Hydrosphere Review
Hydrosphere Review
Hydrosphere Review
The Hydrospere
Goal 2.3
Lesson 1
The Hydrosphere and the
Water Cycle
Think About It
Focus Questions
1.
The Hydrosphere: An
Overview
The hydrosphere is
Most of the
remaining water is
groundwater
http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/trips/family-trips/glacier-bay-alaska/
http://www.euwfd.com/html/hydrological_cycle.html
The Water
Cycle
1. Evaporation
a) transpiration
2.
3.
4.
5.
Condensation
Precipitation
Infiltration (percolation)
The Ocean
Runoff
1. Runoff is
water flowing down slope along Earths
surface
http://myecoproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/stormwater.jpg
a. Little to No
Vegetation
Topsoil is
easily eroded
and water
runs off easier
b. Heavy rain
Water falls
too quickly to
soak into the
ground
http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/albums/nrcs3/normal_1389-Runoff-from-a-heavy-rain-carries-topsoil-from-a-cr.jpg
d. Steep Slope
the water
flows off
easily.
http://secretagentworms.org/images/runoff2nrcs.jpg
There is no
room for the
water to
infiltrate the
ground.
http://secretagentworms.org/images/runoff2nrcs.jpg
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/maps/nc/Watersheds-NC-map.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide
http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/lmrsbc/index.html
Lesson 2
Surface Water: Rivers
Think About It
Focus Questions
What is the structure and
function of a river?
What causes a river to flood?
How do rivers cause erosion
and deposition?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Stream_Load.gif
transport material
http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/images/hydrograph_photos/muri2/muri2_2.jpg
Floods
1. When do floods
occur?
Floods
2. How are floods
related to
groundwater levels?
It is more likely to flood
when groundwater
levels are high
because
the aquifer is already
full and can only hold
so much water.
the dotted line on the
diagram represents
the groundwater level.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970800380X
Floods
3. Which agency
monitors potential
flood conditions?
The National
Weather Service
monitors changing
weather conditions.
USGS has
established gauging
station on more than
4400 streams in the
USA!
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3113/images/Cropped_bridge.jpg
http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/78/3078-004-9B8860F2.jpg
What is a floodplain?
a broad, flat, fertile area extending out from a
streams banks that is covered with water during
floods.
It is not wise to build on a floodplain because it is
prone to flooding!
meander
The Cape Fear River
http://www.wfae.org/wfae/images/Yadkin.jpg
http://www.wilmingtonbeachrentals.com/2010/02/cape-fear-river-facts-pictures.html
Meandering Streams A
Diagram
Oxbow Lakes
c. An oxbow lake is
a blocked-off meander
Oxbow Lakes
http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/oxbow-lake-aerial-3405-pictures.htm
http://carolinagreensense.com/uploaded_images/NIWB-731140.jpeg
A Bigger View!
(Yadkin)PeeDee River
http://practicalbio.blogspot.com/2011/09/sonoran-desert-soil-distributions.html
Lesson 3
Lakes
Think About It
Focus Question
How do dams create reservoirs
and how is the water in a
reservoir used by people?
What can cause eutrophication
or pollution in a lake?
Lakes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Rock_Lake
1. What is a lake?
o a depression in land
that holds water
a. What determines
where a lake can
form?
http://www.city-data.com/picfilesv/picv23839.php
d. What is a reservoir?
o a manmade lake
High Rock Lake
Types of Lakes
Oxbow Lake a meander gets cut off
http://www.americansouthwest.net/utah/salt_lake_desert/salt_l.html
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1396
Eutrophication in Australia
Eutrophication Explained
http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01590/pollution/culturaleutroph.jpg
Lesson 4
Freshwater Wetlands
Think About It
Focus Question
http://www.tommangan.net/twoheeldrive/index.php/2009/11/29/easy-hike-at-historic-bethabara-park/
Freshwater Wetlands
A wetland is
o land that is
soaked with
water
Three examples of
wetlands are
a. bogs
b. marshes
c. swamps
http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/bog.cfm
Bogs
1. A bog is a water-soaked
area with poor drainage.
