhka mokï jkafka udkj iïm;a M,odhSj yd
ld¾hCIuj ixúOdkh lsÍu u; nj uu ;oska úYajdi lrñ. ta i|yd
oekqu ksmojk yd iudch ;=< fnod yßk flaJøia:dkh jkafka
úYajúoHd,hhs. CIs;schg by<ska f,dalh oelsh yels ñksil= yeoSu
úYajúoHd, wOHdmkfha wruqK úh hq;= hehs uu yeu úgu is;ñ.
úYajúoHd, hkq /lshd i|yd ld¾ñlhska imhk hka;%d.dr fkdúh
hq;=h. tneúka miq.sh isõ jir ;=< w¨;ska úYajúoHd, f.dv
keÕSfuka udkj iïm;a iemhSfuka iy wvqmdvq iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka
foaYSh úYajúoHd, moaO;sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid wejeis Yla;sh
yd ffO¾hh uu ,nd ÿkafkñ.
• ol=Kq wdishdfõ wfkl=;a rgj,a w;ßka oekqfï flaJøhla
njg furg m;a lsÍfï uyÕ= wjia:dj oeka wmg Wod ù ;sfí.
th ksis f,i m%fhdackhg .ksñka foaYSh iy cd;Hka;r
oekqfï m¾fhaIK iy mqyqKq uOHia:dkhla njg furg m;a
lsÍu i|yd wjYH l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula ilia lr fuu jir
;=<oSu l%shdjg kxjñ.
• fï i|yd jHqyd;aul wjYH;djka imhd .ekSu i|yd
úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj mq¿,a m%;sixúOdkhlg
,la lrñ'
71
• foaYk, mejreï iy úNd.j,g iriú isiqjd fldgq lr

;efnk j¾;udk rgdj fjkqjg ksoyia Ñka;khg, mq¿,a
ixjdohg iy ridiajdokhg wjldY i,ikakd jQ wOHdmk
rduqjla ks¾udKh lsÍu w;HjYH nj uu úYajdi lrñ.
• iEu úYajúoHd,hlu f;dr;=re ;dCIK mSGhla wdrïN lrñ'
• kj oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd wejeis Wiia ;dCIKsl iy
jD;a;Sh mqyqKq úoHdh;k l%uhla o y÷kajd fokafkñ. tajdfha
mdGud,d Rcqju by< b,aüla iys; foia úfoia /lshd
fj<| fmd< mokï lr f.k ilia lsÍug Wmfoia fokafkñ.
• fuu wdh;kj, bf.kqu ,nk orejka i|yd kj “äðg,a
YsIH;aj” l%uh y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• jD;a;S h uÜgfï ish¨ Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj,
.=Kd;aulNdjh by< oeóu yd md,kh lsÍu i|yd md,k
fldñIka iNdjla ia:dmkh lrñ'
• Wiia fm< iu;a jqj;a úYajúoHd,hg fkdf;areKq m%uqL;d
f,aLkfha B<Õ 20"000 i|yd ÿria: wOHdmkh u.ska
Wmdêhla ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj i,ikafkñ'
• ndysr Wmdê iïnJOfhka mj;sk úNd. iy m%;sM, m%udo ùu
je<elaùfï l%ufõohla y÷kajd fokafkñ. úl,amhla f,i
újD; úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh ,eîfï wjia:d rg mqrd m%p,s;
lrñ.
• wm rfÜ ;reK ;reKshkag w¨;a /lshd ud¾. W;amdokh
lsÍu i|yd cd;Hka;r wdh;kj,ska msysgqjk jdKsc fiajdjka
imhk wdh;k (Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)) úúO
k.rj, msysgqùug lghq;= ixúOdkh lrkafkñ.
• úYajúoHd, wOHdmkfhys .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍfuys
,d lghq;= lrk lÓldpd¾hjrekag mYapd;a Wmdêh yeoEÍu
i|yd Y%S ,xldj ;=< fukau m%uqL úfoaY úYajúoHd,"
m¾fhaIK wdh;k ;=< l%uj;a wjia:d ,nd fokafkñ.
72
• úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjreka iy úOdhl ks,Odßka i|yd jk

ima; jd¾Isl ksjdvq ,nd .ekSu myiq lrjk w;r tlS ld,h
;=< rcfha wud;HdxY, fomd¾;fïka;= fyda ixia:d iy
uKav,j, WmfoaYl lghq;=j, kshe<Sug yels jk mßos kj
mßmd,k kS;shla iïmdokh lrñ.
• úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjreka i|yd kj ksjdi fhdackd l%uhla
y÷kajd fokafkñ" iEu úYajúoHd, YsIHfhl=gu wjYH
fkajdisld.dr myiqlï rch u.ska imqrñ.
• úYajúoHd,j, uyfmd< ,eîu i|yd we;s fouõmshkaf.a
wdodhï iSudj remsh,a 250"000 isg remsh,a 400"000 olajd
by< kxjñ' tu`.ska oekg YsIH;aj fkd,nk tfy;a ,eìh
hq;= fndfyda fofkl=g fi; ie,fikq we;.
• úYajúoHd, isiqkaf.a foaYmd,kh lsÍfï whs;sh uu ms<s.ksñ.
tfy;a iq¿;rhlf.a foaYmd,k jqjukd tmdlï fjkqfjka
iuia; YsIH m%cdjf.au whs;sjdislï hgm;a lsÍug uu
lsisfia;a bv fkd;nñ.
• kjljOh kñka isÿjk w;s wudkqISh l%shdj,sh uq¿uKskau
úYajúoHd, ;=<ska w;=.d ouñ.
• iqÿiqlï imqrd we;s msßfjkaj,g o fn!oaO o¾Ykh" md,s iy
ixialD; ms<sn| Wmdê msßkeófï wjia:dj i,iñ. rdclSh
mKaä; úNd.hg o Wmdêhg iudk ;;ajhla ,nd fokafkñ.
fmr wmr È. fjolu iuj .;a ksfrda.S

iqj iïmkak ñksia le<la
ieug ksfrda.Snfõ mru i;=g
udf.a ck;djg ,nd Èh yels mru ,dNh “wdfrda.Hd mrud ,dNd”
hk nqÿ jokska mila l< ksfrda.S luhs' tu nqoaO jpkh f;aud fldg
.ksñka YS% ,dxlSh m%cdjg kSfrda.S Èú fmj;lg ysñlï ,eîug we;s
ud¾. újr lr §ug uu lghq;= lrñ' ta iu.u ;u fiajh Wmßu
73
lemùulska hq;=j bgq l< o iq¿ w;miq ùula fya;=fjka iudcfha

úúO fpdaokdjkag wmjdohkag ,la jk fi!LH lafIa;%fha
ffjoHjrekaf.a isg wfkl=;a ishü fiajl uKav, fj; udf.a
f.!rjh mqo lrñ'
• úis tla jk ishjfia fojk oYlfha fõ.j;a wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhla b,lal lr .ksñka kQ;k rdcHhla lrd .uka
lrk fuu wjia:dfõ§ Bg iß,k mßÈ kSfrda.s il%Sh Y%u
n,ldhla ìyslsÍug fi!LH lafIa;%h ;=< id¾:l m%cd fi!LH
ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shla wdrïN lsÍu uQ,sl wjYH;djla njg
m;aj we;s w;r Bg wjYH ishü miq;,hka jyd ks¾udKh
lrñ'
• f,dalfha rgj,a w;ßka ksoyia fi!LH fiajh id¾:lju
ls%hdjg kxjk rgla f,i cd;Hka;r m%cdj y÷kd.kakd wm
rfÜ fi!LH lafIa;%h ;jÿrg;a fN!;sluh" ;dlaIKsl" udkj
iïm;a iy wdl,amuh jYfhka Yla;su;a lsÍug wjYH ish¨
mshjr .kafkñ'
• fõ.fhka ¥IKhg ,la jk mdßißl ;;ajhka fya;=fjka
frda.S jk m%cdj bka j<ld .ekSu i|yd uOHu mßir
wêldßh iy fi!LH wud;HxYh tlaù taldnoaOj lghq;=
lsÍfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lrk w;r Bg wjYH m%;sm;a;s
iïmdokh lrñ'
• ,xldfõ Wmosk iEu orefjl=f.au Ôj o;a; f.dkqjla ck
iNd f,alï ld¾hd,fha mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h' ta wkqj
jd¾Islj rfÜ Wmosk ishü orejkaf.a fi!LHuh j¾Ok
m%jK;d mÍCIKh lr rch úiska ueosy;a ùula ,nd osh hq;=
wxY y÷kd .kafkñ'
• lsishï mqoa.,fhla úfoaY.; jqj o wka;¾cd, yryd ´kEu
yosis wjia:djloS frda.shd .ek f;dr;=re wka;¾cd,fhka
,nd .ekSug yels jk mßos fuu jevigyk mq¿,a lrñ'
• ud;D iy <ore urK wkqmd;slhka ;j ÿrg;a wvq lsÍu
i|yd ;sridr jevms<sfj,la ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r ta
74
hgf;a .¾NKss uõjreka" <orejka iy <uqka i|yd jk úfYaI

