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Assess and explain the importance of water to cells, as well as transport into and out of cells.
20. Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:
a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.
Water will move into the cell
b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.
Water will move out of the cell
Describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance in biological systems.
21. Define enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts that control the rate of chemical reactions.
Generally they lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction
22. How do temperature and pH affect enzymes? The majority of enzymes operate within a
specific range. Enzymes denature or will stop functioning if the temperature or pH level changes
dramatically.
23. Explain the lock-and-key model of enzymes and substrates. Enzymes are specific and will only
take in allow specific substrates to fit onto its active site so that a chemical reaction will occur. The
substrate must fit into the lock. If the shape does not fit, it goes to a different enzyme to
perform the reaction.
37. Describe the process of translation and where it happens. Translation is the process in which RNA is
decoded into amino acids. mRNA arrives at the ribosome, the mRNA is read in increments of three
consecutive bases called a codon. The anticodon of the tRNA pairs with the complementary codon and
releases the appropriate amino acid forming a polypeptide chain that will become a protein.
38. What is a codon? Codon is a sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotide bases that make up mRNA.
Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.
MEIOSIS
Sexual
2N
1N
2 divisions
interphase
interphase
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
40. Be able to put pictures of cells in various stages of mitosis in order. (PMAT)
41. Define:
a. diploid - Cells
having two sets of
chromosomes (one copy
from each parent)
b. haploid - Cell
containing one copy of
chromosomes
42. a. What is crossing
over? Process by which
chromosome segments
are exchanged during
Prophase I of Meiosis I
which promotes genetic
variety in a species
b. When does
crossing over occur?
Prophase I of Meiosis I
c. Whats the benefit of crossing over? Creates genetic variety in a species
d. Where does it occur? In forming gametes
43. What is the Law of Independent Assortment? How does it increase variation?
49. Sample Blood Type (Multiple Allele) Question: Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood
type AB. What is the probability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Joness
parents were AB?
IA IA x IAIB -> 50% probability of having a child that is type A
that an individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait
3.
that a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next
generation.
56. How can genetic technology allow us to create human insulin using bacteria?
are impacted based an organisms individual genetic makeup, and environmental factors such as
environment, food choices, lifestyle, and daily activities. Individuals who have family histories of
disease have a higher rate of occurrence, however personal choices play an almost equal role in disease
development
a. cardiovascular disease- food choices, sedentary life style, genetic predisposition
b. diabetes- Type I hereditary & Type II- mostly influenced by lifestyle
c. cancer- Some types influenced by genetic predisposition such as prostate and breast, while others
such as lung cancer caused by mutagens and life choices
d. asthma- Genetic predisposition mainly in children, but can be triggered by poor life choices
and environmentin adults
65. Describe what causes:
b. lead poisoning: Condition in which high levels of lead are present in an individual causing toxicity that
often leads to a wide array of health issues that vary. Lead poisoning is caused mainly by human activities
mining, burning fossil fuels and manufacturing
c. biochemical similarities between species- A comparison of biological compounds, such as DNA and
protein sequences, used as evidence to demonstrate evolutionary relationships between organisms
Variation. Define natural selection. Theory proposed by Charles Darwin that nature exerts selective
pressure on organisms, and those with favorable traits that are better suited to the environment and
the pressure survive, reproduce and pass their traits to future generations of offspring.
73. How are variation and natural selection related? Natural selection is one of several different
mechanisms that cause evolutionary change in populations. Natural selection produces changes in the
genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next. As a result, organisms become
better adapted to their environment.
Natural selection occurs because
1. Individuals within a population vary; they are not all identical.
2. Some variants are better than others. As a result, they have more reproductive success.
3. The traits that vary are heritable.
Individuals will have more success reproducing and will have more offspring. In successive generations,
more offspring will have the better traits; the population will change.
74. What is geographic isolation? When a species, or a population of a species, becomes separated by a
physical barrier; it is a common way for the process of speciation to begin: rivers change course,
mountains rise, continents drift, organisms migrate, and what was once a continuous population is divided
into two or more smaller populations.
It doesnt even need to be a physical
barrier like a river that separates
two or more groups of organismsit
might just be unfavorable habitat
between the two populations that
keeps them from mating with one
another.
75. What is reproductive isolation?
The inability of the same species of
organisms to interbreed and produce
viable offspring due to environmental, social, behavioral or the physical barriers that prevent
reproduction.
Natural Selection.
76. Describe Charles Darwins theory of natural selection:
1. Variation. Organisms (within populations) exhibit individual variation in appearance and behavior.
These variations may involve body size, hair color, facial markings, voice properties, or number of
offspring. On the other hand, some traits show little to no variation among individualsfor
example, number of eyes in vertebrates.
2. Inheritance. Some traits are consistently passed on from parent to offspring. Such traits are
heritable, whereas other traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and show
weak heritability.
3. High rate of population growth. Most populations have more offspring each year than local
resources can support leading to a struggle for resources. Each generation experiences
substantial mortality.
4. Differential survival and reproduction. Individuals possessing traits well suited for the struggle
for local resources will contribute more offspring to the next generation.
77. Define the following and explain how they are related to natural selection:
a. pesticide resistance - is the adaptation of pest population targeted by a pesticide resulting in
decreased susceptibility to that chemical. Pests develop a resistance to a chemical through natural
selection: the most resistant organisms are the ones to survive and pass on their genetic traits to their
offspring
b. antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic.
Antibiotic resistance develops through mutation or plasmid exchange between bacteria of the same
species. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multi-resistant or, informally, a
superbug
The learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.