Water in a bog comes
from
o Precipitation (rain)
2. The soil in a bog is acidic
because
of the decaying
moss This slows
bacterial growth
which prevents
nitrogen recycling.
http://here4now.typepad.com/here4now/2011/05/weeks-bay-reserve.html
A bog in Alabama
Bogs
3. Interesting plants that
live in a bog are the
o Venus fly trap
o Sun dew
o Pitcher plants
These plants are
carnivorous b/c of
the nutrient-poor soil
of the bog. They
must digest insects
to obtain nitrogen.
http://www.duke.edu/~jspippen/plants/carnivorousplants.htm
Marshes
1. A marsh is a watersoaked area at the
mouth of streams.
Fresh water marshes and
estuaries often form
o At the mouth of a
river
2. Marsh grasses have
shallow roots that
o anchor silt and mud
deposits in a delta.
(Builds land!)
http://www.duke.edu/~jspippen/vistas/outerbanks.htm
Marshes
3. Plants found in a
marsh include
o Grasses
o Reeds
o Sedges
o Rushes
These plants
provide shelter and
food for aquatic
larva.
Swamps
1. A swamp is
o a low-lying area
near a stream
Swamps may
develop from
marshes that have
filled in to support
the growth of
shrubs and trees.
http://vogeltalksrving.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Mosquito-meter.jpg
http://attractionsmagazine.com/blog/2012/09/14/water-lilies-seem-to-big-to-be-true-at-bok-tower-gardens/
Swamps
2. Trees that grow in a
swamp include
o mangrove trees
o cypress trees
Mangroves in Biscayne
National Park, FL
Swamps
If a swamp were to be buried under tons of
sedimentcoal might form!
http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/visual/visual.php?shortname=coal_formation
1. Two valuable
functions of wetlands
o the filtering of
water
o providing a habitat
for migrating birds
and fish fry (fish
babies!)
2. What % of our
wetlands were lost from
the late 1700s to mid1980s?
o 50 %
o Why?
Environmental Issues:
Upstream Drought
3. A drought
upstream
o will lead to
less fresh
water entering
the estuary
and
o saltier water
Snow Geese in Prince William Sound
http://www.pwconserve.org/wildlife/birds/snowgoose.htm
Lesson 5
The Movement and Storage of
Groundwater
Think About It
Focus Question
How does groundwater move
through the lithosphere?
How are flood events affected
by groundwater levels?
Precipitation and
Groundwater
Remember the water cycle?
1. Most water in the atmosphere
comes from oceans!
2. Most precipitation that falls on land
becomes groundwater.
Eventually groundwater will
return to the ocean to complete the
water cycle.
Groundwater Storage
1. Porosity is
the percentage of pore space
in a material
2. The types of soil that have
1. Groundwater is stored
in the pore spaces of rocks
and sediments (See picture )
and can be compared to
a hard sponge
http://core.ecu.edu/geology/woods/GWANSW2008_files/image002.jpg
Groundwater Storage
3. The zone of saturation is
the depth below Earths surface at which groundwater
completely fills all the pores
4. The water table is
the upper boundary of the zone of saturation
soil
Zone of
aeration
Water table
Zone of
saturation
Groundwater Storage
5.
Green Swamp, FL
Groundwater Storage
6. If the water table is
high, it is more
likely to flood.
low, it is less likely
to flood.
7. The water table fluctuates
with the seasons and
weather conditions
because
it depends on rain
to recharge it
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/chwattab.gif
Groundwater Movement:
Permeability
1. What is permeability?
Groundwater Movement:
Aquifers
1. An aquifer
underground
storage area for
water made of
permeable rock
layers.
2. An aquiclude
impermeable
layer above or
below an aquifer.
Groundwater Movement
6. aquifer
7.
8. aquiclude
Lesson 6
Groundwater Erosion
Think About It
Why do some homes in Florida get
swallowed up by the ground?
Focus Question
What are the unique features of
caves?
What features are found in an
area with Karst topography?