fi!LH wdrCIK jevigykla osh;a lrñ'
• <udúfha ukao fmdaIKhg fyda W!K fmdaIKhg ,la jk
orejka tu ;;a;ajfhka uqod .ekSu i|yd wjYH ishü lsß"
fnfy;a" úgñka wdydr øjH ck iNdj yryd ksis mßos ,nd
oSug lghq;= lrñ'
• kj fh!jkfhaoS u;amekaa" u;a øjH" T!IO j¾. Ndú;hkag
;reK ;reKshka fhduq ùu je<elaùu i|yd oSm jHdma; jev
igykla l%shd;aul lrñ' w;sf¾l mka;s" l%Svd uOHia:dk fï
ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka i|yd fhdod .ksñ'
• fi!LH wud;HdxYh ;=< ldka;d frda. ksjdrKh ms<sn|
fjkuu wxYhla wdrïN lrñ'
• yDohdndO we;=¿ udkisl úfõlh wjYH frda.Ska i|yd
idïm%odhsl rduqfjka mßndysrj ksoyia mßirhl msysá
t<suyka WoHdk frday,la m<d;lg tl ne.ska msysgqùug
wfmalaId lrñ'
• uef,aßhdj" c,NS;sldj" CIh frda.h jeks ;;ajhka md,kh
lsÍu iïnJOfhka wm ,nd we;s úYsIaG;ajhg ;jÿrg;a
bosßhg f.k hñka bosß jir ;=< uÿrejkaf.ka fndajk
fvx.= jeks jdyl frda. uq¿uKskau wm ráka ;=rka lsÍu
wruqKq lr.;a jvd mq¿,a l%ufõohla ilia lrñ'
• ta hgf;a fi!LH wud;HxYh, m<d;a fi!LH wxY, mßir
wud;HxYh iy m<d;a md,k wdh;k ukdj iïnkaëlrKh
jk wka;¾ md¾Yaùh l%ufõohla iy iudc iÔùlrK
jevms<sfj,la y÷kajd fokafkñ.
• fld<Ug muKla iSud ù we;s úfYaI{ frday,a iEu
m<d;lgu fol ne.sska ia:dmkh lrñ'
• bosßfhaoS wmg uqyqK oSug isÿjk jeäysá ck.ykh ms<sn|
.eg¨j,g fi!LH wxYfhka msysg úh hq;= wdldrhka ksis mßos
y÷kd.; hq;af;ñ' ta wkqj jeäysáhkaf.a udkisl iqjh"
wdrCId lsÍug úfYaI fi!LH uOHia:dk rg mqrd wrUñ'
75
• kQ;k ffjoH úoHdfõ ÈhqKq ;dlaIKsl iy úfYaI{ ffjoH

fiajh YS% ,xldj mqrd msysá ud;D ksjdi" .%dóh frday,a"
m¾hka; tall iy Èid frday,a olajd f.k hdug we;s ndOl
jyd y÷kdf.k tajd wju lsÍug yels m%dfhda.sl hdka;%Khla
f.dvkÕñ'
• ms<sld jeks fnda fkdjk frda. uq¿uKskau md,kh lsÍu iòyd
wjYH ks¾foaY bosßm;a lsÍu i|yd;a wjYH l%shdldÍ jev
ie,eiaula bosßm;a lsÍu msKsi;a iajdëk úoaj;=kaf.ka
iukaú; ld¾h idOl n,ldhla m;a lrñ' udi yhla ;=<
wod< lghq;a; ksu lsÍug i,iajñ'
• ;j o fuu fCIa;%fha wjYH fi!LH úoHd;aul" cdk
úoHd;aul yd iudc úoHd;aul mÍCIK l%u yd mÍCIK
iòyd uQ,HdOdr imhñ'
• uyr.u ms<sld frdayf,a boslsÍug kshñ; “fydama jdÜgq
jHdmD;sh” 2010 j¾Ih ;=< ksu lsÍug whjeh u`.ska remsh,a
fldaá 40 la fjka lrñ' msg m<d;aj,ska tu frday,g meñfKk
frda.Ska yd Tjqkaf.a {d;Ska i|yd kjd;eka myiqlï jeä
lsÍfï jHdmD;shla l%shd;aul lrñ'
• oekg id¾:lj l%shd;aul jk taäia frda. u¾ok jevms<sfj,
;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lrñ'
• T!IO j¾.j, ñ, my; fy<Su i|yd w;HdjYH T!IO j¾.
ish,a,u mdfya furg ;=< ksIamdokh lsÍug;a m%ñ;sfhka nd,
T!IO .,d tau je<elaùu i|yd ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï l%ufõoh
Yla;su;a lsÍug;a T!IO kshduk wêldßfha l%shdldÍ;ajh
m%;sixúOdkhg ,la lrñ'
• fyo fiajh i|yd cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla ilia lrkafkñ'
tu.ska fyo fiajfha we;s .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug
lghq;= lrñ'
• .%dóh fi!LHh kexùu iòyd w;súYd, fiajdjla isÿ lrk
rcfha mjq,a fi!LH fiajdj fjku fiajhla njg m;a lsÍug
lghq;= lrñ' tu`.ska Tjqkaf.a fiajd wNsudkh iy
76
ld¾hCIu;djh by< kexùug;a" uyck;djg Wmßu

fiajdjla ,nd oSug;a lghq;= iïmdokh lrkafkñ'
fmros. fjolu
• fmr wmros. fjolu iudkj i,lñ' iu wjia:d ,nd foñ'
• fi!LH wdrCIKh by< kexùu msKsi foaYSh ffjoH l%uhkays
o iyh ,nd .ekSu i|yd tu wxYfha m¾fhaIK wjia:d mq¿,a
lrñ.
• foaYSh fnfy;a ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH T!IO j.dj osß
.kajñ. foaYSh ffjoH m%;sldr l%u rg ;=< jHdma; lsÍug
wjYH mshjr .kafkñ.
• ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%p,s; m%foaYj, foaYSh ffjoH m%;sldr
l%u kexùug mshjr .kafkñ.
• idïm%odhsl foaYSh ffjoHjreka i|yd úY%du jegqma l%uhla
y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• foaYSh ffjoHjrekaf.a jegqm ngysr ffjoHjrekaf.a jegqm yd
iudk jk mßÈ oSukdjlska" tf,i iudk lsÍug mshjr
.kafkñ'
foaYSh iïm;ska yd oekqfuka úfoaYhka o

ch .kakd foaYSh jHjidhl;ajhla
wms jjuq rg kÕuq
lDIsl¾ufha kj msïula
jej iy fl; - jej biau;af;a od.en - ta wmg Wreu wfma iudc
mokuhs. uu tu iudc mokug wh;a ñksfilañ. tneúka uu
uyfmdf<djg .re lrñ. .yg fld<g wdorh lrñ. uf.a uq;=ka
ñ;af;da o fï fmdf<dfjys .y fld< j.d l<y.
jir y;rlg fmr foaYSh lDIsl¾uhg iy f.dú ck;djg ,eî
;snqfKa l=vïudf.a ie,ls,s h' ishü wdydr øjH msgráka wdkhkh
77
lrk ;;a;ajhlg m;a ù ;snqKs' ù f.dúhd, fyaka f.dúhd" t<j¨

f.dúhd iy lsß f.dúhd we;=¿ ishü f.dùka o" ëjrhka o
uq¿uKskau fkdi,ld yer ;sìKs' f.dú;eka lghq;= i|yd wjYH
fmdfydr" îcj, ñ, wêlj mej;s w;r f.dúhdg ,enqKq ñ, b;d
my; uÜgul mej;sKs'
fj,a ,CIfhaa l=Ur
q e Wäka ì%;dkHhka wiqka mekakQ ;eka isg Kh
f.jd .; fkdyelsj f.dùka ji î ish mK kid .;a w÷re w.dOh
olajd jk lDIsl¾ufha fuu wjdikdjka; b;sydih uu fyd|ska oksñ.
“fl;g wreKe,a,” uyskao Ñka;kfhka ud Tng bosßm;a l<
m%;sm;a;sh “wms jjuq - rg kÕuq” jevigyk hgf;a l%shdjg kxjd
we;' lDIs wxYfhka fuf;la wm ,nd we;s m%.;sh hqoaOh ksu lsÍu
;rïu w.kd nj uu úYajdi lrñ.
kej;;a lDIs jHdma; fiajdj .ug

