English Notes Class 11

The Portrait of a Lady
1.Notice these expressions in the text. Infer their meaning from the context.
the thought was almost revolting
an expanse of pure white serenity
a turning-point
accepted her seclusion with resignation
a veritable bedlam of chirrupings
frivolous rebukes
the sagging skins of the dilapidated drum
Answer
the thought was almost revolting The thought that the authors grandmother was once
young and pretty raises a doubt in the mind of the author. He finds it too hard to believe.
an expanse of pure white serenity It refers to the calm, peaceful and serene character and
conduct of the authors grandmother. She is compared to the peaceful winter landscape in
the mountains.
a turning-point It refers to the point where the authors relationship with his grandmother
changes drastically after they move to the city-house.
accepted her seclusion with resignation This shows the authors grandmothers passive
submission to her secluded life after she gradually loses touch with her grandson.
a veritable bedlam of chirruping It refers to the noise, confusion and chaos caused by the
chirruping of the sparrows that scattered and perched around the authors grandmother.
frivolous rebukes It refers to the casual and light-hearted rebukes of the grandmother to
the sparrows.
the sagging skins of the dilapidated drum It points to the shabby and deteriorated
condition of the drum.
Page No: 6
Understanding the Text

1. Mention the three phases of the authors relationship with his grandmother before he left
the country to study abroad.
Answer
The three phases of the authors relationship with his grandmother before he left the country
to study abroad are given below.
The first phase was the period of the authors early childhood. During this phase, he used to
live with his grandmother in the village. The grandmother used to take care of him from
waking him up and getting him ready to accompanying him to the school. Both shared a
good friendship with each other.
The second phase was the time when the author and the grandmother moved to the city to
live with authors parents. This was a turning-point in their friendship because now they saw
less of each other.
The third phase was the time the author joined University. He was given a room of his own
and the common link of their friendship was snapped. The grandmother turns to wheelspinning and reciting prayers all day long. She accepts her seclusion with silence.
2. Mention three reasons why the authors grandmother was disturbed when he started
going to the city school.
Answer
The authors grandmother was disturbed when he started going to the city school because:
(i) She could not help him with his lessons in English, science. She didn't believe in them.
(ii) No teaching of God and scriptures.
(iii) She was unhappy with the idea of music lessons being given at school. She considered
music suitable only for the people with low dignity.
Page No: 7
3.Mention three ways in which the authors grandmother spent her days after he grew up.
Answer
The three ways in which the author's grandmother spent her days after he grew up are by
spinning wheel, reciting prayers and feeding the sparrows.
4. Mention the odd way in which the authors grandmother behaved just before she died.
Answer
The grandmother told the family her end was near. She had omitted to pray, she was not
going to waste any more time talking to us. She lay peacefully in bed praying and telling her
beads.
5. Mention the way in which the sparrows expressed their sorrow when the authors
grandmother died.
Answer
The sparrows and the grandmother developed an intimate relationship in this manner. When
the grandmother died thousands of sparrows expressed their sorrow by sitting scattered in
the verandah in mourning while grandmothers dead-body lay there. They did not chirrup.
Authors mother threw some pieces of bread but they did not eat them. When they carried
grandmothers corpse they flew away quietly. Thus, the sparrows mourned her death and
paid their silent tribute to the grand old lady in a very unique manner.
Talking about the Text
1. The authors grandmother was a religious person. What are the different ways in which
we come to know this?
Answer
The authors grandmother was a religious lady with a kind heart. Her one hand was always
busy in telling the beads of her rosary. Her lips constantly moved in an inaudible prayer. She
used to get up early in the morning. She did her morning prayer in a monotonous singsong. Everyday, she went along with the author to his school and while narrator studied
she sat in a temple and read scriptures Later, in the city she was unhappy that there was no
religous teaching at school. Before dying, she stopped talking to her family members and
turned to prayers, and counting the beads.
2. Describe the changing relationship between the author and his grandmother. Did their
feelings for each other change?
Answer
The changing circumstances did have a bearing on the relationship between the author and
his grandmother. Author and his grandmother lived as intimate friends in the village. A
turning point came in their relationship when they came to the city to live with authors
parents. The author joined an English school in the city. She remained confined to home as
here she could not accompany him to the school. In the new English school she could not
help him in studies. She could not like the kind of education being given to the author at the
English school. The grandmother became disturbed as there was no teaching about God
and scriptures in the new school. She reconciled herself with spinning and taking to feed the
sparrows. When the narrator grew up, he went up to university and then went abroad. The
common link of friendship between the author and his grandmother was snapped. His
grandmother accepted her seclusion with resignation.
No, their feelings for each other did not change though distances grew between them.
3. Would you agree that the authors grandmother was a person strong in character? If yes,
give instances that show this.
Answer
Yes, the authors grandmother was a person strong in character. The instances to prove this
are given below.
The authors grandmother was a person strong in character. She was a picture of
contentment.
She had her own thoughts about the learning at school. She considered the teaching of
scriptures to be more fruitful than science and music.
In her phase of loneliness and seclusion, she took to wheel-spinning and feeding
sparrows.
She appeared composed and did not display any emotion when the author decided to go
abroad for studies.
Ignoring everyone who tried to stop her, she sang for several hours celebrating the
home-coming of her grandson.
During the last few hours of her life, ignoring the protests of her family members, she
stopped talking to everyone and took to reciting prayers and telling her beads.
4. Have you known someone like the authors grandmother? Do you feel the same sense of
loss with regard to someone whom you have loved and lost?
Answer
Yes, I knew someone like the authors grandmother. It was my own grandmother who
passed away recently. The intense sense of loss is very heart-wrenching as I spent almost
fifteen years of my life with her.
OR
No, I have never known someone the way the author knew his grandmother. Thus, I have
never felt the sense of grief presented in the story.
Thinking about the Language
1. Which language do you think the author and his grandmother used while talking to each
other?
Answer
The author and his grandmother might have used their mother-tongue to converse with each
other. As the author, Khushwant Singh, belongs to Punjab, the language used by them
might be Punjabi.
2. Which language do you use to talk to elderly relatives in your family?
Answer
Your Mothertongue (Could be English, Hindi, Telgu, Bhojpuri etc.)
3. How would you say a dilapidated drum in your language?
Answer
Know your meaning in mothertongue (In Hindi it is phata-hua dholak.)
Working with Words
1. Notice the following uses of the word tell in the text.
1. Her fingers were busy telling the beads of her rosary.

2. I would tell herEnglish words and little things of Western science and learning.
3. At her age one could never tell.
4. She told usthat her end was near.
Given below are four different senses of the word tell. Match the meanings to the uses
listed above.
1. make something known to someone in spoken or written words
2. count while reciting
3. be sure
4. give information to somebody
Answer
1. Make something known to someone in spoken or written words: I would tell her English
words and little things of western science and learning.
2. Count while reciting: Her fingers were busy telling the beads of her rosary.
3. Be sure: At her age, one could never tell.
4. Give information to somebody: She told us that her end was near.
Page No: 8
2. Notice the different senses of the word take.
1. to take tosomething: to begin to do something as a habit
2. to take ill: to suddenly become ill
Locate these phrases in the text and notice the way they are used.
Answer
The instances where these phrases have been used in the story are given below.
1. ... she took to feeding sparrows in the courtyard of our city house.
This phrase refers to the daily activity that the authors grandmother took up when they
shifted to the city.
2. The next morning she was taken ill.
This phrase refers to the authors grandmothers sudden illness.
3. The word hobble means to walk with difficulty because the legs and feet are in
bad condition. Tick the words in the box below that also refer to a manner of walking.
haggle
shuffle
stride
ride
waddle
wriggle
paddle
swagger
trudge
slog
Answer
The words that also refer to a manner of walking are:
shuffle
stride
waddle
paddle
swagger
trudge
slog
A Photograph
Infer the meaning of the following words from the context.
Padding
transient
Now look up the dictionary to see if your inference is right.

