Electrical Application Substation Design Guide PDF
Electrical Application Substation Design Guide PDF
Electrical Application Substation Design Guide PDF
SUBSTATION
DESIGN / APPLICATION
GUIDE
BY
V AYADURAI BSC, C.Eng, FIEE
Engineering Expert
Acknowledgments
i)
I would like to express my gratitude to my two retired Chief Engineers at AREVA (then
GEC Alsthom), Dr H L Thanawala (Power Systems and Development department) and Mr
D Young (Design and Application department), who were very helpful and supportive to
me in finding that electrical engineering is an interesting and worthwhile profession for me,
having moved from two other occupations, one as a rewarding lecturer, the head of the
department of mathematics at St Josephs College, Colombo in Sri Lanka and the other as
a geophysicist, working in North Sea, finding oil and gas and contributing to the United
Kingdom economy.
ii)
iii)
I am grateful to AREVA for requesting me to write this design/application guide for project
application engineers.
iv)
The examples provided in this guide are all from multi-million pounds worth of orders for
AC substations, SVCs, MSCs and MSCDNs, projects which were successfully carried out
by me in the United Kingdom for National Grid and for Overseas electrical utilities in
Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Zambia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
v)
I have also included some illustrations from my presentations I gave in AREVA, IEE in
London, the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka and CEB in Sri Lanka.
vi)
I would like to thank AREVA specially for allowing me to use those examples and
illustrations mentioned in this design/application guide.
Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Electrical Arrangement
3.
Substation Arrangement
4.
5.
Protection
6.
Compensation
7.
8.
Flexible AC System
9.
10.
Ferro-Resonance
11.
Quadrature Booster
12.
13.
14.
Bibliography
15.
Appendix
1.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to provide a general guide to the design of an Air Insulated
Switchgear (AIS) and a Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) of an AC substation. The document
is divided into 12 chapters starting from Electrical Arrangement to Lightning and Earthing
Protection.
In general this application guide will provide some basic understandings about the HV
equipments on substation designs for HVAC and HVDC substation projects.
This guide is written specifically for new electrical graduate engineers who embark on a career
on HVAC and HVDC substation projects.
The chapter two covers the electrical arrangements, the basic concepts and factors affecting
the design of AC substation.
The chapter three includes the AC substation arrangement. The substation different
configurations are characterised by their busbar arrangements and generally any number of
circuits can be provided by repeating the pattern. The AC substation comprises three main
components and these are classified as primary system, secondary system and auxiliary
supply system.
The chapters four and five deal with protection equipment and protection of main components
of substation. These chapters will help application engineers to select suitable electrical
equipments such as CTs, VTs, relays etc. for the appropriate protection functions. The
protection should be done to prevent any disruption of supply and damage to the electrical
equipments.
The chapters six and eight cover Compensation and Flexible AC transmission System
(FACTS). FACTS is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission System. The philosophy of
FACTS is to use reactive power compensation devices to control power flows in a
transmission network, thereby allowing transmission line plant to be loaded to its full
capability.
The chapter seven covers Auxiliary System.
The chapter nine covers Wind Farm substation equipments. Electricity generated from
renewable sources now accounts for around 4% of the UKs supply, with more planned,
including an increase in the amount generated from Offshore and Onshore farms.
The chapters ten and eleven cover Ferro-resonance and Quadrature Booster.
The Chapter twelve includes HVDC equipment/description.
The chapter thirteen covers Lightning and Earthing protections, which prevent any damage to
substation equipment and loss of power to public.
2.
ELECTRICAL ARRANGEMENT
2.1
what security of service does the load require, what length of outage can be tolerated
and would this cause loss of revenue or endanger plant?
will outages for maintenance require alternative circuits in the substation or are they
available elsewhere in the network?
Cost
Protection
Operational Facilities
does the system require splitting under maximum plant conditions to limit fault level?
will it be necessary to isolate any loads with undesirable characteristics (e.g. rectifier
drive rolling mills, arc furnaces) except under emergency conditions?
Extension
Operational Flexibility
10
3-PHASE SYSTEM
11
12
13
AC SYSTEM
3 Phase Voltage =
1 Phase
= 400/3 kV = 230.9 kV
3 Phase Voltage = V
1 Phase
= 275/3 kV = 158.8 kV
3 Phase Voltage = V
1 Phase
= 132/3 kV = 76.2 kV
3 Phase Voltage = V
1 Phase
= 415/3 kV = 240 V
3 Phase Voltage = V
1 Phase
= 110/3 V = 63.5 V
400kV say
275kV say
132kV say
415V say
110V say
14
3 Phase Voltage =
400kV say
1 Phase
V/3
400/3 kV = 230.9 kV
(Line to Neutral)
3 Phase Voltage =
275kV say
1 Phase
V/3
275/3 kV = 158.8 kV
(Line to Neutral)
3 Phase Voltage =
132kV say
1 Phase
V/3
132/3 kV = 76.2 kV
(Line to Neutral)
3 Phase Voltage =
415V say
1 Phase
V/3
415/3 kV = 240 V
(Line to Neutral)
3 Phase Voltage =
110V say
1 Phase
V/3
110/3 V = 63.5 V
(Line to Neutral)
=
=
=
10,500 mm
10,200 mm
34,500 mm
=
=
=
=
15,500 mm
9,500 mm
57,000 mm
16,000 mm
19,500 mm
6,300 mm
65,300 mm
16,000 mm
15
650
= 1,350 mm
= 1,650 mm
275kV Substation
Phase to Earth
Phase to Phase
1050/850
= 2,350 mm
= 2,650 mm
400kV Substation
Phase to Earth
Phase to Phase
1425/1050
= 3,050 mm
= 3,850 mm
SAFETY CLEARANCES
145kV Substation
Vertical Distance
Horizontal
=
=
4,050 mm
3,150 mm
275kV Substation
Vertical Distance
Horizontal
=
=
5,050 mm
4,150 mm
400kV Substation
Vertical Distance
Horizontal
=
=
5,750 mm
4,850 mm
16
3.
SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT
3.1
INTRODUCTION
Substation provides interconnection of transmission circuits and transformation between
network of different voltages.
The substation is connected to the network through overhead lines. In some cases it may not
be possible to make connection to the substation directly by the overhead line and cable entry
must be considered.
The different configurations are characterised by their busbar
arrangements and generally any number of circuits may be provided by repeating the pattern.
Substation generally comprises the following :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Switchgear
Power Transformers
Protection, Control and Monitoring of Equipment
Busbars and Bays
Reactive Power Compensation including Harmonic Filters
Substation Lightning Protection System
Substation Earthing System
Primary System
Primary system comprises all equipments which are in service at the nominal voltage
system.
ii)
Secondary System
The secondary system comprises all equipments which are used for the control,
protection, measurement and monitoring of primary equipment.
iii)
17
b)
3.2
SUBSTATION TYPE
Substations are classified as two types of substation, i.e. Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) open
terminal substation and Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) metalclad substation.
Open terminal arrangements, as the name suggests, utilises primary equipment whose
terminals are in air. Consequently large clearances are required between these terminals and
earth and between terminals of different phases. As a result open terminal substations occupy
relatively large areas of land.
Metalclad equipment utilises either solid or gaseous (SF6) insulation to allow phase to earth and
phase to phase clearance to be drastically reduced.
The space saving advantages of metalclad equipment can be significant particularly for high
voltage substations in large cities where space is difficult to obtain and land is very expensive.
Metalclad equipment may also be attractive for other reasons, notably visual impact in
environmentally sensitive areas and operation in heavily polluted environments.
Air insulated substations generally cost less than an equivalent gas insulated substation.
Almost all GIS substations are built indoor. GIS can be easily built underground to avoid any
environmental concern. The internal GIS insulation is independent of atmospheric pressure.
3.3
SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT
3.3.1
Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making, carrying and breaking
currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and
breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit.
As systems have increased in size and complexity, the circuit breaker has been called upon to
have better short circuit interrupting performance, to operate faster and to tolerate higher and
higher system voltages.
Initially as fault currents increased circuit breakers become more and more complex to achieve
the required performance, particularly when 400kV systems with fault currents of up to 63kA
were designed.
Thankfully the introduction of sulphur hexafluoride interrupters led to a reduction in the number
of interrupters required in series for a particular voltage to the point where modern designs of
SF6 circuit breaker can meet system requirements with a single interrupter up to 245kV 50kA
and up to 420kV 63kA with two interrupters in series.
Under special circumstances, such as when switching capacitor banks for power factor
correction or arc furnace switching, where circuit breakers may operate many times a day,
replacement may be necessary after a shorter period, or point on wave switching (POW) is
needed.
18
Open terminal, phase integrated, dead tank SF6 circuit breaker with porcelain bushings with
integral CT accommodation, incorporating puffer type or rotating arc type interrupters and
operated by a motor wound spring mechanism.
Open terminal, phase integrated, dead tank SF6 insulated circuit breaker with vandal resistant
composite terminal bushings with integral CT accommodation, incorporating vacuum
interrupters and operated by a motor wound spring mechanism.
3.3.2
3.3.3
Instrument Transformers
a)
Current Transformers The majority of current transformers used in substations are bar
(i.e. single turn) primary type but their method of installation varies considerably. In
metalclad switchgear they are usually mounted around the insulated connections between
circuit breaker fixed connectors and the cable box terminals, whereas in open terminal
substations they may be mounted around the bushings of transformers or dead tank circuit
breakers.
19
3.3.4
b)
Alternatively where live tank switchgear is used, the current transformers are mounted in a
form known as the post type current transformer where the secondary windings are fitted
into a housing insulated from earth by a hollow support insulator. The secondary windings
and leads are insulated from the housing and the secondary leads, also heavily insulated,
are brought down to a terminal box at the base of the support insulator.
b)
Voltage Transformers The choice is basically between wound voltage transformers and
capacitor voltage transformers. Generally where high accuracy metering standard
outputs are required the wound voltage transformer is used and where protection and
instrumentation outputs only are required a capacitor voltage transformer is often more
cost effective at voltages above 145kV. A further advantage of capacitor voltage
transformers is that they can be used to provide coupling facilities for power line carrier
systems used for protection, signalling, telemetry or telecommunications.
Power Transformers
In any substation the power transformer is probably the most expensive piece of equipment and
one of the most inconvenient to replace or repair, due to the sheer size of the equipment
particularly at high voltages.
Power transformers are usually of the two winding type. The capacity of the transformers is
usually decided by system requirements. Transformers may be designed with all three phases
in common tank or as three separate single phase units.
From the power system operators point of view, a transformer is a simple device. Due to
economic considerations, a power transformer generally has auxiliary systems which are
essential to its effective operation.
In the smaller sizes, it is quite common for transformers to have off-circuit tap change facilities,
natural air cooling and a minimum of protective devices.
In the larger sizes, transformers are fitted with on-load tap change facilities, forced air or forced
air/forced oil cooling and in some cases forced oil/liquid cooling systems.
Typically a transformer designed for ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced) cooling can sustain 6570%
of its ONAF rating without auxiliary supplies, whereas an OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced)
transformer can sustain only 50%.
For OFLC (Oil Forced Liquid Cooling) transformers the output without cooling maybe as low as
30% of the OFLC rating.
The on-load tap changer facility will be designed to match the transformer by the transformer
designer but typically would have 19 or 21 tap positions with a tap-step of 11.5% possibly
giving a range of perhaps +10% 20% i.e. the secondary voltage can be maintained constant
for a variation of primary voltage from +10% to 20%. The controls and monitoring circuits for
tap changers, particularly when operated automatically, can be quite complex requiring output
voltage, load current and tap position of associated transformers to be monitored.
The on-load tap changer is a mechanical switching device and it is usually the tap changer
which determines the frequency of maintenance of transformers. After large numbers of
operations switching contacts may need to be changed and the oil within the switching chamber
be replaced.
Transformers are also protected against excessive temperature as rapid deterioration of
insulation can occur if transformers become overheated. The normal method of protection is to
monitor the insulating top oil temperature and on large transformers the winding temperature is
monitored.
20
It is not usual to monitor this directly due to risk of insulation failure with devices embedded in
the winding; normally oil temperature is monitored and an additional heating element fed from a
current transformer measuring load current is used to simulate the winding hot spot
temperature within the monitoring device.
3.3.5
Compensation Equipment
There are several forms of compensative equipment, such as :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Synchronous Compensators
Shunt Reactors
Mechanically Switched Shunt Connected Capacitor Banks (MSC)
Mechanically Switched Damping Network (MSCDN)
Series Capacitor Banks
Static Var Compensators (SVC)
3.4
3.4.1
Single Bus
The most simple electrical arrangement which, without a bus section, has poor service
continuity, no operational facilities and requires a shut down for any extension. It is more
common at the lower voltages especially with metalclad switchgear. When fitted with bus
section isolators with or without a bus section circuit breaker, the service continuity and
operational facilities improve slightly and extensions are possible with only part shut down.
Note that with some circuits (e.g. transformers) the circuit side isolator may be omitted.
3.4.2
Double Bus
A very common arrangement nearly always incorporating a bus coupler circuit and often a bus
sectionalising arrangement. It has very good service continuity and operational facilities and
can be extended with little or no shutdown depending upon the physical arrangement.
21
Note that circuit side isolators may sometimes be omitted as for the Single Bus.
Double Breaker
This is used with double bus arrangements to give improved service continuity. It is normally
used only on circuits such as generators where continuity has important economic or
operational significance.
A combination of double breaker and single breaker arrangements may be used with a common
set of double busbars.
When all circuits have double circuit breakers, a bus coupler circuit breaker is not essential
unless it may be required to function as a section circuit breaker. When there is a combination
of double breaker and single breaker arrangements, the bus coupler circuit breaker is again not
essential as the double breaker can function as a bus coupler circuit but the increased
complexity of the protection, interlocking and operation may make the inclusion of a bus coupler
circuit preferable.
22
3.4.4
Bus Section
This is applicable to both single and double bus arrangements and in the latter each bus may be treated
differently. The service continuity, operational facilities and possibility of extension without shut down is
increased especially when a bus section circuit breaker is included.
The use of two section isolators enables the bus section isolators to be maintained without a
complete shut down.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig 4 Bus Sections
3.4.5
Bus Coupler
Apart from providing improved service continuity and improved operational facilities, it has the
particular function of enabling the on-load transfer of circuits from one bus to another.
In combination with bus section isolators as in Figure 5, it can be used as a bus section to
improve the operational facilities.
With by-pass arrangements, it would also function as the standby or transfer circuit breaker.
23
Fig 2 Do uble B us
3.4.6
24
3.4.7
25
26
3.4.9
By-pass
This is an alternative to the transfer bus and is applicable to both single and double bus
arrangements although with the single bus arrangements there is no individual protection for the
circuit under by-pass and switching is generally only possible by switching several circuits.
By-pass enables a circuit to continue in operation whilst the circuit breaker is being maintained.
Since modern circuit breakers are much more reliable and require less frequent maintenance,
the practice of by-pass is rarely used with modern designs.
In some designs economies are made by replacing one or more of the isolators with removable
connections but this requires a temporary shutdown of the circuit. The physical arrangement of
the substation equipment has to be designed that such connections can be removed (or added)
without undue difficulty and that all necessary safety clearances can be obtained.
With the arrangements shown in Figures 10, 11(a) and 11(b), the circuit current transformers
are also by-passed with the circuit breaker and the circuit protection is then completely provided
by the other current transformers and relays.
(In the case of the double bus, by the bus coupler circuit). Figure 11(c) shows an arrangement
using a further isolator where the current transformers are not by-passed and the circuit
protection remains in service with the tripping transferred to the bus coupler circuit breaker.
(Note that any bus coupler protection would still be capable of operating).
27
(a)
(b)
or
(c)
or
28
3.4.10 Mesh
This arrangement is applicable to four or more circuits with rarely more than six. In practice the
physical design of the substation provides for an ultimate even number of circuits, though the
initial installation may be for an odd number of circuits.
Note that there can be physical problems in extending a mesh substation if the possibility of
future extension was not considered in the initial design stage.
The mesh arrangement permits a circuit breaker to be taken out of service without interrupting
the supply to a circuit and therefore gives a good continuity of supply. This is only applicable for
one circuit breaker. When the mesh has already been broken, the opening of another circuit
breaker could cause serious problems in the continuity of supply. Hence the limitation on the
number of circuits connected in a mesh arrangement.
Bus zone protection is not applicable to mesh arrangements. If current transformers are
provided on each side of the circuit breaker, these would provide discriminative protection for
the elements of the mesh as well as protection for the outgoing circuits.
Fig 12 Mesh
29
A more economical variation of the mesh arrangement sometimes used by the CEGB
incorporates mesh-opening isolators and is shown in Figure 13. Normally this is applied to a
four-switch mesh and a transformer is paired with an overhead line. It is not essential that all
sides of the mesh have mesh-opening isolators.
When it is required to switch a circuit, the mesh must first be complete before the mesh-opening
isolator adjacent to the circuit being switched is opened. The circuit can then be switched by
the circuit breaker, the circuit isolated, and the mesh then completed.
Under fault conditions both line and transformer are disconnected, the faulty circuit isolated, and
the mesh again completed.
30
3.4.11 Breaker-and-a-Half
This arrangement of three circuit breakers in series to give a diameter between a pair of
busbars gives good service continuity since a circuit breaker can be taken out of service without
interrupting the supply to a circuit. It also has better operational facilities than a mesh
arrangement.
As in a mesh arrangement, the diameters must be run solid to achieve the best service
continuity and operational facilities.
This arrangement with the additional circuit breakers, isolators and current transformers is more
costly than the mesh and double bus arrangements.
To obtain discriminative protection for faults on a diameter, current transformers are required
each side of the circuit breaker. These current transformers can also be used for the circuit
protection.
31
3.4.12 Breaker-and-a-Third
This is a lower cost variation of the breaker-and-a-half arrangement. Whilst in the solid
condition it gives equal service continuity but less operational facilities. When not solid, the
service continuity is less than that for a breaker-and-a-half arrangement.
32
33
34
35
Main Bus
Shunt
Circuit
Breaker
Main Bus
Shunt
Circuit
Breaker
Shunt
Busbar
36
3.4.17
Gas insulated switchgear substations need reduced ground area. These substations can be
extended easily. They are environmentally more acceptable. They need reduced civil works & cabling.
Comparison of AIS, Hybrid and GIS Substations
Full AIS
Typical Hybrid
37
Full GIS
F35 Bays
38
39
T155 Bays
40
T155
Hybrid substation
Hybrid switchgears are ideal equipments to refurbish existing AIS or GIS substations. Engineering
application time, civil works and outage time are reduced. All innovative substation layouts are
possible with hybrid switchgears.
41
3.5
They should not be used where there is a risk of the equipment being alive or becoming
alive whilst the earth is being applied.
(b)
Unless there is already an earth between the point of supply and the point of application,
portable earths should be applied using an insulated pole.
It should be noted that earthing switches may or may not have a rated making current. Portable
earths have no rated making current.
It follows therefore that earth switches are required to discharge overhead lines and cables,
both of which may also have voltages induced in them by the proximity of parallel circuits, and
also to provide a discharge path for any lightning strikes. They are also required on transformer
circuits where it is impossible to ensure (by locking or interlocking if necessary) that the
transformer cannot be energised, and on generator circuits where voltages can be produced by
residual magnetism in the excitation circuit. Earth switches may also be used where it is
inconvenient to apply portable earths using an insulated pole either because of access or height
of the conductor. (At the higher voltages e.g. 400kV earth switches are more extensively used
for this reason).
To achieve lower cost earth switches are wherever possible fitted to isolators rather than be
separately mounted. They are thus fitted to the line isolators leaving any voltage transformers
line traps etc. on the line side of the earthing switch.
3.6
42
BB
Busbar
Protection
Feeder
Protection
CTs mounted inside the CB (CTs on both sides of CB)
BB
Busbar
Protection
Feeder
Protection
CTs are on the circuit side of the CB
However the risk of a fault between the current transformers and the circuit breaker and within
the circuit breaker itself is very small and so the economics of accommodating the current
transformers may have an important influence on their location.
Where separate current transformer accommodation has to be provided, the cost of separately
mounted current transformers and also the extra substation space required almost always
results in them being located only on one side of the circuit breaker. In practice this is generally
on the circuit side of the circuit breaker. This follows metalclad switchgear practice where this is
the easiest place to find accommodation, and is also the optimum position when bus zone
protection is required.
Often it may be possible to accommodate current transformers on the power transformer
bushings or on through wall bushings. When this is done it is usually for economic reasons to
save the cost of, and space for, separately mounted current transformers. Transformer
mounted current transformers have minor disadvantages in that a longer length of conductor
and, more especially, the bushing is outside the protected zone, and in the event of the
transformer being removed then disconnections have to be made to the protective circuits.
43
Note that the arrangement of the individual current transformers within a unit should preferably
be arranged that any protective zones overlap and that current transformers for other functions
are included within the protected zone.
Under by-pass conditions (where this is provided) the circuit is switched by the bus coupler
circuit breaker. The location of the current transformers is determined by whether the protective
relaying and current transformers are provided by the bus coupler circuit, or whether the
protective relaying and current transformers of the circuit are used with the tripping signal being
routed to the bus coupler circuit breaker during by-pass. If the latter method is used then the
current transformers must be separately mounted on the line side of the by-pass isolator. The
advantage of this method is that the circuit protection is unchanged to the possibly inferior
protection of the bus coupler circuit. On the other hand the circuit would have to be taken out of
service to work on the current transformers. The need for continued metering of the by-passed
circuit needs also to be considered.
Figures 21 (a), (b) and (c) show possible locations of current transformers in a portion of mesh
substation.
In arrangement (a) the current transformers are summed to equate to the feeder current and to
operate the circuit protection. The protection also covers a portion of the mesh and, with
overlapping current transformers as shown, the whole mesh is included in discriminative
protective zones. Because the feeder current may be significantly smaller than the possible
mesh current, the ratio of the mesh current transformers may be too high to give the best feeder
protection.
In arrangement (b) the current transformers are in the feeder circuit and so their ratio can be
chosen to give the best protection. However there is now no discriminative protection for the
mesh. Note that the current transformers can be located either inboard or outboard of the
feeder isolator, the choice being dependent on the ease of shutting down the feeder circuit and
the undesirability of opening the mesh if maintenance of the current transformer were required.
The arrangement shown in (c) is a combination of (a) and (b) with, if necessary, different ratio
current transformers in the feeder circuit. This arrangement however requires three sets of
current transformers as opposed to two and one in arrangements (a) and (b).
Similar arrangements are possible with breaker-and-a-half substations with the slight difference
that at the end of the diameter the protection becomes protection for the busbar instead of a
feeder. All the diameter currents are summed for the bus zone protection.
(a)
Protection
44
(b)
Protection
(c)
Protection
CC
3.7
45
Busbar voltage transformers are often connected to the busbars through isolators and can
present problems with the physical design of the substation especially when they have isolators.
It is debatable whether the present reliable designs of voltage transformers significantly
increase the risk of busbar faults. The need for isolators is also debatable since the
maintenance requirements of voltage transformers is minimal and the desirability of operating a
busbar without its voltage transformer should be considered.
Where busbar voltage
transformers are not used, the circuit voltage transformers can be used to give a representation
of the busbar voltage by routing the secondary voltage through isolator and circuit breaker
auxiliary switches and a voltage selection relay.