t'cd'm' wdKavqj hgf;a wysñ lrk ,o .ïuÜgfï lDIs jHdma;s
fiajh kej; we;s lrñ' tu.ska f.dúhdg ;dCIKsl jYfhka iómj
iyfhda.h ,ndoSfï rcfha j.lSu ksjerosj mK .kajñ'
f.dúhdg bvï
• f.dú mjq,a 100"000 lg bvï ,nd oSfï uyskao Ñka;k jev
igyk hgf;a fï jk úg;a bvï lÜá 20"195 la ,nd oS we;s
w;r ;j;a bvï lÜá 32"063 la i|yd wjir m;% ,nd oS
we;. ;j;a bvï lÜá 38"727 lg §ukd m;% ksl=;a lr we;'
fuu l%shdj,sh ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lr ieu f.dúfhl=gu
bvï lene,a,la ,ndoSug fyda N=la;s úÈk bvfï whs;sh
;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= lrñ'
• fudr.ylkao l¿ .Õ ixj¾Ok jHmD;ska hgf;a w¨;ska
bvï fylaghd¾ 5000 la ,ndfokafkñ' ta hgf;a mjq,a 2700
la mÈxÑ lsÍug oekgu;a ish,a, iQodkï lr we;'
• W;=re iy kef.kysr m<d;a fofla bvï wysñ f.dú mjq,a
10000 lg fkdñf,a bvï ,nd fokafkñ'
78
w| f.dú whs;sh
• ,xldfõ w| f.dùkaf.a bosß mrïmrdjka uqyqK oS isák
wúksYaÑ;;djka i|yd ;sridr úi÷ula iemhsh hq;= nj uf.a
úYajdihhs. ta i|yd wjYH kS;s Í;s fkdmudj ilia lrñ'
îc ksIamdokh
úúO úfoaY n,fõ.j,g k;= ù wNdjhg m;afjñka ;snqKq foaYSh
ìc ksIamdokh ud n,hg m;a jq miq rcfha îc f.dúfmd< fukau
f.dúhka o iïnkaO lrf.k h<s wdrïN lf<ñ'
• j.dj i|yd wjYH ishü îc j¾. rg ;=< ksIamdokh
lsÍug yels jk mßos m%Odk lDIs m¾fhaIK uOHia:dk
uq¿uKskau kùlrKh lrñ.
• rcfha ishü f.dúfmd<j,a îc ksIa mdokhg fhduq
lrjkafkñ' tfiau" iy;sl l< îc ksIamdok i|yd mqoa.,sl
wxYhgo" f.dú ixúOdkj,g o" f.dùkag o iyk
i,ikafkñ'
• úh<s l<dmfha c, ysÕ;djg Tfrd;a;= fok iy flá
lf,lska wiajkq ,efnk îc j¾. .fõIKh i|yd m¾fhaIK
wdh;k Yla;su;a lrñ'
• t<j¿ fNda. j.dj i|yd wjYH îc ksIamdokh fo.=Khlska
by< kxjñ' úfYaIfhkau .=Kd;aul núka hq;= jeä
wiajekakla i|yd fouqyqka t<j¿ fNda. j¾. y÷kajd
fokafkñ'
j.djg fmdfydr
fmdfydr ls. .%e. 50 l u,a,la f,dal fj<| fmdf<a remsh,a 9000
lg wêl ñ,l mj;soaoS;a" l=Uqre iy t<j¿ f.dúhdg remsh,a 350
ne.ska fmdfydr u,a, ,nd ÿkafka foaYSh f.dúhd iqrlskq msKsi h.
• oekg rch u.ska remsh,a 350 g ,ndfok fmdfydr u,a,l
iEu f.dúfhl=gu újD; fjf<| fmdf<ka ,nd .; yels jk
79
mßÈ fmdfydr iykdOdrh fnod yeÍu fjkia flf¾' ta wkqj

oekg fmdfydr fnod yeÍfï§ we;sjk wl%ñl;d wjika l<
yelsh' tmuKla fkdj iEu f.dúfhl=gu oekg ù iy
t<j¿j,g muKla iSudù we;s fmdfydr iykdOdr l%uh
wfkl=;a fNda.j,g o remsh,a 350 g ,nd.; yels jk fia
m%;sixúOdkh lrñ'
• ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;h iy ksIamdokh ;jÿrg;a osß
.kajñ'
• fmdfydr iy ridhksl oshr Ndú;h mßir ys;ldó whqßka
isÿ lsÍug wjYH kS;s rduqj Yla;su;a lrñ'
• lDIs ridhk yd fmdfydr wf,ú i,a i|yd úêu;a mqyqKqjla
,;a lDIs ridhk ixfhdaclhka m;a lsÍu wksjd¾h lsÍu
i|yd kS;s iïmdokh lrñ. fuu`.ska W.;a ;reK ;reKshka
7000 lg muK kj /lshd wjia:djka Wod lrkafkñ'
ù j.dj
ù j.dj wfma f.dúhdf.a rCIdj fkdfõ' Ôú;hhs' is;=ï me;=ï,
isß;a úß;a, úfkdaoh, úfõldiajdoh mokï lr .;a iuia:
ixialD;shu ù f.dú;ekhs'
lsf,dajla remsh,a 13-14 g j;a úl=Kd .ekSug fkdyelsj ;snqKq ù
lsf,dajlg remsh,a 28-30 l iy;sl ñ,la ,nd oSfuka iy ksIamdok
msßjeh wvq lsÍfuka f.dúhdf.a ,dN mr;rh by< uÜgulg f.k
taug yelsùu .ek uu w;sYhska i;=gq fjñ'
• 2001-2004 rcfhka f.dv lsÍug ls%hd l< l=Uqre bvï" “mqrka
l=Uqre wiajeoaÿu” hgf;a kej; j.d lsÍu wdrïN lr we;'
ta hgf;a oekgu;a wlalr 150"000 la wiajoaod we;s w;r
;j;a wlalr 150"000 kej; wiajeoaoSug b,lal lrñ'
• i;shlg muKla iSud ù ;snQ wdydr ixÑ; m%udKh 20% lska
oekgu;a by< oud we;s w;r tu m%udKh ;j;a 20% lska
by< oeóug l%shd lrñ.
80
• iy,aj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh by< kexùu i|yd cd;Hka;r

m%ñ;sfhka hq;a ù fuda,a wdrïN lsÍu msKsi fm!oa.,sl wxYhg
wdrdOkd lrñ'
f.dú iuQmldrh
• f.dúhd ks;r w;rueoshdf.a n,mEïj,g ,laùu je<elaùu
i|yd ksIamdokh wruqKq lr .;a f.dú iuQmldr l%uhla wdrïN
lrñ. f.dúhd uqyqKmdk wf,ú m%Yak fhojqï iy WmlrK
,nd .ekSug we;s .eg¨j,g fuu`.ska iykhla ie,fikq
we;'
• f.dú nexl= l%uh ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lr f.dúhdg wjYH
ish¨ Kh f.dú nexl= l%uh u.ska ,nd oSug lghq;= lrñ'
• ù iy wfkl=;a wdydr fNda. wjdrfhaÈ fj<o fmd<g ksl=;a
lsÍfï jdish f.dúhdgu ,nd Èu i|yd .Dy uÜgfuka l=vd
.nvd ilia lsÍfï jevms<sfj,la f.dú uy;=kag y÷kajd
foñ'
lDIs f;dr;=re yqjudrej