Answer
Paddling: To move a boat by means of paddles.
Transient: Something that stays at a place for a short time-period.
Page No: 12
Think It Out
1. What does the word cardboard denote in the poem? Why has this word been used?
Answer
Cardboard refers to the photograph only. This word has been used because photograph it
lost it colur and also clarity of its images.
2. What has the camera captured?
Answer
The camera has captured some happy moments from the childhood of the poets mother. It
was a scene taken from a beach where she had gone with her cousins and her uncle for a
sea holiday. The girls were paddling in the water.
3. What has not changed over the years? Does this suggest something to you?
Answer
The sea has not changed over the years. It is still the same. The sea symbolizes eternity.
4. The poets mother laughed at the snapshot. What did this laugh indicate?
Answer
This laugh indicates her remembering her past. She looked back to her childhood with
nostalgia and remembered the innocent joys of her childhood days.
5. What is the meaning of the line Both wry with the laboured ease of loss.
Answer
The line refers to the sea holiday as remembered by her mother and the poet remembering
her mothers laughing face. Both these now belong to the past. Her mother is no more now.
6. What does this circumstance refer to?
Answer
This circumstance refers to the present situation of the poet wherein the poet is absorbed
in the painful memory of her dead mother. Looking at the photograph and thinking of her
mothers laughter, the poet also realises that it has been the same number of years since
her mother died as her mothers age in the photograph.
We're Not Afraid to Die...if We Can All Be Together

By Gordon Cook and Alan East
Page No: 13
1. Notice these expressions in the text. Infer their meaning from the context.
honing our seafaring skills
ominous silence
Mayday calls
pinpricks in the vast ocean
a tousled head
Answer
honing our seafaring skills: this refers to the efforts made by the author and his wife, to
perfect or sharpen their seafaring skills.
ominous silence: the silence here refers to an impending danger.
Mayday calls: Mayday calls are radio-telephonic words which signal aircrafts or ships stuck
in a disastrous situation.
pinpricks in the vast ocean: this phrase expresses the search for two small islands in the
vast ocean.
a tousled head: this refers to hair in disarray or the disarranged hair of the authors son,
Jonathan
Page No: 18
1. List the steps taken by the captain
(i) to protect the ship when rough weather began.
(ii) to check the flooding of the water in the ship.
Answer
(i) In order to protect the ship from rough weather, the capitan decided to slow it down. So
he dropped the storm jjb and lashed heavy mooring rope in a loop across the stern. Then
they doubled fatened everything and went through their life-raft drill
(ii) To check the flooding of water in the ship, he put waterproof hatch covers across the
gaping holes which diverted the water to the side. When the two hands pump blocked and
electric pump short circuited, he found another electric pump, connected it to an outpipe
and started it.
2. Describe the mental condition of the voyagers on 4 and 5 January.
Answer
On January 4 and 5, the voyagers felt relieved after rigorous practice of continuous
pumping. They had their first meal in almost two days. Their respite was short-lived. They
faced dangerous situation on January 5. Fear of deah loomed large. They were under great
mental stress.
3. Describe the shifts in the narration of the events as indicated in the three sections of the
text. Give a subtitle to each section.
Answer
The first section: The first section opens on a cheerful note. The narrator and his family are
all set for their ultimate dream- to take up an around-the-world voyage like Captain James
Cook did. They have perfected their seafaring skills. They begin the voyage and despite of
the bad weather, they celebrate Christmas on the Wavewalker.
The second section: This part of narration covers the hazards faced by the voyagers. There
is a shift in the narration from cheerful to intense. They find themselves in an extremely fatal
and disastrous situation. A huge wave hits their boat and the narrator is thrown overboard.
Despite getting injured, he maintains his composure and applies every possible way to
tackle the critical situation. They manage to pump out maximum amount of water out of the
boat in about 36 hours. But as they continue to face bad weather conditions the narrator
loses hope. The children remain fearless, courageous and optimistic throughout.
The third section: The children provide moral support to the narrator and he continues with
his efforts. Under the captaincy of the narrator, they manage to reach Ile Amsterdam. The
narrator proves his seamanship and receives the title of the best daddy and the best
captain from his children.

The above three sections can be subtitled as follows:
a) The first section: Round-the-world voyage begins
b) The second section: The attack of the big wave
c) The third section: Ultimate victory

1. What difference did you notice between the reaction of the adults and the children when
faced with danger?
Answer
There was lot of difference between the way in which the adults and children reacted when
faced danger. The adults lose hope and wait for their end with a heavy heart. At this point,
they are motivated by the children. The children offer moral support to the adults. They
display maturity and tolerance. Jonathan expresses his fearlessness and courage when he
says that they are not afraid of dying if they all can be together. Sue expresses her love and
gratitude for her parents by making a greeting card. She is strong enough to not let her
parents know about her serious injuries. She did not want to bother her parents in the times
of crisis.
2. How does the story suggest that optimism helps to endure the direst stress?
Answer
Optimism is a determination to overcome difficulties. It raises ones spirits and helps one
overcome stress and difficulty with ease. The story displays courage and optimism
throughout. Survival happens only because of the optimistic struggle that the family carries
on with.
The level of perseverance in the author rises when Jonathan says, were not afraid of dying
if we can all be together. Besides, the caricatures of him and Mary, drawn by Sue, helps his
determination and optimism to grow many folds. The positive outlook of the children infuses
positivity in the narrator. He rigorously calculates their position and finally asks Larry to steer
a course of 185 degrees. Though he had lost all hope by then, he did not show it and
optimistically told Larry that they would spot the island by about 5 P.M. Fortunately, their
struggle and optimism pays off and they manage to find Ile Amsterdam by evening.
3. What lessons do we learn from such hazardous experiences when we are face-to-face
with death?
Answer
Such experiences teach us the potential that courage, perseverance and tolerance hold. It
explains how one must react in the direst of the situations. It teaches us that one must never
lose hope and try to find reasons to stay positive in the face of adversity. In such situations
one must try his/her best to remain calm and composed and understand the power of unity
and team work. Moreover, the importance of common sense, putting continuous efforts to
overcome the catastrophe and the significance of being extra cautious and careful are learnt
from such hazardous experiences.
4. Why do you think people undertake such adventurous expeditions in spite of the risk
involved?
Answer
The spirit to experience unique elements of nature, undaunted passion and willingness to
accept challenges drive people to take up adventurous expeditions. The people who involve
themselves in such activities are very well aware of the risk involved in them. But due to
their passion and enthusiasm to do something unique and great, they willingly accept such
challenges. Also, their desire to be in the lap of nature and experience its beauty pushes
them to such expeditions.
Thinking about Language
1. We have come across words like `gale and `storm in the account. Here are two more
words for `storm: typhoon, cyclone. How many words does your language have for `storm?
Answer
In Hindi, storm is known as aandhi, toofan 'andhad', etc.
Page No: 19
2. Here are the terms of different kinds of vessels: yacht, boat, canoe, ship, steamer,
schooner. Think of similar terms in your language.
Answer
Naav, Nauka, Jahaaz and Kishti are some of the various words used in Hindi for the
word boat.
3. Catamaran is a kind of a boat. Do you know which Indian language this word is derived
from? Check the dictionary.
Answer
The word Catamaran is derived from Tamil word Kattumaram.
4. Have you heard any boatmens songs? What kind of emotions do these songs usually
express?
Answer
Yes, Boatmens songs usually express love and nostalgia. It revolves around the longing to
meet a loved one. It may also express their love for the sea.
Working with Words
1. The following words used in the text as ship terminology are also commonly used
in another sense. In what contexts would you use the other meaning?
Knot
stern
boom
hatch
anchor
Answer
Knot: a) interlacing, twining, looping, etc.
b) a group of persons.
Stern: firm, strict, uncompromising, harsh, hard etc.
Boom: a) deep, prolonged, resonant sound