Voltage transformers are frequently omitted on outgoing circuits (such as transformers) where
there is no need for a synchronising voltage. However, if the protection of the circuit requires a
voltage, then voltage transformers are usually fitted rather than have the protection dependent
upon auxiliary switches and voltage selection relays.
3.8
Line Traps
These are fitted on the circuits power line carrier communication. They are normally fitted on
the line side of the line isolator to enable communication to continue when the isolator is open.
There may be one or two line traps depending upon whether the PLC system is phase-to-earth
or phase-to-phase.
3.9
Surge Arresters
Surge arresters are provided to protect equipment from transient overvoltages due to lightning
strikes on overhead lines and other exposed connections, and sometimes at the higher system
voltages from switching surges. It should be noted that the closer the surge diverter is to the
equipment being protected, the better is the protection afforded.
They are normally provided close to the most important and costly items of equipment such as
transformers when the earth terminal of the arrester is also directly connected to the transformer
tank and, when appropriate, to the transformer neutral.
They can also be provided at the entry of overhead lines to the substation at the line side of the
line isolator where they will also protect against the flashover of the gap of the open isolator.
When line traps are fitted the arresters are normally on the line side of the line traps since with
lightning surges significant voltages can be produced at the relatively high surge impedance of
the line trap. Such surge arresters are sometimes considered to give a sufficient protection to
any transformers in the substation but it must be recognised that better protection is provided by
surge arresters close to the transformers.
Surge arresters may also be at cabled entries to protect the cable against overvoltages
produced by the reflection of surges travelling down the cable when they reach the higher surge
impedance of the open connections.
Sometimes it is specified that lightning arresters be fitted only to the busbars. This may provide
a low cost but less effective solution.
46
275kV
1050
850
Switching Impulse
Withstand Voltage (kVp)
=
Protection Level (kV) =
(IEC)
1050
1.25
Lightning Impulse
Withstand Voltage (kVp)
=
Protection Level (kV) =
(NGC)
Maximum Continuous
Voltage (kV) =
Rated Surge Arrester
Voltage (kV)
(NGC)
Energy Level Class
Normally =
Nominal Discharge
Current =
840
1425
1425
1.4
680
285
1050
1.4
275 x 1.23
366
275 x 1.58
3
33kV
440
650
750
400 x 1.58
550
1.25
1050
1020
400 x 1.23
850
1.25
132kV
195
250
650
1.4
3
132 x 1.58
3
3
4
3
4
3
4
1020kA
1020kA
10kA
136
170
464
132 x 1.23
170
1.25
94
120
170
1.4
121
33 x 1.23
3
33 x 2.2
3
3
4
23
42
47
4.
4.1
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy to
consumers. The system should be designed and managed to deliver energy to the utilisation
points with both reliability and economy. Protection should be done to prevent the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
4.2
PROTECTION SYSTEM
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.3
PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Relays may be classified as follows:
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.4
Electromechanical Relays
Static Relays
Digital Relays
Numerical Relays
PROTECTION DEVICES
Current Transformers CTs
Voltage Transformers T
Circuit Breakers CBs etc.
4.5
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Standard: IEC 185, BS3938, TPS 8/2 & NGTs
There are two types of design:
a)
b)
48
4.7
CT Ratio: 2000/1000/1A
Rated Primary Continuous
System frequency 50Hz
Class: 5P, Class 10P, Class I, Class 0.5
Accuracy Limit Factor 10, 15, 20
Burden 10VA, 15VA, 30VA
Continuous overload
VK +10%V K
4.6
+50%IeK
IeK
Exciting current (Ie)
Definition of knee-point
49
4.8
Class X Type A
Turn Ratio 1/1000/2000
Vk 300 (RCT + 7.5) at 1/2000 tap
Imag = 60 mA at Vk/2
RCT = 3.0 at 75C
ii)
Class X Type B
Turn ratio 1/2000A
Vk 60 (R CT + 5)
Imag = 40 mA at Vk/2
RCT = 5.0 : at 75C
iii)
iv)
4.9
4.10
Protection A
1/600/1200
b)
Protection B
1/600/1200
Vk 82 (RCT + 3)
Imag = 60 mA at
Vk/2 RCT 2.5 :
at 75qC at 1200/1 ratio
c)
Measurement/Protection 1200/600/1A
Protection A
1/600/1200
1/500/1200
Vk 50 (RCT + 17)
Vk 60 (RCT + 12)
Imag = 60mA at Vk/2
RCT < 2.5 : at 75qC at 1200/1 ratio
50
b)
Protection B
1/500/1000
Vk 95 (RCT + 2.5)
Imag = 60mA at Vk/2
RCT < 2.5 : at 75qC
at 1000/1 ratio
c)
Measurement/Protection 1/600/1200
Class 1 30VA
Class 5P10 30VA (600/1A)
Class 5P20 30VA (1200/1A)
For tapped current transformers, the knee-point Voltage, magnetising current and secondary
resistance are to be specified for the full winding (i.e. top tap)
4.11
P2
P1
CT4
BUSHING TERMINAL
CT3
CT2
CT1
TRANSFORMER WINDING
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
1000 / 500 / 1A
1000 / 500 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type B
Class 1 5P10/20 30VA
Type A
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
1000 / 500 / 1A
1000 / 500 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type B
Class 1 5P10/20 30VA
Type A
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
1000 / 500 / 1A
1000 / 500 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type B
Class 1 5P10/20 30VA
Type A
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
800A
800A
800A
800A
1A at 1000/1
1A at 1000/1
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
1200A
1200A
1200A
1200A
1.2A at 1000/1
1.2A at 1000/1
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
1600A
1600A
1600A
1600A
1.6A at 1000/1
1.6A at 1000/1
1.35A at 1200/1
1.35A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
450A
450A
450A
450A
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
Class 1 5P20 30VA
Type B
51
CT1
CT2
CT3
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
Class 1 5P20 30VA
CT4
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type B
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
660 A
660 A
660 A
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
660 A
1A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
CT1
CT2
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
870 A
870 A
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
CT3
CT4
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
870 A
870 A
1A at 1200/1
1A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
CT1
CT2
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
1600 A
1600 A
1.35A at 1200/1
1.35A at 1200/1
CT3
CT4
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1600 A
1600A
1.35A at 1200/1
1.35A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
2500 A
2500 A
2500 A
2500 A
2.1A at 1200/1
2.1A at 1200/1
2.1A at 1200/1
2.1A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
3200A
3200A
3200A
3200A
2.7A at 1200/1
2.7A at 1200/1
2.7A at 1200/1
2.7A at 1200/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
610A
610A
610A
610A
1A at 2000/1
1A at 2000/1
1A at 2000/1
1A at 2000/1
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
1100 A
1100 A
1100 A
1100 A
1 A at 2000/1
1 A at 2000/1
1.1A at 1000/1A
1A at 1200
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
Class 1 5P20 30VA
Type B
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
Class 1 5P20 30VA
Type B
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
2000 / 1000 / 1A
2000 / 1000 / 1A
2000 / 1000 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
Class 1 5P10/20 30VA
Type B
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
2000 / 1000 / 1A
2000 / 1000 / 1A
2000 / 1000 / 1A
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type A
Type A
Class 1 5P10/20 30VA
Type B
52
4.12
Continuous
Current
Secondary Current
Rating
CT1
CT2
CT3
2000 / 1000 / 1A
2000 / 1000 / 1A
2000 / 1000 / 1A
Type A
Type A
Class 1 5P10/20 30VA
2200 A
2200 A
2200 A
1.1A at 2000/1
1.1A at 2000/1
1.1A at 2000/1
CT4
1200 / 600 / 1A
Type B
2200 A
1.9A at 1200/1
3 - Single phase, 20/5A, 30VA, Class 0.5, 50 Hz, 123kV, 550kVp BIL,
rating 40A max, 5kA/1 sec S/C current
2.
3 - Single phase, 20/5A, 30VA, Class 0.5, 50 Hz, 36kV, 170kVp BIL,
rating 40A max, 5kA/1 sec S/C current
3.
3 - Single phase, 400/1A, 30VA, Class 5P10, 50 Hz, 24kV, 125kVp BIL,
rating 480A max, 15kA/1 sec S/C current
4.
a) HV Side CTs
3 - Single phase, 600/300/1A, type B, Class X, Vkp 95 (RCT + 2.5),
RCT < 2.5 : at 75C, i.e. = 60mA at Vkp/2 at 600/1 ratio
b) LV Side CTs
3 - Single phase, 600/300/1A, type B, Class X, Vkp 95 (RCT + 2.5),
RCT < 2.5 : at 75C, i.e. = 60mA at Vkp/2 at 600/1 ratio
4.13
2.
53
4.14
2.
3.
4.
5.
HV Side CTs
3 Single phase, 600/300/1A, Class X, Vk 95 (RCT + 2.5), i.e. = 60mA at Vk/2 at
600/1A ratio, 10kA/1 sec S/C current
b)
LV Side CTs
3 Single phase, 600/300/1A, Class X, Vk 95 (RCT + 2.5), I.e. = 60mA at Vk/2 at
600/1A ratio, 10kA/1 sec S/C current
4.15
3.
4.
5.
54
4.17
X
) (ZR +RCT + 2RL)
R
Relay Burden
RCT =
CT Secondary resistance
RL
X
) (ZRE + RCT + 2RL)
R
Rated current
RCT
ALF
Burden
=
=
=
=
Therefore Vk =
OR
1A
2.0:
20
40VA
40
x 20 + 2 x 20 1
1
800 + 40V
840V
(1)
55
2)
3)
Vk
20 x 1 x
40
= 800V
12
Voltage Transformers
a)
400kV System
VT ratio
=
396kV
3
110V
3
110V
3
b)
132kV System
VT ratio
=
132kV
3
110V
3
110V
3
(2)
56
5.
PROTECTION
Protection function can be classified as follows :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
5.1
Back up protection
Power transformer protection
Distance protection
Differential protection
Busbar protection, etc.
5.2
5.3
a)
Power Transformers
b)
c)
d)
Line Feeders
MSCDN Feeders
Capacitor Bank Feeders
e)
SVC Feeders
b)
HV WTI
c)
LV WTI
d)
Overcurrent
(Bias Differential)
e)
Buchholz
(Tank Fault)
f)
Thermal Overload
(Overheating)
g)
REF
REF
REF
(Primary Winding)
(Secondary Winding)
(Tertiary Winding)
Capacitor Unbalance Protection Split Star (Y) Capacitor Bank using CTs
b)
c)
57
5.4
PROTECTION ZONES
Protection Zones
Zone 1
Zone 2
BB
Zone 3
BB
Zone 4
5.4.1
Zone 5
Zone 6
Zone 7
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
Feeder 3
Zone 8
Feeder 4
Transformer
Phase Shift
Clock Factor
Phase
Compensation
Required
Yyo
0q
0q
Yd1
30q
+ 30q
Yy6
180q
180q
Yd11
30q
11
30q
Dy11
30q
11
30q
58
Distance Protection
Distance protection means measuring voltage and current up to the point of fault and clear the
fault very fast, i.e. unlike phase and neutral overcurrent protection, key advantage of distance
protection is that its fault coverage of the protected circuit is virtually independent of source
impedance variations.
Distance Relay needs CT and VT inputs.
Since the impedance of a transmission line is proportional to its length, i.e. the line impedance
'z
Z
R+jX
Basic principle of distance protection involves the division of the voltage at the relaying point by
the measured current.
Zone 1
Zone 2
59
B
High Impedance
relay
RR
IF
IF
Let us consider a fault just outside the zone. Maximum fault current enters the zone through
one circuit and leaves through the other. One CT, say that on feeder circuit A saturates
completely due to asymmetry of the fault current whilst the other CT does not enter saturation
and maintains its output as a faithful reproduction of the primary current. Because the CT is
saturated by the DC component of the primary current, its magnetising branch can be assumed
to have zero impedance. In the absence of a secondary emf the CT on feeder circuit A can
produce no output and will behave as a resistor having a value of equal to the resistance of the
secondary winding.
External Fault
60
Internal Fault
Figure 2: Basic Circulating Current
RCT +
R
RCT +
R
B
Saturated CT
Perfect CT
VR
RR
The voltage drop VR appears across the high impedance relay circuit (CD) and must be
sufficient to operate the relay if the protection is to remain stable. Since all CTs installed for the
circulating current protection of each substation are identical, their secondary winding has the
same resistance.
61
RCT
RL
RL
RCT
RR
ZEB
ZEA
Relay
Busbar Protection
Busbar protection is primarily concerned with
a)
b)
In general, busbar protection is required when the system protection does not cover the
busbars, or when, in order to maintain power system stability, high speed fault clearance is
necessary. Unit busbar protection provides this, with further advantage that if the busbars are
sectionalised, one section only needs to be isolated to clear a fault.
The case for unit busbar protection is in fact strongest when there is sectionalisation.
There are three types of busbar protections available such as
a)
b)
c)
Users have been concerned with reliability issues such as security and availability. The high
impedance busbar protection is more reliable and still in common use. Conventional high
impedance schemes have been one of the main protection schemes used for busbar protection.
Refer to examples in Appendix.
62
6.
COMPENSATION
6.1
INTRODUCTION
The voltage drop in an A.C. electric power supply system, caused by problem loads which are
large compared with the short circuit level of the system, is mainly due to reactive component of
the load Iq flowing through the system reactance Xo i.e. V = Iq Xo. The variations in loads can
cause voltage fluctuations and consequent objectionable or irritating light flicker.
These troublesome loads sometimes produce harmonic currents, which are large enough to
cause distortion problems to other consumers whose electricity supply is provided from the
same busbar (the point of common coupling). To provide reactive VAr control in order to
support the power supply system voltage and to filter the harmonic currents in accordance with
Electricity Authority recommendations, which prescribe the permissible voltage fluctuations and
harmonic distortions, reactive power (VAr) compensators are required.
These compensators can be grouped into two major groups these are synchronous
compensators (condensers) and static VAr compensators. The static VAr compensators having
no moving parts. The speed of response of the synchronous compensator is low and the cost is
high when compared with the static VAr compensators and hence the latter are the preferred
solution.
6.2
6.3
63
6.4
64
6.5
Fixed Capacitor
6.6
To Customer
Protection
87
BD
primary voltage
5 th harmonic
filter
82 MVAr
Filter
87F
I max continuous
=3047A
= 54kArms
= 14957Arms
= 22.5kVrms
= 31.26kVrms
= 33.9kVrms
TSC 2
Same as
TSC 1
50BF
49
50/51
87
Lane 2 ctrl
Lane 1 ctrl
64
87B
50N
49
50/51
I max continuous
=3574A
I fault = 6.2kA
50/51
49
87T
87T
To Customer
Protection
I max continuous
=6191A
Phase Z
Phase Y
Phase X
Phase X
Phase Y
Phase Z
TCR 1
212MVAr
5% on 100MVA Base
Main Stepdown
Transformer
60
49
50/51
BusBar
I fault max
I max continuous
U nom
U max continuous
U max short time
50/
51P
BOL10
Lane 2 ctrl
Lane 1 ctrl
49
50/51
27
59
81
60
50/51
49
I max continuous
=3702A
Auxiliary /
Earthing
Transformer
I max continuous
=6412A
TSC 1
172MVAr
TO ctrl
SYSTEM
- can be connected to
replace any phase of main
transformer
Single Phase
Spare Transformer
50N/51N
64
65
66
Static VAr compensators are used to help power transmission over long A.C. transmission lines
by injecting reactive power at points down the line to maintain voltage levels. AREVA (then
GEC Alsthom) have designed, manufactured, installed and commissioned SVCs on
transmission systems worldwide and are mainly used for dynamic voltage and reactive power
support at load centres remote from generating plant.
V
capacitor + reactor
reactor only
capacitor only
VK
system
load line
IC max
IL max
(absorption)
(generation)
fundamental current
The figure above shows the typical characteristic of the combined compensator. This
arrangement is now capable of providing a range of leading and lagging reactive power support to
its operating voltage.
6.7
6.8
PROBLEM LOADS
6.8.1
Arc Furnaces
Electric arc furnaces are considered as being one of the worst source of fluctuations on a power
supply system. The load cycles of arc furnaces vary widely, depending on size and
metallurgical requirements. The first part of the cycle consists of melt-down period when the
solid charge is melted and the main energy input needed. The later part of the cycle is known
as the refining period; in this, energy supplied has only to make good the heat losses. A
67
considerable movement of the charge occurs during the melt-down period with consequent
variations in the arc lengths on each phase. The two main causes of fluctuation are believed to
be first, the movement of the arcs as flexible conductors in a magnetic field and in some cases
their extinction and restriking; secondly, the short circuiting of the graphite electrodes by scrap
movement.
When the fluctuating currents pass through the power supply network impedance, a
corresponding fluctuation is set up in the supply voltage at the point of common coupling with
other consumers (p.c.c.). Visible light flicker is due to power system voltage fluctuation. The
fluctuations in the three phases are, moreover, unbalanced. During melting period the arc
furnaces also create harmonics. Arc furnaces are designed to operate at low power factor say
0.7 and 0.8. When the electrode is usually driven into the scrap metal, it produces a dead short
circuit on one phase. During arc furnace short-circuit, arc furnace demands larger reactive
power from the electricity supply, in turn a larger voltage dip is produced on the system.
To reduce harmonic injection into the system, to improve the power factor of the arc furnace
during melting, to support the power supply system for VAr compensation during arc furnace
short-circuit, and to balance the three-phases, a reactive VAr compensator is needed. The
static VAr compensator should be capable of supporting the system for the dynamic reactive
VAr swing requirement due to arc furnaces swing from open circuit to short circuit.
6.8.2
Electric Welding
There are a wide variety of applications for electric welding. The method used can broadly be
divided into a) arc welding and b) resistance welding. The control of the welding in both cases
can be automatic or manual. Welding is mostly controlled by thyristor control. Most welders
operate at low power factor around 0.3 0.4 lagging. The welding load employs bursts of
power and so creates voltage disturbances and produces harmonic currents, but is generally of
smaller magnitude than the other types of fluctuating load considered here.
6.8.3
Mine Winders
Mine winders (e.g. in the coal industry) are driven by thyristor-fed D.C. drive motors. The duty
imposed on the a.c. power supply system is severe due to the varying power demand of the
D.C. drives. Every time a winder accelerates it demands a very high amount of reactive power
from the system. Because of the thyristor-fed drive, it also generates harmonic currents which
need filtering.
6.8.4
Rolling Mills
Rolling mills are driven by D.C. motors fed from thyristor converters. Every time the rolls
reverse a large change in reactive power demand occurs in a few cycles. This change in
reactive power demand occurs in a short period during acceleration. When compared to an arc
furnace, however, overall duty on the power supply system is less severe (as in the case of
mine winders) both because the rate of change is slower and the load in the three phases is
balanced.
6.8.5
68
beneficial effects on the system such as improvement of the voltage at the load, better voltage
regulation and reduction of losses.
XS (system)
XC (system)
XSC
3rd Harmonic
Filter
2nd C
Filter
CT
Ib
Ic
IUN
Vll G8
u
3 2
Where Vll is system line to line voltage and Y is the change in admittance of the faulty half
phase.
69
b)
VA
VB
VC
Va , Vb , Vc are the capacitor phase voltages and Ia is the current in the faulty phase; if there is an
impedance unbalance of X in one of the phases,
The unbalance voltage is
?Va Vb Vc
c)
GX I a
d)
Delta-Connected Banks
70
Capacitor units with internal fuses can be arranged to make up the bank. These banks
are generally used at distribution voltages and slope correction for saturated reactor
compensators. Capacitors are configured with a single series group of capacitors rated to
line to line voltage. As there is only one series group of capacitor units, no voltage stress
occurs across the remaining capacitor units from the isolation of a faulted capacitor unit.
I1
ia
CT
Z1
Z2
CT
ic
I3
Z3
ib
CT
I2
Let the nominal impedance of each mesh phase be Z and the unbalance in one phase be
Z.
Unbalance current
I a Ib Ic
Va Vb
Vc
Z Z Z GZ
Vb Z GZ Vc Z
Z Z GZ
Va Vb Vc
VcGZ
Z
Z Z GZ
Ic
Since ( I c
GZ
Z
Vc
and Va Vb Vc
Z GZ
0)
71
e)
HConfiguration Banks
Capacitor units with internal fuses or fuse-less can be arranged to make up the H bank.
An H configuration capacitor bank will have in each phase with a current transformer
connected between the two legs to compare the current down in each leg. As long as all
capacitors are normal, no current will flow through the current transformer. If a capacitor
element or elements of a capacitor units fails (i.e. open circuited) some current will flow
through the current transformer. This H arrangement is used on large banks with many
capacitor units in parallel.
A
60 Capacitor
Units
CT
B
60 Capacitor
Units
C
Fig 3 . Single Phase 'H' Type Capacitor Bank
72
These capacitor banks, while reducing the flow of reactive power and improving voltage
regulation in the system, constitute a source of transients every time they are switched.
Controlled closing of shunt capacitor banks (P O W) is used to minimise the power system and
its components by operating each CB pole at the most favourable time instant. A number of P
O W control relays are available for this application.
Wye-connected grounded-neutral, shunt capacitor banks are energised when the voltage is
equal to zero on each phase. All phases are closed within 120 electrical degrees.
Breaker Pole
Phase
Operating Instant
L1 or R phase
L2 or Y phase
L3 or B phase
120
60
L1
0
-180
180
360
540
-1
L3 B phase
ph - e
L1 R phase
0
-180
180
360
540
L2 Y phase
-1
CT R CT B CT Y
Back to back switching refers to the conditions where a shunt capacitor bank is energised in the
presence of one or more capacitor banks already connected to the system in proximity to the
first.
STATIC
CAPACITOR
OVERCURRENT &
OVERVOLTAGE
PROTECTION
MAIN
RESERVE
132kV GIS
EXCESSIVE RMS
OVERCURRENT
CAPACITOR
OUT OF
BALANCE
VT BUCHOLZ
GAS/SURGE
OVERALL
OVERCURRENT &
OVERVOLTAGE
PROTECTION
OVERALL
CONNECTIONS
OVERCURRENT
BUSBAR PROTECTION
BUSBAR PROTECTION
STATIC
CAPACITOR
CAPACITOR
OUT OF
BALANCE
PROTECTION
EXCESSIVE RMS
OVERCURRENT
SHORTING
SWITCH
VT BUCHOLZ
GAS/SURGE
STATIC
CAPACITOR
SHORTING
SWITCH
CAPACITOR OUT
OF BALANCE
PROTECTION
EXCESSIVE
RMS
OVERCURRENT
VT BUCHOLZ
GAS/SURGE
OVERALL
OVERCURRENT &
OVERVOLTAGE
PROTECTION
73
74
6.8.6
The capacitor unit is the building block of a shunt capacitor bank. The capacitor unit is made up
of individual capacitor elements, arranged in parallel/series connected groups within a steel
enclosure. Each capacitor unit is provided with a discharge resistor that reduces the unit
residual voltage to 50V in 5 minutes. Capacitor units are available in variable voltages and
sizes.
