Fault Level 2

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1/19/2015

FAULT LEVEL
CALCULATIONS
(As per IS 13234 : 1992 &
IEC 60909 : 1995)

WHAT IS FAULT LEVEL?


FAULT LEVEL AT ANY
GIVEN POINT OF THE
INSTALLATION
IS
THE
MAXIMUM CURRENT THAT
CAN FLOW IN CASE OF S/C
AT THAT POINT

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PURPOSE OF FAULT LEVEL


CALCULATIONS
FOR
SELECTING
S.C.P.Ds
OF
ADEQUATE S/C BREAKING CAPACITY
FOR SELECTING BUSBARS, BUSBAR
SUPPORTS,
CABLES
&
SWITCHGEARS,
DESIGNED
TO
WITHSTAND
THERMAL
&
MECHANICAL STRESSES BECAUSE
OF S/C
TO
DO
CURRENT
BASED
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CBs

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS


TYPES OF FAULTS

SYMMETRICAL
THREE PHASE FAULT

ASYMMETRICAL
LINE TO LINE
DOUBLE LINE TO
EARTH
LINE TO EARTH

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SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT


CURRENTS
ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEMS
D.G SETS
CONDENSERS
MOTORS

NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT


CURRENT
SOURCE : UTILITY SYSTEM
THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT WILL
CONSIST OF FOLLOWING COMPONENTS
THE AC COMPONENT WITH CONSTANT
AMPLITUDE
TH E D E C A YI N G D C C O M P O N E N T

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NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT


WAVEFORM
CURRENT
TOP ENVELOPE

IP

DECAYING DC COMPONENT

TIME

BOTTOM ENVELOPE

CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS
WHAT ?
TYPE OF SHORT CIRCUIT : THREE PHASE
BOLTED SHORT CIRCUIT
IMPEDANCES OF BUSBAR/SWITCHGEAR/C.T.
/JOINTS ARE NEGLECTED
TRANSFORMERS ARE CONNECTED TO
INFINITE BUS ON H.T. SIDE
TRANSFORMER TAP IS IN THE MAX.
POSITION
S/C CURRENT WAVEFORM IS A PURE SINE
WAVE
DISCHARGE CURRENT OF CAPACITORS ARE
NEGLECTED

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CALCULATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT


CURRENT

1 . 05 * LINE VOLTAGE
I S/C =

3 * ( ZTR + Z

Z TR =
(in ohms)

CABLE )

% Z * 10 * KV2
KVA

CASE STUDY

1/19/2015

STEP 1 : SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM


TRANSFORMER
1600kVA

12

)
)

11

21

STANDBY GENERATOR
1250kVA

PCC

13

F1

350A

)
)

300A

300A

MCC
31

M1

50HP

M2

M3

M4

100HP

30HP

F2

150HP

STEP 2 : SYSTEM DATA


TRANSFORMER :

11/0.433 KV
1600 KVA
%R = 0.94
%X = 5.46
%Z = 5.54

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STEP 2 : SYSTEM DATA


R = 0.062 /KM
X = 0.079 /KM
LENGTH OF CABLE, 21 TO 31
31=
= 100
100m
m
CABLE :

INDUCTION MOTORS : M1, IrM = 200A


M2, IrM = 135A
M3, IrM = 135A
M4, IrM = 200A

STEP 3 : CALCULATION OF RT &


XT
RT =
=

10 (%R)(SECONDARY KV)2
KVA
10 (0.94)(0.433)2
= 0.001102 OHMS
1600

2
XT = 10 (%X)(SECONDARY KV)
KVA
10 (5.46)(0.433)2
=
= 0.006398 OHMS
1600

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STEP 4 : CALCULATION OF RL &


XL
RL = 0.062 0.1 = 0.0062 OHMS
XL = 0.079 0.1 = 0.0079 OHMS

STEP 5 : CALCULATION OF Z
UP TO THE POINT OF FAULT

TOTAL Z UP TO FAULT LOCATION F1

= (RT)2 + (XT)2 = (0.001102)2 + (0.006398)2


= 0.00649

1/19/2015

STEP 5 : CALCULATION OF Z
UP TO THE POINT OF FAULT

TOTAL Z UP TO FAULT LOCATION F2

= (RT + RL)2 + (XT + XL)2


= (0.007302)2 + (0.01430)2
= 0.01606

STEP 6 : CALCULATION OF RMS


VALUE OF S/C CURRENT AT THE
POINT OF FAULT
IK AT FAULT LOCATION F1 =

c Un
3 Z

= 1.05 415

3 0.00649

= 38765 A OR 38.77 kA

1/19/2015

STEP 6 : CALCULATION OF RMS


VALUE OF S/C CURRENT AT THE
POINT OF FAULT

IK AT FAULT LOCATION F2

c Un
3 Z
= 1.05 415
3 0.01606

= 15665 A OR 15.67 kA

STEP 7 : CALCULATION OF
MAKING CAPACITY AS PER
STANDARD IEC 60947-2
Short-circuit
breaking
capacity (kA)
4.5<= I<=6

Power factor

Multiplying
factor

0.7

1.5

6< I<=10

0.5

1.7

10< I<=20

0.3

2.0

20< I<=50

0.25

2.1

50< I

0.2

2.2

10

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STEP 8 : CALCULATION OF PEAK


VALUE OF S/C CURRENT AT THE
POINT OF FAULT
iP AT FAULT LOCATION F1 = 2.1 38.77
= 81.41 kA (PEAK)

iP AT FAULT LOCATION F2 = 2 15.67


= 31.34 kA (PEAK)

CALCULATION OF X AND R FOR


GENERATOR
The value of xd will be given in percentage
terms.
Calculate xd in ohms.
Calculate R in ohms as per data in standard:
Rg =0.15 xd for generators less than 1000V
Rg =0.07 xd for generators up to 100MVA
Rg =0.05 xd for generators 100MVA and
above.
Apply correction factor and recalculate R and
X.
Find Z and use in the formulae.

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1/19/2015

THANK YOU

12

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