b) to progress or flourish
c) to hit hard
Hatch: a) to bring forth, produce.
b) derive, concoct
c) to draw, cut, or engrave lines
Anchor: a) a person or thing that can be relied upon for support
b) host of an event.
2. The following three compound words end in-ship. What does each of them mean?
airship
flagship
lightship
Answer
Airship: It is a self-propelled lighter-than-air aircraft with the means of controlling the
direction of the flight.
Flagship: It is a ship carrying the flag officer or the commander of a fleet, squadron. It
displays the officers flag.
Lightship: It refers to a ship anchored in a specific location flashing a very bright light for the
guidance of ships, as in avoiding dangerous areas.
3. The following are the meaning listed in the dictionary against the phrase `take on.
In which meaning is it used in the third paragraph of the account:
Take to begin to have a particular quality or appearance; to assume sth
on
sth:
take
to employ sb; to engage sb
sb
to accept sb as ones opponent in a game,contest or conflict
on:
Take to decide to do sth; to allow sth/sb to enter e.g. a bus, plane or ship; to take
sb/sth sth/sb on board
on:
Answer
In the third paragraph, in lines: we took on two crewman to help us tackle roughest
seas, the word took on suggests to take somebody on i.e., to employ or engage
somebody.
Discovering Tut: the Saga Continues

By A. R. Williams
Page No: 22
1. Notice these expressions in the text. Infer their meaning from the context.
forensic reconstruction
scudded across
casket grey
Resurrection
funerary treasures
Circumvented
computed tomography
eerie detail
Answer
Forensic reconstruction- It refers to the process of creating a face on the skull and see how
the owner of the skull looked like. Here, it refers to the construction of the bust of King Tut
based on the data received from CT scan.
Scudded across- It refers to moving quickly. The phrase is used with reference to the
movement of the dark-bellied clouds.
Casket grey- The words point out to the covering of the stars by thedark-bellied clouds, the
way jewels are kept in a casket (a jewel box).
Resurrection- It refers to a new beginning for something which is old and long forgotten.
Here, it refers to the new life after death.
Funerary treasures- The valuable things with which the king was buried were no less than
treasures as most of the items were made of pure gold. They are, thus, referred to as
funerary treasures.
Circumvented- The thieves would easily bypass the guards with artfulness and rip the
mummy apart to remove the gold.
Computed tomography- Also known as CT scan, it provides X-ray image of a body in cross
section. It is used for diagnostic purposes.
Eerie detail- Uncanny description of the resulting image of the head of Tut visible through
the CT scan.
Page No: 28
1. Give reasons for the following.
(i) King Tuts body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny.
Answer
King tut's body has been subjected to to repeated scrutiny for the riches it was buried with.
There has also been a lot of speculation about the manner of his death and the time of his
death.
(ii) Howard Carters investigation was resented.
Answer
Howard Carters investigation was resented because he used unscientific methods to cut
the body away from the wooden base. He also focused more on the discovery of gold than
on thefascinating details of Tut's life and the mysteries of his death.
(iii) Carter had to chisel away the solidified resins to raise the kings remains.
Answer
Carter found that the ritual resin that was used as a polish hashardened. The result was that
the mummy was cemented to the bottom of the solid gold coffin.Neither the strongestforce
could move the mummynor the burning sun could loosen the remains of the king.
(iv) Tuts body was buried along with gilded treasures.
Answer
The ancient royals of Egypt were fabulously wealthy. They believed inafterlife. They also
believed that they could take their wealth with them. Sogilded treasures were buried with
them.
(v) The boy king changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun.
Answer
Tutankhamun means Living image of Amun. He was a majorgod in ancient Egypt. King
Amennotep smashed the images of Amun and closed his temples. Tut oversaw a restoration
of the old ways. He also changed his name to express his belief on Amun.
2.
(i) List the deeds that led Ray Johnson to describe Akhenaten as wacky.
Answer
According to Ray Johnson Akhenten was wacky because:
He promoted the worship of Aten instead of Amun.
He moved the religious capital from Thebes to the new city of Akhetaten.
He smashed Amun's images.
He closed Amun's temples.
He changed his name to Akhenaten or servant of Aten.
(ii) List the advances in technology that have improved forensic analysis.
Answer
Today C.T. technology helps us to take hundreds of X-ray images in cross-sections. They
can be put together likeslices of bread tp create three dimensional virtual body.This provides
precise data for an accurate forensicreconstruction.
(iv) Explain the statement, King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned in death,
as in life ...
Answer
The above statement refers that there are hundreds of mummies in Egypt. ButTut's is the
first to be scanned. He remains the first evenin death, as he was the first among his
countrymen whenhe lived. He was a ruler, an emperor.
1. Scientific intervention is necessary to unearth buried mysteries.
Answer
For
If you think history has any relevance in our life, we must get atthe truth. There are so many
mysteries which remain unsolved. For example, we know very little about the Indus
civilisation. The seals remainun-deciphered. This needs scientific investigation. Without
scientificintervention they will remain in the dark.
OR
Against
No doubt we need to know the past. History has relevance in our life. But sometimes we
take it too far. King Tut's mummy has beenrepeatedly investigated. Inspite of spending
millions of dollars, nothing newhas been revealed. We must utilise our resources to help the
living rather than investigating the dead.
2. Advanced technology gives us conclusive evidence of past events.
Answer
For
Today technology is so advanced that we can reconstruct thepast. For example, we know
how Pompeii was destroyed. But now we havereconstructed the whole city. We know
precisely how the people lived.
OR
Against
It is an empty boast that advanced technology gives us conclusiveevidence of past events.
Let us take the case of King Tut. It has been C.T.scanned. What can it tell us how he died. If
he was murdered who murderedhim and why ? C.T. scan might give some idea how he
died. But it cannotgive conclusive evidence.
3. Traditions, rituals and funerary practices must be respected.
Answer
For
People who buried their dead with rituals and funerary practices did sowithreverence for
their dead. They wanted to lie in peace, undisturbed. We mustrespect their sentiments.
OR
Against
People in ancient times had some beliefs and funerary rituals. Byinvestigating into them we
can know much about them. It adds to our knowledgeabout the progress of human
civilisation in different parts of the world.
Page No: 29
Talking about Language
2. What do you think are the reasons for the extinction of languages?
Answer
A language becomes extinct when its use is restricted to specific classes or categories of
people. Secondly, the harshness of rules and lack of flexibility in usage also contribute in
extinction of languages.
3. Do you think it is important to preserve languages?
Answer
Yes, it is important to preserve languages as they are responsible for the development of
culture of the community. It helps in preservation of ones heritage and traditions. Language
preservation ensures contact with ones history and literature.
4. In what ways do you think we could help prevent the extinction of languages and
dialects?
Answer
Extinction of languages and dialects can be prevented through the following reasons.
Transferring the vocabulary and dialects of the language to the next generation.
Teaching the languages in colleges and universities and encouraging students to
specialise in the same.
Teaching children to use mother-tongue.
Remaining connected to ones cultural roots.
Respecting ones language which will help in taking it forward to the coming generations.
Working with Words
1. Given below are some interesting combinations of words. Explain why they have been
used together.
(i) ghostly dust devils
(ii) desert sky
(iii) stunning artefacts
(iv) funerary treasures