Capacitors are intended to be operated at or below their rated voltage and frequency as they
are very sensitive to these values; the reactive power generated by a capacitor is proportional to
both voltage and frequency (kVAr = 2 S gv2).
a)
Bank Configuration
The use of fuses for protecting the capacitor units and its location (inside the capacitor unit
on each element or outside the unit) is an important subject in the design of capacitor
banks. They also affect the failure mode of the capacitor unit and influence the design of
the bank protection.
b)
case
Externally Fused
75
Externally fused Shunt Capacitor Banks are configured using one or more series groups of
parallel-connected capacitor units per phase. The available unbalance signal level
decreases as the number of series groups of capacitors is increased or as the number of
capacitor units in parallel per series group is increased. However, the kiloVAr rating of the
individual capacitor unit may need to be smaller because a minimum of parallel units are
required to allow the bank to remain in service with one fuse or unit out.
c)
bushing
element
case
76
shared among all the remaining capacitor element groups in the series. For example, if
there are 7 capacitor units in series and each unit has 10 element groups in series then
there are a total of 70 element groups in series. If one capacitor element fails, the element
is shortened and the voltage on the remaining elements is 70/69 or about a 1.5% increase
in the voltage. The capacitor bank continues in service; however successive failures of
elements will lead to the removal of the bank.
Manufacturers experience is that for modern capacitor units all element failures result in
strong gas-free welded short circuits on the elements.
The key advantages of fuse less capacitors compared to internally fused capacitors may
be considered to be :
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
bushing
case
Fuse-less Capacitor
77
78
6.8.7
Shunt Reactors
Shunt reactors are used for controlling system voltages .Shunt reactors are either in permanent
service or switched daily. Shunt reactors are most electrically stressed equipment in the
transmission network system. Some shunt reactors were installed to support system restoration
strategies, in particular the need to re-energise the network under a black start condition,
following a system shut down. The reactor rating should be chosen to limit the magnitude of the
steady state voltage step change during routine switching operation.
XS (system)
XC (system)
XSR
There are two kinds of shunt reactors, they are air insulated air core dry type reactors and oil
insulated type reactors. Oil insulated reactors can be used at all voltage levels, but the use of
air core dry type reactors are limited to MV range.
Air Cored Air Insulated Reactors
Due to magnetic field effect air core reactors need a lot of free fenced space round them.
Special attention has to be considered to the location of metallic parts and loops in the vicinity of
the air core reactors. The figure below shows using thyristor for switching MV shunt reactor
79
The main use of shunt reactors is for controlling busbar voltage levels associated with cable under
Light load condition. Shunt reactors are used directly on the 400kV (200MVAr), 275kV
(100MVAr) and 132kV (60MVAr) busbar systems. Normally 33kV and 13Kv shunt reactors
((60MVAr) are connected to the system via tertiary ( delta) winding of the system transformer.
6.8.8
SERIES RACTORS
For example in the design of a new system, available switchgear ratings at the higher or lower
voltages may be inadequate and it may be uneconomic to install higher voltage equipment to
meet the inherent fault levels of the networks. Fault level limitation must therefore be employed
to reduce fault currents to within an acceptable level. Alternatively, due to the expansion of an
existing system the new fault levels may exceed the capacity of installed circuit breakers.
Hence a decision must be made whether to employ fault level limitation or to up-rate the
switchgear.
An obvious extension to the choice of major electrical plant impedances to contain fault levels is
the incorporation of additional impedances in the form of series current-limiting reactors into a
network. However since reactors are by way of extension, they are associated with similar
disadvantages and may tend to aggravate problems already existing in a network. Instances
actually exist where reactors have been purchased and installed in the system and it has not
been possible to retain them in circuit because of the aggravation of a voltage regulation
problem or a machine stability problem. Other disadvantages often associated with currentlimiting reactors are problems with reactive power demand, power ordering difficulties and loss
of system flexibility.
An important consideration when using series reactors is that increasing system reactance this
will increase X/R ratios of the system increase the DC time constants. This can have full of
implications for circuit breaker duty even with reduced short circuit current levels. The MVA
rating of the series reactors is to be co-ordinated with the thermal rating of the adjacent network
equipment including switchgear.
Series current-limiting reactors are most often employed where the normal load transfer is low
and the required degree of fault level reduction is not great so that a reactor with a small percent
impedance on rating is sufficient. The use of small reactors as busbar couplers, for example,
has in many cases provided a satisfactory solution to a fault level problem.
80
AREVA have designed, installed and commissioned series reactors for National Grid 400kV
power systems at Kingsnorth, Grain substation and EDFE 132kV power systems at Bankside
substation.
Disconnector
CT
CB
Disconnector
CB
Disconnector
CB
CT
Disconnector
Oil Immersed
Reactor
When the series reactor wants to be energised, first the line CB should be closed, second the
bypass CB to be closed the third outgoing line CB to be closed and then the bypass CB to be
Opened to energise the series reactor. However POW switching relays can be used on CBs for
particularly for opening.
81
7.
7.1
7.2
b)
82
c)
d)
Quite complex automatic changeover schemes are sometimes required, particularly where
auxiliary generators are used, which offer selection of Main Supply and Standby Supply and
section the distribution board into Essential and Non Essential supplies before starting and
switching in the generator on loss of both incoming supplies. On restoration of the main supply
the diesel generator will normally be arranged to shut down automatically to conserve fuel.
Auxiliary/Earthing Transformers help to limit the fault current to the LVAC board.
Method 1
Let us consider an auxiliary/earthing transformer with an impedance of 4.5%, on its rating of
250kVA.
If the voltage of the auxiliary/earthing transformer is 33/0.4kV, then the fault limited by the
auxiliary earthing transformer is as follows :
Fault limited
250 x 100
kVA
4.5
5556 kVA
5556 x 10 3
3 x 400
8.0 kA
Method 2
Fault current
? Fault current
=
=
100
x LV current
4.5
250 x 10 3
3 x 400
360.8 A
100 x 360.8
4.5
8.0 kA
This method can be used to adjust any transformer impedance to calculate the required
fault current.
Example :
Let us consider a transformer 132/33kV with 15% impedance on its own rating of 120 MVA.
Fault current on the 132kV HV side
What is the fault limited on the 33kV side?
31.5 kA
83
Fault Limited
120
x 100 MVA
15
800 MVA
800 x 10 6
3 x 33 x 10 3
13.99 kA
14 kA
If we want the fault to be limited to 40kA on the LV side, then the impedance of the transformer
has to be reduced.
Rating of the transformer is 120 MVA, current on the LV side i.e. 33kV = 2100A
? Impedance of the transformer
7.3
2100 x 100
40 x 10 3
A.C. SUPPLIES
A.C. supplies provide energy for drives, compressors, charging batteries, lighting and heating.
Usually two independent sources of supply are used with 100% redundancy and automatic
emergency switching. It should be noted that external supplies tend to be less reliable than
sources fed through a station transformer from the main substation circuit. If supplies are taken
from the MV network it should be ascertained that there is a degree of independence from the
HV substation itself.
7.4
DIESEL GENERATION
Diesel Generators are used to provide a back-up LV supply in important substations for loads
up to about 800kVA and are activated automatically in the event of failure of the main LVAC
supply (or supplies).
A diesel generator would be designed to provide energy for the essential components of the
substation for a specified period of time (usually the estimated time it will take to restore the
main supply). The components considered to be essential may vary from substation to
substation and may include circuit breaker drives (or charging of their energy source), charging
of batteries, operation of disconnectors, cooling of transformers and emergency lighting.
32A
LVAC BOARD
63A
GIS Crane
100A
Building Services
100A
Building Services
Protection panels
32A
LCC Supply
32A
heating ring
63A
Disconnector & Earth swicth
mechanisms
63A
Spare
63A
63A
32A
Spare
Spare
32A
84
85
8.
8.1
'V
VS VB
VS
Iq X
Iq
Typical Value:
XO
Xo
Ro
RO
VB
LOAD
Figure 1:
40
86
Transmission Line
Imaginary Power/reactive Power/Useless Power
The concept of real power, which is unidirectional and reactive power, which alternates but
does not produce power in a load, has lead to the concept of real and imaginary power.
Because reactive power leads or lags real power by 90, it soon became known as
imaginary power. Because reactive has no effect on the power in the load, it may be thought
that it has no significance in power networks.
XL Line Reactance
Vs
VS
VR
VR
Figure 2:
In a very large transmission system such as the 400kV, 500kV and 750kV system used in
America, China and in continental Europe for transmission over very long distances, charging
currents due to shunt capacitance can result in a pronounced Ferranti effect, even under local
conditions. Such effects can be offset by installing either reactors in shunt at intervals along
the line or alternatively, large capacitors in series.
Real power flow along a transmission line is a function of the sending end voltage (VS) and
receiving end voltage (VR) transmission line reactance XL and phase angle .
P =
VS VR SinG
XL
Assuming that busbar magnitudes are maintained at fixed levels, in order to increase power
flow, the angle between VS and VR must increase, However, increasing angle increases
the risk of transient and voltage stability problems if a fault were to occur along the line.
By increasing the sending end voltage VS to 220kV, 400kV, 500kV or even to 800kV, more
real power can be pushed through a transmission line. However the insulations of the
electrical equipment must be increased, which are more expensive.
By increasing phase angle up to 90o (Sin 90 = 1) by means of phase shifting transformer i.e.
either Quad Booster or phase shifting generator, more real power P can be transmitted along
the transmission line. Real power P through the transmission line can be increased by
decreasing the transmission line reactance XL by adding a series capacitor in series with the
transmission line as series compensation.
87
VS VR SinG
XL
Reactive Power :
(Imaginary Power)
QL =
V 2 SR
(Absorption)
XL
X SC
V2
X SC
QC
j
c
V 2 c (Generation)
C/2
Figure 3:
C/2
LOAD
Greater line loading leads to greater reactive power absorption. The reactive power must be
supplied from the network or some form of reactive power compensation of generation.
For long transmission line we also have to consider the effect of shunt capacitance in the line.
If there is no load on the line, then the busbar voltages are in phase and no reactive power is
absorbed by the load.
88
Heavy loading conditions, the reactive power absorbed by the line reactance will be greater
than the reactive power generated by the shunt capacitance in the line.
QL > Q C
? VS > VR
Shunt Compensation
Power is being exported along the transmission line from sending busbar ( VS ) towards the
receiving end busbar ( VR ). Under light load condition the receiving end voltage will rise
higher than the sending end voltage due to the effect of the line capacitance (Ferranti effect).
The voltage profile of the uncompensated transmission line is a maximum at the line ends, V,
and minimum at the mid-point, VM . If the line is naturally loaded (this means shunt
capacitance should be considered), the voltage profile would be flat i.e. the voltage magnitude
would be equal at all points along the line. If the shunt capacitance available in the line is
good enough to provide voltage magnitude equal at all points along the line, then no
compensation is required.
However the shunt capacitance of the transmission line is not big enough to support the flat
voltage profile during heavy load condition. Thus the application of line compensations can be
seen as a means of approximating a flat voltage profile. This, however, implies that the
compensation is distributed along the transmission line, which is clearly impractical. However
the next best approach is to provide compensation at the mid-point. It can be seen that the
line is divided into two sections.
X/2
VS
IS
IM
IDEAL
COMP.
(V = 0)
X/2
VM
VR
IM
Figure 4:
The above figure shows the arrangement of an ideal mid-point shunt compensator which
maintains a voltage VM .
89
Uncompensated Line
The real power exported along the line is given as :
V2
Sin G
X
Compensated Line
The ideal mid-point shunt compensator i.e. MSC, MSCDN, SVC which maintains voltage Vm
equal to the busbar voltage such that
VS
VR
VM
VS
imaginary
j x ISM
2
G
VM
real
-G
VR
Power transferred from S to the mid point is equal to the power transferred from the mid-point
to R, and is given by:
G
2 V2
Sin
X
2
Note: It can be seen that the compensator does not consume real power since the
compensator voltage VM and its current IM are in quadrature. The reactive power
generated by the compensator, Qp = IM VM = IMV.
Reactive Power Q Absorbed by the Line
Sin
G
2
IX
2V
90
G
2V
Sin
X
2
G
4 V2
2V2
Sin
=
(1 Cos G )
X
2
X
With long transmission lines a single mid-point compensator may not be adequate to support
the line voltage and several shunt compensators (i.e. MSC, MSCDNs or SVCs) connected at
intervals down the line may be needed. The line will then be a closer approximation to the
fully distributed solution.
Figure 5:
91
8.2
92
8.3
3.5
1.2
1.0
n is the harmonic number. The total capacitor bank ratings for 400kV MSCDN is 253 MVAr,
for 275kV MSCDN is 169 MVAr and for 132kV MSCDN is either 60 MVAr or 50.6 MVAr
minimum.
Therefore the rating of the 3 phase Auxiliary capacitor bank C2 of the 400kV MSCDN is ( C2 =
253 C1 ) 28 MVAr minimum, C2 of the 275kV MSCDN is 19 MVAr minimum and C2 of the
132kV MSCDN is 7.5 MVAr in the case of the 52.5 MVAr MSCDN and is 5.6 MVAr in the case
of 45 MVAr MSCDN, at nominal voltage and fundamental frequency.
Figures 1(a), 1(b), 1(c) and 1(d) in the appendix show MSCs and MSCDNs arrangement for
different system voltages i.e. 400kV, 275kV and 132Kv.
93
a)
b)
c)
component tolerances
d)
In order to ensure that the MSCDN will generate the required reactive power output, the
tolerance on the capacitor banks is specified as 0% to +4%. To minimise detuning the
reactor tolerance is specified as 4% to +0%.
3. Rating
Rating studies were performed using the HARP program which modelled pre-existing voltage
distortion as given in Section 3.4 of NGTS 2.21 behind the 400kV impedances defined in NGC
drawings 96/29006 and 96/29007. These areas were searched to find the impedance which
maximised the component ratings. For continuous ratings the detuning reactors are
considered. All rating studies were based on a maximum continuous busbar voltage of
420kV. The studies considered both one and two MSCDNs in service, and ratings were
based on the worst case condition.
Details of individual component ratings are as follows :
a) Capacitors
NGTS 2.21 section 3.14 indicates that the MSCDN will be in service each day for a
period of period of 12 hours. Capacitor banks designed to IEC871-1 have a prolonged
overvoltage capability of 110% of rated voltage (Un) for 12 hours in 24. Section 3.5 of
NGTS 2.21 requires that Un shall not be less than the maximum continuous fundamental
frequency component.
For the main capacitor bank, the maximum continuous fundamental frequency voltage is
420 / 3kV = 242.5kV. This value can be chosen as Un unless the worst case
maximum voltage, as given in Schedule 10 (2.18), exceeds Un by more than 10%, i.e. is
greater than 266.8kV. As shown in the schedule for 2 MSCDNs connected, the
maximum voltage is 263.9kV. Thus for the main capacitor bank Un = 242.5kV.
For the auxiliary capacitor bank, the maximum continuous fundamental frequency
1
, where n = 3, i.e. 30.3kV. This value can be chosen as
voltage is 420 / 3kV x 2
n 1
unless the maximum voltage exceeds 33.3kV. As shown in Schedule 10 (2.18) for 2
MSCDNs connected, the maximum voltage is 33.6kV, i.e. 11% above the fundamental
94
frequency voltage. To accommodate this maximum voltage the proposed bank rated
voltage Un = 31kV.
b) Reactors
As the fundamental frequency current flow in the MSCDN is determined by the
impedance of the main capacitor bank, which at extreme tolerance could be 4% below
nominal, the reactor fundamental frequency current is increased by 4%. This factor is
additional to the detuning effects described above.
The auxiliary capacitor bank C2 is detuned to a fundamental frequency 50 Hz by
connecting a series reactor in series with capacitor bank C2 to form a LC circuit to
provide a low impedance path only for fundamental current to flow through and diverting
all 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic currents to flow into the bypass resistor circuit.
By detuning the auxiliary capacitor bank C2 with reactor to a fundamental frequency 50
Hz, the losses in the resistors due to fundamental current is zero. Refer to the single
line diagram for MSCDNs components parameter values. However the overall
combination of capacitor bank C1, capacitor bank C2 and reactor is a 3rd harmonic filter.
For 400kV MSCDN, main capacitor bank capacitance C1 = 4.57 PF, auxiliary capacitor
bank capacitance C2 = 36.48 PF and the reactor inductance = 277.2mH.
The combined value of C1 and C2 in series = 4.061 PF.
When the reactor is in series with capacitor C1 and C2, the combination of C1, C2 and
reactor forms an LC circuit with very high resistors in parallel (connected as bypass to
LC circuit).
? n =
1
2
1
LC
2 x 50 (LC)
Similar calculations can be done for 275kV and 132kV MSCDNs to establish they are
3rd harmonic filters. However at fundamental frequency and nominal voltage 400kV,
MSCDN will generate 225 MVAr, the 275kV MSCDN will generate 150 MVAr and the
132kV MSCDN will generate either 52.5 MVAr or 45 MVAr in accordance with the
design. The function of the resistors is to provide damping and stability to the power
system during MSCDN switching and operating. The combination of auxiliary capacitor
bank C2 and series reactor tuned at fundamental frequency with resistors connected as
bypass to LC circuit is called Damping Network to Mechanically Switched Capacitor
bank C1 (MSC).
Rating of the Main Capacitor bank C1 is the rating of the MSCDN.
c) Resistors
The resistor power rating is based on the sum of the small fundamental component
which occurs due to detuning of the bypass LC circuit, and all harmonic components.
A maximum voltage based on the arithmetic sum of all fundamental and harmonic
components is assigned for insulation design.
4. Electrical Design
As shown on the Single Line Diagrams (SLDs), the main capacitor bank is connected to the
400kV busbar. Each phase of the bank is configured in an H bridge arrangement with a fully
insulated mid-point current transformer used for capacitor failure detection. The bank has an
insulation level of 1425kVp BIL, both HV-ground and HVLV. The LV terminal of the main
95
bank, and hence the HV terminal of the auxiliary capacitor bank and damping resistor, has an
assigned insulation level of 325kVp. In normal steady state operation the lineground voltage
at this part of the circuit is virtually zero. The assigned insulation level is maintained by the
surge arrester shown on the SLD.
The auxiliary capacitor bank is protected from transient voltages arising from switching or fault
conditions by the surge arrester connected across its terminals. This maintains a BIL level
across the bank of 125kVp. The LV terminal of this bank, and hence the HV terminal of the
reactor, has an assigned insulation level of 550kVp BIL.
All of the capacitor units which are externally fused, internally fused or fuse-less and have
inbuilt discharge resistors to reduce the voltage to less than 75V in 10 minutes following
opening of the circuit breaker, as per IEC871-1. External devices such as discharge VTs are
provided for rapid discharge of the capacitor banks.
The reactor is connected at the neutral end of the filter and thus is not exposed to short circuit
currents simplifying the reactor design and eliminating the need for expensive short circuit
testing. The neutral terminal of the reactor, which is connected to earth, is assigned a nominal
125kVp insulation level.
The damping resistors are connected to the neutral end of the filter. The insulation level
across the resistor is 325kVp and the neutral terminal is assigned a nominal 125kVp insulation
level.
5. Layout
All of the MSCDN equipment is ground mounted inside an interlocked safety compound.
To minimise ground area the main and auxiliary banks have been accommodated in common
structures. Thus the capacitor banks consist of 2 stacks per phase.
The air-cored reactors stand on supports providing electrical and magnetic clearance.
However, to a depth of 1200 mm into the concrete plinth reinforcing crossovers will need to be
insulated by using fusion bonded epoxy-coated reinforcement systems. The location of the
coils is chosen to avoid magnetic effects on adjacent equipment or unacceptable levels of
magnetic field at the perimeter fence.
To minimise ground area the damping resistor is arranged in 2 stacks of 2 units. The resistor
elements are naturally cooled within an IP23 housing with electrical connections made via
through-wall bushings.
All of the MSCDN equipment, including current transformers and surge arresters, are simple
and quick to assemble and disassemble for relocation. For this reason, and because of the
size of the equipment, it is not considered essential to mount any of the equipment on skids
for relocation.
8.4
96
Stage 1 is the installation of a non-detuned MSC with a minimum rating of 52.3 MVAr at
132kV for frequencies between 49.5 Hz and 50.5 Hz. The MSC is complete with current
limiting reactors and is designed for ease of convention to Stage 2. Stage 2 is the detuning of
the capacitor to the third harmonic (nominally 140 Hz) by the addition of a reactor. The affect
this addition is to increase the MSC rating to at least 60 MVAr. A harmonic study was
performed using AREVAs (then GEC Alsthom) harmonic penetration programme (HARP) to
ensure NGCs required performance was met. The study confirmed the suitability of the
ratings parameters given in the aforementioned Amendment and hence the equipment offered
is in full compliance with NGCs requirements and specifications.
The reactors for Stage 1 are mounted on top of each capacitor stack.
The reactors for Stage 2 are connected at the neutral end of the filter and thus are not
exposed to short circuit currents. This simplifies the reactor designs and eliminates the need
for expensive short circuit testing.
Only a small voltage is developed across the current limiting reactor of Stage 1 and hence no
extra insulation for the capacitor above that which would otherwise be required for a plain
capacitor bank is necessary. However the HARP study highlighted the inadequacy of this
insulation level when the capacitor is detuned. The voltage across the 133 mH reactor
developed by the fundamental current would not, on its own, compel the capacitor insulation
level to be increased. However, when harmonic voltages are considered, particularly third,
IEC 71 (Insulation Co-ordination) gives an insulation level of up to 170kVp. The proposed
capacitor LV to ground and the Stage 2 133mH reactors HV to LV and ground are thus rated
for a BIL of 170kVp. The capacitor BIL for HV to LV and ground is 650kVp. All remaining
BILs are 125kVp.
a) Capacitors
The capacitor units are of the all film dielectric (non PCB) type. A number of windings
are connected in series and parallel in order to meet the overall kVAr and voltage
rating of the unit. They are then mounted in an insulated, hermetically sealed,
stainless steel containers together with discharge resistors. The units are mounted in
galvanised steel racks which form three stacks one per phase. The units within each
stack are connected in series and parallel in order to achieve the overall MSC rating.
b) Reactors
The air-cored and air-natural cooled reactor coils are designed for outdoor installation.
With an aluminium conductor, they are insulated with epoxy resin and cylindrical in
construction.
During Stage 1 operation a small current limiting reactor is mounted on top of each
stack. When converting to Stage 2 the MSC connections are removed and replaced
with connections to the much larger ground mounted 133mH reactors.
2. Electrical Design
As shown on NGC drawings 29/6167 and 29/6168, the main capacitor bank is connected to
132kV busbar. Each phase of the bank is split into two halves with a current transformer for
each half for capacitor unbalance split phase protection. The bank has an insulation level of
650kVp BIL for HV to LV and ground. The LV terminal of the bank has an assigned insulation
level of 170kVp.
97
3. Layout
All the MSC equipment is mounted inside an interlocked safety compound for Stage 1. A plan
of the equipment is shown on NGC drawing numbers 29/6167 and 29/6168. The capacitor
banks consist of 1 stack per phase, each stack comprising 4 racks with each rack size 20.
External devices such as discharge VTs are provided for rapid discharge of capacitor banks.
During Stage 1 operation the 300PH limiting reactor will be mounted on top of each stack.
During Stage 2 when the capacitor bank is detuned at a later stage to 140 Hz, the MSC
connections are removed and replaced with connection to the larger ground mounted reactors
of 133mH to avoid resonance with the supply system impedance. Hence, sufficient space and
access are allowed in the Stage 1 layout for the addition of the floor mounted reactors.