• f.dúhdf.a wfkla m%Odk;u m%Yakh kï fj<|fmd<hs. fuu
m%Yakh úi£u i|yd f;dr;=re ;dCIKfha iyh ,nd
.kafkñ. f;dr;=re yqjudrej mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd osjhsk mqrd
msysá f.dú ck fiajd uOHia:dk 550 u f;dr;=re
;dCIKfhka n, .kajñ.
• cd;sl lDIs f;dr;=re yqjudre uOHia:dkhla wdrïN lrñ'
kj ;dlaIKh
lDIsl¾uhg kj ;dlaIKh y÷kajdÈu iy lDIsl¾uh wdYs%;
ksIamdok i|yd ÈßoSu u.ska lDIsl¾uh kj hq.hg .e,fmk f,i
úúOdx.SlrKh lrñ'
81
• lDIs ksIamdokj, w.h tl;= lsÍfï jHdmdr iy úfoaY fj<o

fmd<g msúiSug wjYH iydh ,nd oSu i|yd miq wiajkq
;dlaIK wdh;kh iy wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h
m%;sixúOdkh fldg Yla;su;a lrñ'
• kj ;dlaIKh fhdod.eksfï wdrïNhla jYfhka úh<s
l,dmhg ìxÿjdß l%uh jHdma; lrñ' oekgu;a fujeks
lÜg, 5"000 la y÷kajd oS we;' W.;a ;reK f.dùkg ;j;a
lÜg, 15"000 bosß jir 3 ;=<oS ,nd fokafkñ'
• kj ;dCIKh fhdod .ksñka jeä jákdlulska hq;a .=Kd;aul
fNda. j.d lsÍu" ieliSu iy wmkhkh lsÍu i|yd iq¿
f.dúhd fjkqfjka flakaøSh f.dúm< l%uh y÷kajd fokafkñ.
• wmkhk fNda. j.dlrejka osßu;a lsÍu i|yd oekg y÷kajd
oS we;s “lDIs wmkhk m%j¾Ok l,dm” rg mqrd jHdma; lrñ'
ta hgf;a foaYSh f.dúhd wmkhk jHdmdßlhka njg m;a lr
w;rueos iïnkaO;djlska f;drj cd;Hka;r fj<|fmd<
iu. Rcqj .kqfokqlrefjla njg m;a lrkafkñ'
t<j¿ iy m<;=re j.dj kexùu

fuu wxYfha lemS fmfkk j¾Okhla w;am;a lr .ekSug wms
iu;a ù isáuq.
• 2006-2008 ld,h ;=< muKla .=Kd;aul m<;=re me<
200"000 la fnod oS we;s w;r bosßfha oS iEu jirlu me<
,CIhla ne.ska fnod fokaafkñ.
• wiajkq fk,SfïoS t<j¿j,ska úYd, m%udKhla wmf;a hk neõ
uu oksñ' t<j¿ iy m<;=re weiqreï ;dCIKh ;jÿrg;a
oshqKq lsÍu u.ska fuu j.dlrejkaf.a wdodhu kexùug
lghq;= lrñ.
• f.dúhd úiska fj<| fmd<g f.k tk wiajkq ksis mßos wf,ú
lr .ekSug fkdyels jk wjia:dj,oS tajd bj; úis lr hk
nj o uu oksñ' tu ;;a;ajh j<lajd,Su i|yd t<j¿ f;,a
82
ksIamdok l¾udka; Yd,d folla je,suv iy kqjrt<sh

m%foaYj, ia:dmkh lrñ' fm!oa.,sl wxYhg fuu l¾udkA;h
i|yd m%fõY ùug wjYH ksis osß .ekaùï ,nd fokafkñ.
m<;=re iy t<j¿ udi lSmhla wdrCId iys;j ;eìh yels
YS;d.dr l%uhla l%shdjg kxjñ. fm!oa.,sl wxYh fuu fCIa;%h
flfrys jv jvd;a keUqre lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH wdl¾IKSh jev
ms<sfj,la l%shd;aul lrkafkñ.
w;sf¾l fNda. j.dj

ud n,hg m;a jk wjia:dj jk úg foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh
l< yels nvbßÕ=, uqx, lõmS W÷, ;,, l=rllka, ñßia, ÆKq iy
w¾;dm,a jeks fNda. úYd, jYfhka msgráka wdkhkh lsÍu ksid
foaYSh f.dúhdg tajd wf,ú lr .ekSug fkdyels ;;a;ajhla Wod ù
;snqKs' fuu wdkhkh iSud lsÍu ksid w| f.dúhdg b;d fyd| ñ,la
fï jk úg ,nd .ekSug yels ù ;sfí. fuu j.djka m%j¾Okh lsÍug
mshjr .kafkñ.
• ù fukau nv bßÕ= o iy;sl ñ,g ñ,oS f.k wdrCIK
f;d.hla mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH mshjr .kafkñ.
• “tla .ula - tla fNda.hla” hgf;a .efkk .ïudkj, tajdg
wjYH kj ;dCIKh yd úfoaY fj<| fmd<g m%fõYh ,ndoSu
i|yd iq¿ f.dú iud.ï msysgqùug lghq;= lrñ'
• lcq, ;,a, bÕ=re, nq,;a" Wla we;=¿ w;sf¾l fNda. j.djka
ixj¾Okh lrñ. fuu wxYhkays ksIamdolhkag o fmdfydr
i|yd iykodhS ñ, l%uhla y÷kajd fokafkñ'
CISr úma,jh
lsß f.dúhdg iúh
rfgys Y%u n,ldfhka 30% la lDIs iy mY= ksIamdok fCIa;%hg
wh;a fjoaoS lsß iy lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd
jd¾Islj úfoaY rgj,g weoS hk úfoaY úksuh m%udKh weußldkq
83
fvd,¾ fldaá 30 lg wdikakh' miq.sh ld,j,oS rchg wh;a lsß

ksIamdok wdh;k úl=Kd oeóu iy foaYSh lsß l¾udka;hg osß
fkdoSu óg fya;=jhs.
• bosß jir my ;=<oS oekg issák 340,000 muK jk foaYSh
lsß .j iïm; fo.=Khla lrñ. ta i|yd oekgu wdrïN lr
we;s lsß fokqka fnda lsÍfï f.dúfmd, ixLHdj by< kexùug
mshjr .ksñ'
• mY= iïm;a ixj¾Ok uKav,fha uQ,sl;ajfhka rcfha j;=
iud.ïj,g wh;a j;=j, lsß fokqka 50"000 l ixÑ;hla
wdrïN lrñ'
• i;aj wdydr ksIamdokh by< ouñ' ta fjkqfjka ;DK j.dj
iy nv bßÕ= j.dj jHdma; lrñ' lsß f.dú ixúOdk ;j;a
osßu;a fldg tu`.ska f.dùkg wjYH fiajdjka iemhSu mq¿,a
lrñ'
• wjYH w;sf¾l i;=ka m%udKh wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd fkduqyqka
iy fouqyqka t<fokqka, t¿jka iy neg¿jka wdkhkh
lsÍfïoS iy lsß ksIamdok i|yd WmlrK wdkhkh lsÍfïoS
fuf;la mej;s ish¨ nÿ bj;a lrkafkñ'
• ksoyia W;=re iy kef.kysr m<d;aj, fuu l¾udka;h oshqKq
lsÍu i|yd wjYH há;, myiqlï j¾Okh lrñ' i;=ka ,nd
oSu iy i;aj wdydr ksIamdokh lsÍu osß .kajk w;r fj<|
fmd< o imhd fokafkñ. úfYaIfhkau fuu m%foaYj, t¿jka
fnda lsÍug o uq,a ;ek ,nd foñ'
• cd;sl mY= iïm;a uKav,h" ñ,aflda iud.u" i;aj ksIamdok
yd fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=j iy mY= m¾fhaIK wdh;kh
u.ska imhk fiajdjka by< kexùu i|yd tu wdh;kj,g
kj ;dCIKsl l%u y÷kajd oS iïmQ¾Kfhkau kùlrKh lrñ'
• foaYSh iy kejqï lsß mdkh iïnJOfhka jk iudc
wdl,amj, úYd, fjkila isÿ úh hq;= nj uf.a úYajdihhs'
ta i|yd mdi,a uÜgfï isg by<g oekqj;a lsÍfï jev
igykla osh;a lrñ'
84
ihqre iïm; rfÜ iuDoaêhg

oYl y;rl muK ld,hla uydoaùmsl ;gdlfha wfma rgg Wreu
m%foaYh f;dard .ekSu i|yd isÿ jQ mudjQ l%shdoduh tod ud ëjr
weu;sjrhd f,i isg wdrïN lr ud ckdêm;s jQ úg ksu lr tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg ksis f,i Ndr oSug yelsúh' tu.ska wfma
whs;sh meyer we;s m%foaYh oeka rg fuka úis ;=ka .=Khls' tys ish¨
iïm;a bosßfhaoS ,efnkafka wfma orejkag nj uu i;=áka isysm;a
lrñ'
tfia kuq;a 2005 jk úg wm i;=j mej;sfha wmg ysñj ;snQ uqyqÿ
m%foaYfhka o 1/3 ls. ;%ia;jdoh mrdch lsÍu;a iuia; uqyqÿ m%udKhu
N=la;s úòSug ish¨ Y%S ,dxlslhskag yels ù we;'
tneúka fuu uqyqÿ iïm; wmf;a fkdyer tys Wmßu m%;sM,
fkdj<yd ,nd .ekSu i|yd uyskao Ñka;kfhaa bosßm;a l<
jevms<sfj, ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lr bosßhg l%shdjg kxjñ'
• wfma ëjrhd fk,d .kakd u;aiH wiajekak Wmßu lsÍu i|yd
wjYH kQ;k l%u fõohka y÷kajd fokafkñ. u;aiH iy
t<j¿" m<;=re l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd uy mßudK YS;d.dr
10 la bos lrñ'
• wE; uqyqfoa .uka l< yels nyqosk ëjr hd;%d rg ;=<u
ksIamdokh lrñ. ta i|yd oshqKq ;dCIKh iy kdõl yuqodfõ
iyh o ,nd .kafkñ'
• nyq osk hd;%d i|yd ,CI 100 lg fkdjeä iyk fmd<s Kh
l%uhla y÷kajd fokafkñ'
• wE; oshfò ëjr l¾udka;fha fhfokakka i|yd uõ hd;%d
l%uh y÷kajd fokafkñ. ta wkqj ëjr hd;% i|yd wjYH
bkaOk" wdydr mdk imhk uõ hd;%dj u.ska wE; uqyqoska ,nd
.kakd u;aiH wiajekak fkdmudj fjr<g /f.k tafï
ld¾hh bgq flfrkq we; .
85
• W;=f¾ yd kef.kysr uqyqÿ isudfõ id.r iïm;a fk,Su bÈß