(v) scientific detachment
(vi) dark-bellied clouds
(vii) casket grey
(viii) eternal brilliance
(ix) ritual resins
(x) virtual body
Answer
(i) ghostly dust devils- it points out to the devilish or frightful movement of the dusty winds. It
reflects the anger of the winds for disturbing the king from his resting place.
(ii) desert sky- it refers to the dusty sky of the desert. The barren sky spread over the vast
desert region portrays a sad and dry picture.
(iii) stunning artefacts- items found in the tomb were extremely beautiful. Usage of both the
words together explains the eternal brilliance of the objects.
(iv) funerary treasures- reference is to the fact that king was buried with numerous things
which were no less than treasures as most of the items were made of pure gold.
(v) scientific detachment- it refers to an indifference towards science.
(vi) dark-bellied clouds- it refers to the dark clouds containing rain.
(vii) casket grey- the words point out to the stars being covered by the dark-bellied clouds,
the way jewels are kept in a casket (a jewel box).
(viii) eternal brilliance- eternal refers to something that is timeless. Thus, eternal brilliance
refers to timeless lustre and shine of the jewels and valuables of the king.
(ix) ritual resins- resins are used as a customary duty in the process of burying a body.
(x) virtual body- a body created through electronic images or CT scan. It resembles a real
body and provides a very clear view.
2. Here are some commonly used medical terms. Find out their meanings.
CT scan
MRI
tomography
Autopsy
dialysis
ECG
Post mortem
angiography
biopsy
Answer
CT scan- It refers to Computed Tomography. It provides X-ray image of a body in cross

section. It is used for diagnostic purposes.
MRI- MRI is the short form of magnetic resonance imaging. It is a diagnostic tool.
Tomography- It refers to taking pictures of various sections of a human body in a threedimensional view.
Autopsy- It refers to the post-mortem examination.
Dialysis- It is the process of filtration of bloodstream usually during kidney failure.
ECG- The electrocardiogram is a diagnostic tool that measures and records the electrical
activity of the heart in exquisite detail.
Post mortem- It refers to the medical examination and dissection of a dead body to
determine the cause of death
Angiography- Angiography is the examination of the blood vessels using x-rays and injecting
of a radiopaque substance.
Biopsy- The removal and examination of a sample of tissue from a living body for diagnostic
purposes is known as biopsy.
Laburnum Top (Poem)

By Ted Hughes
Page No: 32
Find Out
1. What laburnum is called in your language.
Answer
In hindi, it is called 'Amaltaas'.
2. Which local bird is like the goldfinch.
Answer
'Indian Lutino Ringneck' is local bird like the goldfinch.
Think It Out
1. What do you notice about the beginning and the ending of the poem?
Answer
In the beginning of the poem the tree is calm & silent & in the ending it ends with motionless
& empty level.
2. To what is the birds movement compared? What is the basis for the comparison?
Answer
The goldfinchs movement is compared to that of a lizard. The basis of the comparison is
the sleek, abrupt and alert movements of a lizard. The same kinds of movements are
observed when the goldfinch arrives on the laburnum tree.
3. Why is the image of the engine evoked by the poet?
Answer
The engine is the source of energy to run machine. It is compared to bird as she is too a
source of energy for her family. As without engine a machine cant work in the same without
a bird her family cant survive.
4. What do you like most about the poem?
Answer
I like the simpilicity and pictorial presentation of the poem. The comparison between bird's
movement with machine and Lizrad made in nice way. Also chirruping & trilling of goldfinch.
5.What does the phrase her barred face identity mask mean?
Answer
The phrase means that the birds barred or covered face becomes her identity mask
recognition.
Landscape of the Soul

By Nathalie Trouveory
Page No: 34
Notice these expressions in the text. Infer their meaning from the context.
anecdote
illusionistic likeness
delicate realism
conceptual space
figurative painting
Answer
anecdote : From the text, the meaning of anecdote can be inferred as a short account of a
particular incident or event, especially of an interesting or exciting nature.
delicate realism : It refers to the alluring quality of the art which makes it seem real. It is an
interest in or concern for the actual or real as opposed to abstract.
illusionistic likeness : It refers to an adjective of the technique of using pictorial methods in
order to deceive the eye. The reference is to an illusion created by the semblance of
something.
figurative painting : A figurative painting refers to the metaphoric representation of a piece of
art, through the eyes of the creators imagination.
conceptual space : It refers to relation with the abstract than the factual representation. This
is the incalculable dimension of the understanding of concepts.
Page No: 38
1.
(i) Contrast the Chinese view of art with the European view with examples.
(ii) Explain the concept of shanshui.
Answer
(i) The Chinese paintings are based on imaginative, inner or spritiual approach whereas the
european paintings reproduce an actual view, of an external or real object. The painintgs of
Wu daozi and mater painters of Europe illustarte the difference.
(ii) Shanshui, meaning mountain-water, refers to a style of Chinese painting that involves
natural landscapes, the landscape which is an inner one, a spiritual and conceptual space.
It represents the two complementary poles (`yin and `young) reflecting the Daoist view of
the universe.
2.
(i)What do you understand by the terms outsider art and art brut or raw art?
(ii) Who was the untutored genius who created a paradise and what is the nature of his
contribution to art?
Answer
'Outsiders art' refers to those art who have no right to be artists as they have recieved no
formal training yet show talent and artistic insight. 'Art brut' or 'raw art' are the works of art in
their raw state as regards cultural and artistic influences.
(ii) The untutored genius who created paradise was Nek Chand, an 80- year old creatordirector who made the world famous rock garden at Chandigarh. His was an outsider art in
which he sculpted with stone and recycled materials. He used anything and everything from
a tin to a sink to a broken down car to form an artistic piece. One of his famous creations
are Women by the Waterfall.

