Q1)

a) Define Energy performance ratio (EPR) and express its relationship with COP.
b) What is boot strap with reference to aircraft refrigeration system?
c) What do you understand by term DART?
d) Discuss the nomenclature used for classifying refrigerants.
e) List psychometric properties of air.
f) List various sources of heat load.
g) What are engineering applications of cryogenics?
h) Discuss effect of moisture and oil miscibility in refrigerants.
i) Differentiate between Natural and Mechanical refrigeration.
j) What is sensible heat factor?
Q2) Derive an expression for COP of Bell-Coleman cycle when the process is carried out
polytropically.
Q3) Explain Cascade refrigeration system and also give its advantages.
Q4) Compare vapour absorption and vapour compression refrigeration system.
Q5) 180 m3 of air having inlet condition 40oC DBT and 15% RH and outlet condition 25oC
DBT and 20oC WBT is passed through an adiabatic humidifier. Find the following:
(a) Dew point temperature
(b) Amount of water vapour added to the air per minute.
Q6) Discuss in detail the various factors affecting human comfort.
Q7) Discuss and plot simple vapour compression cycle on pressure enthalpy chart and
discuss the following conditions:
(a) Effect of suction pressure.
(b) Effect of delivery pressure.
(c) Effect of superheating.
Q8) (a) Discuss with neat sketch and derive expressions for COP of the system for
compound compression with multiple expansion valves and flash intercooling system.
(b) A vapour compression system with NH3 as refrigerant works between the pressure
limits of 2 bar and 14 bar. It is fitted with expansion valves and flash chambers such that
the vapours are extracted at 6 bar and 10 bar and sent to the appropriate compressor
suction. For a refrigerating load of 18 tonne, calculate the power required to drive the
three compressors.
Q9) The following data relates to a conference room having a seating capacity of 80 persons:
Inside design conditions

22oC DBT 55% RH

Outside design conditions

38oC DBT 28oC WBT

Sensible and latent heat loads per person

75 W and 45 W respectively

Lights and fan loads

12000 W

Sensible heat gain through glass, walls, ceiling,

etc.

12000 W

Air infiltration

18 m3/min

Fresh air supply

80 m3/min

By pass factors of the coils

0.1
If two third of recirculated room air and one third of fresh air are mixed before entering the
cooling coils, determine
(a) Apparatus Dew point.
(b) Grand total heat load.
(c) Effective room sensible heat factor.
10. (a) Ambient air at a pressure of 0.8 bar is rammed to 1.05 bar, 17oC and made available
for a 10 TR boot strap air craft refrigeration system. Air from main compressor at 4 bar, after
passing through main heat exchanger, is further compressed to 5 bar in the secondary
compressor. The isentropic efficiencies of both the compressors and turbine are 0.85. The
effectiveness values of main and auxiliary heat exchangers (using rammed air as coolant) are
0.7 and 0.75 respectively. The cabin is to be maintained at 1.01 bar and 25oC. Take Cp = 1
kJ/kg and
= 1.4. Find:
(i) Power required
(ii) COP of the system
(iii) Maximum cycle temperature
(b) (i) Derive an expression for COP of Carnot refrigeration cycle. How the value of COP of
a Carnot refrigeration cycle varies with higher and lower temperatures? A scientist claims to
have developed a Carnot refrigerator, which maintains a freezer temperature of -15o C in a
room whose temperature is 35oC and have a COP of 6.5. Justify, whether his claim is true or
false.
(ii) With the help of neat sketch explain the working of Reduced ambient air craft
refrigeration system.
(c) (i) Derive an expression for the COP of Bell Coleman Cycle.
(ii) Define DART and discuss its variation with Mach number for common refrigeration
systems.
11. (a) (i) Discuss the effect of variation of condenser and evaporate pressures and subcooling of condensate on COP of a vapour compression refrigeration system.
(ii) Discuss the applications of flash chamber with the help of P-h chart and schematic
diagrams.
(b) A vapour compression refrigeration system of 5 ton capacity operates at 40oC
condenser and -16oC evaporator temperatures. The vapour is superheated by 5oC at the entry
to the compressor. Determine COP and power requirement. Use the following properties of
the refrigerant (do not use property tables as refrigerant is not known to you):
At tsat =400C (Psat= 1.0166 MPa):
hf = 256.41 kJ/kg, hg = 419.43 kJ/kg, sg = 1.711 kJ/kg, and for superheated vapour cp = 1.145
kJ/kg K
At tsat = -16oC (Psat = 0.15728 MPa) :
hg = 389.02 kJ/kg, sg = 1.7379 kJ/kg K and for superheated vapour cp = 0.831 kJ/kg K
(c) Explain the working of Cascade Refrigeration System with the help of neat sketch. Is it
different from multistage system? Discuss.