udi lsysmh ;=< È jvd jeä fõ.hlska isÿ flfrk úg ëjr
l¾udka;h yd ne|s fjk;a l¾udka;j,g o kj Ôjhla tla
flfrkq we;'
• ta wkqj w;sf¾l u;aiH wiajkq wmf;a hdu je<elaùu i|yd
cdä yd lrj, l¾udka;hka kxjd tu ksIamdokhka i|yd
foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fj<|fmd< m%fõYhka mq¿,a lr fokafkñ'
• wfma ëjrhdf.a u;aiH wiajekafka Wmßu M, ,nd .ekSu
i|yd Rcq mßfNdackhg wu;rj uiqka áka lsÍfï
l¾udka;h o oshqKq l< hq;=h' ta i|yd foaYSh wdfhdaclhska
osß .kajk w;r Tjqkag fuu l¾udka;h i|yd ksIamdok
WmlrK f.kaùu i|yd jk nÿ iyk ,nd fokafkñ'
• ;ju;a u;aiH iïm;a fk,Sfuka tyd t;rï m%fhdackhla
fkd.kakd uy ihqßka Wmßu M, fk,d .ekSu i|yd úYaj
úoHd, iy wfkla m¾fhaIK wdh;kj, iyh ,nd .kafkñ'
iïm;a .fõIKh i|yd oshqKq mß.Kl iy ikaksfõok
;dCIKh Ndú;d lrkafkñ'
• l=vd ëjrhka i|yd jk bkaOk iykh os.gu ,nd fokafkñ.
jeú,s l¾udka;fha kj mqkreohla

f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ we;=¿ wksl=;a ksIamdok iy ta wdY%s; l¾udka;
fCIa;%fha kj msìoSula we;sjQfha miq.sh isõ jir ld,h ;=<oS h'
úkdY uqLhg weo oud ;snQ fmd,a l¾udka;h h<s k.d isgq ùu
i|yd fmd,a j.d bvï lÜá lsÍu k;r lsÍu i|yd wjYH kS;s ilia
lsÍu o fuu m%;sM,j,g Wmldß úh'
l=re÷ j.dj fukau ta wdYs%; jákdlï tla l< NdKav" .ïñßia
wmkhkh we;=¿ wfkl=;a iq¿ wmkhk fNda. ms<sn|j o Wkkaÿjla
rg;=< we;s lrjk ,oS' tfukau uyskao Ñka;kfha i|yka lr we;s
mßos foaYSh jákdlu tl;= lrñka w.h jeä l< NdKav ksIamdokh
86
iy wmkhkhg fuu fNda. j.djkays kshe¨Kq wfma rfÜ foaYSh

jHdmdßlhka mßj¾;kh lf<ñ'
l=vd j;= ysñhka ;=< by< M<odhS;djla we;s lrñka jeú,s
l¾udka; fCIa;f % ha .dul n,fõ.hla njg m;a lsÍug wms iu;a
jQfhuq' fuu udjf;a ;j ÿrg;a bosßhg .uka lsÍug uu fhdackd lrñ'
• f;a ñY%Kh iy weiqreï jeä oshqKq lrñka Y%S ,xldj f;a
wf,úfha flakaøia:dkhla njg m;a lrkafkñ'
• CIKsl f;a m%p,s; lrñka ;j ÿrg;a f;a ckm%sh lrjk
m%;sm;a;sj,g wkqn, ,nd fokafkñ'
• f;a" fmd,a iy rn¾ we;=¿ wfkl=;a wmkhk fNda. j.d i|yd
jeä M,odhS;djhla we;s Wiia wdrfha me< j¾. y÷kajd foñ'
• fldams iy .ïñßia jeks l=¿nvq j¾. fukau fjk;a
idïm%odhsl fkdjk fNda. úfoaY fj<| fmd< i|yd j.d
lsÍug iy ieliSug osßfokafkñ'
• ishü wmkhk fNda. i|yd iykdOdr l%uhla y÷kajd
fokafkñ'
• l=re÷ j.d ixj¾Okh yd m¾fhaIKh i|yd;a jevms<sfj,la
ks¾udKh lrñ' úfYaIfhkau fuu fCIa;%fha we;s Y%u ysÕh
uÕ yeßug wod< mqyqKqj ,nd oSfï l%u fõohla ilia lrñ'
fuu l¾udka;h i|yd rdcH wkq.%dyl;ajh ,nd fokafkñ'
• miq wiajkq ieliSu i|yd wjYH kQ;k ;dCIKsl WmlrK
foaYShj ksIamdokh lr wvq ñ,g ,nd fokakñ'
• ish¨ jeú,s fNda.hka i|yd fmdfydr iykdOdrh mq¿,a lrñ'
• l,anÿ l%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jk j;= iud.ïj,
M,odhS;ajh by< kxjd tajdfha fiajh lrkakkaf.a fiajd
iqrCIs;;dj iy wdodhï ;;ajh jeä oshqKq lsÍu i|yd ffcj
úúO;ajh iy c, iïm;a iq/flk mßos mßir ys;ldój
os.=ld,Sk wdfhdackhlg fhduq lrjkafkñ'
87
wd uÕ jvd;a wêIaGdkYS,sj fmrgu

l¾udka; ixj¾Okh i|yd yefÜ oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha isg
l%shd;aul flrefKa rdcH wdfhdack mokï lr.;a l¾udka;
ixj¾Ok l%ufõohls. ta hgf;a foaYSh l¾udka; fCIa;%fha uyd
mßudK j¾Okhla we;s ùu wdrïN úh.
1977 ka miq l%shd;aul jQ újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a mqoa.,sl
wdfhdack m%j¾Okh ;=<ska l¾udka; ixj¾Okh lsÍug W;aidy lrk
,oS. ta hgf;a tf;la f.dvkef.ñka ;snqKq foaYSh wd¾Ól mqkreoh
hgm;a ù úfoaY wdfhdaclhska rfÜ wd¾Ólh w;am;a lr .ekSu
wdrïN úh.
2005 oS ud n,hg m;a jk úg wfma rfÜ ld¾óllrKh m;aj
;snqfKa úmß;lrKhlgh. ta wkqj b,a,Sulska f;drj wm u;
megjqKq úcd;sl l¾udka;lrKh fjkqjg foaYSh ld¾udka;lrKh
kexùu i|yd uu mshjr .;af;ñ.
tys m%;sM,hla f,i cd;Hka;r ;,hg hk uymßudK ksIamdok
l¾udka; lrejka lSmfofkl= j;a rg ;=< ìysùu ug wmuK i;=gls.
;jÿrg;a tu l¾udka;lrejka kÕd isgqùu i|yd wjYH osßh
Yla;sh ,nd fokakg wem lem jk w;r bosß ld,h ;=< tn÷
l¾udka;lrejka 200 la f.dvkxjk jevigyk bosßhgu
f.khkafkñ.
jHjidhl bosß u.g osß oSula