Discuss the following statements in groups of four.
1.The Emperor may rule over the territory he has conquered, but only the artist knows the
way within.
Answer
This sentence explains the fact that even though an Emperor might rule an entire kingdom
and have power over his conquered territory, only an artist would be able to go beyond any
material appearance. He knows both the path and the method of the mysterious work of the
universe. True meaning of his work can be seen only by means known to him, irrespective
of how powerful an emperor is.
2. The landscape is an inner one, a spiritual and conceptual space.
Answer
This phrase explains The Chinese art from where a Chinese painter wants you to enter his
mind rather than borrow his eyes. This is a physical as well as a mental participation. It is a
landscape created by the artist to travel up and down, and back again, through the viewers
eyes. The landscape is not `real and can be reached from any point.
1. Find out the correlates of Yin and Yang in other cultures.
Answer
The Indian culture lays stress on Nature and God. Nature is the 'yen' or female part whereas
God the creator, is the male part. This concept also known as 'Maya' or Brahma' The
combination of two creates the whole world, all it objects and also inhabitants.
2. What is the language spoken in Flanders?
Answer
'French 'language spoken in Flanders which is a region in Belgium.
Working with Words
I. The following common words are used in more than one sense.
panel, studio, brush, essence, material
Examine the following sets of sentences to find out what the words, panel and essence
mean in different contexts.
1. (i) The masks from Bawa village in Mali look like long panels of decorated wood.
(ii) Judge H. Hobart Grooms told the jury panel he had heard the reports.
(iii) The panel is laying the groundwork for an international treaty.
(iv) The glass panels of the window were broken.

(v) Through the many round tables, workshops and panel discussions, a consensus was
reached.
(vi) The sink in the hinged panel above the bunk drains into the head.
Answer
1. Panel
(i) boards of decorated wood

(ii) group of men selected to give unanimous verdict on a legal case.
(iii) group of experts.
(iv) window panes.
(v) group discussions.
(vi) a flat board fixed with a hinge.
2. (i)Their repetitive structure must have taught the people around the great composer the
essence of music.
(ii) Part of the answer is in the proposition; but the essence is in the meaning.
(iii) The implications of these schools of thought are of practical essence for the teacher.
(iv) They had added vanilla essence to the pudding.
Answer
(i) the most important quality of something that makes it what it is.
(ii) the main part.
(iii) practical importance.
(iv) liquid taken from vanilla that contains its smell and taste in very strong form.
Voice of the Rain (Poem)

By Walt Whitman
Page No: 42
Think It Out
I.
1. There are two voices in the poem. Who do they belong to? Which lines indicate this?
2. What does the phrase strange to tell mean?
3. There is a parallel drawn between rain and music. Which words indicate this? Explain the
similarity between the two.
4. How is the cyclic movement of rain brought out in the poem? Compare it with what you
have learnt in science.
5. Why are the last two lines put within brackets?
6. List the pair of opposites found in the poem.
Answer
1. The two voices in the poem are the voice of the rain and the voice of the poet. The poem
begins in a conversational tone. The lines are And who art thou? Said I .. and I am
the poem of Earth.
2. The phrase strange to tell means that it is an unusual and extraordinary answer given by
the rain drops to the poet who asked who it was.
3. 'I am the poem of Earth
For song, issuing from its birth place

After fulfillment, wandering, reckd orUnreckd, duly with love returns. They both return to the
place of their origin after fulfilling their tasks.
4. The poet explains that the rain drops in the form of water vapour rise up from land and
sea and then descend again on the earth and dry land in order to wash it down and hence
comes back to its origin. This is the cyclic movement explained by the poet.
5. The last two lines are put within brackets because they do not form the voice of the rain
or the poet. They only contain a general observation made by the poet about the course of a
song.
6. (a) Day, night
(b) Reckd, unreckd
(c) Rise, descend
2. Notice the following sentence patterns.
1. And who art thou? said I to the soft-falling shower.
2. I am the Poem of Earth, said the voice of the rain.
3. Eternal I rise
4. For songduly with love returns
Rewrite the above sentences in prose.
Answer
1. I enquired the soft-falling rain about its identity.
2. The voice of the rain introduced itself as the Poem of Earth.
3. The voice of the rain explained its upward movement towards the sky as eternal.
4. The poet says that, similar to the natural cycle of the rain, a song originates from the
heart of the poet, travels to reach others and after fulfilling its purpose (whether
acknowledged or not), it returns to the poet with all due love.
The Ailing Planet: the Green Movement's Role

By Nani Palkhivala
Page No: 43
a holistic and ecological view
inter alia
sustainable development
decimated
languish
catastrophic depletion
ignominious darkness
transcending concern
Answer
a holistic and ecological view It refers to the view that calls for the preservation of the
planet. The holistic and ecological view refers to understanding the importance of earths
resources and environment for the future generations.
sustainable development A balanced development that meets the needs of the present
while taking care of the needs of the future generations.
languish lot of species are neglected or go unnoticed
ignominious darkness disgraced or dishonoured as nobody has knowledge about them or
is enlightened about them
inter alia among other things
decimated to reduce drastically in number
catastrophic depletion a disastrous and harmful reduction in the number of something

transcending concern a concern that surpasses generation, boundaries. It is not only
about the present but also about future; not only about people but also about the planet.
Page No: 47
1. Locate the lines in text that support the title. 'The Ailing Planet'.
Answer
The lines that support the title of the chapter are given below.
The earths vital signs reveal a patient in declining health.

Are we to leave our successors a scorched planet of advancing deserts, impoverished
landscapes and ailing environment?
the environment has deteriorated so badly that it is critical in many of the eighty-eight
countries investigated.
2. What does the notice 'The world's most dangerous animal' at a cage in the zoo at
Lusaka, Zambia, signify?
Answer
The notice signifies that there is depletion of resources and deterioration of environment.
Man is responsible for this and his own survival is threatened.
3. How are the earth's principal biological systems being depleted?
Answer
There are four principal biological systems of the earth. These systems are fisheries,
forests, grasslands and croplands. However, due to the increasing demand of human beings
to such an unsustainable extent, the productivity of these systems is being hampered. The
excessive demand results in deterioration and depletion of these resources. A country
where protein is consumed on a large scale, over-fishing is common, which leads to the
collapse of fisheries in that area. Grasslands have been turned into deserts and production
of crops is decreasing. The forests are destroyed in large proportions to obtain firewood.
Depletion of tropical forests has also led to the extinction of several species.
4. Why does the author aver that the growth of world population is one of the strongest
factors distorting the future of human society?
Answer
Over-population is one of the strongest factors responsible for a nations poverty and
unemployment. It disturbs the earths principal biological systems leading to degradation of
environment.
The author highlights the problem of over-population by pointing out the mental set-up of the
poor who feel more children means more workers to earn money. They do not realise that
more children only means more unemployed people. He argues that development is the
best contraceptive, which includes spread of education, improvement of health and rise in
income.
Spread of education leads to awareness among people, which in turn results in a fall in the
fertility rate. The author makes a comment which emphasises the never ending circle of
population and poverty by asserting that The choice is really between control of population
and the perpetuation of poverty.
1. Laws are never respected not enforced in India.