Sufficient space for additional equipments are allowed, i.e. surge arresters and current
transformers for detuned 2.8 harmonic filter.
8.5
a)
b)
c)
SOFTWARE
Data values are obtained from the SCS via a suitable communication media.
COMMUNICATION
A bi-directional communication link is required between the ARS and SCS.
PLANT TO BE CONTROLLED
The IED-ARS can control the following equipment where it exists at a site :
a)
b)
c)
d)
98
HIGH
ACCURACY
CVT
1200/600/1
CLASS X
TYPE B
2000/1000/1
30VA
5P20
2000/1000/1
30VA
5P20
2000/1
CLASS X
TYPE B
2000/1
CLASS X
TYPE B
SLIP-OVER
CTS
2000/1
CLASS X
CIRC. CURRENT
OVERALL PROT.
BACK-UP (O/C & E/F), PHASE UNBALANCE PROT. MAIN
IN CAPACITOR O/V & CAPACITOR EXCESSIVE RMS O/C
PROT.
400kV CABLE
PROT.
CASCADE VT
MAIN
CAPACITOR
BANK C1
AUXILIARY
CAPACITOR
BANK C2
20/5
30VA
CLASS 0.5
MAIN
CAPACITOR U/B
& O/V PROT.
AUXILIARY
CAPACITOR U/B
PROTECTION
200/5
30VA
CLASS
L1
SURGE
ARRESTER
400/1
30VA
CLASS
1200/600/1
AUXILIARY REACTOR
THERMAL O/L & O/C
PROT. & AUXILIARY
CAPACITOR BANK O/V
R1
20/1
CLASS X
TYPE B
R1
CLASS X
TYPE B
99
8.6 MAGNETIC FIELD DENSITY (mT) CONTOUR PLOT FOR 400kV and 132kV MSCDN
REACTORS
1. The reference levels for magnetic field (B) as given in NRPB GS11 are expressed as B =
80,000 / f (PT) where f is the frequency. Thus for 50 Hz fields the limit is 1.6 mT and for
150 Hz the limit is 0.53 mT. As indicated in the magnetic field plots at 50 Hz the 1.6 mT
contour lies within the MSCDN compound fence. Similarly for the 150 Hz field component,
where the reactor current is considerably lower, typically < 10% of the 50 Hz component
the 0.53 mT contour will also lie within the compound fence.
140
120
100
80
60
40
Filter
Reactor
20
0
-20
-40
-60
160
Field intensity
(PTesla)
4.50E+03-5.00E+03
4.00E+03-4.50E+03
3.50E+03-4.00E+03
3.00E+03-3.50E+03
2.50E+03-3.00E+03
2.00E+03-2.50E+03
1.50E+03-2.00E+03
1.00E+03-1.50E+03
5.00E+02-1.00E+03
0.00E+00-5.00E+02
-80
-100
Ground Level
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
-200
-120
Radial Distance from Centre of Reactor (inch)
iinformation from the reactor supplier indicates that the 0.1 mT contour will occur at the
following distances from the reactor surface
For 400kV
MSCDN distance
7.4 m
For 132kV
MSCDN distance
5.8 m
100
2. 400kV MSCDNs
a) Compound Fence
Distance of the compound fence from the surface of the nearest reactor for the
MSCDN = 3.1 m
b) Radius of the reactor coil = 1.23 m
c) Distance between two adjacent reactor coils as shown on the site layout = 11.7 m
d) Distance of the magnetic field density of 1.0 mT (refer to Haefely Trench magnetic field
contour plot) from the surface of the reactor coil = 2.9 m
e) Distance of the NRPB recommended magnetic field density of 1.6 mT (as calculated)
from the surface of the reactor coil = 2.4 m
(falls within the MSCDN compound)
f) Based on the information provided by Haefely Trench the distance of the magnetic
field density of 0.1 mT from the surface of reactor coil = 7.4 m
3. 132kV MSCDNs
a) Compound Fence
Distance of the compound fence from the surface of the nearest reactor for the
MSCDN = 3.1 m
b) Radius of the reactor coil = 1.1 m
c) Distance between two adjacent reactor coils as shown on the site layout = 4.3 m
d) Distance of the magnetic field density of 1.5 mT (refer to Haefely Trench magnetic field
contour plot) from the surface of the reactor coil = 1.9 m
e) Distance of the NRPB recommended magnetic field density of 1.6 mT (as calculated)
from the surface of the reactor coil = 1.8 m
(falls within the MSCDN compound)
f)Based on the information provided by Haefely Trench the distance of the magnetic field
density of 0.1 mT from the surface of reactor coil = 5.8 m
101
102
132kV
275kV
400kV
System
Voltage
2 off - 225MVAr
Cellarhead
Bradford
West
Abham
Bridgwater
Iron Acton
2 off 45MVAr
2 off 45MVAr
1 off 45MVAr
1 off 60MVar
3 off 60MVAr
tuned to 3rd
harmonic
1 off 60MVAr
2 off 60MVAr
1 off - 225MVAr
1 off - 225MVAr
Sundon
Grendon
St Johns
Wood
Marylebone
East
Claydon
Quantity/Size
Site
Ph N Split Wye
Internally
Fused
Externally
Fused
Externally
Fused
Capacitor
Type
Lovedean
Indian
Queens
Legacy
Drakelow
Site
1 off 225MVAr
1 off 225MVAr
1 off 225MVAr
1 off 225MVAr
Quantity/ Size
Ph N Single Wye
Externally
Fused
Capacitor
Type
1 off 225MVAr
1 off 150MVAr
Blythe
2 off 225MVAr
1 off 225MVAr
Quantity/ Size
Fleet
Hams Hall
Drakelow
Site
Ph N H Wye Arrangements
LIST OF MSCs AND MSCDNs DESIGNED, INSTALLED AND COMMISSIONED BY AREVA (then GEC ALSTHOM)
Internally
Fused
Fuseless
Internally
Fused
Capacitor
Type
103
104
8.7
VS
XS
XL
Fig 1 . 132kV System with
Current Limiting Reactor
132 x 10 3
3 x 31.5 x 10 3
= 2.658
2 x 50 x 0.3
10 3
= 0.094
? The short circuit current of the reactor
132 x 10 3
3 (2.658 0.094)
ISC
145 x 10 3
3 (2.658 0.094)
30.0kA / 3 sec
105
XS
132 x 10 3
= 1.905
3 x 40 x 10 3
ISC
132 x 10 3
3 (1.905 0.094)
38.1kA / 3 sec
XS
145 x 10 3
= 2.093
3 x 40 x 10 3
ISC
145 x 10 3
3 (2.093 0.094)
38.3kA / 3 sec
106
8.8
SHORT CIRCUIT RATING OF THE CT FOR 400kV MSCDN H TYPE CAPACITOR BANK
C1
Fleet Fuseless Capacitor Bank C1
Capacitance value of each phase
4.57 PF
15.23 PF
712 kVAr
120
Note: The capacitor unbalance protection CT is mounted on the middle point of the capacitor
bank C1.
60 Capacitor
Units
CT
B
60 Capacitor
Units
C
Fig 3 . Single Phase 'H' Type Capacitor Bank
9.138 PF
1
2fc
107
j384.3
63kA / 1 sec
j 348.3 + j 3.85
( j344.5 )
420
3 x 63
= j 3.85
420
3 (- j 348.3 j 3.85)
420 x 10 3
3 x 344.5
0.704kA
704A
8.9
33kV
PMW
QMVAr
108
Power factor =
0.8
i.e. Cos
0.8
36.9
tan
Q
P
? P
Q
4
=
Q
0.75
3
(1)
When 5 MVAr shunt capacitor bank is connected to 33kV Busbar with the Bus Section closed
the power factor has improved from 0.8 lagging to 0.894 lagging at 33kV busbar.
Cos 1
0.894
26.61
(Q 5)
c
P
109
? tan 1 =
(Q - 5)
P
But tan 1 =
0.5
? P
(Q - 5)
= 2 (Q 5)
0.5
(2)
4
Q
3
Q5
2
Q
3
? Q
15 MVAr
? P
20 MW
The total active power of the existing feeders is 20 MW and the reactive power is 15 MVAr.
Let the total amount of shunt capacitor required to improve the power factor from 0.8 lagging
to 0.97 lagging be Q11.
? Cos E
0.97
14
? tan E
(15 - Q11 )
20
tan E
0.25
(15 - Q)
E
P
110
1
4
(15 - Q11 )
20
Q11
10 MVAr
? The total shunt capacitor required to improve the power factor from 0.8 lagging to 0.97
lagging is 10 MVAr.
Therefore the additional shunt capacitor required to improve the power factor from 0.894
lagging to 0.97 lagging (Q11 5 MVAr) = 5 MVAr.
Refer to the power factor correction diagram, where 5 MVAr capacitor banks are connected to
the 33kV busbars A and B.
These 5 MVAr shunt capacitor banks are controlled by two NOVAR relays one at each end of
the 33kV busbars A and B. These NOVAR relays are set to control the two 5 MVAr shunt
capacitor banks with the Bus Section closed to improve the power from 0.8 at 33kV to 0.97
lagging.
It should be checked to make sure that the two 5 MVAr shunt capacitor banks selected do not
have any resonance condition with the power system fault level.
n
QS
Q SC
Where n is the resonance frequency, QS is the system fault level at 33kV busbar and QSC is
the total rating of the shunt capacitor banks that are to be connected to the power system. If
the shunt capacitor bank has resonance condition with the power system then the shunt
capacitor bank cannot be used as a plain capacitor bank, it should be detuned to eliminate the
resonance frequency to become a filter to provide a low impedance path for the harmonic
number i.e. harmonic frequency current to flow. The shunt capacitor bank should be checked
for temperature variation, system frequency variation and capacitance tolerance. However it
should be remembered, to make it a filter the size of the shunt capacitor bank should be
increased and also a reactor should be added to tune that particular harmonic number to
become a filter.
Novar 315
relay
Novar 315
relay
Summation CT
1 1 1
A
1
RCT: < 0.3:
Burden: 7.5 VA
Class: 1.0
Effective CT ratio: 2400/1 A
Summation CT
1 1
A
1
IPCT
Ratio: 1/2.5A
RCT: < 0.3:
Burden: 5VA
Class: 1.0
33kV Busbar B
5MVAr
Cap bank
Ratio: 800/1A
RCT: 2.87:
Burden: 30VA
Class: 0.5
T3
Cap bank
Ratio: 2000/1A
RCT: 4.57:
Burden: 25VA
Class: 5P20
Ratio: 800/1A
RCT: 2.87:
Burden: 30VA
Class: 0.5
T1
5MVAr
33kV Busbar A
Ratio: 800/1A
RCT: 2.87:
Burden: 30VA
Class: 0.5
T2
111
112
8.10
VS VR sin G
XL
By looking at the above equation, the real power along the line can be increased by reducing
the line reactance XL by adding capacitance reactance XC in series with the transmission line.
The overall line reactance X, becomes XL XC or alternatively, X = XL (1m) where m is the
XC
degree of compensation given by m =
0 d m < 1.
XL
The real power P, can now be expressed as :
P =
VS VR sin
X L (1 m)
Generator
electrical
torque
Torsional
vibrations
'Z
'USS
'Tel
'ISS
Stator
Turbine Generator Set
Transmission
network
The figure above shows the combination of series capacitors and transmission line
impedance. This combination shows that series capacitor compensates the line and reduces
overall line reactance. The length of the line is to be seen as shorter electrically.
113
Sin G /2 =
but
IS
XL
I X
S C
2
2
V
Sin G /2 =
IS X L X C
2V
? IS
2V Sin / 2
(XL X C )
? IS
XC
XL
2V sin / 2
X L (1 m)
QC =
4V 2 sin 2 / 2
. m XL
X 2L (1 m) 2
QC =
4V 2 sin 2 / 2
. m
X L (1 m) 2
but Sin 2 G /2 =
QC =
8.9.1
(1 Cos )
2
2V 2 .m (1 - Cos )
X L (1 m) 2
114
in steam turbine generator plant in New Mexico in 1970, due to SSR created by series
capacitor compensation on a long transmission line. However, it has been established from
theoretical investigations and long experience of the use of series capacitors in power system,
SSR is not a problem when transmitting hydro power.
Thermal generation is more susceptible to SSR than hydro generation. Large turbo generator
units have a large number of rotating masses connected by a long shaft up to 48-50m long.
This produces low frequency torsional vibration modes, a greater number of them usually
below the system frequency.
On the other hand, hydro generator units are compact. The majority of the hydro generator
units rotating masses are concentrated at one end of the turbine generator unit. This means
the hydro generator unit produces higher mechanical resonance frequencies and better
mechanical damping.
SSR is caused by electro-mechanical coupling between the turbo generator shaft and the
series compensated network and appears as Torsional Vibration of the shaft. It is even
possible for the total circuit resistance to sub-synchronous current to become negative, in this
case oscillatory currents due to the induction generator effect may build up to unacceptable
levels. Electro-mechanical interaction problem may occur when the electrical resonant
frequency is near the complement of one of the torsional resonant frequencies of the shaft
system of a generator. If the power system happens to have a characteristic showing Series
Resonance at any of the frequencies corresponding to the difference between the system
frequency (50 Hz) and the torsional frequency spectrum, the corresponding current
component will see a low impedance in its path. Torsional vibration can grow until it results in
mechanical damage.
VS VR sin
it can be seen that smaller the degree of
X L (1 m)
compensation m i.e. the ratio of capacitive reactance of the series capacitor applied to the
transmission line and the inductive reactance of the transmission line, the lower is the risk of
SSR occurring.
However up to 100% compensation can now be introduced since the thyristor control provides
stabilisation. Non thyristor control series compensation is limited to 50 to 55% of line
reactance.
Main Benefits and Convenience
SVCs and MSCDNs are the most economic and convenient devices for Transmission
problems. Compared to HVDC or six phase-phase Transmission schemes, SVCs and
MSCDNs solutions can be provided without wide scale system disruption. Within a
reasonable timescale, SVCs and MSCDNs can be fitted to existing AC Transmission lines,
i.e. 13kV, 33kV, 132kV, 275kV and 400kV systems.
There is no need to build more and more new Transmission lines. SVCs and MSCDNs
technology however allows greater throughput over existing routes (i.e. lines), thus meeting
consumer demands without construction of a new transmission line or even a new power
station.
115
8.10
THYRISTOR CONTROLLED
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
REACTOR
STATIC
VAR
COMPENSATOR
FOR
Ro, Xo SYSTEM
110kV POINT OF COMMON
6k
35kV POINT OF
5 MVA
ARC FURNACES
TCR
9 MVA
ARC FURNACES
116
8.10.1
In power systems SVCs are often required both to generator and absorb reactive power
(VArs), continuously variable absorption of VArs can be achieved readily with a variable
inductor such as a phase-controlled linear reactor. It is normal practice to achieve
continuously variable generation of VArs by the parallel combination of a fixed capacitor bank
and a variable inductor. An additional advantage of this arrangement is that, if required, the
fixed capacitor bank can be converted readily into harmonic filtering circuits to cater for the
harmonic currents produced by the variable inductor and troublesome loads such as arc
furnaces.
A Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) compensator is basically a linear reactor and thyristor
switch or valve connected in shunt to the system to provide variable VAr absorption, as
shown above. The valve has thyristors connected in anti-parallel, each carrying current in one
direction only. By varying the firing angle, i.e. the point-on-wave at which the thyristors are
turned on, the compensator control system is capable of varying the reactive current in the
linear reactor to any required value between the maximum rated value resulting from
continuous conduction and zero when there is no conduction, Fig.5
117
The firing angle delay, alpha (D), is normally defined from voltage zero, so that full conduction
of the (inductive) current occurs at D = 90 and zero conduction at D = 180. The conduction
angle called sigma (V) is twice E, for an ideal reactor with no resistance. The current will be
offset for D between 0 and 90, Fig.6
This results in a d.c. component and cannot be tolerated on a steady state basis. Transiently
it may be acceptable but of no grate advantage.
Therefore D is limited between 90 and 180.
118
XLB
RF
XCB
BYPASS FILTER
DAMPING CIRCUIT
XC
XL
SERIES REACTOR
SERIES CAPACITOR
XLL
LINE FILTER REACTOR
AUXILIARY SATURATING
REACTOR
RD
MAIN SATURATING
REACTOR
DAMPING RESISTOR
Series capacitors are included in resonant link circuits (SLC), which are used to limit short
circuit fault currents in electrical systems. Figure above shows the circuit of a typical SLC. For
normal operation, the series reactor is tuned out by means of a series capacitor and the link
has low impedance. Across the series capacitor are connected two saturating reactors, which
have very high impedance in the normal operating condition and low impedance (due to
saturation) under fault conditions, so that the link then has high overall impedance. The
damping resistor associated with the auxiliary saturating reactor enables rapid recovery to the
low impedance condition when the SLC current reduces after clearance of a system fault.
Resonant links are most often used to link private generation in industries to the distribution
system, typically at 11kV. Because of the presence of the series capacitor the resonant link is
similar to a series capacitor compensated transmission line. The local generators and
induction motors connected to the system via the SLC may be subject to instability due to subsynchronous resonance (SSR) associated with this series capacitor if the damping circuits of
the SLC are not designed properly.
119
H
p.u.
0.15
0.35
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.05
MODE
MODE 1 (25Hz)
1
0
-1
MODE 2 (33Hz)
0
-1
MODE 3 (42Hz)
0
-1
120
121
9.
HVAC cables are regarded as a possible solution for the connection of offshore wind farm with
the public grid onshore. The connection of the wind farm to the grid is via cables.
122
Firstly, all the wind turbines in the offshore will be connected to the substation on the offshore
platform via 33kV cables, then the substation is connected via power transformer to the grid
via high voltage cables either by 132kV, 275kV or 400kV cables (all depend on the voltage of
the grid).
9.1
9.1.1
At the offshore substation the 33kV submarine cables will be terminated in switchgear. The
33kV submarine cables are lead through J-tubes or ducts in foundation and terminated in the
connection point located in the WT.
An optical fibre cable shall be integrated in all the submarine cables to be delivered.
9.1.2
For this reason the design criteria used for cable loading has a current carrying capacity at 3m
equal to the max wind farm output.
Offshore cable ratings are for laying depth of 1m. A margin of 5% is however required for the
current rating.
132kV offshore cable guideline specification :
Type
Insulation
Laying depth
Conductor
Additional
123
9.1.3
Power Transformer
One power transformer is required :
Type
Cooling
Tap Changer
HV Connection
MV Connection
Mounting
Sn
Un1
Un2
Vector group
(MVA)
(kV)
(kV)
Tap Changer
Tap side
uk
Pcu
I0
P0
(%)
(kW)
(%)
(kW)
145
132
33
Ynyn0
+ 8 x 1.25%
8 x 1.25%
Primary
13
375
0.1
70
The main 132kV cable will be connected directly to the cable box on the transformer. The
132kV cable box shall contain CT cores for the protection and monitoring.
The 132kV cable box data guideline :
Parameter
Un
In
Ik
Ip
Unit
(kV)
(A)
(kA)
(kA)
Description
Nominal phase-phase stator voltage
Maximum current rating
Maximum short circuit rating
Peak short circuit current rating
Value
132
700
25
70
One common transformer and cable protection and control panel, including automatic tap
changer control for main transformer. The protection will provide redundant tripping of onshore 132kV circuit breaker.
The offshore substation shall have an oil collector for the transformer oil in case of leakage.
9.1.4
124
Number
Section A
Item
Description
IN = 2600A
Transformer feeder
Circuit breaker
Earthing switch
Protection equipment
IN = 600A
5
Cable feeder
Circuit breaker
Earthing switch
Protection equipment
IN = 600A
1
Circuit breaker
Earthing switch
Protection equipment
IN = 600A
Circuit breaker
Earthing switch
Protection equipment
Unit
(kV)
(A)
(kA)
(kA)
Description
Nominal phase-phase stator voltage
Maximum busbar current rating
Maximum symmetrical short circuit current
Peak short circuit current rating and making capacity
Value
33
2600
25
70
The switchgear and the module shall have pressure relief arrangements.
If SF6 gas is used the pressure shall be monitored and a leak detector be installed.
9.1.5
Auxiliary Transformer
One auxiliary supply transformer 33/0.4kV 800kVA.
completely sealed oil immersed type.
9.1.6
Dry type or
9.1.7
Auxiliary Module
One offshore container equipped with :
Local power supply panel including battery backup for protection, control etc.
Local auxiliary power supply panel for light etc.
125
9.1.8
Shunt Reactor
9.1.9
One oil immersed 33kV shunt reactor, with off-load tap steps, including thermal protection and
pressure switch.
The shunt reactor is only used for compensating cable reactive power.
Earthing System
A complete earthing system for the offshore substation shall be provided.
It shall include a main bus, a copper cable ring connection on the platform, main copper cable
connections to the main equipment and modules as well as all necessary equipotential
bonding conductors to installations and structures.
Diesel generator includes diesel tank. If a diesel generator is used to supply the service
platform with electricity during standstill, the offshore substation shall have an oil collector with
double bottom tank.
If the offshore substation is equipped with a diesel generator, it shall be provided with an
automatic start facility.
A special control for black-starting to the 33kV system through the 33/0.4kV auxiliary
transformer should be provided. The proposed solution is to connect to a dead system and
ramp up voltage.
O
E
O
E
O
E
O
E
O
E
O
E
O
E
2033kV
Aux/Earthing
Transformer
33/0.4kV
800kVA
Diesel
Generator
800kVA
Shunt Reactor
1250A
1250A
33/132kV
150MVA
160A
400V
Main Transformer
Sea
Cable
Main AC
Dist. board
Offshore Platform
Reactive Power
Compensation
Land
Cable
400kV
Step Up
Transformer
132/400kV
126
127
At the offshore substation the 132kV submarine cables will be terminated at a 132kV cable
box and on land terminated on the onshore substation on the outdoor steel structure including
cable sealing end.
An optofibre cable shall be integrated in all the submarine cables to be delivered. On land a
separate optical fibre shall be laid together with the underground power cables.
128
129
9.2
ONSHORE SUBSTATION
Onshore cable ratings are for laying depth < 3m.
132kV onshore cable guideline specification :
Type
Insulation
Laying depth
Conductor
Additional
Unit
(kV)
(A)
(kA)
(kA)
Description
Nominal phase-phase stator voltage
Maximum busbar current rating
Maximum short circuit current
Peak short circuit current rating and making capacity
Value
132
700
31.5
79
132kV Reactor
For compensation of the reactive power generated by the cables one 132kV reactor is
required, including 132kV feeders for reactor.
The reactor should be connected to the 132kV cable rack.
The reactor should be covered by the 132kV cable and transformer protection.
9.2.2
Harmonic Filter
A harmonic filter might be necessary to install in series with the 132kV cable in the onshore
substation. The purpose of this filter is to prevent the cable from acting as a sink for
harmonics in the 132kV network.
9.2.3
Protection Scheme
132/33kV Transformer
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection
Earth fault protection
Transformer differential protection
Overcurrent protection
Distance protection
130
Oil level
Over/undervoltage protection
Overcurrent protection
Overload protection
33kV Feeder protection
Non-directional overcurrent
Directional earth fault protection
132kV Protection
9.2.4
HVAC cables have high demands of charging power. This charging power may lead to a
critical voltage condition and also reduces the transmission capability of the cable due to high
charging current.