Relate the variety of living organisms to their evolutionary relationships.
78. How does our modern classification system show the evolutionary relationship among organisms?
Modern taxonomists classify organisms based on their evolutionary relationships
Homologous structures have the same structure, but different functions & show common
ancestry
The bones in a bat's wing, human's arm, penguin's flipper are the same (homologous), but
the function is different
Analogous structures have the same function, but different structures & do not show a close
relationship (insect wing & bird's wing)
Similarity in embryo development shows a close relationship (vertebrate embryos all have tail &
gill slits
Similarity in DNA & amino acid sequences of proteins show related organisms
79. How has a knowledge of evolutionary relationships affected our understanding of: Each process
below has provided evidence that supports and provides tangible links to the evolutionary relatedness of organisms
to common ancestors
a. DNA analysis- Provides a comparison between the DNA of different organisms. The sequence
determines the differences and similarities exists between species
b. Biochemical analysis- Provides a comparison between organic compounds such as proteins, amino acids,
blood types, and chromosome number in showing the relatedness of species
c. Embryological development-Provides an a comparison of the physical characteristics and structures
that exist between species during the stages of embryonic development
Eukaryotic or
prokaryotic
Multicellular or
single-celled
Sexual or asexual
reproduction
Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
Aerobic or
anaerobic
Cell walls or no cell
walls
Bacte
ria
Prokar
yotic
Single
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Asexu
al
Both
Asexual
Single
(mainly)
Both
Eukaryo
tic
Multi
Eukaryotic
Single
Eukaryoti
c
Multi
Both
Sexual
Sexual
Both
Hetero
Auto
Hetero
Both
Both
Aerobic
Aerobic
Both
Multi
peptid Glycoprotein
Algae YES
chitin
cellulose none
oglyca Polysaccharide.
Protozoa
n
NO
80. Explain the characteristics of including their reproduction, how they eat, how they regulate their
internal environment:
Animals: Animals are multicellular heterotrophs
Eukaryotes, cells lack cell walls
Maintain homeostasis
2 groups: invertebrates & vertebrates
1. Vertebrates
Spinal cord & spinal column to protect this
Internal skeleton
Many have jaws, paired appendages, 4 limbs
Animals
2. Invertebrates:
No backbone
Special parts for locomotion, some are sessile
Some reproduce by budding, some with sperm and egg, some by parthenogenesis
(unfertilized egg becomes an individual)
Some can regenerate lost parts or even a complete individual from a broken piece
c. Annelida
c. Gymnosperms
(cone bearers)
Pine trees
Conifers
Ginkgoes
d. Angiosperms
(flowering plants)
Tulips
Zinnias
Cherry trees
Sexual
Conjugation hyphae of different mating types come together and fuse.
Mycelium will grow on virtually anything from which fungus can obtain food.
Secrets digestive enzymes on food to break down into small organic molecules.
b. Cardiovascular: transport of nutrients, metabolic wastes, water, salts, and disease fighting
c. Digestive: The break down of food molecules into organic compounds for its use as energy
d. Endocrine System responsible for the production of hormones and body regulation
e. Excretory controls water and salt balance
f. Immune: system of biological structures and processes within and organism that protects against disease, by
distinguishing pathogens from the organisms own healthy tissue.
g. Nervous: controls ALL the activities of the body: its the boss. There are two parts of nervous system:
1. Central Nervous system (CNS): made up of brain and spinal cord, controls all activities of the body.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): made up of all the nerves outside of CNS, and carries messages between CNS
to the all parts of the body
h. Muscular: Organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body,
maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.
i. Reproductive The system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction.
Non-living substances such as hormones, and pheromones are an important accessories to the reproductive
The sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences which allow for a combination of genetic
material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring
j. Respiratory: System that allows for the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from body
k. Support (skeletal) System composed of bone which works in tandem with muscles to provide protection or
organs, makes blood cells, gives the body shape and allows movement
Determine the internal and external factors that influence the growth and development of
organisms.
The learner will develop an understanding of ecological relationships among
organisms. (Ch. 3, 4, 5, 6)
Identify the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.
c. nitrogen cycle- The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen is converted between its various
chemical forms. This transformation can be carried out to both biological and non-biological processes.
This process is important because living organisms require nitrogen to make proteins
95 Study the nutrient cycle diagrams on. Define the following steps and the role they play in each cycle:
Water cycle:
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Seepage, Transpiration: is the process by which moisture is
carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is
released to the atmosphere., Runoff:
degradation of environmental conditions. The changes have largely been characterized by deforestation,
unsustainable harvesting of potentially renewable resources (such as wild animals and plants that are of economic
importance), and rapid mining of non-renewable resources (such as metals and fossil fuels), pollution, and other
ecological damages.
b. human population density- condition by which the number of individuals in a given are enlarges to a limit
that the increase provokes the environmental deterioration, a remarkable decline in the quality of life, or a
population collapse.
c. resource use- Areas with high population densities use many more resources per capita resulting in
the depleting of resources and the extinction or endangerment of some organisms.
Pesticide use.
114. What effect can a buildup of pesticides have over the long term in the environment
(bioaccumulation)?
The buildup of pesticides over an extended period of time affects organisms at every trophic level. When
the pesticides are magnified in a trophic level toxicity builds in the feeders of that trophic level and move
up the food chain. The toxins can cause an array of damage and disease.
115. What affect can pesticides have on organisms that they werent intended to affect? Pesticides end
up in the tissues of unintended organisms, causing disease, death, and the extinction or endangerment of
those organisms