1517

Reformation Timeline
1. 1517- Martin Luthur posts his 9 Theses on the door of Wittenburg

Cathedral and formally begins the Protestant Reformation.
2. 1520- Luther outlined the doctrine of the Priesthood of all
believers and denied the authority of the Pope to interpret
3. . 1521- Henry VIIIpp of England is rewarded with the title Fidei
Defensor (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X
4. 1526- William Tyndale (c. 1494-1536) publishes a translation of the
New Testament in English.
5. 1529-Luther meets the Swiss Reformer) to discuss the issue of the
presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
6. .1530-Publication of Augsburg Confession, outlining Lutheran
theology and practice
7. 1531- Following conflict between the Catholic and Protestant
cantons of the Swiss confederacy, Zwingli is killed during the Battle
of Kappel
8. 1543:Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish, 14731543) publishes argument
for heliocentric (sun-centered) universe, based on his own
observations
9. 1546- Martin Luther dies at the age of 62, in Germany.
10. 1546: Tycho Brahe (Danish, 15461601) collects observations of
planets and stars;
11. Francis Bacon (English, 15611626) uses inductive reasoning
(gathering
small pieces of information via experiments and drawing larger
conclusions from them)
12. France: Dynastic conflict intensifies wars of religion between
Huguenots (French Protestants) and Catholics (15621598)
13. 1563- The 39 Articles of the Church of England are first
published, giving a summary of Anglican doctrine and practice by
Thomas Crammer
14. 1564: Galileo Galilei (Italian, 15641642) uses telescope to

observe Suns rotation, moons craters; argues that universe follows
laws of mathematics
15. 1566- The 19th Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church is held
to reform and clarify doctrine. It repudiated Protestantism and led to
the issuing of a Catechism.
16. 1571: Johannes Kepler (German, 15711630), develops laws of
planetary motion
17. 1572: In St. Bartholomews Day Massacre, thousands of
Huguenots killed in Paris and throughout France; Protestants
increase resistance to Catholic rule
18. Netherlands:Dutch Protestants begin revolt against Catholic

Spanish Habsburgs (1572)
19. 1578:William Harvey (English, 15781657) explore workings of
the human body, including the skeletal and circulatory systems
20. 1581: Calvinist United Provinces (northern Netherlands) declare
independence; southern Netherlands remain Catholic, loyal to Spain
(Belgium and Luxembourg today)
.Ren Descartes (French, 15961650) uses deductive reasoning
(beginning
with general principles such as I think, therefore I am,
and using reason to
derive knowledge from them)
21. 1598: Bourbon king Henry IV declares Edict of Nantes, a religious
truce; official religion is Catholicism, but Protestants are granted
freedoms
22.
1609: Truce declared
23. 1613- Nobles tired of the Time of Troubles in Russia elect Czar
Michael Romanov, Ivan the Terribles grandnephew
24.
1618- Thirty Years War begins.
25.
Thirty Years War (16181648): Most destructive war of religion
26. 1618: Tensions rise in Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and
Protestants, Calvinists and Lutherans War begins in Bohemia (Czech
region in Holy Roman Empire); dynastic conflicts draw in nearly all
European countries. Armies grow large, cruel, undisciplined, live off
the land; destructive war becomes the norm
27.
1642- The English Civil War begins
28. 5. 1642:Isaac Newton (English, 16421727) argues that light can

be described mathematically (1671)
29. 1643- King Louis XIV begins his 72-year reign on the French
throne.
30. . 1646:Newton and Gottfried Leibnitz (German, 16461716)
independently develop calculus, which describes motion, surface
area, and change in volume via mathematical formulas
31.
1648- The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War.
32. 1648:Treaty of Westphalia brings lasting peace, ends wars of

religion, establishes many of todays European borders
33.
In 1650, 20% of Europeans are Protestant (decline from 1600)
34. 1651- Hobbes Social Contract, a government is to be created &

John Locke Natural Rights, a government's power comes from the
people.
35.
France and Spain continue at war until 1659
36. 1667- Louis XIV begins four different wars to expand Frances
territory to the Rhine River and the frontier along the northeast and
east of the country.
37. 1682- Peter the Great ascends to the throne of Russia after the
reign of the Romanov family.
38.
1687:Isaac Newton publishes laws of gravity (1687)
39. 1694 - Mary Astell published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies;

lack of educational opportunities for women
40. 1740- Frederick II (Frederick the Great) inherits the throne of

Prussia from his father, Frederick William I.
41. 1740-1786 Fredrick The Great, the king of Prussia committed
himself for the reform of Prussia
42. 1748 the Baron de Montesquieu wrote his book, The Spirit of
Law; separation of powers would keep any individual or group from
gaining total control of the government.
43.
1750 - Classical Music Emerges
44.
1751 - Diderot created a large set of books; Encyclopedia
45.
1756- Seven Years War begins.
46.
1760- King George III ascends to the throne of England
47. 1764 Voltaire published The Dictionnaire philosophique; an

encyclopedic dictionary. The alphabetically arranged articles often
criticize the Roman Catholic Church and other institutions
48.
1765 - Neoclassical Style Emerges
49. 1780-1790 Joseph II, the most radical royal reformer of Austria,he
supported freedom of worship.
50. 1792 - Mary Wollstonecraft published an essay called A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman, advocate women's rights.

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Reformation Timeline

1. 1517- Martin Luthur posts his 9 Theses on the door of Wittenburg

14. 1564: Galileo Galilei (Italian, 15641642) uses telescope to

18. Netherlands:Dutch Protestants begin revolt against Catholic

1609: Truce declared

1618- Thirty Years War begins.

Thirty Years War (16181648): Most destructive war of religion

1642- The English Civil War begins

28. 5. 1642:Isaac Newton (English, 16421727) argues that light can

1648- The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War.

32. 1648:Treaty of Westphalia brings lasting peace, ends wars of

In 1650, 20% of Europeans are Protestant (decline from 1600)

34. 1651- Hobbes Social Contract, a government is to be created &

France and Spain continue at war until 1659

1687:Isaac Newton publishes laws of gravity (1687)

39. 1694 - Mary Astell published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies;

40. 1740- Frederick II (Frederick the Great) inherits the throne of

1750 - Classical Music Emerges

1751 - Diderot created a large set of books; Encyclopedia

1756- Seven Years War begins.

1760- King George III ascends to the throne of England

47. 1764 Voltaire published The Dictionnaire philosophique; an

1765 - Neoclassical Style Emerges

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