To avoid the problems related to the charging power, compensation devices have to be
installed. How much the transmission capacity is reduced depends on the cable design,
length, required voltage quality, the compensation scheme and relevant reactive power
requirements at the onshore grid connection points.
Voltage control is a key technical condition for connection of wind farms to the grid. Wind
farms should be able to assist in control of its local grid voltage, by dynamically varying the
reactive power being generated or absorbed during its operation. All the wind farm generators
are small induction generators. These have no internal source of excitations and therefore
need to draw their magnetising currents from the power system. This causes a voltage drop,
but in addition, because of the variable nature of wind, produces large voltage fluctuations. A
degree of self-excitation can be provided by fitting capacitors across the terminals of the
generator.
A second approach is to use turbines that incorporate their own power electronic converters,
and so have the ability to alter their generator excitation in order to change their reactive
power import or export. A number of different machines fall into this category; doubly fed
induction generators (DFIGs) which have their generator rotor completely decoupled from the
grid, or full converter machines, which have both the generator stator and rotor decoupled
from the grid.
131
Such variable speed turbines are attractive as they can convert more of the power from the
wind into electrical energy than a conventional induction generator. In addition, as rotor speed
is decoupled from grid frequency, power spikes arising from wind gusts can also be
dampened. Some of the benefit of increased power capture is, however, offset by the losses
within the power electronics.
In England, the reference voltage for such control should be at the point of connection (PCC)
to the grid for wind farms, while in Scotland it should be at the point of connection or at the
wind turbine terminals.
Today however, a wind farm can meet the new voltage control demands in a number of ways.
For starters, fast switched capacitances and reactances such as Static Var Compensators
(SVC, MSCDN or STATCOMS) can be added to existing or new wind turbines. The voltage
control components i.e. SVCs, can be moved from the low voltage terminals of individual wind
turbines to the point of connection, at 33kV or a higher voltage i.e. at grid voltage 132kV or
275kV. The higher voltage compensators are much larger and more expensive than lower
voltage compensators. As with the voltage control requirements, wind farm designs will have
to include either SVCs, MSCDNs, STATCOMs or wind turbines with power electronic
converters to meet the requirements.
Speed of response to voltage fluctuation is a critical aspect of voltage control. However,
where voltage control is required at the point of connection, turbines may be required to react
to voltage changes, which can be several kilometres away.
The power factor correction is applied at the point of connection. The size of the power factor
correction range offered, or SVC, must be calculated taking into account the impedances of all
on site equipment such as power transformers and cables on offshore and onshore. To allow
despatch of more reactive power from wind farms, the entire sites must be designed for
operation between 0.95 lead (generation) to 0.95 lag (absorption).
9.3
132
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
133
9.3.6
134
10.
FERRO-RESONANCE
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
135
136
Ferro-resonance can occur on circuits with power transformers connected to overhead lines.
Also where wound type electromagnetic voltage transformers are connected to isolate
sections of busbars in association with circuit breaker grading capacitors.
Ferro-resonance should not be confused with linear resonance which occurs when inductive
and capacitive reactance are equal.
On transformer feeder circuits ferro-resonance conditions can be established between the
circuit (overhead line) capacitance and the transformer magnetising inductance.
Power Transformers
On a transformer feeder associated with a double circuit overhead line route, the ensuing
resonance is maintained by energy transferred to the resonance circuit via capacitive mutual
coupling from the adjacent circuit(s) on towers, producing the non-linear current and voltage
waveforms characteristic of resonance.
Voltage Transformers
Immediately following de-energisation of a wound VT, an oscillation occurs between the VT
inductance and capacitance to earth of any network remaining connected to the VT. These
could occur when switching out a wound VT connected by SF6 circuit breakers which have
higher values of grading capacitors and small connected network capacitance.
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVTs)
Although CVTs are inherently capable of ferro-resonance, the condition is controlled by the
use of integral internal resonance suppression circuits.
137
138
11.
QUADRATURE BOOSTER
Quadrature Booster is a phase shifting Transformer. This is a specialised form of transformer
used for controlling the flow of real power on three phase electricity transmission network.
These are three single phase quad boosters connected together to form a three phase quad
booster unit.
A shunt (exciting) transformer has its primary windings connected in delta across lines L1, L2
and L3. The secondary windings, equipped with tapchanging gear, are connected in Star and
supply the primary windings of the quadrature boosting transformer, the latter being
connected in Star.
139
140
The secondary windings of the shunt (exciting ) transformer have two independent sets of
tappings, one set for the quadrature boost and the other set for the in-phase boost. It will be
clear that the primary windings of the in-phase boosting transformer must be connected in
delta, in order that the secondary induced voltages shall be in phase with the circuit voltages.
Arrangement
A quadrature booster typically consists of two separate transformers: a shunt unit and a series
unit.
The shunt unit has its winding terminals connected so to shift its output voltage by 90 with
respect to the supply voltage. Its output is then applied as input to the series unit. Because
its secondary winding is in series with the main circuit, it adds the phase-shifted component.
The overall output voltage is hence the vector sum of the supply voltage and the 90
quadrature component.
The quad booster shunt unit is normally designed with 1 to 19 taps. The quad booster is
controlled to provide negative and positive ranges of flow with magnitude of the phase shift
across the quad booster.
The flow on the circuit containing the quad booster may be increased (boost tapping) or
reduced (buck tapping).
Method of Operation
By means of a voltage derived from the supply that is first phase-shifted by 90 (hence is in
quadrature), and then re-applied to it, a phase angle is developed across the quadrature
booster. Quadrature boosters thus provide a means of relieving overloads on heavy laden
circuits and re-routing power via more favourable paths.
141
142
12.
It specifies a system used for transmitting or exchanging electrical power by means of direct current.
HVDC transmission is widely recognised as being advantageous for long distance bulk power delivery,
asynchronous interconnections and long submarine cable crossings.
HVDC is used to transmit electricity over long or very long distance by overhead transmission
lines or submarine cables, because it then becomes economically attractive over a conventional
AC transmission lines.
Station
Cost
Break Even
Distance
DC
DC
Converter
Stations
AC
Stations
AC
800km 50km
OverheadSubmarine
Line
Cable
Transmission
Distance
In a HVDC system, electric power is taken from a three-phase AC network system converted to
DC in a converter station, transmitted to the receiving end by a DC cable or a DC overhead line
and then inverted back to AC in another converter station and injected in to receiving end AC
network system.
HVDC converter station uses thyristor valves to perform the conversion from AC to DC and vice
versa. The valves are normally arranged as a 12-pulse converter. The valves are connected to
the AC system by means of a converter transformers.
143
The 12 pulse converter produces odd harmonic currents (h=np 1) on the AC side ie 11th, 13th,
23rd, 25th, 35th, 37th ... These harmonics are prevented from entering in to the AC network
system by providing AC harmonic filters.
DC
Line
Sending
End
Inverter
Rectifier
Receiving
End
Transformer
V1
V2
Vdc
F
Idc
Idc
Iac
Capacitor
Filter
Iac
t
t
Idc=V1- V2
R
The 12 pulse converter produces even harmonic currents on the DC side ie 12th, 24th, 36th.
These even harmonics are prevented from entering DC overhead line by providing DC filters. A
large smoothing reactor is always installed on the DC side to reduce ripple in the DC current.
This large smoothing reactor also filters these harmonics. However for a submarine cable
application instead of DC overhead line DC filters are not required.
144
Rectification Station
Converting AC to DC is called rectification and DC to AC called inversion.
At the rectification station, three single phase converter transformers are used. Each single phase
converter transformer consists of one primary winding with Star (Y) Wye arrangement to connect AC
system and two secondary windings to split AC into two separate AC supplies. One of the two
secondary windings is configured to have a Star (Y) Wye arrangement and the other to have a Delta ( )
arrangement to provide a phase shift of 30 degree between two sets of three phases and to ensure a
correct AC voltage for connecting 6 pulse or 12 pulse thyristor valves to convert AC voltage to DC
voltage. The valves employ high power thyristor valves, together with associated gating, damping and
grading circuits, arranged in 6 pulse or 12-pulse converter groups.
A similar arrangement is provided at the inverter station with three single phase transformers, with the
same MVA ratings with one primary and two secondary windings as described above together with
associated gating, damping and grading circuits, arranged in 6 pulse or 12-pulse converter groups
connected in anti parallel direction to allow DC current to flow in the same direction as the converter
station.
145
146
147
3rd/11th HARMONIC
FILTERS- 92MVAr
13th/23rd/35th HARMONIC
FILTERS-58MVAr
148
Monopole
In a monopole Configuration, one of the terminals of the rectifier is connected to earth ground and the
other terminal which is at high potential, is connected to a transmission line or cable. The earth terminal
may or may not be connected to the inverter station by means of a conductor, all depend on where the
inverting station is situated. To avoid any electrochemical corrosion, any water pollution or magnetic
field disturbance, earth terminal should be connected to the inverting station by a lower insulation
conductor. Advantage of monopole configuration is that the monopole configuration can be expanded in
to a bipole configuration in the future.
Monopolar systems are the simplest and least expensive systems for moderate power transfers since
only two converters and one high-voltage insulated cable or line conductor are required.
149
Bipole
In a bipole configuration, each terminal of the rectifier is connected at high voltage to each converter
terminal. Each terminal will be at high potential and the conductors connecting rectifier and the inverter
should be insulated to a high voltage. This clearly indicates that the bipole transmission is more
expensive than the monopole DC transmission. However the bipole configuration has more advantages
than the monopole configuration. Bipole configuration can be controlled with separate control system or
with bipole control system. A bipolar system can also be installed with a metalltalic earth return
conductor.
Back-to-Back Scheme
For a back- to-back scheme both the ends of the scheme are at the same location, more typically both converters
are located within the same building, known as a valve hall. In this case the transmission link is not 800km of
overhead line but is an 8 to 10m of aluminium busbar.
Exchange of Power Between AC Systems which are not Synchronised.
Because power transmitted as DC is asynchronous, ie it is independent of the voltage and phase angle at either
end of the link, two AC systems which are not synchronised can still exchange power.
150
AREVAs latest range of thyristor valves for HVDC converter applications is the H400 Series. They
use direct liquid cooling which enables a single circuit system with either pure deionised water or a
water/glycol mixture, depending on ambient temperature conditions at site. The valves are also air
insulated and suspended within a controlled environment. By suspension mounting the valves, the
mechanical stresses are reduced, which is of particular importance for applications in seismic areas.
The valves employ high power thyristors, together with associated gating, damping and grading
circuits, arranged in 6 pulse or 12-pulse converter groups. According to the application type,
thyristors with different voltage ratings and diameters can be easily accommodated.
The valves can be configured for either a mono polar or bipolar operation, as a Back-to-Back or a
two terminal transmission scheme.
Figure 1 below shows a typical HVDC converter valve arrangement.
151
It is important to aim for a low protective level, but also ensure the rating of the arrester is sufficiently
high so that its continuous power dissipation is low. The latter being to avoid thermal runaway in the
arresters zinc oxide blocks. Therefore preliminary system studies are carried out to estimate the valve
arrester coordinating currents and energy inputs during faults and enables the number of arrester
columns to be calculated. Once the surge arrester design is confirmed, the number of thyristor levels
per valve can then be determined.
152
153
The control system provides all of the functionality needed to control and protect the HVDC equipment
and ensure safe stable real and reactive power flow through the converter and into the connected
power systems. The control system controls the valve firing, filter switching, tap changer operation,
cooling plant operation and provides protection for thyristor valves and other related DC equipment
including the HVDC transmission lines and/or cables. The control system has been designed for use in
both manned and unmanned stations.
Station control comprises the followings:
Station Power Control
Power Demand Override Control
Reactive Power
.Ac Voltage Control
HVDC Protection
Conventional protections are provided for Converter transformers, filters, Busbars and feeders
Rapid switching
Zero power losses
Electrically and mechanically robust
Fire-retardant
154
155
DOWN DRAUGHTS
OF COLD AIR
NEGATIVE CHARGED
CLOUD BASE
SURFACE RAIN
UP DRAUGHTS
OF WARM AIR
156
LINEAR BOUNDARY
157
LINEAR BOUNDARY
SUBSTATION
EQUIPMENT
158
The shielding has its centre at twice the height of the mast (shielding wire) and the resulting tent has an
Apex Angle of 2 x 30. This angle agrees closely with that stated formerly of 32 to 35.
Height or the mast depends on the size of the substation.
Based on electro geometric model, the rolling sphere method was developed. According to this
method a sphere is rolled over the contour of the substation. The radius of the sphere is the striking
distance corresponding to the critical current of the return stroke.
For overhead lines, critical return stroke current Ic
IC
2 u BIL
ZP
159
160
6
5
H
y
4 y 4 y 2 3d 2
6
2H
H
3
d
2
1
0
d
y
161
162
Earth wire
shield angle
35
connected to
previous
connected
to next
Overhead Line Tower Showing Earth Wire Shield at 35 degree to the Vertical
Protecting 3 Phase Live conductors.
163
164
EARTHING
Soil Resistivity Measurement
Measuring Instrument
1 - Megger digital earth tester DET 5/2D and accessory kits.
Setting up the Test Spikes
For soil resistivity measurement, the instrument test leads are connected to spikes which
are hammered into the ground as shown.
A
V
Bd
A
20
AR
2A
1
4 B
A
A
B
Where
U
=
Resistivity of the soil in W-m
R
=
Resistance in Ohms resulting from dividing the voltage between the potential
by the current flowing between the current electrodes.
A
=
Distance between adjacent electrodes in m
probes
165
If B is small compared to A, as is the case of probes penetrating the ground a short distance only, the
above equation can be reduced to:(B not exceeding one twentieth of their separation). Equation 36,
ANSI/IEEE80 1986
The current tends to flow near the surface for small probe spacings, whereas more of the current
penetrates deeper soils for large spacings.
Soil Resistivity Values
Soil
Resistivity (Ohm/cm)
500
1,000 3,000 4,000 15,000 25,000 30,000 100,000 -
5,000
10,000
10,000
25,000
30,000
50,000
300,000
1,000,000
This table sets out typical values of specific soil resistivity but these values vary so greatly, at site
testing is the only really satisfactory guide
Minimum Conductor Size
The Addendum No:1 to TS 3.01.02 (Earthing), require 40% derating for duplex or loop connection.
As a results of that, all loop connections sizes to be 40% larger.
Prefarred loop conductors shall be: for 63kA 1s - copper strip 50x5mm
for 40kA 1s - copper strip 40x4mm
for 40kA 3s - copper strip 50x6mm
for 31.5lA 3s -copper strip 50x5mm
All conductors which may carry fault point current shall be fully rated.
166
c)
Electrodes should be mechanically reliable and rugged to a high degree, especially on locations
exposed to corrosion or physical abuse.
-Choice of Material and Related Corrosion Problems
Copper is the most common material used for grounding because it has the following properties:a)
High Conductivity
b)
Being resistant to underground corrosion since copper is cathodic with respect to other metals
that are likely to be buried in the vicinity.
The grid burial depth also influences the step and touch voltages significantly. However for very
large increases in depth, the touch voltage may actually increase.
Current Density
Grid only for a ground system consisting only of grid conductors the current along any one of the
conductors is discharged into the earth in a fairly uniform manner. However a larger portion of the
current is discharged into the soil from the outer grid conductor rather than from the conductors at or
near the centre of the grid.
An effective way of making the current density more uniform between the inside and periphery
conductors is to employ a non uniform spacing.
Touch and Step Voltages
Since most of the current in a uniformly spaced grid is discharged into the earth from outer conductors,
therefore the most touch and step voltages occur in the outer meshes especially in the corner meshes.
Increasing the number of meshes (decreasing the conductor spacing) tends to reduce the touch and
step voltages until a saturation limit is reached.
The maximum permitted touch and step potentials as prescribed in TS 3.1.2 (5) are 1.4kV and 4.6kV
respectively ( with surface chipping cover). Touch potential is defined as the difference between the
maximum ROEP and the surface potential 1m from the corner of the earthing system
167
168
2.
2.1
U S
4r
(1)
A very simple method can be employed by using a modification of the circular plate electrode
formula equation (1) adding a second term as follows:-
U
4r
(2)
Equations 1 and 2 can be used with reasonable accuracy for grid depths less than 0.25m. For
grid depths between 0.25 and 2.5m, correction for the grid depth is required. Using Sveraks
approximation,
1
1
1
R U
20A 1 h 20 / A
L
2.2
(3)
U 8l
1n 1
2S l d
( 4)
Where l is the length of the rod, d is the diameter of the rod,U is the soil resistivity in ohm
metres.
A simplified formula:-
U
350
ohms
(5 )
169
Where the fence and the attached earth rods are connected to the grid they become the edge of the
grid. The area within the fence should be used to determine the radius r. However, the fence should not
be taken into account when determining the number of parallel buried conductors, or total length of
conductor when determining the resistance.
170
Where the fence and the associated earth rods are not connected to the grid, ( ie normally 2m space
between earth grid and the substation fence is allowed), the fence voltage may typically be taken to be
70% of that of the grid potential rise (GPR).
Particular care should be taken with water pipes, cables, etc., and these should be insulated where
they pass below or close to the fence.
2.3
Resistance Due to Overhead Earth Wires and Overhead Line Tower Footings
The overhead line towers act as additional earth electrodes in parallel with the site earth
electrode system. The overhead line earth wire and tower footing resistances form a
ladder network with the line terminal tower considered as being part of the site earth
electrode. The formula used:-
ZL
2.4
ZPE
ZPE u RT :
2
(6)
Ie
If u
Zmoe
Z pe
(7)
3.
The total earth fault current can return to source by four different paths:a)
Via transformer neutrals connected to earth mesh.
b)
Via cable sheaths due to induction from the unbalanced current in the primary conductors.
c)
d)
Via the overhead line earth wires/tower footings and cable sheaths by conduction.
The latter two paths in parallel form the total size impedance to earth and it is the current flow through
this combined path that causes the rise in earth potential.
171
4.
The maximum rise in potential above remote earth will be V ( GPR or ROEP) = IR, where I is the fault
current in the grid and R is the ground grid resistance.
5.
Touch potential (Etouch) is the tolerable potential difference between any point of the ground where a
man may stand and any point which can be touched simultaneously by either hand.
For practical grid arrangements of r > 5m and for depth h > 0.25m and < 1m, a useful approximate
expression providing values of VT within 5% of the full expression is as follows:-
VT
1 2
0.5
1
/
n
h
d
2h D ki
2
.
8
(
n
1
)
K
R
(9)
172
RB RE / 2 I B
Etouch
0.116
(1000 1.5U )
t
116 0.17U
(10)
Assume the high speed protection clears the ground fault in 100ms, but allows 200ms for a second fault
due to auto-reclosure. For wet crushed rock surface with resistivity of the order of 3000 ohm-m, the
tolerable step and touch voltage can be calculated
6.
Step potential (Estep) is the tolerable potential difference between any two points on the ground surface
which can be touched simultaneously by the feet.
For practical grid arrangements and with the same limitations as given in Item 5, a useful approximate
expression for step voltage is as follows:
1 2
2h D ki
Vs V
2.8 n 1 K R
(12)
Tolerable potential difference between two points (ie step potential Estep) can be written as:
Estep
RB 2 RF I B
1000 6U 0.116
116 0.7 U
t
t
(13)
173
The voltage profile around the substation will be developed mainly from the large buried grid with
additional, superimposed voltage profiles around the rod electrodes and tower footings.
Vx
r
UI
arc Sin
2S r
x
(14 )
Where Vx is the ground voltage at a distance x metres from the edge of the substation grid electrode.
174
175
176
177
Marconite trench
filling
100 mm
78 m
100 mm
6m
100 mm
Soil Resistivity =
Bore Hole Depth
Number of Bores
50 Wm
=
6m
=
52
R1
2S L
R1
6 . 867 :
R 52
8L
8L
U c 1n
1 U c 1n
1
R1 >1 OD
n
Where O
8 . 67
@
n
52
0.2
R1
6 . 867 :
R 52
With a 100mm square trench of Marconite encapsulating a copper tape connected to the bore holes.
2 L2
U
1 n
Q
P S L
wh
0 . 353 :
178
Assuming the trench is 312m long in a square of approximate dimensiions 78 x 78m, resistance of 2
trenches, each 78m long, connected at right angles.
Assuming the trench is 312m long in a square of approximate dimensiions 78 x 78m, resistance of 2
trenches, each 78m long, connected at right angles.
Where soil resistivity r = 150 Wm, P = 4, Q = 0.5, L = 78m, w = 0.1m, h = 1m
R = 1.868 W
Total resistance of square trench = 0.934 W
Total resistance of earth mat = 0.256 W
179
180
181
V
X
182
6) The True resistance of the earth electrode is equal to the measured resistance when the Potential
spike is positioned 61.8% of the distance between the earth electrode and the current spike, away from
earth electrode. This is the 61.8% Rule and strictly only applies when the earth electrode and both
current and potential spikes are in a straight line.
183
14.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
GEC Journal
2.
3.
4.
CIGRE Working Group 04 General Guidelines for the Design of Outdoor A.C.
Substation
5.
Earthing Design Standards ER S5/1, ER S/34, ER 41-24, BS 7354, IEEE 80 & 81,
CP103
6.
7.
8.
9.
V Ayadurai
184
15.
APPENDICES
15.6 V Ayadurai
for
Appendix 15.1.1
PROTECTION CALCULATIONS TO
RECOMMEND RELAY SETTINGS
FOR THE
400kV FLEET SUBSTATION
MSCDN1
MAIN PROTECTION WITHOUT 400kV CABLE PROTECTION
FOR
NATIONAL GRID TRANSCO
ENGLAND
By: V AYADURAI
July 2004
CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
2.
3.
BACK UP PROTECTION
3.1
3.2
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
6.1
6.2
7.2
8.2
10.
11.
12.
APPENDIX
July 2004
1.
INTRODUCTION
This document contains brief calculations to derive the recommended relay settings
for the MSCDN2 for 400kV Lovedean substation. Protection setting calculations are
based on NGTS 3.6.14 - Copperwork Protection,TGN(T)64 and TGN(E) 181 issue1 Nov
2002-Rating and Setting Resistors and Metrosils for - Instantaneous High Impedance
Differential Protection.
The results are tabulated in the final section, together with other relevant data and
figures.
1.1
RL
CT Ratio
Vk
CT Secondary Resistance
RCT
Relay Resistance
RR
CT Magnetising Current
OP
Relay Burden
VA
Relay Current
VR
Im
July 2004
ISR
b)
CT Ratio:
Class X Vk 426V,
1200/600/1A
T = 1/1200
Relays
AREVA T&D EAI type high impedance circulating current MFAC 34 relays with
metrosils and if applicable fault setting resistor.
C.
D.
System Parameters
a)
b)
C, D
Lead Resistance
VS
Stability Voltage
SR
July 2004
E.
2.1
= 350A
(1)
If the setting voltage of the circuit is made equal to or greater than this voltage, then
the protection will be stable.
The knee point voltage of the CT should be greater than 2 Vs
It is necessary that the voltage appearing across the relay circuit VR should be greater
than or equal to VS.