Answer
India, the biggest democracy in the world, is condemned for its easy attitude towards laws.
Laws are constituted but never respected nor enforced in our country. For instance, the
Indian Constitution mentions that casteism, untouchability and bonded labour shall be
abolished; however, these evils flourish barefacedly even today.
The author points out that Article 48A of the Indian Constitution, propounds that the State
shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and
wildlife of the country. However, little is done in favour of this. What we see is a near
catastrophic depletion of forests over the last four decades. Forests are disappearing over
the decades at the rate of 3.7 million acres a year. Areas that are officially designated as
forest land, in reality, are treeless. The actual loss of forests is eight times the rate pointed
by the government statistics.
2. Are we to leave our successors a scorched planet of advancing deserts, impoverished
landscapes and an ailing environment?
Answer
As we learn in the text, the first Brandt Report raised the above mentioned question about
the deteriorating condition of the planet. Earth is like a patient in declining health. The
depletion of forests, grasslands, fisheries and croplands are the result of excessive demand
for resources. Over-population has led to a severe strain on the health of our planet.
We must realise soon that in this Era of Responsibility it is solely our duty to preserve our
planet. We must realise that the earth belongs as much to the future generation as much to
us. Rather making it our property, we should do our best to preserve it for the generations
we have borrowed it from.
3. We have not inherited this earth from our forefathers; we have borrowed it from our
children.
Answer
Over the decades, a change has come in the perception of the people in respect to the
planet. The human perception has shifted to a holistic and ecological view of the world.
Earth is a living organism that has limited resources. These resources will not last forever.
The earth has its metabolic needs that require to be preserved. The need of the hour is
sustainable development which propounds the need of meeting the needs of the present
generation without compromising with those of future generations.
The present problems are not necessarily fatal for us but they are a passport for future.
This is the Era of Responsibility that calls for a responsible action from us. We must realise
that the earth belongs as much to the future generation as much it belongs to us.
4. The problems of over population that directly affect our everyday life.
Answer
Over-population leads to the issues of poverty and unemployment. The vicious circle of
population and poverty will continue unless the root cause i.e. population is taken care of. It
hampers the development of a country. It leads to the consumption of the natural resources
at a much faster rate. The fossils consumed, the resources depleted, the forests cleared,
the heat produced, the global warming caused are all the repercussions of the fast-growing
population.
Page No: 48
The phrase 'inter alia' meaning 'among other things' is one of the many Latin expression
commonly used in English.
Find out what these Latin phrases mean.
1.Prima face
2. ad hoc
3. in camera
4.ad infinitum
5.mutatis multanis
6.tabula rasa
Answer
prima facie means at first sight, before closer inspection
ad hoc means for the specific purpose, case, or situation at hand and for no other
in camera means in secret, in private
ad infinitum means to infinity, having no end
mutatis mutandis means changing [only] those things which needs to be changed, [only]
the
necessary changes having been made

Caveat means a warning or caution
tabula rasa means blank slate, without any prior experience or knowledge
Working with Words

Locate the following words in the text and study their connotation.
1. gripped the imagination of
2. dawned upon
3. ushered in
4. passed into current coin
5. passport of the future
Answer
1. gripped the imagination of: received much attention
2. dawned upon: realised it for the first time
3. ushered in: began the new idea
4. passed into current coin: have been brought into use
5. passport of the future: a thing that makes something possible or enables one to achieve it
2. The words grip, dawn. usher, coin, passport have a literal as well as a figurative
meaning. Write pairs of sentences using each word in the literal as well as figurative sense.
Answer
1) grip:
a) She was excellent during the rock-climbing session. She has a good grip.
b) The movement of 'India Against corruption' has gripped the minds of Indians.
2) dawn:
a) The day dawned with a clear sky.
b) Suddenly, the idea dawned on him.
3) usher:
a) The waiter ushered them to their seats.
b) The Green Movement ushered in a new era of awareness.
4) Coin:
a) I have ten coins of Rs. 5.
b) The term was coined by a famous philosopher.
5) passport:
a) He has just got his passport made to visit his uncle in the USA.
b) Education is the passport to a bright future.
The Browning Version

By Terence Rattigan
Page No: 50
Remove
slackers
muck
kept in
got carried away

cut
sadist
shrivelled up
Answer
emove: a division in a school
slackers: unmotivated and lazy students
muck: useless, of no practical good
kept in: grounded, detained, work after the official school hours
got carried away: to get very excited or lose control of your feelings due to strong emotions.
cut: escape, go away without permission.
sadist: a person who gets pleasure out of inflicting pain to others
shrivelled up: having no feelings
Page No: 56
1. Comment on the attitude shown by Taplow towards Crocker-Harris.
Answer
Crocker Harris is Taplows teacher. According to Taplow and me also; Mr. Crocker Harris is
a strict disciplinarian. He was a hard working teacher and fully devoted to his duty as he
called Taplow even on the last day of school to make up for his missed class. No student in
his entire career has a courage to cut Mr. Crocker Harris. He is neither partial nor biased;
he will give Taplow whatever he deserves. He tries to maintain an appropriate distance from
his students. He never responds the feelings shown by his students and remains shrivel. He
is a man of principals and keeps the rules of the school. His students like him even after his
strict behavior. His colleagues, even Frank, envy him for the effect he has on the students.
He is strict but not a sadist that he seems to be.
2. Does Frank seem to encourage Taplow's comments on Crocker-Harris?
Answer
Frank encourages Taplow to comment on Mr. Crocker Harris by cleverly askingTaplow

several questions. He appreciated Taplows imitation of Mr. Crocker Harrisand also asks him
to repeat it.
3. What do you gather about Crocker-Harris from the play?

Answer
Mr Harris is a teacher who would not compromise on the rules and regulations to suffice the
sentiments of students. He believes in fair assesment of his students and is not swayed by
emotions, as the man is hardly human. He is not a sadist, but strict in performance of his
sduties. Even on his last day at school, when he is over busy in own affairs he does not
neglect his duty towards students.
3. Reading plays is more interesting than studying science.
Answer
There is no doubt that reading plays is more interesting than studying science because
reading plays makes us imaginative and provides us ideas about human life and behavior. It
has good language that is helpful in building our linguistic skills. It is a source of
entertainment and enjoyment. Reading science has its own merits. It provides us knowledge
and fill us with modern approach. Practical that we do in laboratories are also useful in daily
life. Science makes us our future growth possible.
Working with Words
1. A sadist is a person who gets pleasure out of giving pain to others.
Given below are some dictionary definitions of certain kinds of persons.
Find out the words that fit these descriptions.
1. A person who considers it very important that things should be correct or genuine e.g. in
the use of language or in the arts: P...
2. A person who believes that war and violence are wrong and will not fight in a war: P...
3.A person who believes that nothing really exists: N...
4. A person who is always hopeful and expects the best in all things: O...
5. A person who follows generally accepted norms of behaviour: C...
6. A person who believes that material possessions are all that matter in life: M...
Answer
1. Perfectionist
2. Pacifist
3. Nihilist
4. Optimist
5. Conventionalist
6. Materialist
Childhood
By Markus Natten
Page No: 59
Think It Out
1. Identify the stanzas that talks of each of the following.
Individuality
rationalism
hypocrisy
Answer
Individuality- Third stanza
Rationalism- First stanza
Hypocrisy- Second stanza
2. What according to the poem is involved in the process of growing up?
Answer
According to the poem, the process of growing up involves the attainment of mental
maturity. A person is said to be grown up when he has become logical, rational and is able
to build his own thoughts. A grown up has the power to distinguish between reality and
fantasy.
A grown up individual understands the actions of others just as the poet recognises the
hiatus between the preaching and the practice of the adults. He realises the hypocrisy and
the double standards maintained by the adults. A mature individual also asserts his
thoughts and opinions.
3. What is the poets feeling towards childhood?
Answer
The poet does not appear to feel sad or upset at the loss of his childhood. He only seems to
be puzzled at the disappearance of childhood and the arrival of adulthood. He expresses his
confusion when he asks the questions When and Where did my childhood go?
4. Which do you think are the most poetic lines? Why?
Answer
The lines that seem to be the most poetic are:
It went to some forgotten place,
Thats hidden in an infants face;
Thats all I know.
These lines sum up beautifully the process of growth and the disappearance of a particular
stage of life. These lines express metaphorically that an infants innocent face hides many
things behind its smiles. Perhaps the childhood also lies hidden somewhere in the childs
consciousness.
Father to Son (Poem)