• wdfhdack uKav,h, kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh, ixpdrl
wêldßh, wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h, mßir wêldßh iy
uyje,s wêldßh hk wdh;k yh iïnJëlrKh lr
fufyhjk wdh;ksl iy kS;suh jHqyhla uu b;d blauKska
wdrïN lrñ. wdfhdack weröu m%udo lrk fyda l,a.; jk
l%ufõohka wju lr .ekSu i|yd jk l%shdj,shla tu`.ska
jydu osh;a lrñ'
88
• tu wdh;kh u.ska wdfhdackh i|yd jk ´kEu fhdackdjla

ms<sn| rcfha wjika ;SrKh udi ;=kl ld,hla we;=<; ,nd
oSug lghq;= lrñ' Woa.; jk iEu ffk;sl iy m%dfhda.sl
.eg¨jlau úiòSfï n,;, jHdmD;s i|yd “myiqlï
imhkakd” jYfhka fuu wdh;ksl jHqyhg mjrñ'
• remsh,a fldaá 2500 l m%d.aOkhlska hq;a wdkhk-wmkhk
nexl=jla ia:dmkh lrñ' úfoaY fj<| fmd< ch .ekSug
fjr ork foaYSh jHjidhlhkag fuu`.ska wjYH myiqlï
imhkafkñ'
• wm rfÜ nÿ f.jkakka uqyqK md isák m%Yak iy
ixlS¾K;djka y÷kdf.k tajd ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd úêu;a
l%ufúohla b;d blauKska l%shd;aul lrñ' ta wkqj mj;sk nÿ
l%uh ir, lr mqoa., wdodhï nÿ wkqmd;h fukau jeÜ nÿ
yd ksIamdok nÿ wkqmd;hka o fuu jif¾ whjefha isg my;
oeóug lghq;= lrñ'
• ixj¾Okh i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" kefkda ;dlaIKh"
äðg,a ;dlaIKh we;=¿ ish¨ wdldrfha oekqï Odrdjka
Ndú;hg .ekSu i|yd ;dCIKsl l%fudamdhk uOHia:dkhla
ks¾udKh lrñ'
• f,dal wd¾Ól wjmd;h fya;=fjka iuyr foaYSh jHdmdr
fCIa;%hkayS we;sjQ mSvkhg m;ajQjkag iykhla f,i W.ia
fldg we;s ksYap, iy pxp, foafmd< fjkafoaishg ,la
fkdlsÍug jir foll ld,hla ,nd fokakg uu lghq;=
lrñ' tfia lsÍfuka nexl=j,g isÿjk hï w,dNhla we;akï
tu w,dNh mshùu i|yd wod< nÿ iyk ,nd oSug uu
lghq;= lrñ'
• f,dal wd¾Ól wjmd;h fya;=fjka jeiS .sh l¾udka;Yd,d
iy ù fuda,a kej; újD; lr tajd jeä oshqKq lsÍug wjYH
Kh lmd yeßï yd w¨;a Kh uqo,a iemhSï i|yd “l¾udka;
mqk¾Ôjk wruqo,la” msysgqjñ' nexl= yd uq,H wdh;k osß
.ekaùug uy nexl= ne÷ïlr iy m%;s uQ,H myiqlï
imhkafkñ'
89
• “rdcH wxYhg” iy “fm!oa.,sl wxYhg” wu;rj “iuQmldr

wxYh” o iu.dój Yla;su;a lr mq¿,a lsÍug fuf;la f.k
we;s mshjr ;jÿrg;a bosßhg f.k hñka iuQmldr l%uh
uQ,Huh jYfhka l<ukdlrK yelshdfjka fukau jD;a;Sh
uÜgfuka ixj¾Okh lrñ' bosß ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfhaoS fuu
wxY ;=ku tl iudk “fmr .uka lrejka” jYfhka l%shd
lrkq we;'
• “uõìu oskjuq” f;audj hgf;a rgg kj jev ixialD;shla
y÷kajd foñ' tu`.ska ld¾hCIu;dj iy M,odhS;ajh bosß
yh jir ;=<oS 50% lska by< kxjñ'
• l¾udka; fCIa;%fha j¾Okhg m%ùK nqoaêu;=kaf.ka hq;a
ld¾h idOk n,ldhla msysgqjñ'
ixpdrl l¾udka;h
• ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd läkï ixj¾Ok jev igykla
y÷kajd fokafkñ' ta hgf;a 2016 j¾Ih jk úg jirlg
ixpdrlhka ,laI 25 la furgg f.kajd .ekSug wjYH jk
há;, myiqlï iy wfkl=;a wjYH;d imqrd,k
jevms<sfj,la osh;a lrkafkñ'
• fydag,a, ixpdrl ksjiak iy ksjdvq ksfla;k kùlrKh lr
.ekSu i|yd uOH mßudKfha jHdmdßlhkag remsh,a fldaá
10 la olajd jk Kh uqo,la ,nd .; yels uQ,H l%ufõohla
ilikafkñ'
• ;re yf;a fydag,a wdrïN lsÍu i|yd lS¾;su;a
fydag,alrejkag wdrdOkd lrñ'
• wdfhdack uKv,fha uÕ fmkaùu hgf;a w¨;ska fydag,a
ldur 50"000 bÈlsßu i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh osßu;a lrñ'
• fydag,a l¾udka;hg wod< WmlrK ksIamdokh i|yd foaYSh
l¾udka; lrejkag wjYH myiqlï imhd fokafkñ'
ixpdrlhskag myiq ñ,g ,nd .; yels iqjmyiq iys; l=vd
90
ksjdi wdrïN lsÍu i|yd ixpdrl m%foaYj, fjfik whg

wjia:dj iy osßoSï imhkafkñ'
• 200 la muK fokdg tljr m%;sldr ,eìh yels foaYSh
wdhq¾fõo uOHia:dk 4 la m%Odk ixpdrl m%foaYj, bÈlsßu
i|yd tu wxYfha fhfokakkag wdOdr imhkafkñ'
• lDIsl¾uh mokï lr .;a ixpdrl l¾udka;h iy mßir
ys;ldó ixpdrl l¾udka;h kexùug uq,a ;ek fok w;r ta
i|yd rcfha iy fm!oa.,sl wxYfha f.dúfmd< fhdod
.kafkñ'
• cmdkh" ;dhs,ka;h jeks rgj,ska meñfKk wd.ñl ixpdrl
l¾udka;h by< kexùu i|yd ishü fn!oaO isoaOia:dk jeä
oshqKq lrñ' wdishdjg úfYaIs; jQ ixialD;sl jeo.;alulska
hq;a ixpdrl uOHia:dkhla furg msysgqjñ'
weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h
• weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h i|yd kj fj<| fmd< y÷kajd fokafkñ'
ta ;=<ska weÕ¨ï wmkhk w.h 2016 jk úg fo.=K lsÍu
i|yd ish¨ lghq;= ilia lrñ'
• fuu fCIa;%fha ;siajirla ;siafia wm i;= Wiia m%d.=KHh
Ndú; fldg ;;ajfhka Wiia ksñ we÷ï ks¾udKh lrkakkag
wjYH Wmßu iyh ,nd fokafkñ'
• ixpdrlhska i|yd fhduqjqKq kùk iqmsß weÕ¨ï fj<|
uOHia:dk folla fld<U iy lgqkdhl wdrïN lrñ'
foaYSh bÈlsÍñ lafIa;%fha msì§u

miq.sh ld,h ;=< uy;a j¾Okhla w;am;a lr.;a fCIa;%hla f,i
yeòskaúh yelafla bÈlsÍï l¾udka;hhs' rg mqrd isÿjqKq bÈlsÍïj,
oS uq,a ;ek ,nd ÿkafka foaYSh bÈlsÍï l¾udka; lrejkagh'
hqoaOh ksud ùu ksid ixpdrl l¾udka;hg mqk¾Ôjkhla
,efnñka mj;S' ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd fydag,a ldur 50"000 lska
91
muK iukaú; fydag,a moaO;shla boslsÍug ie,iqï lr ;sîu ksid;a

cd;sl iy m<d;a uy ud¾. ish,af,au bÈlsÍï iy m%;sixialrK
läkñka isÿ lr wjika lsÍug ;SrKh lr we;s ksid;a mdkSh c,
iïmdok fhdackd l%u /ila boslsÍu ksid;a úfoaYSh wdOdr o iys;j
ksjdi ,CI 6 la muK w¨;ska boslsÍug ie,iqï lr we;s ksid;a
foaYSh bÈlÍï l¾udka;hg kj hq.hla Wod jkq we;.
• úfoaY ;r.lrejkaf.ka we;s jk wys;lr n,mEu je<elaùu
i|yd rcfha ishü boslsÍfï lghq;=j,g 15% l
wdrCIKhla foaYSh bÈlsÍï l¾udka; lrejkag ,nd
fokafkñ.
• fuu l¾udka;hg wys;lr f,i n,md we;s jl% nÿ ish,a,
ir, lr wvq nÿ wkqmd;hla y÷kajd fokafkñ.
• foaYSh bÈlsÍï l¾udka;fha kshef,k whg bÈlsÍï jHdmD;s
,nd .ekSug wdOdrjkq msKsi úfYaI nexl=jla
l¾udka;lrejka i|yd y÷kajd fokafkñ.
oej yd ,S nvq ksIAmdok l¾udka;h