Table 1:
Item
No
1
HV
SIDE
2
LV
SIDE
Lead
Length
M
60
55
50
Lead
Resistance
0.28
0.25
0.23
CT
Resistance
1.84
1.84
1.84
10
10
10
2
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.0092
184
194
204
10
10
10
2
Total
Parameters
2.12
2.09
2.07
R
Y
B
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.0092
R
Y
B
N
0.848
0.894
0.940
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.978
3.024
3.07
R
Y
B
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.0092
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.0092
R
Y
B
N
July 2004
Using Equation 1 :-
VS
50 1000
1200
( B + D + F)
50 1000
1200
A = 2.12 ,
C = 0.046 ,
E = 0.0092
B = 3.07 ,
D = 0.046 ,
F = 0.0092
VR = 175V (Selected)
2.2
Fault Setting
Fault setting shall be 10-30% of the MSCDN2 rated current.
a)
Let the Primary Operating Current (POC) be 15% of MSCDN2 rated current
POC = 0.15 x 350 = 52.5A
b)
(2)
c)
2.3
52.5
SR
= 0.130A
July 2004
= Value of voltage that would appear if CTs did not saturate, which is given
by,
Vfs
Ifs
RCCT
RL
Vpk
=2
4
x Ifs x Vk
4
x 41.7 x 426 = 22.62kW
July 2004
= C I
= 450 or 900
= 0.25
VP
VP
a)
0.52, V = 2 VS
2 VS
I
C SL
0.52
The values of C and are chosen so that the voltage across the metrosil is
limited to less than 3kV peak at the maximum fault current. The acceptable
metrosil currents should be as low as possible, i.e. < 30mA for 1A secondary.
b)
50 1000
1200
2 175
41.7A (1 sec)
= 900 SL
0.52
ISL = Im = 3.0mA
0.25
July 2004
2.4
In practice the Metrosil current 0.003A is negligible, therefore this can be ignored.
2.5
MVTP31
Setting Calculations
The initial impedance of the current transformer at the bottom bend region
(30.17) V / 0.0016 A = 17688
i)
ii)
= 9210
4512
= 0.0291
voltage drop =
=
0.0291 x 4512
131V
14V
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14
July 2004
Settings
a)
b)
c)
3.
BACK UP PROTECTION
3.1
3.1.1
Relay Data
3.1.2
3.1.3
Manufacturer:
Type:
MCGG 52
Documentation:
R6054
Rated Current:
1A
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
Core No:
CT Ratio:
2000/1000/1A
Class:
1/5P/10/20, 30VA
System Parameters
a)
System Voltage:
400kV
b)
50kA
c)
1 sec.
d)
34.177 kA
e)
30.704 kA
10
July 2004
3.1.4
Setting Calculation
a)
Overcurrent Protection
Rated Current
= 350A
= 1000/1A
= 525A
(0/0/0)
Very Inverse
(1/0/0)
Extremely Inverse :
(0/0/1)
(1/1/0)
Definite Time 2s
(0/0/1)
Definite Time 4s
(1/0/1)
Definite Time 8s
(0/1/1)
c)
= 0.5A
0.5 x 1000A
=
b)
t =
(I
0.14
0.02
) at TMS = 1
The minimum tripping time (calculated with the minimum value between 30 x
1000 x IS, limit of the curve, and If, the maximum fault current) shall be less
than the fault withstanding duration and longer than the main protections
tripping time.
Minimum value li between 30 x 1000 x IS and If :
30 x 1000 x 0.50 = 15.5kA
and
11
If = 34.177kA
July 2004
34.18 x 10 3
0.5 x 1000
68.4
(I
0.14
0.02
= 30.7kA
175
=
1000
0.175
= 17%
Proposed current setting S
= 0.2A
Set earth fault curve to standard inverse (SI) IDMT curve from graph, clearance time
of less than 1 second for fault at capacitor bank terminals is guaranteed with TMS =
0.50
Where I = 30704 / 200
153.5
Standard Inverse curve reaches Definite time, at I = 30, a minimum time t = 199s at
TMS = 1
using t =
0.14
x 0.50 = 0.995 seconds
I 1
0.02
Instantaneous Element
Setting Range:
1 to 31 in unity steps +
12
Therefore,
July 2004
3.1.7
Setting:
Set IINST
Relay Setting
a)
b)
=
=
=
=
0.1
0.4
0
c)
0.50
=
=
=
=
0.50
0.1
0.1
0
3.2
Phase Unbalanced
3.2.1
Relay Data
3.2.2
Manufacturer:
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
1A
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
Core No:
CT Ratio:
2000/1000/1A
Class:
1/5P/10/20, 30VA
13
July 2004
3.2.3
3.2.4
System Parameters
a)
b)
50kA
c)
1 sec.
d)
34.177 kA
e)
30.704 kA
Setting Calculation
a)
= 350A
CT Ratio Selected
= 1000/1A
20 80% of 1A
=
= 0.2A
= 0.2 x 1000A
= 200A (139 MVA)
3.2.5
Setting
MCAG 19 relay setting
2 seconds
4.
4.1
4.1.1
Relay Data
Manufacturer:
Type:
MCTI 39
Documentation:
R6037
Rated Current:
1A
20%
14
July 2004
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
Core No:
CT Ratio:
2000/1000/1A
Class:
1/5P/10/20, 30VA
System Parameters
a)
b)
50kA
c)
1 sec.
d)
34.177 kA
e)
30.704 kA
Setting Calculation
a)
= 350A
CT Ratio Selected
= 1000/1A
current setting
= 0.05A
= 0.05 x 1000A
= 50A (34.7 MVA)
4.2
4.2.1
Relay Data
Manufacturer:
Type:
MVTT14
Documentation:
R6012
Rated Current:
1A
15
July 2004
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
Core No:
CT Ratio:
2000/1000/1A
Class:
1/5P/10/20, 30VA
System Parameters
a)
b)
50kA
c)
1 sec.
d)
34.177 kA
e)
30.704 kA
Setting Calculation
a)
15 ms.
30 ms.
10 ms.
Setting =
=
4.3
(58 + 15 + 60 + 30 - 10)
153 ms.
150 ms
5%
150 ms.
16
58 ms.
July 2004
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
1A
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
Core No:
CT Ratio:
2000/1000/1A
Class:
1/5P/10/20, 30VA
System Parameters
a)
b)
50kA
c)
1 sec.
d)
34.177 kA
e)
30.704 kA
5.4
Setting Calculation
5.4.1
Stage 1
Rated Current
CT Ratio Selected
= 350A
= 1000/1A
50 - 200%
= 130% of 350A
= 455A
current setting
17
= 0.5A
July 2004
= 0.5 x 1000A
= 500A
b)
5.4.2
Alarm Timer
Timer setting range:
Setting selected:
= 1 second
Stage 2
Rated Current
CT Ratio Selected
= 350A
= 1000/1A
50 200%
= 150% of 350A
= 525A
current setting
= 0.55A
= 0.55 x 1000A
= 550A
b)
Trip Timer
Timer setting range:
Setting selected:
= 1 second
5.5
Settings
5.5.1
Stage 1 Alarm
5.5.2
a)
b)
Stage 2 Trip
a)
b)
18
July 2004
6.
6.1
6.1.1
Relay Data
6.1.2
6.1.3
Manufacturer:
Haefely Trench
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
CT Ratio:
20/5A
Class:
0.5, 30VA
System Parameters
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
400kV (ph-ph)
f)
231kV (ph-neutral)
g)
350A
h)
Main Capacitor
Total capacitance/phase
4.57 F
6.40 F
140
i.e.
50kA
34.177 kA
= 14)
19
July 2004
C1
C2
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.20 0.29
1.42 2.10
0.40 0.59
2.98 4.41
0.61 0.90
4.72 6.97
0.82 1.21
6.64 9.81
1.04 1.54
8.79 12.99
1.27 1.88
11.21 16.57
1.50 2.22
13.96 20.62
1.74 2.58
17.10 25.26
1.99 2.95
20.73 30.62
10
2.24 3.33
24.97 36.88
1/0.15A/>5s alarm
1/1.3A/>5s alarm
Stage 2
6/1.25A/1s trip
3/4.5A/1s trip
Stage 3
9/1.95A/<0.1s trip
7/13.8A/<0.1s trip
Protection Settings
400C1b
Elements
Current
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
1
6
9
0.15A
1.25A
1.95A
a)
Time
10 secs Alarm
1s
Trip
< 0.1s
Trip
Current setting
0.15A (primary)
20/5A
=
0.15
x 5 = 0.038A (secondary)
20
20
July 2004
b)
Relay setting =
4.0%
Time setting
c)
20/5A
1.25
x 5 = 0.31A (secondary)
20
Current setting
Relay setting =
31%
Time setting
6.1.5
1.25A (primary)
1.95A (primary)
20/5A
1.95
x 5 = 0.49A (secondary)
20
Current setting
Relay setting =
49%
Time setting
Iub al / In
time setting
Iub al : xt
Iub > / In
time setting
Iub > : xt
Settings
a)
b)
c)
Iub >> / In
21
July 2004
time setting
Iub >> : xt
6.2
6.2.1
Relay Data
Manufacturer:
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
6.2.2
CT Parameters
a)
6.2.3
6.2.4
1A
Main CT
CT Location:
Post Type
Core No:
CT Ratio:
2000/1000/1A
Class:
1/5P20, 30VA
System Parameters
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
422.6kV (ph-ph)
f)
244.0kV (ph-neutral)
g)
350A
50kA
34.177 kA
Setting Calculation
The capacitor overvoltage protection should be set to trip at a level based on the
ANSI curve and the value of IBC > set to the current corresponding to the maximum
fundamental voltage rating of the bank.
The voltage selected
22
422.6kV
July 2004
The increase in rms voltage across the capacitor banks due to normal system
harmonics is negligible.
CT Ratio
a)
ICR / IN
1000/1A
=
350
1000
= 0.35
VC > / VCR
1.05
timer setting =
c)
Stage 2 Trip
Voltage setting
VC >> / VCR
1.1
timer setting =
6.2.5
Settings
a)
ICR / IN
0.35
b)
VC > / VCR
1.05
timer setting =
c)
VC >> / VCR
timer setting
=
VC >> : xt
1.1
23
July 2004
7.
7.1
7.1.1
Relay Data
Manufacturer:
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
7.1.2
7.1.3
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
CT Ratio:
200/5A
Class:
0.5, 30VA
System Parameters
a)
72.5kV (ph-ph)
b)
41.85kV (ph-neutral)
c)
368.5A
d)
Filter Capacitor
Total capacitance/phase
36.56 F
7.31 F
20
i.e.
i)
= 2)
5 units in parallel
2 units in series
7.1.4
Setting Calculation
Healthy Full Phase Current (fund)
368.5A
24
July 2004
184.3A
Refer to item 6.1.3 (sheet 22) for Capacitor Unbalance spill current.
400C2b
Elements
Current
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
1
3
7
1.3A
4.5A
13.8A
a)
CT Ratio
200/5A
1.3
x 5 = 0.033A (secondary)
200
Relay setting =
3%
Time setting
CT Ratio
4.5A (primary)
200/5A
4.5
x 5 = 0.11 (secondary)
200
Current setting
Relay setting =
11%
Time setting
7.1.5
1.3A (primary)
Current setting
Spill currrent =
c)
10 secs Alarm
1s
Trip
0.1s
Trip
b)
Time
13.8A (primary)
200/5A
13.8
x 5 = 0.345A (secondary)
200
Current setting
Relay setting =
34%
Time setting
Settings
25
July 2004
a)
Iub al / In
time setting
Iub al : xt
Iub > / In
time setting
Iub > : xt
Iub >> / In
time setting
Iub >> : xt
b)
c)
7.2
7.2.1
Relay Data
Manufacturer:
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
7.2.2
CT Parameters
a)
7.2.3
1A
Main CT
CT Location:
CT Ratio:
400/1A
Class:
5P10, 30VA
Setting Calculation
The capacitor overvoltage protection should be set to trip at a level based on the
ANSI curve and the value of IBC > set to the current corresponding to the maximum
fundamental voltage rating of the bank.
The voltage selected (rated fundamental)
26
31.70kV (ph-neutral)
July 2004
CT Ratio selected
400/1A
The increase in rms voltage across the capacitor banks due to normal system
harmonics is negligible.
a)
ICR / IN
368.5
= 0.921
400
VC > / VCR
1.05
timer setting =
c)
Stage 2 Trip
Voltage setting
VC >> / VCR
1.1
timer setting =
7.2.4
Settings
a)
ICR / IN
0.92
b)
VC > / VCR
1.05
timer setting =
c)
VC >> / VCR
timer setting
=
VC >> : xt
1.1
8.
8.1
8.1.1
27
July 2004
8.1.2
8.1.3
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
1A
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
CT Ratio:
20/1A
Class:
Class X, Vk = 426V
Setting Calculation
a)
MCAG 39
Timer:
MVTT 14
18.3A
280 secs.
CT Ratio Selected
20/1A
50 200%
19.2A
current setting
0.96 x 20A
19.2A
Setting selected:
1 second
Alarm Timer
b)
28
CPR97
July 2004
th > / n
Thermal constant
8.1.4
selected
1.0
=
280 secs.
a)
b)
c)
1.0A
280 secs.
8.2
8.2.1
Relay Data
8.2.3
1.0A
Settings
8.2.2
20.13A
selected
Manufacturer:
VA Tech
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
1A
CT Parameters
CT Location:
CT Ratio:
20/1A
Class:
Setting Calculation
Resistor Open Circuit calculation
Total combined current
36.5A
792 (hot)
+ 5%
792 x 1.05
29
831.6
July 2004
792 x 0.95
19.16A
17.34A
1.82A
1.82
= 0.091A
20
0.10A
9.1
9.1.1
Relay Data
9.1.3
752.4
Settings
a)
9.1.2
Manufacturer:
Type:
Documentation:
Rated Current:
1A
1 second
CT Parameters
CT Location:
Post Type
CT Ratio:
400/1A
Class:
5P10, 30VA
Setting Calculation
a)
MCAG 39
Timer:
MVTT 14
= 377A
30
= 120 minutes
July 2004
= 400/1A
50 200%
= 395.8A
current setting
= 0.99 x 400A
= 396A (32.2 MVA based on
reactor voltage 47kV nominal)
b)
Setting selected:
= 1 second
9.1.4
1.03A
th > / In
1.03A
Settings
a)
b)
c)
1.03A
selected
12.
414.7A
CPR97
APPENDIX
31
July 2004
12.1
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
CPR97 Normal Mode Relay Associated with Reactor Thermal Overload and C2
Overvoltage
32
2.
2.1
: 31,500
Voltage Ratio
Connections
: Star/Delta
Vector Group
: Ynd1
Step (1.5%)
Low Tension: 33kV
2.1.1
CT Class
: 30VA, 5P20
CT Ratio
: 200/1A
VKP 617V
RCT = 5,0
2.1.2
CT Class
: 30VA, 5P20
CT Ratio
: 800/1A
VKP 660V
RCT = 2.88
2.1.3
Type
Protection Features
The protection features offered by the KBCH are listed below :
-
Overfluxing protection
1A
132kV
software
IPCT
Ynd1
KBCH120 RELAY
800/ 1A
33kV
- 30
software
- 30
Ydyo
- 30
- 30
IPCT
DIFFERENTIAL
ELEMENT
- 30
Yd1
200/ 1A
The transformer connection shows that the delta connected low voltage
line current lags the high voltage line current by 30 (30 phase shift). To
ensure that this phase shift does not create a differential current, the same
phase shift must be introduced in the secondary circuit. The HV software
interposing CT is effectively a winding replica of the main power transformer.
It not only provides a 30 phase shift, but also performs the necessary
function of filtering out any HV zero sequence current component.
2.1.4
Application
Transformers
where
If
40
15In
5.0
Rl (Lead burden)
0.346
In
1A
Rl
Rl
0.346
5.0
Rl
617V
660V
= 5.69
= 5.138
To ensure that the quoted operating times and through fault stability limits
are met the ratio of Vk (HV) / Rtot (HV) : Vk (LV) / Rtot (LV) , at biased inputs either
side of the protected impedance, should not exceed a maximum disparity
ratio of 1 : 3. This ensures that during a through fault condition the flux
density in the current transformers is not greatly different.
2.1.5
617
5.69
660
5.138
1.2
17 Tap increments
Tap increment =
10.5 - (-15)
25.5
=
17
17
132kV
Tap 1 =
Tap 18 =
= 1.5%
132kV x 97.75%
129.03kV
Tap position 8
132.0kV
(0%)
Tap position 9
130.02kV
(1.5%)
Tap position 10 =
128.04kV
(3.0%)
129.03kV
(2.25%)
+ 10.5%
15%
This shows that the mid Tap range is between Tap 9 and Tap 10 which is not
available.
Tap position 9 is selected as the Mid Tap position
CT Ratio
HV FLC on Tap 9
200/1A
=
31.5 x 10 3
130.02 x
= 139.9A
Primary
= 0.7A Secondary
=
=
139.9A Primary
0.7A Secondary
b)
Table 2 : Tap Position, Voltage and Current for Primary Side of the
Transformer
Tap
Positio
n
Numbe
r
HV Volts
kV
Tapchang
er Ranger
HV
Currents
A
Secondar
y (200/1)
A
145.86
10.5%
124.7
0.624
132.0
0%
137.8
0.689
130.02
1.5%
139.9
0.70
10
128.04
3.0%
142.0
0.71
14
120.12
9.0%
151.4
0.757
18
112.2
15%
162.1
0.81
139.9
LV Side Voltage
33kV
2.1.6
Primary
Mid Tap
A
31.5 x 10 3
33 x
CT Ratio
800/1A
LV Side Current
551
= 0.689A
800
= 551A Primary
Secondary
Relay Settings
Required HV ratio compensation factor
=
select
1.0/0.7 =
=
1.428
1.43
= 1.0/0.689 =
1.451
select
1.45
124.7A Primary
0.624A Secondary
1.43 x 0.624A
0.892A
1.43 x 0.81A
LV corrected current
=
=
1.1583A
1.45 x 0.689A
0.999A
diff at Tap 1
0.999 0.892 =
0.107A
diff at Tap 18
1.1583 0.999 =
0.159A
(RHV + RLV) / 2
(0.892 + 0.999) / 2
0.945A
(1.1583 + 0.999) /2
1.0786A
b)
OP
S + 0.2 bias
0.945A and S
0.2
0.389A
= 1.0786A and
0.2
0.46681A
Check diff < OP by a 10% margin for each tap extremity and adjust S as
necessary.
Tap 1 :
Since diff
0.9 x 0.389
0.350A
Since diff
0.2
= 0.9 x 0.4668
= 0.420A
0.2
3.
3.1
3.1.1
Transformer Data
Primary Voltage (HV Side)
Secondary Voltage (LV Side)
Transformer Rating
Transformer Connection
3.1.2
a)
=
=
=
132kV
=
33kV
23/31.5 MVA
Star / Delta
Rated Stability
Rated Primary Current =
31.5 x 10 6
3 x 132 x 10 3
= 137.8A
For stability limit the maximum through fault current F should be considered.
An estimation of the maximum three phase fault current can be estimated by
ignoring source impedance :
F
=
=
Transformer impedance
137.8
200
0.689
0.102
10.2%
=
0.689A
6.75A
b)
However the customer CEB has declared that the maximum fault level for
Ratnapura substation (refer to letter dated 30 January 2003 from Protection
Development of CEB).
Fault Level
132kV System
33kV System
Maximum
4.7 kA
7.0 kA
3.1.3
3.1.3.1
B
N
D
Relay
Circuit
RSETTING
T
D
B,C, D
resistance of wiring
3.1.3.2
VS
I1
I2
IS
IF
If
IF x T
If
ii)
(1)
If
3.1.3.3
(A + B + C) volts
(N + 2D ) volts
(2)
General Data
a)
b)
Line CT Parameters
CT location
Ratio
200/1A
Class
30VA, 5P20
617V
Resistance
0.8
CT location
Ratio
200/1A
Class
30VA, 5P20
c)
616V
Resistance
0.8
d)
3.1.3.4
4.61
Item
Length
(m)
Resistance
()
CT
()
15
0.069
0.8
100
0.461
85
0.392
85
0.392
35
0.16
Total
()
0.8
Parameters
0.869
R1
0.461
R2
0.392
R3
0.392
R4
0.96
R5
0.96
0.869 ,
0.461 ,
0.392 ,
0.392
a)
b)
4700
200
40.5V
VS
VS
4700
200
(0.96
+ 2 x 0.392 )
41.0V
To obtain high speed operation for internal faults, the knee point voltage, VK,
of the CTs must be significantly higher than the stability voltage, VS. This is
essential so that the operating current through the relay is a sufficient multiple
of the applied current setting. Ideally a ratio of VK 5VS would be
appropriate.
The required stability voltage can be calculated as VS K I f (N + 2D)
K = a constant affected by the dynamic response of the relay.
3.1.3.5
0.5 x
4700
200
(0.96
+ 2 x 0.392 )
20.5 V
b)
Relay Data
Manufacturer:
Type:
KCGG122
Rated Current:
1A
Iop
<
IS
(4)
Assuming that the relay effective setting for a solidly earthed power
transformer is approximately 50% of full load current.
Recommended primary fault setting is between 1060% of HV current
nI1 = 4 x 3 = 12mA
IS = 0.3445 0.012
IS = 0.3325
c)
VS
=
IS
RS =
20.5
0.3285
20.5
0.3325
62
62
Let us consider RS = 65
(Adjustable wire-wound resistor of 01500 is supplied)
d)
e)
At setting
(Is )2 R
or
V2 S
R
6.5 watts
2 2VK (Vf VK )
VK
Vf
If (N + 2D + Rstab)
If
4700 / 200
Vf
VP
23.5A
1569V
2168V
This value is below 3000V and therefore Metrosils are not required with
the relay.
3.1.3.6
Setting
Protection setting for KCGG122
-
65
3.2
3.2.1
Transformer Data
Primary Voltage (HV Side)
Secondary Voltage (LV Side)
Transformer Rating
Transformer Connection
3.2.3
=
=
=
132kV
=
33kV
23/31.5 MVA
Star / Delta
Rated Stability
Rated Primary Current =
31.5 x 10 6
3 x 132 x 10 3
= 137.8A
For stability limit the maximum through fault current F should be considered.
An estimation of the maximum three phase fault current can be estimated
by ignoring source impedance :
Transformer impedance
10.2%
137.8
200
0.689
0.102
0.689A
6.75A
132kV System
33kV System
Maximum
4.7 kA
7.0 kA
3.2.3
3.2.3.1
B
N
D
Relay
Circuit
RSETTING
T
D
B,C, D
resistance of wiring
VS
I1
I2
3.2.3.2
IS
IF
If
IF x T
If
ii)
(1)
If
3.2.3.3
(A + B + C) volts
(N + 2D ) volts
(2)
General Data
a)
b)
c)
Line CT Parameters
CT location
Ratio
200/1A
Class
30VA, 5P20
617V
Resistance
0.8
CT location
Ratio
200/1A
Class
30VA, 5P20
616V
Resistance
0.8
d)
3.2.3.4
4.61
Item
Length
(m)
Resistance
()
CT
()
20
0.092
0.8
90
0.415
70
0.323
80
0.369
30
0.138
Total
()
0.8
Parameters
0.892
R1
0.415
R2
0.323
R3
0.369
R4
0.938
R5
0.892 ,
0.415 ,
0.323 ,
0.369
a)
For phase to earth short circuit at X and assume line CT saturates using
equation (1), then VS,
VS
VS
b)
4700
200
(0.892
0.938
+ 0.415 + 0.323 )
38.3
4700
200
(0.938
+ 2 x 0.369 )
3 9.38 V
To obtain high speed operation for internal faults, the knee point
voltage, VK, of the CTs must be significantly higher than the stability
voltage, VS. This is essential so that the operating current through the
relay is a sufficient multiple of the applied current setting. Ideally a ratio
of VK 5VS would be appropriate.