12. (a) Define primary refrigerant and discuss desirable properties of primary refrigerants.
Give the refrigerant number for the following: CHCIF2, C2H6, CO2, CH2F-CF3.
(b) Explain the working of Practical Aqua Ammonia Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
System. How do we ensure pure ammonia at the entry to the condenser? Discuss the
significance and working of aqua heat exchanger.
(c) Two aqua ammonia mixture streams at saturated liquid state and pressure of 20 bar
each are mixed adiabatically. Stream A has a mass flow rate of 9 kg/s and a concentration of
0.8, whereas stream B has a mass flow rate of 9 kg/s and a concentration of 0.2. Determine
the temperature, concentration and specific enthalpy of mixture stream after adiabatic mixing.
Also find the concentration of ammonia in liquid and vapour phases after adiabatic mixing.
13. (i) Explain the method of obtaining an isotherm (in two phase region) of enthalpyconcentration (h-c) diagram for a mixture.
(ii) How do we get temperature concentration (T-c) diagram for a mixture (binary)?
14. (a) Explain basic psychometric processes with the help of neat sketches (after drawing
psychometric charts on answer book).
(b) The outdoor air (at 38oC DBT and 50% RH) is mixed with return (from room) air (at
27oC DBT and 40% RH) in the ratio of 1:2 before entering the cooling coil. The by-pass
factor for the cooling coil is 0.25 and the ADP is 10oC. Air flow rate (total) of the cooling
coil is 10 kg/s.
Determine:
(i) Condition of air at inlet and exit of the cooling coil.
(ii) RSHF (room sensible heat factor)
(iii) Tonnage of the plant and
(iv) Rate of condensation.
(c) Explain the following terms using temperature-entropy diagram:
(i) Dew point temperature of air
(ii) Saturation of air
(iii) Wet bulb temperature
If the total atmospheric pressure remains constant at a location, prove that the specific
humidity is approximately a linear function of the partial pressure of the vapour in the
atmosphere.
15.(a) What is Food Preservation? Discuss some common methods used for food
preservation.
(b) Describe working of Ice Plant. What would be the nature of ice if it is formed quickly?
(c) What is the difference between the industrial and comfort air conditioning
requirements?
(d) List various types of compressors used in refrigeration units? Discuss the advantages of
hermetically sealed compressors.
(e) Explain the working of thermostatic expansion valve with the help of neat sketch.
(f) Explain frictional losses and dynamic losses in flow through duct. Give an expression for
frictional pressure drop in ducts.
16. (a) How is the effectiveness of a refrigeration system measured? Explain.
(b)Discuss the advantages of the dense air refrigeration system over an open air refrigeration
system.
(c)A cold storage plant is required to store 20 tonnes of fish. The fish is supplied at a
temperature of 30oC. The specific heat of fish above freezing point is 2.93 kJ/kg K. The
specific heat of fish below freezing point is 1.26 kJ/kg K. The fish is stored in cold storage
which is maintained at -8oC. The freezing point of fish is -4oC. The latent heat of fish is 235
kJ/kg. If the plant requires 75 kW to drive it, find:
(i) The capacity of the plant, and