By Elizabeth Jennings
Page No: 86
Think It Out
1. Does the poem talk of an exclusively personal experience or is it fairly universal?
Answer
The poem does talk of an exclusively personal experience. However, we can also call it
fairly universal because a conflict like this is quite common in many households. It is also
known as generation gap.
2. How is the fathers helplessness brought out in the poem?
Answer
The helplessness of the father is highlighted through the depiction of the emotional struggle
that he undergoes. He is aware of the problem and is willing to resolve it, but is unable to do
so. He regrets the lack of a strong emotional bond and proper communication with his son
who is also physically distanced from him.
3. Identify the phrases and lines that indicate distance between father and son.
Answer
Phrases/lines that indicate distance between the father and the son are:
1. I do not understand this child
2. I know / Nothing of him
3. We speak like strangers
4. theres no sign/ Of understanding in the air
5. Silence surrounds us.
4. Does the poem have a consistent rhyme scheme?
Answer
No, the poem does not follow a consistent rhyme scheme.
The Adventure
By Jayant Narlikar
Page No: 60
Notice these expressions in the text.

Infer their meaning from the context.
blow-by-blow account
de facto
morale booster
astute
relegated to
doctored accounts
political acumen
gave vent to
Answer
blow-by-blow account : detailed account. In the text The Adventure this expression occurs
in the context of Gangadharpant trying to understand the outcome of the Battle of Panipat
by reading a book on the topic.
morale booster : anything that serves to increase morale or confidence. The expression
occurs in the text 'Adventure' where it is told that the Marathas emerged victorious in the
Battle of Panipat which increased their morale or confidence in establishing their supremacy
all over the country.
Relegated to : assigned to a lower rank or position. In the text it is said how Dadasaheb, a
maratha Chieftain was assigned to a lower rank after the Battle of Panipat.
political acumen : political shrewedness with keen insight. In the text 'The Adventure' the
expression is used to convey how Madhavrao and Vishwasrao because of their
shrewedness could expand their influence all over India.
de facto : existing in fact whether with lawful authority or not. In the text 'Adventure' the
Peshwas are regarded as de facto rulers as they kept the Mughal regime alive in Delhi.
astute : marked by practical hardheaded intelligence. In the text The Adventure this word is
used to convey that the Peshwas were very intelligent to recognise the importance of
technological age dawning in Europe.
doctored accounts : manipulation of accounts. This expression conveys that the Bakhars
were not providing historical facts but manipulated account of history.
give vent to : to express one's feelings and ideas. Professor Gaitonde expressed his ideas
in the public lecture on the Battle of Panipat.
Page No: 69
I.Tick the statements that are true.
1. The story is an account of real events.

2. The story hinges on a particular historical event.
3. Rajendra Deshpande was a historian.
4. The places mentioned in the story are all imaginary.
5. The story tries to relate history to science.
Answer
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
II. Briefly explain the following statements from the text.
1.You neither travelled to the past nor the future. You were in the present experiencing a
different world.
2. You have passed through a fantastic experience: or more correctly, a catastrophic
experience.
3. Gangadharpant could not help comparing the country he knew with what he was
witnessing around him.
4. The lack of determinism in quantum theory!
5. You need some interaction to cause a transition.
Answer
1. This statement was said by Rajendra to Professor Gaitonde. He made a transistion from
one world to another and back again. By making a transistion, he was able to experience
two worlds although one at a time. He neither travelled to the pas nor to the future. He was
in the present but experiencing a different world.
2. This statement was made by Rajendra to Prof. Gaitonde in the text The Adventure by
Jayant Vishnu Narlikar. Gangadhar had passed through a strange experience. He had the
experience of living in two world, one he lived in now and other where he had spent two
days.
3. Gangadharpant knew India which had seen the decline of Peshwas and experienced the
slavery of the British. But the India he had seen in two days was completely different. It had
not been subjected to slavery for the whiteman. It was self dependent and enjoyed self
respect. He compared the two countries the one that he knew already and other that he was
witnessing around him. Both had different histories.
4. Professor Gaitonde had decided to go to a big library at Bombay and browse through
history books. Then he would find out how the present state of affairs was reached. On his
return to Pune, he would have a lonk talk with Rajendra Deshpande. He hoped that
Rajendra would help him undertand what had happened.
5. This bombay was under the British Raj. An Anglo-Indian in unform checked permits. Each
of the blue carriages of GBMR had the tiny Union Jack painted on it. The Victoria Terminus
station looked very neat and clean. The staff was mostly of Anglo-Indians and Parsee
alongwith a handful fo british Officers.
1. Discuss the following statements in groups of two pairs, each pair in a group taking
opposite points of view.
(i) A single event may change the course of the history of a nation.
(ii) Reality is what is directly experienced through the senses.
(iii) The methods of inquiry of history, science and philosophy are similar.
Answer
(i)
For
A single event may change the course of the history of a nation. The battle of
Panipat for example is said to be the turning point in the history of India. In the
Battle of Panipat, the Marathas gave in to the forces of Ahmed Shah Abdali. After
this event the history of India took another turn. Gradually, the country was was
overtaken by the foreign forces. In the story The Adventure it is mentioned how
in the beginning Prof. Gaitonde was preparing a speech on what course the
history would have taken if the Marathas had won the Battle of Panipat. This
shows the importance of a single event in the history of a nation.
Against
The motion that A single event may change the course of the history of a nation
is a matter of perspective only. It is a relative truth. If we apply the catastrophic
theory in understanding history then we will find that there may be alternative
outcomes of a single event so that we cannot proclaim that any one course of
event is the reality. Since there may be alternative courses of history so
debating on a single course is not fruitful. In the story the Adventure due to
catastrophic phenomenon the Battle of Panipat is revealed in a different version
to Prof Gaitonde. According to this version, the Marathas emerged victorious in
the Battle of Panipat. After the event the Marathas extended influence over the
entire country. India never fell to the alien forces. So, to argue that a single
course of event may change the course of history is not tenable. There may be
alternative effects following an event.
(ii)
For
Our senses , that is the senses of touch, sight, taste and hearing and smell provide us facts
about the world we live in. Knowledge from experience come through these senses. The
reality is what we directly experience through these senses. No other reality exists which is
not revealed to the senses.
Against
Reality is not what is directly revealed to the senses. We cannot experience so many
entities like atoms and molecules but these are real. We cannot even predict the behaviour
of these entities accurately. This point is mooted by Rajendra in the story Adventure when
he points to the discoveries made by the physicists regarding the behaviour of the atoms.
We can predict the position of a bullet fired in a particular direction from a gun but we
cannot predict the position of a an electron fired from a source. This proves that reality is not
what is directly revealed to the senses, there can be alternative realities existing side by
side.
(iii)
For
The methods of inquiry of History, Science and Philosophy are similar. In the story The
Adventure one can find the perspectives of History, Philosophy and Science converging
towards a focal point.
History employs the methods of observation, analysis and rationalism in understanding the
course of past events. Science is based on observation, experimentation and analysis.
Rationalism is the most fundamental principle that Science follows. Philosophy is thoroughly
critical in methodology.
Philosophy examines everything including the assumptions and methodology of Science
and other disciplines like History. In the story The Adventure History, Science and
Philosophy converge. Prof. Gaitonde experienced an altogether different version of the out
come of the Battle of Panipat. Contrary to the version as provided in History text books,the
Marathas emerged as victorious in this battle. Prof. Gaitonde tried to understand this
rationally but he failed to get any clue. In this context, Rajendra intervened to explain this
phenomenon in the light of the Catastrophic theory which is being employed by Physicists in
understanding the behaviour of atoms. Here we find Science and History converging. The
similar perspective is seen in Philosophy that truth is relative and not absolute. In fact, the
philosophical movement of post Modernism is based on this.
In other words, the methods of inquiry of History, Science and Philosophy are similar.
Against
It is a misnomer that the methods of inquiry of History,Science and Philosophy are similar.
The similarity is at superficial level and not at the core. In the story The Adventure Rajendra
tried to rationalise the experience of Prof Gaitonde by applying the Catastrophic theory. But
this explanation is not convincing though it convinced the professor. Catastrophic theory can
best explain phenomenon of the physical world but History deals with behavioural world. It is
concerned with the behaviour of society and individuals. The methods of inquiry will also
vary accordingly.
The method of inquiry of Philosophy is speculative. Philosophy even questions rationalism.
Philosophy is highly critical of the methods of Science and History. In other words, the
methods of History, Science and Philosophy are not similar. The story The Adventure by
Jayant Vishnu Narlikar is, in fact, a science fiction which is trying to show the convergence
of Science History and Philosophy. In reality the three disciplines, namely, Science, History
and Philosophy have to employ different methodology of inquiry vis-a-vis the subject matter.
2. (ii) Why do you think Professor Gaitonde decided never to preside over meetings
again?
Answer
(ii) Professor Gaitonde was experiencing a different version of the Battle of Panipat.
According to this version, the Marathas emerged victorious in the Battle and started
extending influence over the entire country. His mind was actually witnessing a different
version of the historical reality. Interestingly, he was also witnessing an event that was not
conforming to the conventions. The event was a lecture session on the outcomes of the
Battle of Panipat. In this lecture session Prof. Gaitonde observed that the chair of the
President was vacant. This again was contrary to the conventions. Prof. Gaitonde rushed to
occupy the chair and started explaining the need of a President in a lecture session like this.
The public got angry on this point and started throwing objects on him. He had a harrowing
experience. This led him to decide not to preside over meetings again.
Silk Road
By Nick Middleton
Page No: 74
Notice these expressions in the text.