6800
(0.938 + 2 x 0.369)
200
VS = 20.0V
3.2.3.5
b)
Relay Data
Manufacturer
Type
KCGG122
Rated Current
1A
Iop
IS
<
(4)
Assuming that the relay effective setting for a solidly earthed power
transformer is approximately 50% of full load current.
Recommended primary fault setting is between 1060% of HV current =
68.9A
nIe = 4 x 2 = 18mA
IS = 0.3445 0.008
IS = 0.3365
c)
VS
=
IS
RS =
20.0
0.3365
20
0.3365
59
60
Let us consider RS = 65
(Adjustable wire-wound resistor of 01500 is supplied)
d)
e)
At setting
(Is )2 R
or
V2 S
R
6.5 watts
= 2 2VK (Vf VK
VK
Vf
If (N + 2D + Rstab)
If
4700 / 200
23.5A
Vf
VP
1567V
2165V
This value is below 3000V and therefore Metrosils are not required with
the relay.
3.2.3.6
Setting
Protection setting for KCGG122
-
65
3.3
3.3.1
Transformer Data
Primary Voltage (HV Side)
Secondary Voltage (LV Side)
Transformer Rating
Transformer Connection
3.3.2
=
=
=
=
132kV
33kV
23/31.5 MVA
Star / Delta
Rated Stability
a)
31.5 x 10 6
3 x 33 x 10 3
= 551A
IF
Transformer impedance
10.2%
f
b)
0.689
0.102
551
800
0.689A
6.75A
However the customer CEB has declared that the maximum fault level
for Thulhiriya substation (refer to letter dated 30 January 2003 from
Protection Development of CEB).
Fault Level
132kV System
33kV System
Maximum
4.7 kA
7.0 kA
3.3.3
3.3.3.1
X
T
B
N
D
Relay
Circuit
RSETTING
D
B,C, D
resistance of wiring
VS
I1
3.3.3.2
I2
IS
IF
If
IF x T
If
ii)
(1)
If
3.3.3.3
(A + B + C) volts
(N + 2D ) volts
(2)
General Data
a)
b)
Line CT Parameters
CT location
Ratio
800/1A
Class
30VA, 5P20
660V
Resistance
3.0
CT location
core 1)
Ratio
Class
:
:
800/1A
30VA, 5P20
680V
Resistance
4.9
c)
d)
3.3.3.4
Item
Length
(m)
Resistance
()
CT
()
0.023
3.0
10
4.61
Total
()
Parameters
3.023
R1
0.046
0.046
R2
10
0.046
0.046
R3
115
0.530
0.530
R4
70
0.323
5.22
R5
4.9
3.023 ,
0.046 ,
0.046 ,
0.530 ,
a)
5.22
For phase to earth short circuit at X and assume line CT saturates using
equation (1), then VS,
VS
7000
(3.023 + 0.046 + 0.046)
800
VS = 27.3V
b)
7000
(5.22 + 2 x 0.530)
800
VS = 55V
To obtain high speed operation for internal faults, the knee point
voltage, VK, of the CTs must be significantly higher than the stability
voltage, VS. This is essential so that the operating current through the
relay is a sufficient multiple of the applied current setting. Ideally a ratio
of VK 5VS would be appropriate.
The required stability voltage can be calculated as VS K I f (N + 2D)
K = a constant affected by the dynamic response of the relay.
7000
(5.22 + 2 x 0.530)
800
VS = 27.5V
3.3.3.5
b)
Relay Data
Manufacturer:
Type:
KCGG122
Rated Current:
1A
Iop
IS
<
(4)
Assuming that the relay effective setting for a solidly earthed power
transformer is approximately 40% of full load current.
nI1 = 4 x 2 = 8mA
IS = 0.275 0.008
IS = 0.267A
c)
VS
=
IS
RS =
27.5
0.267
27.5
0.267
= 103
= 103
e)
At setting
(Is )2 R or
V2 S
R
7 .0 watts
VP
VK
= 2 2VK (Vf VK
Where
Vf
If (N + 2D + Rstab)
If
If
7000 / 800
Vf
VP
8.75
1018V
2
1356V
This value is below 3000V and therefore Metrosils are not required with
the relay.
3.3.3.6
Setting
Differential element
-
Io > = 0.267A
110
3.5
3.5.1
Relay Data
Manufacturer
Type
Documentation
Rated current
3.5.2
CT Parameters
CT Location
Core No.
CT Ratio
Class
3.5.3
System Parameters
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
3.5.4
System voltage
System Design Fault Current
Fault Withstanding Duration
Fault Level (Maximum)
Fault Level (Minimum)
Earth Fault Current
per 2 Transformers
33kV
25kA
1 sec
4.7kA
0.6kA
per Transformer
490A
245A
Setting Calculation
a)
0.098A
60
800
x 1 = 0.075A
(minimum
setting
relay is 0.098)
b)
0.098 x 800A
78.5A
TMS
where TMS
Fault current
IS
Overcurrent setting
Curve
No.
5
6
7
8
9
+ c seconds
k, c, a =
0
1
2
3
4
a
I
I
S
Description
Definite Time
Standard Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Long Time Inverse
Moderately
Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Short Time Inverse
Rectifier
Protection
IEC
Curve
DT
SI30xDT
VI30xDT
EI10xDT
LTI30xDT
A
B
C
-
0
0.14
13.5
80
120
0 to 100
0
0
0
0
1
0.02
1
2
1
MI
0.103
0.228
0.02
VI
EI
STI30xDT
E
F
-
39.22
56.4
0.05
0.982
0.243
0
2
2
0.04
RECT
45900
5.6
Name
Although the curves tend to infinity at the setting current value (IS), the
guaranteed minimum operative current is 1.05 IS + 0.05 IS for all inverse
characteristic curves, except curve 10 for which the minimum
operating current is 1.61 IS + 0.05 IS .
Curves numbers 1, 2, 4 and 8 become definite time for currents in
excess of 30 x IS.
where
c)
120
( I -1
at TMS = 1
I
=
I
s
I
I
s
using t
0.49 x 10 3
0.098 x 8 00
120
(I 1
6.25
0.5
Instantaneous Element
Instantaneous protection is not applicable for SBEF Protection. Therefore,
Instantaneous feature is rendered inoperative.
This function remains unused to maintain selectivity between main
protections.
3.5.6.1
Relay Setting for SBEF Relay on All Three Neutral Earth Transformers
a)
b)
3.6
for overcurrent
Set IINST
=
for earth fault
Transformer Back Up Protection
3.6.1
Three Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection for Two T2 and T1
Transformers
3.6.2
Relay Data
Manufacturer
Type
Documentation
Rated Current
3.6.3
CT Parameters
CT Location
Core No.
CT Ratio
Class
VKP
3.6.4
System Parameters
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
3.6.5
System Voltage
System Design Fault Current
Fault Withstanding Duration
Fault Level (Maximum)
Fault Level (Minimum)
132kV
25kA
3 secs
4.7kA
0.6kA
Setting Calculation
a)
Overcurrent Protection
Rated Current
CT Ratio
137.8A
200/1A
Step
Earth Fault Setting IO >
0.01 In
Step
The current to be protected
=
=
0.0025 In
137.8
0.95
= 145A
0.76A
b)
0.76 x 200A
152A
TMS
where TMS =
a
I
I
S
+ c sec onds
Fault current
IS
Overcurrent setting
k, c, a =
Standard Inverse SI :
where
(I
I
=
I
s
0.14
0.02
at TMS = 1
c)
1.1
secs.
TMS shall be co-ordinated to operate 33kV feeder relay with 0.35 sec.
delay after the 33kV BS relay operating.
0.984s
I
I
s
4.7 x 10 3
0.76 x 200
30.9
(I
0.14
0.02
0.984 / 1.988 =
0.495
=
Proposed current setting =
25kA
120A
120
200
0.6
60%
60%
TMS shall be co-ordinated to operate E/F relay with 0.35 sec. delay after the
132kV BC relay operating.
132kV BC operating (refer item 5.5) time
1.1s
1.45s
I
s
using
0.49 x 10 3
0.6 x 200
(I
0.14
0.02
4.08
1.45 / 4.9
3.6.7
1.0
TMS setting
0.30
0.296
4.9 x 0.30 = 1.47s
Instantaneous Element
When applying overcurrent protection to the HV side of a power transformer
it is usual to apply a high set instantaneous overcurrent element in addition
to the time delayed low-set, to reduce fault clearance times for HV fault
conditions. Typically, this should be set to approximately 1.3 times the LV
fault level, such that it will only operate for HV faults.
1 to 30 in 0.01 steps +
Setting range:
31.5
0.102
= 309 MVA
2067
152
13.6
x I
13.6 IS
To be disabled
3.6.8
4 x 1000
200
0 sec.
Relay Setting
a)
b)
IS
=
0.76
Earth Fault Element Setting
Select SI IDMT curve with TMS = 0.30
IS
c)
d)
0.6
13.6 IS
Set IINST
Time
0s
=
=
0 sec.
20A
20A
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
PROTECTION CALCULATIONS TO
RECOMMEND RELAY SETTINGS
FOR THE
132kV ABHAM SUBSTATION
SGT1 LV CONNECTION PROTECTION
ASSOCIATED WITH MSCDN1
FOR
THE NATIONAL GRID COMPANY plc
ENGLAND
BY: V AYADURAI
ISSUE 1 : SEPTEMBER 2003
September 2003
1.
123025/Abham MSCDN1
INTRODUCTION
This document contains brief calculations to derive the recommended relay settings
for the 132kV Abham Substation SGT1 LV connection. Protection setting calculations
are based on NGTS 3.6.14 - Copperwork Protection and ESI 48.3 - Instantaneous High
Impedance Differential Protection.
The results are tabulated in the final section, together with other relevant data and
figures.
1.1
RL
CT Ratio
Vk
CT Secondary Resistance
RCT
Relay Resistance
RR
CT Magnetising Current
OP
Relay Burden
VA
Relay Current
VR
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
2.
2.1
HV Connection Protection
A.
b)
CT Ratio:
Class X Vk 409V,
conversion.
c)
CT Ratio:
1200/1A Bushing CT
IPCT RCT Primary = 0.4 , Secondary RCT = 0.5 , Class X, Vk > 480V,
RCT = 0.28 after IPCT conversion.
Relays
ALSTOM Protection & Control type MFAC34 relays (setting range 25 to 325V)
and MVTP31 (setting range 214V). Both these relays are existing on the relay
panel.
C.
D.
System Parameters
a)
b)
C, D, H =
Lead Resistance
VS
Stability Voltage
September 2003
E.
123025/Abham MSCDN1
SR
= 218A
= 1050A
(1)
If the setting voltage of the circuit is made equal to or greater than this voltage, then
the protection will be stable.
The knee point voltage of the CT should be greater than 2 Vs
It is necessary that the voltage appearing across the relay circuit VR should be greater
than or equal to Vs.
Item No
1
SGT2
BUSHING
CTs
2
LV
SIDE
LEAD
TO
RELAY
PANEL
3
Lead Resistance
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
CT Resistance
3.4
3.4
3.4
-
Total
4.9
4.9
4.9
1.5
R
Y
B
N
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.4
3.4
3.4
4.6
4.6
4.6
R
Y
B
1.2
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.205 + 1.778
1.2
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
3.85
N
R
Y
B
N
R
Parameters
A
D
B
C
E
F
G
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
MSC1
CTs
0.205 + 1.778
0.205 + 1.778
0.205 + 1.778
3.85
3.85
1.983
Y
B
N
31.5 x 1000
(A + D + F + E), VS2 = 31.5 x 1000 (B + C + F + E), VS3 = 31.5 x 1000 (G + H + F + E)
1200
1200
1200
VS1 =
31.5 x 1000
(6.6) = 173V, VS2 = 31.5 x 1000 (5.94) = 156V, VS3 = 31.5 x 1000 (5.973) = 157V,
1200
1200
1200
A = 4.9 ,
C = 1.2 ,
E = 0.07 ,
G = 3.85 ,
B = 4.6 ,
D = 1.5 ,
F = 0.07 ,
H = 1.983 ,
Fault Setting
Fault setting shall be 100% of the SGT1 LV full load current.
a)
Let the Primary Operating Current (POC) be 100% of the SGT1 LV rated current
POC = 1050A
b)
(2)
SR
= 0.8A
Let SR =
c)
d)
0.8A
VS
IS
175
0.8
218
220 (selected
existing setting)
Setting resistor
175 2
220
140 watts
to
the
September 2003
2.1.3
123025/Abham MSCDN1
2.Vk (Vf Vk )
Where Vk is CT knee point and Vf is the voltage developed across the relay
network assuming CTs do not saturate.
Relay resistance = 175 / 0.019 = 9210 ohm
Vf = 26 x 9210 = 239460V
V = 13984V, so metrosil is required.
b)
0.52, V = 2 VS
2 VS
I
C SL
0.52
The values of C and are chosen so that the voltage across the metrosil is
limited to less than 3kV peak at the maximum fault current. The acceptable
metrosil currents should be as low as possible, i.e. < 30mA for 1A secondary.
c)
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
31.5 1000
1200
26A
I
2 175 = 900 SL
0.52
0.25
I m = 3mA
2.1.4
MVTP 31
Setting Range:
b)
2 14V
Setting Calculations
The initial impedance of the current transformer at the bottom bend region
R1 = 8.5 k,
R2 = 13 k,
R3 = 10.3 k,
i)
ii)
175
= 4605 (2 relays)
0.019
If the desired sensitivity is 10% of total SGT1 LV full load primary current,
which = 105A
105
1200
= 0.0875
voltage drop
= 0.0875 x 200
= 17.5V
Available setting range = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14.
The relay could be set to 14 volts, giving a primary operating current =
84A.
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
In practice, this value would be tried and adopted provided the steady
spill current with system load flowing did not approach the relay setting.
2.1.5
2.1.6
POC
POC
Settings
a)
Stabilising resistors
b)
c)
MVTP31 Relay Settings: Relay setting = 14V (setting range 2 14V) (existing
setting)
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
3.
APPENDIX
3.1
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
LV
R/R
190m
TMK
25m
170
10m
50m
SGT
BUSHING
LV CT
CB180
RELAYS
1200/1A
1200/1A
25m
190
TMK
LV
R/R
50m
40m
MSC1
POST CT
1000/1A
40m
1.2/1A
10m
170
September 2003
123025/Abham MSCDN1
1200/1A
1200/1A
T1
R
215
T2
LV CT
CB180
B 170
B
D
215
90m
1200/1A
90m
170
R
Y
B
MSCDN
10m
SETTING
RESISTOR
S
METROSILS
MVTP31
RELAY
10m
MFAC34
RELAY
6.
6.1
6.2
Relay Data
Manufacturer
Type
Documentation
Rated Current
6.3
CT Parameters
CT Location
Core No.
CT Ratio
Class
VKP
6.4
System Parameters
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
6.5
System Voltage
System Design Fault Current
Fault Withstanding Duration
Fault Level (Maximum)
Fault Level (Minimum)
132kV
25kA
3 secs
4.7kA
0.6kA
Setting Calculation
It should be noted that in the relay settings IS is referred to as I > for the
Overcurrent setting.
a)
600A
800/1A
0.01 In
0.0025 In
600A
600
0.95
632A
0.80A
i)
0.8 x 800A
640A
k
t =
TMS
+ c sec onds
I
1
S
where TMS
I =
Fault current
IS =
Overcurrent setting
k, c, a
Standard Inverse SI
t =
ii)
0.14
I 0.02 - 1
at TMS = 1
where
I
=
I
s
Ii = 4.7kA
I
s
using
4.7 x 10 3
0.8 x 800
(I
0.14
0.02
7.3
0.225
Drn t >
Syn Pol
3.2S
+30
25kA
80A
=
10%
10%
4.7 x 10 3
0.1 x 800
I
s
80
800
0.1
Ii = 4.7kA
58.7
0.14
(I 1
0.02
0.40
= 1
iv)
1.0
TMS setting
0.40
Instantaneous Element
Setting range: 1 to 30 in 0.01 steps +
With time delayed protection, directional stability is not usually a
problem, but with directionalised instantaneous overcurrent
relays it is much more difficult to achieve and momentary
operation may occur when the fault is removed.
Instantaneous protection is not applicable for feeders.
Therefore, Instantaneous feature is rendered inoperative.
b)
Setting
Set IINST =
ii)
6.6
4000
800
1.4 sec
4000
800
1.4 sec
Relay Setting
a)
0.8A
= 5A
= 5A
Display
ii)
Drn t >
Syn Pol
= 3.2S
+30
0.1A
b)
45
Overcurrent to be disabled
Set IINST =
5A
0.8 sec
Display
Drn t >
Syn Pol
= 3.2S
5A
0.8 sec
45
c)
ii)
=
=
=
=
5A
1.4 secs
7.1
1.4 secs
7.
5A
Relay Data
CT Location
Manufacturer
Type
CT Ratio
2000/1A
VKP
616V
REB500
document
HN500765/4000
for
where ILmax
IKMS
0.8
=
=
Parameter
Ikmin (phase)
k
Range
Unit
Recommended
Value
400-1200
Amps
400
0.7-0.9
0.8
Diff. I Alarm
5-50
5-50
% I kmin
(phase)
Sec
0.1-2.5
IN
Release Current
10
5
0.8
2)
c)
Parameter
Range
Unit
Recommended
Value
BFP Active
I setting (BFP)
Active
IN
Timer t1
10 5000
msec
120
Timer t2
0 5000
100
2000
1-4
msec
120
msec
System Response *
Timer t1 Active
Timer t2 Active
Intertrip Pulse
Logic Type
1
Active
EZP Active
ii)
0.1 2.0
Pick-up delay
(EZP)
0.1 10.0
sec
Pick-up I (EZP)
0.1 2.0
IN
O/c check
0.1 4.0
IN
Reclaim time
0.1 4.0
msec
0.4
0.20 (i.e. 400A
primary)
Not available
120
System Response
Parameter
Diff. Current Alarm
Isolator Alarm
Chosen
Value
Range
Continue/Block/Selectiv
e Block
Continue/Block/Selectiv
e Block
Isolator
Alarm
0.5 90 sec.
Delay
Remote Trip Imp.
100 2000 msec.
Width
iii)
Selective
Block
Selective
Block
15
300
Parameter
Range
Unit
BFP Active
I setting (BFP)
Timer t1 Active
Recommended
Value
Active
0.1 2.0
IN
Active / Remote
Trip
Timer t2 Active
Timer t1
10 5000
msec
120
Timer t2
msec
120
msec
System Response *
Logic Type
0 5000
100
2000
1-4
O/c check
0.1 4.0
IN
Intertrip Pulse
iv)
1
Not available
System Response
Parameter
Diff. Current Alarm
Isolator Alarm
Continue/Block/Selectiv
e Block
Continue/Block/Selectiv
e Block
Isolator
Alarm
0.5 90 sec.
Delay
Remote Trip Imp.
100 2000 msec.
Width
*
Chosen
Value
Range
Selective
Block
Selective
Block
15
300
System Response
Isolator Alarm Delay
The busbar protection REB500 has a common alarm circuit and
timer for monitoring the operation of all the isolators and bus-tie
breakers. The setting of the isolator operating time thus applies
for all the isolators and circuit breakers in the system.
Note:
8.
Line 1
Line 1
37km
Line 2
14km
Line 2
Polpitiya
Kolonnawa
23.9km
Line 2
Line 1
3.5km
Thulhiriya
Oruwala
Athurugiriya
8.1
Substation
Athurugiriya
Note:
Athurugiriya Polpitiya 1
Athurugiriya Polpitiya 2
Athurugiriya Thulhiriya 1
Athurugiriya Thulhiriya 2
132kV Feeder
circuit
No. of
circuit
Conducto
r type
Max.
0.4kA
14.7kA
Athurugiriya
/Polpitiya 1
Athurugiriya
/Polpitiya 2
Athurugiriya
/Thulhiriya 1
Athurugiriya
/Thulhiriya 2
Athurugiriya
/Oruwala 1
Athurugiriya
/Oruwala 2
Positive sequence
impedance
Zero sequence
impedance
R1 /km
X1 /km
R0 /km
X0 /km
Length
(km)
Lynx
0.1780
0.4010
0.39735
1.31149
65.0
Lynx
0.1780
0.4010
0.39735
1.31149
65.0
Lynx
0.1780
0.4010
0.39735
1.31149
60.9
Lynx
0.1780
0.4010
0.39735
1.31149
60.9
Lynx
0.1780
0.4010
0.39735
1.31149
3.4
Lynx
0.1780
0.4010
0.39735
1.31149
3.4
1.
2.
The minimum fault level has been assumed as the maximum current
carrying capacity of the overhead line (132kV).
8.2
8.2.1
Solid
26.72 /ph
Pos. sequence
impedance (Z1) : 0.4387 /km
Angle:
66
Angle:
73.15
Solid
66
73.15
132kV
28.52 /ph
Pos. sequence
impedance (Z1) : 0.4387 /km
Pos. sequence resistance (R1) :
0.1780 /km
Pos. sequence reactance (X1) :
0.4010 /km
89.07 /ph
Zero sequence
impedance (Z0) : 1.3704 /km
Zero sequence resistance (R0) :
0.39735 /km
Zero sequence reactance (X0) :
1.31149 /km
( = 132kV/ 3 )
400A
P.T./C.T. data
P.T. primary voltage:
P.T. secondary voltage:
P.T. location:
P.T. ratio:
C.T. primary current:
C.T. secondary voltage:
C.T. location:
C.T. ratio:
Main VT ratio/main CT ratio
76.2kV
( = 132kV/ 3 )
63.5V
( = 110kV/ 3 )
Post type CVT
1200
800A
(800/1A)
1A
Post type outdoor CTs (core 2)
800
= Impedance ratio: 1.5
Relay Hardware
Relay Code
Nominal voltage:
Nominal current:
110V
1A
AD Channel:
Selections/Comments:
Values:
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel 5
Channel 6
Channel 7
Channel 8
Channel 9
Assumptions:
Note: 1.
HV distance function use channel 7, 8, 9 for I input.
2.
For parallel line compensation channel 5 is used.