(ii) Time taken to achieve cooling. Assume actual COP of the plant as 0.3 of the Carnot COP.
(d) Describe with a sketch a regenerative air refrigeration system for aircraft in cooling
system.
(e) Compare the various air cooling systems used for aircrafts.
(f) Write short notes on R-12 and R-22 as a refrigerator.
17. (a) In a 15 TR ammonia refrigeration plant, the condensing temperature is 250C and
evaporating temperature -100C. The refrigerant ammonia is sub cooled by 50C before passing
through the throttle valve. The vapour leaving the evaporator is 0.97 dry. Find:
(i) COP
(ii) Power required. Use Cpv=2.8 kJ/kg K and Cpl=4.6 kJ/kg K.
(b) Why in practice a throttle valve is used in vapour compression refrigerator rather than
an expansion cylinder? Also discuss how an actual cycle differs from a theoretical
compression cycle.
(c) Explain a 2-stage compression system with liquid intercooler with the help of P-h diagram
and write the expression for its COP also.
18 (a) Draw a neat diagram of lithium bromide water absorption system and explain its
working. List the major field of applications of this system. How a vapour absorption system
differs from a theoretical compression system.
(b) Derive an expression for the COP of an ideal vapour absorption system in terms of
temperature TG at which heat is supplied to the generator, the temperature TE at which heat is
absorbed in the evaporator and the temperature Tc at which heat is discharged from condenser
and absorber.
(c) Discuss the significance of temperature concentration and enthalpy concentration
diagrams in the analysis of vapour absorption refrigeration system. Explain with the help of
diagrams.
19. (a) Establish the following expression for air-vapour mixtures:
Specific humidity w = 0.622 pv/(p-pv) where pv=partial pressure of water vapour and
p=atmospheric pressure.
(b) Moist air enters a refrigeration coil at 35oC dry bulb temperature and 55% relative
humidity at the rate of 100 m3/min. The barometric pressure is 1.013 bar. The air leaves at
27oC. Calculate the tonnes of refrigeration required and the final relative humidity.
(c) Define the term effective temperature and explain its significance in the design of air
conditioning system. Also discuss the factors which govern the optimum effective
temperature for comfort.
20. (a) Explain the working principal of thermostatic expansion valve with the help of a neat
diagram.
(b) Calculate the refrigeration tonnage of a water cooler meant for drinking water at 10oC for
500 workers of an industrial organisation of 6 hours time. The water is available at 30oC.
The heat transfer through insulation is 5% of the total heat load. Recommend the tonnage of
water cooler, assuming water requirement per person 1.1 litre per hour. Also calculate the
total water consumption per day.
(c) Write short note on:
(i) Automotive air conditioning
(ii) Passive heating and cooling of a building
21. (a) Explain the working of Aircraft refrigeration system.
(b) Discuss different methods of producing refrigeration.
(c) What do you mean by Dry Air Rated Temperature (DART)? Explain it in brief.
(d) Explain in brief: (i) Unit of refrigeration (ii) Reversed Carnot cycle (iii) Refrigeration
effect and COP

(e) Explain the reversed Joule air refrigeration cycle.