• fuu fCIa;%fha ksIamdolhska oej yd oej NdKav m%jdykh
lsÍu" ;dlaIKh" wdfoaYl NdKav u.ska t,a, jk wNsfhda. yd
fj<ofmd< we;=¨ oej yd ,S nvq ksIamdolhka uqyqK md isák
.eg¨ wju lsÍu i|yd iïnkaOj we;s kS;s Í;s úêu;a
lsÍug mshjr .kq ,efí'
iaj¾KdNrK l¾udka;h
• iaj¾KdNrK ksIamdokh i|yd r;a;rx ñ,oS .ekSfïoS iy
ueKsla iy iaj¾KdNrK l¾udka;fha fhfokakka uqyqK fok
m%Yak iïnkaOfhka mQ¾K we.hSula fldg tu m%Yak
ksrdlrKh lsÍug lghq;= lrkafkñ'
92
wfkl=;a m%Odk l¾udka;

• iy,a m<;=re iy t<j¿ u; mokï jk kj foaYSh wdydr
l¾udka; Yd,d 25 la bos fldg foaYSh wjYH;dfjka 75%
iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug;a 2016 jk úg jirlg wmkhkh
yryd fvd,¾ fldaá oioyil úfoaY úksuhla Wmhd
.ekSug;a lghq;= lrñ'
• iSks l¾udka; Yd,d folla w¨;ska wdrïN lsÍu i|yd oekg
Ndú;hg fkd.kakd wlalr 25000 l muK ìï m%udKhla Wla
j.dj i|yd ,nd fokafkñ' tu`.ska 2016 jk úg rfÜ iSks
wjYH;djfhka 75% la ksIamdokh lrkakg lghq;= lrñ'
• lkalika;=f¾ iy ;%Sl=Kduf,a isfuka;s l¾udka; Yd,d fol
ixj¾Okh lr isfuka;s wjYH;dfjka 75% la rg ;=<u
ksmojkakg wjYH ish¨ lghq;= osh;a lrkafkñ'
• mrka;ka we;=¿ úúO m%foaYj, ridhk l¾udka; Yd,d
wdrïN lrkafkñ'
• ¨Kq l¾udka;h ixj¾Okh lrk w;r ta yd ne÷Kq ridhk
l¾udka; ixj¾Okhg wjYH ish¨ ÈßoSï isÿ lrñ'
iqul jHdmdßlhka
úi,a wruqKq lrd hd yelafla wfma ke.S tk jHdmdßlhka wdrCId
fldg bosßhg hdug osß oSfuka muKs' ta i|yd wjYH ish¨ myiqlï
foaYSh uOH iy l=vd jHdmdßlhkag ,nd oSug wjYH mshjr .kafkñ'
• iEu jirloSu l=vd jHdmdßlhka 5000 la uOH mßudK
uÜgulg o uOH mßudK jHjidhlska 200 la uyd mßudK
uÜgulg o f.k hEfï l%shdj,shla 2010 mgka l%shd;aul
lrkafkñ'
• iq¿ yd uOHu mßudKfha jHdmdrj,g iyk fmd<sh hgf;a
remsh,a ,CI 100 la olajd iyk Kh uqo,la ,nd foñ'
93
• foaYSh jHjidhl;ajh osß .ekaùu i|yd iEu osia;%lalhlu

l=vd iy uOH mßudK jHjidhl;aj uOHia:dk msysgqùug
jev ms<sj,la osh;a lrkafkñ'
• ksIamdok wf,úh myiq lrùu i|yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k
uÜgñka kj wf,ú uOHia:dk 100 la jir folla we;=<;
f.dv kxjkafkñ'
• yia; l¾udka; Ys,amSka f.a l¾udka; wdrCId lsÍu i|yd
Ys,am w;alï .ïudk msysgqùug lghq;= lrñ'
• yia; l¾udka;lrejkaf.a Ys,am yqjudre l%uhla we;s lrñ'
• iajhx fiajd iemhSïj, fhfok Ys,amSh fldgiaj,g wh;a
ieug rlaIK l%uhla y÷kajd oS Tjqkaf.a wkd.;h iqrCIs;
lrñ'
rgg nrla ke;s ùßhjka;hkag w;ys;

.ï uÜgfï isg k.rh olajd úYd, msßila ;u oEf;a fjr
ùßfhka Ôú;h f.dv kÕd .kakd nj uu oksñ. fï msßi yeu úgu
tosfkod Ôúldj .ek úkd wkd.; oshqKqjla .ek fkdis;k udkisl
uÜgfuka uqod .; hq;=j we;. taa i|yd wjYH jgmsgdj uu ilia lr
fokafkñ'
• ffoksl moku u; tosfkod Ôúldj f.dvk.d.kakd l=vd
mßudKfha fj<÷ka, ixpdrl fj<÷ka, fjk;a fiajd iy
iajhx /lshdj, fhfok msßiaj, Ôjfkdamdfha iqrCIs;djh
;yjqre lsÍug;a" Tjqkag wjYH fjk;a fiajd iemhSu i|yd;a"
“ffoksl iajhx /lshdlrejkaf.a ld¾hdxYhla” wdrïN
lrkafkñ.
• fuu iajhx /lshd,dNSka w;f¾ oekg l%shd;aul b;d by<
ffoksl fmd<S moku u; m%;smdok imhd .ekSfï l%uh
fjkqjg" udisl wvq fmd<S mokula u; oskm;d uqo,a iemfhk
iy whlr .kq ,nk nexl= l%uhla fkdmudj y÷kajd
fokafkñ.
94
• iajhx /lshd kshl

q ;
a l
s hka f.a ksIm
a dok wf,ú lr .ekSu myiq
lrkq msKi
s iq¿ fj<÷kag úfYaI; s jQ wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhla
iEu k.rhlu ckdlS¾K m%foaYj, ia:dmkh lrkafkñ.
idys;H l,dfõ" m%didx.sl fõosldfõ

m%fndaOfha iqúi,a hq.hla
Wiia úkaokhla we;s ;eke;a;d ksjqKq ukiska f,dalh olskafkls.
lsishï rgl we;s l,dj iy ixialD;sh úiska o tu iudcfha w;S;
› úN+;sh fukau wkd.;h i|yd fmruÕ o lshkafkñ' rgj,a
f.da,Sh ixialD;sh iu. noaO ùfï fõ.h jeä jk úg fndfyda fokd
l,amkd lrkq ,enqfõ ta ta rgj,g wdfõKsl ixialD;Ska iy l,djka
wNdjhg hkq we;s njh. tfy;a fndfyda úg isÿjkafka foaYSh
ixialD;Ska ;j ;j;a Yla;su;a ùuh. f,dalfha b;d úYsIag;u
ixialD;shlg Wreulï lshk rgl kdhlhd f,i l,dfõ;a
ixialD;sfha;a ÑrÔjkh iy iqrCIdj i|yd uu ksn|j lem
jkafkñ.
uyskao Ñka;kfha tk Wiia ixialD;sl Ôú;hla w;am;a lr oSfï
wruqK l%shdjg kexùu i|yd “cd;sl ixialD;sl kshduk uKav,hla”
m;a lrñ. ta i|yd tu fCIa;%fha m%ùKhska m;a lrkafkñ.
• ish¨ l,d udOHhkaf.a ksis m%ñ;Ska we;s lsÍug iy oshqKqj
we;s lsÍu i|yd cd;sl ixialD;sl m%;sm;a;shla ilia lrñ.
• foaYSh l,djka yd mdrïmßl Ys,am l%u cd;Hka;r ;;a;ajhg
f.k hdu i|yd wjYH osß .kajk jev igykla iliñ'
• foaYSh ;reK ks¾udKlrejka iòyd fjkuu wêldßhla
msysgqjñ'
• ishü l,dlrejka i|yd Ôú; rCIK l%uhla" fi!LH rCIK
l%uhla fukau Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh o iys; úY%%du jegqma
l%uhla wdrïN lrñ.
95
• m%didx.sl l,dj" fg,s kdgHh l,dj iy Ñ;%má l,dj jeks