8.2.3
General Settings
Parameters
Selections/Comments
Ref. Length
CT Neutral
8.2.4
k0m
k0m/Ang
Iload
Umin fault
MemDirMode
DefDirMode
Fixed slope of 7
Conventional VTs
k0m
k0mAng
(Zm0 / 3 x Z1)
Ang (Zm0 / 3 x Z1)
=
=
VTSupMode
VTSupBikDel
VTSupDebDel
U0minVTSup
I0minVTSup
U2minVTSup
12minVTSup
0.628
6.23
2 IN
0.1 UN
Block
Forward
=
=
0.628
6.23
Selections/Comments
Relay settings
(secondary):
Zero seq.
off
on
0.2 UN
0.07 IN
0.1 UN
0.07 IN
8.2.6
TBA by CEB
Line side
8.2.5
Relay settings
(secondary):
Selections/Comments:
Not in use
Not in use
Relaysettings
(secondary):
0
0
Trip Schemes
Parameters:
Selections/Comments:
ComMode
Tripmode
SOFTMode (Switch on to Fault)
SOFT10sec (Switch on to Fault)
Weak
Block
Echo
Relay settings
(secondary):
POTT
3ph Trip
nondir
on
off
on
on
on
on
on
0.04s
0.07 S
0.10 S
0.10 S
Selections/Comments:
tPSBlock
on (setting)
Relay settings
(secondary):
10 s
Assumptions:
t1 TransB1
=
=
t2 TransB1
=
=
PhaseSeimode
GndFaultMode
Imin
310min
3U0min
XA
XB
RA
RB
Rload
Angle Load
Uweak
Delay(def)
Selections
Primary values:
0.55 *IN
0.10 *IN
0.000 *UN
/ph
61.05
/ph
/ph
18.315
/ph
/ph
26.99
/ph
/ph
8.097
/ph
/ph
26.99
/ph
45
0.7 *UN (UV starters for SOFT, POTT)
Relay settings
(secondary):
nonDir
I0
0.55 IN
0.10 IN
0 UN
40.07
12.21
17.99
5.40
17.99
45
0.7 UN
1.4s
lowest phase voltage of the healthy phases for an E/F on one phase
(U = 85* min system voltage
factor which takes account of the fact that phase currents and not
phase-to-phase currents are used
Measuring
First setting group is for when PLC is healthy.
This is configured for Blocking scheme.
Zone 1:
Parameters:
X(1)
R(1)
RR(1)
RRE(1)
k0(1)
k0Ang(1)
Delay(1)
Zone 2:
Primary values
19.536 /ph
8.672 /ph
23.443 /ph
23.443 /ph
Secondary values
13.024 /ph
5.78 /ph
15.628 /ph
15.628 /ph
Relay settings
13.02 /ph
5.78 /ph
15.63 /ph
15.63 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Parameters:
X(2)
R(2)
RR(2)
RRE(2)
k0(2)
k0Ang(2)
Delay(2)
Zone 3:
Primary values
31.28 /ph
13.88 /ph
37.54 /ph
37.54 /ph
Secondary values
20.85 /ph
9.25 /ph
25.03 /ph
25.03 /ph
Relay settings
20.85 /ph
9.25 /ph
25.03 /ph
25.03 /ph
0.711
10.45
70.0s
Parameters:
X(3)
R(3)
RR(3)
RRE(3)
k0(3)
k0Ang(3)
Delay(3)
Primary values
36.63 /ph
16.26 /ph
43.956 /ph
43.956 /ph
Secondary values
24.42 /ph
10.84 /ph
29.30 /ph
29.30 /ph
Relay settings
24.42 /ph
10.84 /ph
29.30 /ph
29.30 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Assumptions:
RR (n)
RRE (n) =
k0 (n)
Zone 4:
Parameters:
X(4)
R(4)
RR(4)
RRE(4)
k0(4)
k0Ang(4)
Delay(4)
Primary values
2.085 /ph
0.926 /ph
2.50 /ph
2.50 /ph
Secondary values
1.39 /ph
0.617 /ph
1.67 /ph
1.67 /ph
Relay settings
1.39 /ph
0.617 /ph
1.67 /ph
1.67 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Reverse Zone:
Parameters:
X(Back)
R(Back)
RR(Back)
RRE(Back)
k0(Back)
k0Ang(Back)
Delay(Back)
Primary values
48.84 /ph
21.68 /ph
58.61 /ph
58.61 /ph
Secondary values
32.56 /ph
14.45 /ph
39.07 /ph
39.07 /ph
Relay settings
32.56 /ph
14.45 /ph
39.07 /ph
39.07 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Assumptions:
Note:
8.2.10
1.
2.
3.
Measuring
Parameters:
X(1)
R(1)
RR(1)
RRE(1)
k0(1)
k0Ang(1)
Delay(1)
Primary values
19.536 /ph
8.672 /ph
23.44 /ph
23.44 /ph
Zone 2:
Parameters:
X(2)
R(2)
RR(2)
RRE(2)
k0(2)
k0Ang(2)
Delay(2)
Primary values
31.28 /ph
13.88 /ph
37.54 /ph
37.54 /ph
Secondary values
13.024 /ph
5.78 /ph
15.628 /ph
15.628 /ph
Secondary values
20.85/ph
9.25 /ph
25.03 /ph
25.03 /ph
Relay settings
13.02 /ph
5.78 /ph
15.63 /ph
15.63 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Relay settings
20.85 /ph
9.25 /ph
25.03 /ph
25.03 /ph
0.711
10.45
0.5s
Zone 3:
Parameters:
X(3)
R(3)
RR(3)
RRE(3)
k0(3)
k0Ang(3)
Delay(3)
Primary values
36.63 /ph
16.26 /ph
43.956 /ph
43.956 /ph
Secondary values
24.42 /ph
10.84 /ph
29.30 /ph
29.30 /ph
Relay settings
24.42 /ph
10.84 /ph
29.30 /ph
29.30 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Assumptions:
RR (n)
RRE (n) =
k0 (n)
Zone 4:
Parameters:
X(4)
R(4)
RR(4)
RRE(4)
k0(4)
k0Ang(4)
Delay(4)
Primary values
2.085 /ph
0.926 /ph
2.50 /ph
2.5 /ph
Secondary values
1.39/p
0.617 /ph
1.67 /ph
1.67 /ph
Reverse Zone:
Parameters:
X(Back)
R(Back)
RR(Back)
RRE(Back)
k0(Back)
k0Ang(Back)
Delay(Back)
Primary values
48.84 /ph
21.68 /ph
58.61 /ph
58.61 /ph
Secondary values
32.56 /ph
14.45 /ph
39.07 /ph
39.07 /ph
Relay settings
1.39 /ph
0.617 /ph
1.67 /ph
1.67 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Relay settings
32.56 /ph
14.45 /ph
39.07 /ph
39.07 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Assumptions:
Note:
1.
2.
3.
8.2.11
Solid
28.52 /ph
Pos. sequence
impedance (Z1) : 0.4387 /km
Pos. sequence resistance (R1) :
0.1780 /km
Pos. sequence reactance (X1) :
0.4010 /km
66
73.15
132kV
400A
( = 132kV/ 3 )
P.T./C.T. data
P.T. primary voltage:
P.T. secondary voltage:
P.T. location:
P.T. ratio:
76.2kV
( = 132kV/ 3 )
63.5V
( = 110kV/ 3 )
Post type CVT (Serial Nos. 202679, 202680)
1200
800A
(800/1A)
1A
Post type outdoor CTs (core 2)
800
= Impedance ratio: 1.5
k0m Ang
8.2.12
6.23
Relay Hardware
Relay Code
Nominal voltage:
110V
Nominal current:
1A
AD Channel:
Selections/Comments:
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel 5
Channel 6
Channel 7
Channel 8
Channel 9
Assumptions:
Note:
8.2.13
1.
2.
General Settings
Parameters:
Ref. Length
CT Neutral
k0m
k0m/Ang
Iload
Umin fault
MemDirMode
DefDirMode
k0m
k0mAng
8.2.14
=
=
Selections/Comments:
Relay settings
(secondary):
Fixed slope of 7
Conventional VTs
(Zm0 / 3 x Z1)
Ang (Zm0 / 3 x Z1)
=
=
TBA by CEB
Line side
0.628
6.23
2 IN
0.1 UN
Block
Forward
0.628
6.23
Selections/Comments:
Relay settings
(secondary):
Zero seq.
off
VTSupDebDel
U0minVTSup
I0minVTSup
U2minVTSup
12minVTSup
8.2.15
Selections/Comments:
I O/C
Delay O/C
8.2.16
Not in use
Not in use
Relay settings
(secondary):
0
0
Trip Schemes
Parameters:
Selections/Comments:
ComMode
Tripmode
SOFTMode
SOFT10sec
Weak
Unblock
Echo
TransB1
t1 block
t1 TransB1
t2 TransB1
t1EvolFaults
8.2.17
on
0.2 UN
0.07 IN
0.1 UN
0.07 IN
Relay settings
(secondary):
POTT
3 ph Trip
nondir
off
off
off
on
on
0.04s
0.07 S
0.10 S
0.10 S
Selections/Comments:
tPSBlock
on (setting)
Relay settings
(secondary):
10 s
Assumptions:
t1 TransB1
=
=
t2 TransB1
=
=
8.2.18
Selections:
Primary values:
0.200 *IN
0.500 *IN
0.000 *UN
/ph
65.16
/ph
19.55
/ph
26.99
/ph
8.097
/ph
26.99
45
0.7 *UN (UV starters for SOFT, POTT)
Relay settings
(secondary):
nonDir
I0
0.2 IN
0.5 IN
0 UN
43.44 /ph
13.0 /ph
17.99 /ph
5.40 /ph
17.99 /ph
45
0.7 UN
1.4s
Calculation (assumptions):
Check:
lowest phase voltage of the healthy phases for an E/F on one phase
(U = 85* min system voltage
factor which takes account of the fact that phase currents and not
phase-to-phase currents are used
IA
Measuring
First setting group is for when PLC is healthy.
This is configured for Blocking scheme.
Zone 1:
Parameters:
X(1)
R(1)
RR(1)
RRE(1)
k0(1)
k0Ang(1)
Delay(1)
8.2.20
Primary values
20.852 /ph
9.256 /ph
25.02 /ph
25.02 /ph
Secondary values
13.90 /ph
16.17 /ph
16.68 /ph
16.68 /ph
Relay settings
13.90 /ph
16.17 /ph
16.68 /ph
16.68 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Measuring
Second setting group is for when PLC is faulty.
This is configured for Basic Distance Protection.
Zone 1:
Parameters:
Primary values
Secondary values
Relay settings
X(1)
R(1)
RR(1)
RRE(1)
k0(1)
k0Ang(1)
Delay(1)
X(Back)
R(Back)
RR(Back)
RRE(Back)
20.852 /ph
9.256 /ph
25.02 /ph
25.02 /ph
13.90 /ph
6.17 /ph
16.68 /ph
16.68 /ph
9.775 /ph
4.048 /ph
19.55 /ph
19.55 /ph
6.52 /ph
2.698 /ph
13.03 /ph
13.03 /ph
13.90 /ph
6.17 /ph
16.68 /ph
16.68 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
6.52 /ph
2.69 /ph
13.03 /ph
13.03 /ph
Assumptions:
Note:
1.
2.
3.
4.
X(BACK)
R(BACK)
RR(BACK)
=
=
=
50% X(B)
50% R(B)
RRE(BACK) = 2*X(BACK)
8.3
8.3.1
Solid
1.536 /ph
Pos. sequence
impedance (Z1) : 0.4387 /km
Angle:
66
Angle:
73.15
P.T./C.T. data
P.T. primary voltage:
P.T. secondary voltage:
P.T. location:
P.T. ratio:
76.2kV
( = 132kV/ 3 )
63.5V
( = 110kV/ 3 )
Post type CVT (Serial Nos. 202679, 202680)
1200
800A
(800/1A)
1A
Post type outdoor CTs (core 2)
C.T. ratio:
800
Main VT ratio/main CT ratio = Impedance ratio: 1.5
Primary parallel line data
Mutual impedance Zmo = 0.2515 + j 0.78757 /km
Zero sequence compensation factor for parallel line
k0m
=
0.628
k0m Ang =
6.23
8.3.2 Relay Hardware
Relay Code
Nominal voltage:
Nominal current:
110V
1A
AD Channel:
Selections/Comments:
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel 5
Channel 6
Channel 7
Channel 8
Channel 9
Relay settings of
Ref. Values:
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
Assumptions:
Note:
8.3.3
1.
3.
General Settings
Parameters:
Selections/Comments:
Relay settings
(secondary):
Ref. Length
CT Neutral
k0m
k0m/Ang
Iload
Umin fault
MemDirMode
DefDirMode
k0m
=
k0mAng
=
Fixed slope of 7
Conventional VTs
(Zm0 / 3 x Z1)
Ang (Zm0 / 3 x Z1)
=
=
0.628
6.23
TBA by CEB
Line side
0.628
6.23
2 IN
0.1 UN
Block
Forward
8.3.4
8.3.5
Selections/Comments:
Selections/Comments:
I O/C
Delay O/C
Not in use
Not in use
Relay settings
(secondary):
0
0
Trip Schemes
Parameters:
Selections/Comments:
ComMode
Tripmode
SOFTMode (Switch on to Fault)
SOFT10sec (Switch on to Fault)
Weak
Unblock
Echo
Broken Conductor Protection
Fault Locator Measurement
TransB1
t1 block
0.04s (setting range 0-0.25s)
t1 TransB1
70 ms (setting range 0-0.25s)
t2 TransB1
100 ms (setting range 0-10s)
t1EvolFaults
100 ms (setting range 0-10s)
8.3.7
Zero seq.
off
on
0.2 UN
0.07 IN
0.1 UN
0.07 IN
8.3.6
Relay settings
(secondary):
Relay settings
(secondary):
POTT
3 ph Trip
nondir
on
off
off
on
on
on
on
0.04s
0.07 S
0.10 S
0.10 S
Selections/Comments:
tPSBlock
on (setting)
Assumptions:
Relay settings
(secondary):
10 s
8.3.8
t1 TransB1
=
=
t2 TransB1
Selections:
PhaseSeimode
GndFaultMode
Imin
310min
3U0min
XA
XB
RA
RB
Rload
Angle Load
Uweak
Delay(def)
0.200 *IN
0.500 *IN
0.000 *UN
/ph
/ph
Primary values:
3.51
1.05
/ph
26.99
/ph
8.097
/ph
26.99
45
0.7 *UN (UV starters for SOFT, POTT)
Relay settings
(secondary):
nonDir
I0
0.2 IN
0.5 IN
0 UN
2.33 /ph
0.7 /ph
17.99 /ph
5.40 /ph
17.99 /ph
45
0.7 UN
1.4s
Calculation (assumptions):
XA = 2.5* line reactance of protected line
2.5 x 3.5 x 0.4010 = 3.51 /ph (Athurugiriya to Oruwala)
Check:
lowest phase voltage of the healthy phases for an E/F on one phase
(U = 85* min system voltage
factor which takes account of the fact that phase currents and not
phase-to-phase currents are used
circulating current, assumption: = C.T. nominal primary current
Measuring
First setting group is for when PLC is healthy.
This is configured for Blocking scheme.
Zone 1:
Parameters:
X(1)
R(1)
RR(1)
RRE(1)
k0(1)
k0Ang(1)
Delay(1)
Zone 2:
Primary values
1.123 /ph
0.498 /ph
1.35 /ph
1.35 /ph
Secondary values
0.749 /ph
0.332 /ph
0.90 /ph
0.90 /ph
Relay settings
0.749 /ph
0.332 /ph
0.90 /ph
0.90 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Parameters:
X(2)
R(2)
RR(2)
RRE(2)
k0(2)
k0Ang(2)
Delay(2)
Primary values
1.685 /ph
0.748 /ph
2.022 /ph
2.022 /ph
Secondary values
1.123 /ph
0.499 /ph
1.348 /ph
1.348 /ph
Relay settings
1.123 /ph
0.499 /ph
1.348 /ph
1.348 /ph
0.711
10.45
70.0s
Zone 3:
Parameters:
X(3)
R(3)
RR(3)
RRE(3)
k0(3)
k0Ang(3)
Delay(3)
Primary values
2.11 /ph
0.935 /ph
2.532 /ph
2.532 /ph
Secondary values
1.407 /ph
0.623 /ph
1.688 /ph
1.688 /ph
Relay settings
1.407 /ph
0.623 /ph
1.688 /ph
1.688 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Assumptions:
RR (n)
RRE (n) =
k0 (n)
Zone 4:
Parameters:
X(4)
R(4)
RR(4)
RRE(4)
k0(4)
k0Ang(4)
Delay(4)
Primary values
0.1404 /ph
0.0623 /ph
0.1684 /ph
0.1684 /ph
Secondary values
0.0936 /ph
0.0415 /ph
0.1123 /ph
0.1123 /ph
Relay settings
0.0936 /ph
0.0415 /ph
0.1123 /ph
0.1123 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Reverse Zone:
Parameters:
Primary values
Secondary values
Relay settings
X(Back)
R(Back)
RR(Back)
RRE(Back)
k0(Back)
k0Ang(Back)
Delay(Back)
2.8 /ph
1.246 /ph
3.36 /ph
3.36 /ph
1.87 /ph
0.831 /ph
2.24 /ph
2.24 /ph
1.87 /ph
0.831 /ph
2.24 /ph
2.24 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Assumptions:
Note:
1.
8.3.10
2.
4.
Measuring
Parameters:
X(1)
R(1)
RR(1)
RRE(1)
k0(1)
k0Ang(1)
Delay(1)
Primary values
1.123 /ph
0.498 /ph
1.35 /ph
1.35 /ph
Zone 2:
Parameters:
X(2)
R(2)
RR(2)
RRE(2)
k0(2)
k0Ang(2)
Delay(2)
Primary values
1.685 /ph
0.748 /ph
2.022 /ph
2.025 /ph
Zone 3:
Parameters:
X(3)
R(3)
RR(3)
RRE(3)
k0(3)
k0Ang(3)
Delay(3)
Primary values
2.11 /ph
0.935 /ph
2.532 /ph
2.532 /ph
Secondary values
0.749 /ph
0.332 /ph
0.90 /ph
0.90 /ph
Secondary values
1.123 /ph
0.499 /ph
1.348 /ph
1.348 /ph
Secondary values
1.407 /ph
0.623 /ph
1.688 /ph
1.688 /ph
Relay settings
0.749 /ph
0.332 /ph
0.90 /ph
0.90 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Relay settings
1.123 /ph
0.499 /ph
1.348 /ph
1.348 /ph
0.711
10.45
0.5s
Relay settings
1.407 /ph
0.623 /ph
1.688 /ph
1.688 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Assumptions:
RR (n)
RRE (n) =
k0 (n)
Zone 4:
Parameters:
X(4)
R(4)
RR(4)
RRE(4)
k0(4)
k0Ang(4)
Delay(4)
Primary values
0.1404 /ph
0.0623 /ph
0.1684 /ph
0.1684 /ph
Reverse Zone:
Parameters:
X(Back)
R(Back)
RR(Back)
RRE(Back)
k0(Back)
k0Ang(Back)
Delay(Back)
Primary values
2.80 /ph
1.246 /ph
3.36 /ph
3.36 /ph
Secondary values
0.0936 /ph
0.415 /ph
0.1123 /ph
0.1123/ph
Secondary values
1.87 /ph
0.831 /ph
2.24 /ph
2.24 /ph
Relay settings
0.0936 /ph
0.415 /ph
0.1123 /ph
0.1123 /ph
0.711
10.45
1.0s
Relay settings
1.87 /ph
0.831 /ph
2.24 /ph
2.24 /ph
0.711
10.45
0s
Assumptions:
Note:
1.
4.
5.
8.
31.5 MVA
1
35 km
35 km
Samanalawewa
55.31
Laxapana
Ratnapura
Galle
Balangoda
8.1
Substation
Ratnapur
a
Ratnapura Balangoda 1
Ratnapura Balangoda 2
Fault current
(kA)
Min.
Max.
0.6kA
132kV
Feeder
circuit
4.7kA
Ratnapura
/
Balangod
a1
Ratnapura
/
Balangod
a2
No.
of
circu
it
Conducto
r type
Zebra
0.0760
0.3870
0.3360
1.18857
35
Zebra
0.0760
0.3870
0.3360
1.18857
35
Positive sequence
impedance
R1 /km
X1 /km
Zero sequence
impedance
R0 /km
X0 /km
Note: 1.
2.
(km)
8.2
8.2.1
Length: 35 km
Total Z1 = (2.66 + j 13.55) = 13.81 , 78.9
Z0
= (11.76 + j 41.60) = 43.23 , 74.2
Type of grounding:
Solid
78.9
74.2
13.81 /ph
Pos.
sequence impedance (Z1)
: 0.3946 /km
Pos. sequence resistance
(R1) : 0.0760 /km
Pos. sequence reactance
(X1) : 0.3871 /km
Zero
sequence
impedance (Z0) : 1.2350
/km
Zero sequence resistance
(R0) : 0.3360 /km
Zero sequence reactance
(X0) : 1.1886 /km
132kV
600A
( = 132kV/ 3 )
P.T./C.T. data
P.T. primary voltage:
P.T. secondary voltage:
P.T. location:
P.T. ratio:
76.2kV
( = 132kV/ 3 )
63.5V
( = 110kV/ 3 )
Post type CVT)
1200
800A
(800/1A)
1A
Post type outdoor CTs (core 2)
800
800 / 1
= 0.666
132000 / 110
ZL0 ZL1
3ZL1
8.2.2
ZL1
KN
0.8427 72.03 0
= 0.712 6.85
3 x 0.3944 78.88 0
Relay Settings
The Zone 1 elements of a distance relay should be set to cover as
much of the protected line as possible, allowing instantaneous
tripping for as many faults as possible. In most applications the Zone
1 reach should not be set to respond to faults beyond the protected
line.
Therefore, it is recommended that the reach of the zone 1distance
elements is restricted to 8085% of the protected line impedance,
with Zone 2 elements set to cover the final 20% of the line.
8.2.3
a)
7.358 80 secondary
8.2.4
8.2.5
11.037 80 secondary
11.037 80 secondary
120 x 42.5
=
51
However Zone 3 shall not over reach the transformer 33kV side at
Balangoda
2 Transformers equivalent
Impedance
=
1
2
132 2 x 10 6
x 10%
31.5 x 10 6
27.65
100%
of
34.2885.6+0.666 secondary
typically
80 6.85 = 73
73
0.71
8.2.8
8.2.9
8.2.10
8.2.11
Time Delays
The following time delays shall be applied :
Zone 1
Phase and Ground Instantaneous
Zone 1 X (T) Phase and Ground
Zone 2 (T)
Phase and Ground 500 ms
Zone 3 (T)
Phase and Ground 1.0s
8.2.12
8.2.13
8.2.14
132 2
47.3
= 368.4 80
= 362.8 + j 63.97
Protected line positivesequence impedance up to zone 1 reach
= 0.8 x 13.81 79.4
= 11.048 79.4
= 10.86 + j 2.03
Overall source to zone 1 positivesequence impedance =
(362.8 + j 63.97) + (10.86 + j2.03) = 373.66 + j 66
= 379.4 80
Relay voltage for a phase fault at the zone 1 reach
=
110 x 11.048
379.4
= 3.20V
= 18.8713.76
Overall source to zone 1 reach ground loop impedance
= (362.8 + j 63.97) + (18.33 + j 4.49)
= 387.23 10.18
Relay voltage for a ground fault at the zone 1 reach
=
63.5 x 18.87
= 3.095V
387.23
For a + 5% reach accuracy with the zone 1 multiplier set to unity, LFZR
requires at least 1V.
Both phase and ground fault voltage requirements are met in this
application.
Appendix 15.3 SLDs For MSCDNs And MSCs At Different System Voltages
Appendix 15.4
Appendix 15.5
Appendix 15.6