Caves
1. What is a cave?
limestone
Mammoth Cave,
Kentucky
http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/07/dark-depths-mammoth-cave/
http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/america/lechuguilla.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witchs_Finger_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg
http://images.travelpod.com/users/socks/1.1248576883.mammoth-cave-river-styx-tour-route.jpg
Cave Formations
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/orca/underworld/sec1b.htm
http://www.virginiacaves.org/lok/ccvup56.htm
Karst Topography
2. Karst topography are limestone regions that
have sinkholes, sinks, and sinking streams
named for an area in Croatia.
Karst Topography
Missouri
Karst Topography
http://www.mospeleo.org/ozark_caving/springs/sprkarst.htm
Hard Water
4. Hard water is water that contains high
concentrations of calcium, magnesiun, or
iron.
Lesson 7
Groundwater Systems, Use, and
Threats!
Think About It
Where does the water in a spring
come from?
Focus Question
What are the unique features of
springs?
How can the use of wells lead to
aquifer depletion, subsistence,
and saltwater intrusion?
What are threats to our
groundwater?
Springs
1. Ground water discharges at
Earths surface
These natural discharges of water
are calledsprings
2. Water may flow out of a rock
when
an aquifer and an aquiclude come
in contact
http://www.eyekonic.net/gallery2/d/1232-2/Ponce_20De_20Leon_20Springs_202.jpg
Location of
Springs:
B. Perched Water
Table
A. Near Horizontal
Sedimentary Layers
D. Limestone Regions
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8m.html
C. Fault-blocked
Hot Springs
3. The temperature of ground water is
the same as the average annual
temperature
4. Hot springs are
springs which have temperatures
higher than the human body
Hot springs are so hot because the
subsurface is still hot from recent
igneous activity
Picture on next slide
http://www.guideoftravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Yellowstone-National-Park.jpg
http://www.gogobot.com/old_faithful_geyser_and_upper-yellowstone_national_park-attraction
Wells
1. A well is
3. Drawdown is
4. Recharge is
Wells
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/gw_ruralhomeowner/gw_ruralhomeowner_new.html
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html
Wells
6. The entire water
table can be lowered
due to
6. The overuse of
wells
7. Ground above an
overused well can
sink!
This is called
subsidence
Protection of Groundwater
1. Identify and eliminate pollution sources.
2. Monitor pollution.
3. Pump groundwater to surface and treat
it.
Lesson 8
Use, Abuse, and Conservation of
Water Resources
Water Use:
The Importance of Water
1. Four important uses of freshwater
Agriculture, transportation, recreation, drinking!
4. Withdrawal rates of
freshwater are increasing
each year because
our population is growing!
http://fracfocus.org/sites/default/files/water-use-pie-chart.jpg
Managing Freshwater
Resources
1. Dams are built to
control flooding
downstream and to
manage freshwater
resources
2. In the USA, 23% of all
freshwater is obtained
from
aquifers (groundwater)
Florida, Hawaii, and
Nebraska depend almost
entirely on groundwater.
Managing Freshwater
Resources
3. Drawdown causes
a. wells to go dry
b. streams to run low or go dry
c. shallow aquifers on the coast to get salty
(This is called salt water intrusion)
4. Desalination is removing salt from
seawater to make freshwater. It is not
practical due to high costs.
See next slide
Saltwater
Intrusion
http://www.wrd.org/engineering/images/seawater-intrusion.gif
Desalination
http://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination-plant.aspx
Water Pollution:
Types of Pollution
1.
Point sources
have a single point
of origin (often a
piped discharge)
Three examples
include (but arent
limited to)
a. sewage
b. spills
c. industry
http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/pollution.html
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Pollution-Sources-Point-and-Nonpoint.html
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/media/pol04a_460.jpg
2. Nonpoint sources
come from widely spread areas and cannot be identified
and cleaned up as easily.
Two examples include (but arent limited to)
a. pesticides and fertilizers from farms and yards
b. oil and gasoline from parking lots
3. Clean up!
Surface water is more easily polluted than
groundwater but easier to clean up.
http://www2.epa.gov/cleanups
Water Conservation
1. Community Water Conservation
a. Farmers can use irrigation techniques
like trickle irrigation to save water.
http://www.tricklering.com/
b. Industries can use recycled or gray
water to save water.
2.Personal Conservation: How can you and I
conserve water in our homes and yards?