wxYhkaj,g wod< oekqu fukau mqyqKqjla ,nd oSu i|yd
m<d;a uÜgfuka mqyqKq wdh;k ia:dmkh lrñ.
• ms<s.;a iïudk Wf<,j,oS cd;Hka;r iïNdjkdjg md;%jk
ks¾udKj,g iy ks¾udKlrejkag uqo,a ;Hd. iy iïudk
msßkeófï jev igykla wrUñ.
• fmd; m; lshùu iudch ;=< jHdma; lsÍu i|yd úfYaI jev
ms<sj,la wdrïN lrñ' Wiia .Kfha idys;H iy úIh oekqu
wdY%s; fmd;m; rch úiska ñ,g f.k uqøKh fldg myiq
ñ,g uyck;dj w;r fnod yeÍu i|yd cd;sl .%ka: m%ldYk
jevms<sfj, kej; wdrïN lrñ'
• ishü ixialD;sl Wreuhka ydkshg m;a jkakg fkdoS wdrCId
lr .ekSu i|yd bosßm;a jk foaYSh wdh;k iy wd.ñl
isoaOia:dkj,g wjYH wdOdr iemhSfï jev igykla
fkdmudj wdrïN lrñ.
kQ;k ckudOH m%fõYhla

j¾;udkfha ckudOHfõoh kQ;k ikaksfõokfha oshqKqj úiska
w;sl%uKh lrkq ,en we;' wka;¾cd,h" pkaøsld ;dlaIKh we;=¨
w;s kùk f;dr;=re ;dCIKsl l%ufõohka yryd f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu
iy fnod yeÍu läkï lr ;sfí' tys ksis M, ,eîu iòyd ,xldfõ
lsisÿ ckudOH wdh;khlg fyda ckudOHfõosfhl=g lsisÿ ndOdjla
isÿ fkdjk f,i lghq;= l< w;r foaYmd,k mCI" wd.ñl fyda
NdIduh ixúOdk úiska whÿïlr ;snQ udOH n,m;% iSud mekùulska
f;drj ,nd oSfuka ta neõ ikd: fõ' úfõpk fyda tu udOH Ndú;h
iïnkaOfhka miq.sh rchkaysoS fuka lsisÿ md,k fldkafoaishla
fkdmekjQfhñ' uf.a úYajdih kï yqÿ foaYmd,k tosßjdoS lï
fjkqfjka udOH Ndú;d lrkjd fjkqjg rfÜ lS¾;skduh" ixj¾Okh"
cd;sl;ajh iy iudc iodpdrhg ydks fkdjk whqßka lghq;= lsÍu
96
iajmd,kfhkau l< hq;a;la njhs' tneúka oshqKq udOH iodpdrhla

iòyd uf.a ms<sfj; kï ish¨ udOHfõoSka oekqfuka iy w;aoelSfuka
ikakoaO lsÍuhs'
• Y%S ,xldj f,dalfha wmlS¾;su;a rdcHhla f,i yqjd oelaùu
iòyd úúO jqjukd tmdlï u; mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk f,dal
ckudOH l%shdj,sh fjkqjg rfÜ lS¾;sh by<ska Tijd ;nkq
msKsi yd i;H f;dr;=re f,dalhg f.k hdu i|yd m%uqL;dj
fok hdka;%Khla ilia lrñ'
• rfÜ cd;sl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfhaoS udOHfõoSkaf.a woyia"
fhdackd fukau foia úfoia ixj¾Ok f;dr;=re yd oekqu
ksrka;rfhka ,nd .ekSu iòyd wjYH l%ufõohla ilia lsÍu
iòyd wjYHlrkq ,nk myiqlï fjkqfjka rdcH wkq.%yh
,nd fokafkñ'
• ckudOHfõoSkaf.a oekqu yd ;dCIKsl yelshdjka j¾Okh
lsÍu iòyd cd;sl ckudOH Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khla
wdrïN lrñ'
• ckudOHfõoSkag cd;Hka;r oekqu iy w;aoelSu mq`M,a lr
.ekSu iòyd ckdêm;s wruqo, hgf;a úfoaY YsIH;aj l%uhla
we;=<;a lrñ'
• jD;a;Sh ckudOHfõoSkag wjYH lrkq ,nk leurdjla
mß.Klhla fukau .uka myiqj iòyd fudag¾ ihsl,hla
,nd oSu i|yd ;Sre nÿ iyk hgf;a lghq;= lrk w;ru
jir 15 lg fkdwvq jD;a;Suh m<mqreoaola yd w;aoelSula we;s
whg ;Sre nÿ iyk hgf;a jdykhla ,nd oSug lghq;=
lrkafkñ'
• udOHfõoSka iòyd fld<Ug wdikak m%foaYhl kj ksjdi
fhdackd l%uhla wdrïN lrñ'
• udOHfõoSkaf.a úY%du jegqma l%uh fuu jif¾ isg l%shd;aul
lrñ'
97
ñksiqka yer hk rgla fjkqjg

meñfKk rgla
tf;r fjfikakka uõìfï iyhg
wfma rfÜ we;a;ka rg yer hk .uka idys;Hh werfUkafka hg;a
úð; wjêfhaoSh' ì%;dkHhkaf.a wd¾Ól lghq;= iu. wkq.; ù
w;am;a lr.;a wd¾Ól iuDoaêh u`.ska ì%;dkH mßmd,k jHqyhg
we;=,a ùu i|yd Wiia wOHdmkh yeoEÍug tx.,ka;hg hejQy' bka
miqj by< iudc mka;sfha fudaia;rhla f,i mej;s rg yerhdu uyd
m%jdyhla njg m;a jkafka W;=re kef.kysr m<d;aj, ;%ia;jdoS
.egqï wdrïN ùu;a iu.h' 1983 l¿ cQ,sh úiska w;súYd, oñ<
ck;djla ráka fkrmd yeÍug n,mE whqßkau 1987-89 ld,fha mej;s
c'ú'fm' úiska fufyh jQ NSSIK iuh u`.ska ta yd iudk msßila
ol=fKka fkrmd yßk ,oS' ;siajirla ;siafia .egqï wLKav j mej;Su
ksid;a fmr mrïmrdj, orejka yd Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd úfoaY.;
jQjka kej; fkdmeñKs msßi ñ,shk folllg wdikakh'
flfia kuq;a f,dalfha m%Odk k.rj, k.r ks¾udK ld¾hfha isg
wNHdjldY ;rKh olajd jk ish¨ fCIa;%hkays Y%S ,dxlsl
úfYaI{hska yd nqoaêu;=ka fiajh lrk nj uu oksñ' oeka Tjqkg
kej; uõ rg meñK rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl ùug ld,h t<T ;sfí'
Ökh" bkaoshdj we;=¨ f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a ;u ixj¾Ok
udjf;a ;SrKd;aul ixêia:dkh miq lsÍu iòyd fjk;a rgj, Ôj;a
jk iajfoaYSh nqoaêu;=kaf.a iyh ,nd f.k ;sfí' uu o tu wdo¾Yh
wkqj hñ' Tn ieug ,xldjg meñK fï ;SrKd;aul yerjqï
,laIfhaoS uõ ìug fiajh lrkakg hehs uu wdrdOkd lrñ'
• úfoaY.;j Ôj;ajk m%cdfõ .eg¨ y`ÿkdf.k tajd
ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd;a" furgg meñK Ôj;a ùu iòyd
wjYH miqìu ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd;a úfoaY.;j
Ôj;ajkakka fjkqfjka fjku ld¾hdxYhla msysgqjñ'
98
• wjqreÿ 5 lg jvd jeä ld,hla tfia Ôj;a jQ yd foaYSh

nexl=j,g uqo,a tjd we;s ieug ;uka trg mdúÉÑ l<
jdykh fyda ;Srenÿ iyk hgf;a jdykhla wdkhkh lsÍu
iòyd n,m;%hla ,nd fokafkñ'
• úfoia rgj, Ôj;a jk Y%S ,dxlslhska tu rfÜ mqrjeisNdjh
,nd .ekSfuka wk;=rej kej; Y%S ,xldfõ mqrjeisNdjh
whÿï lsÍfïoS wh lrk uqo, 50] lska wvq lrñ'
• úfoia rgj, Ôj;a jk Y%S ,dxlslhskag wjYH .uka n,m;%
we;=¨ wksl=;a w;HdjYH ,shlshú,s ,nd .ekSfïoS mj;sk
ixlS¾K l%shdj,sh ,sys,afldg tu lghq;= fõ.j;a lsÍug
lghq;= lrkafkñ'
• wfhdack i|yd fuu Y%S ,dxlslhska foaYSh nexl=j,g tjk úfoaY uqo,a
iòyd wdl¾YKSh m%ido oSukd l%uhla ilia lsÍug uy nexl=jg
mjrñ'
99

Mahinda Chintana Idiri Dakma Sin

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chintana book sinhala final 2.

qxp 1/11/2010 7:39 PM Page i

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rgg iqn wkd.;hla !

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ta fjkqfjka jk uyd mßudK jHdmD;Ska

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