(f) In what way the Carnot refrigeration cycle does differ from Boot strap refrigeration
cycle?
22. (a) Describe the effect of change in suction and discharge pressure on COP of a vapour
compression refrigeration system.
(b) Draw and explain the T-s and p-h diagrams for simple vapour compression
refrigeration cycle.
(c) State the function of multistage vapour compression system requirements.
(d) Explain the effect of sub cooling of the condensate and super heating of refrigerant
vapour on the performance of a vapour compression refrigeration system.
(e) Differentiate between single stage system and removal of flash gas for vapour
compression refrigeration system.
(f) A Carnot refrigerator requires 2 kW per tones of refrigeration to maintain a region at a
low temperature of -270C. Calculate: (i) COP of Carnot refrigerator. (ii) Higher temperature
of the cycle.
23(a) Explain the working principle of vapour absorption refrigeration system and draw the
temperature concentration diagram also.
(b) A R-12 vapour compression refrigeration system has a condenser and evaporator
temperature of 500C and 00C respectively. The refrigeration capacity is 7 tones. The liquid
leaving the condenser is saturated liquid and compression is isentropic. Calculate: (i)
refrigerant flow rate (ii) power required to run the compressor (iii) COP of the system. Take
enthalpy at the end of isentropic compression=220 kJ/kg. Use the table given below for R-12.
Temperature
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
(0C)
Liquid
Vapour
50
84.868
206.298
0
36.022
187.397
(c) Draw the neat diagram of Lithium Bromide water vapour absorption refrigeration system
and explain its working. List the major field of applications of the system.
24(a) Explain the working of Bell Coleman refrigeration cycle.
(b) With the help of appropriate curve, show the comparison of DART versus Mach number
variation for common aircraft refrigeration system. What conclusion do you draw from it.
(c) Describe with schematic diagram, the boot strap evaporation type aircraft refrigeration
system. Draw the T-s representation of the processes.
(d) Describe different methods of producing refrigeration.
(e) Explain in brief unit of refrigeration, refrigerating effect and COP.
25(a) State the functions of condenser and expansion valve in a simple vapour compression
refrigeration system.
(b) Discuss the effect of super heating of refrigerant vapour on the performance of a vapour
compression refrigeration system.
(c) In a standard vapour compression refrigeration cycle operating between an evaporator
temperature of -100C and a condenser temperature of 400C, the enthalpy of the refrigerant
Freon-12 at the end of compression is 220 kJ/kg. Draw the cycle on T - s diagram. Calculate
the COP of the cycle and the refrigerating capacity, assuming refrigerant flow rate of 1
kg/min. Use the table given below for Freon-12.

Temperature
Pressure
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
(0C)
(MPa)
Liquid
Vapour
-10
0.2191
26.85
183.1
40
0.9607
74.53
203.1
(d) In what way the actual vapour compression cycle does differ from the theoretical cycle?
Give reasons.
(e) Why is compound refrigeration system employed when the condenser temperature to
evaporator temperature range is very large?
(f) Explain two stage compression with intercooling and sub cooling by external cooling
source.
26(a) Explain briefly with a neat diagram Practical vapour absorption refrigeration system.
(b) In a 18 ton absorption refrigeration system, the heating in the generator is carried out by
using steam at 3 bar and 85% dry. The refrigeration temperature is -100C. The condensation
of the refrigerant is carried out at 300C using cooling water. Determine maximum COP of the
system and quantity of steam required per hour to run the plant, if the steam leaves the
generator as saturated water at the same pressure. Take relative COP as 0.4.
(c) Give the chemical formula of the following refrigerants: (i) R-12 (ii) R-22 (iii) R-113 and
(iv) R-717. Which of these refrigerants requires an oil separator? Explain each.
27. An air-conditioned space is maintained at 270C DBT and 50% RH. The ambient
conditions are 400C DBT and 270C WBT. The space has a sensible heat gain of 14 kW. Air is
supplied to the space at 70C saturated. Calculate: (i) Mass of moist air supplied to the space in
kg/h. (ii) Latent heat gain of space in kW. (iii) Cooling load of the air washer in kW if 30% of
the air supplied to the space is fresh, the remainder being recirculated.
28. A building has the following calculated cooling loads: RSH gain=310 kW, RLH
gain=100 kW. The space is maintained at the following conditions: Room DBT= 250C, Room
RH=50%. Outdoor air is at 380C and 50% RH. 10% by mass of air supplied to the building is
outdoor air. If the air supplied to the space is not to be at a temperature lower than 180C, find:
(i) Minimum amount of air supplied to space in m3/s. (ii) Volume flow rates of return air,
exhaust air and outdoor air. (iii) State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil.
(iv) Capacity, ADP, BPF and SHF of the cooling coil.