Infer their meaning from the context.
ducking back
swathe
careered down
manoeuvres
cairn of rocks
salt flats
billowed
Answer
ducking back : quickly going inside and then coming out
manoeuvres : military exercises involving a large number of soldiers, ships, etc.
billowed : filled with the air and swelled out
swathe : literally: a long strip of land of something; contextually: a land stretched with snow
cairn of rocks : a pile of stones that mark a special place such as the top of a mountain or a
place where somebody is buried
careered down : descending the slope
salt flats : thatched roofed houses covered with snow
Page No: 82
I. Give reasons for the following statements.
1. The article has been titled Silk Road.

Answer
The title of the article has been named on the historic silk road or routes. The network
connected the Afro-Eurasian landmass. It established trade of Chinese silk, spices, teas
and porcelain; Indian textiles, precious stones and pepper; and the Roman Empire's gold,
silver, fine glassware, wine, carpets and jewels. The road was named Silk Road largely
because of the silk trade with China. In the chapter the author travels to Mount Kailash,
exploring the Himalayan belt in Tibet. Since the author explored this region, the chapter is
titled as Silk Road.
2. Tibetan mastiffs were popular in Chinas imperial courts.
Answer
Tibetan mastiffs were popular in Chinas imperial courts as hunting dogs. They were brought
along the Silk Road in ancient times as tribute from Tibet. They were huge black dogs used
as watchdogs. They explode into action like bullets. They are furious and fearless.
3. The authors experience at Hor was in stark contrast to earlier accounts of the place.
Answer
Hor was a grim, miserable place. The dust and rocks were scattered everywhere in
abundance; there was little vegetation. The place seemed unfortunate and dejected, though
it sat on the shore of the Lake Manasarovar. The author was flabbergasted to realise the
contrast in his experience to that of the earlier read accounts. A Japanese monk, Ekai
Kawaguchi, who had arrived there in 1990, was so moved by the sanctity of the lake t hat he
burst into tears. The hallowed waters had a similar effect on Sven Hedin, a Swede who was
not prone to sentimental outbursts. However, for the author, when he reached Hor, first he
had to get two punctures mended. The only relaxation was the tea served by a Chinese
youth in the only caf in the town, which was constructed from badly painted concrete and
had three broken windows. The good view of the lake through one of them helped to
compensate however.
4. The author was disappointed with Darchen.
Answer
The author was disappointed with Darchen. The high altitude was giving him health
problems. He had a bad cold and was not able to sleep at night. Since he was one of the
early arrivals there werent any pilgrims coming to the place. The place was dusty, partially
derelict and punctuated by heaps of rubble and refuse.
5. The author thought that his positive thinking strategy worked well after all.
Answer
The author was disappointed with Darchen. He also complained of bad health. Tsetan had
left for Lhasa. He was feeling rather lonely with no pilgrims around. It was then he met
Norbu, a Tibetan who too wanted to visit Kailash. They would be a good team as both of
them were academicians who had escaped from the library. The author started thinking
positively and it gave him some delight and a new enthusiasm.
II. Briefly comment on

1. The purpose of the authors journey to Mount Kailash.
Answer
Nick Middleton is an Oxford Professor as well as an adventurer. He follows the most difficult
terrain through the Silk Road and reaches mount Kailash. He visits the holy place to
complete the kora- going around the place.
2. The authors physical condition in Darchen.
Answer
The author was not physically well when he reached Darchen. His sinuses were blocked
due to the cold wind at Hor and he was not able to sleep well at night. The next day Tsetan
took him to the Darchen Medical College and the doctor there gave him some medicine that
gave him some relief.
3. The authors meeting with Norbu.
Answer
The author was feeling rather lonely without Tsetan who had left for Lhasa. There werent
any pilgrims at Darchen as he had reached the place much early in the season. It was then
he Norbu who was a Tibetan and also an academician. He too was there to visit Kailash
and they decided to go there together.
4. Tsetans support to the author during the journey.

Answer
Tsetan was a good and efficient driver. He drove the car very carefully. During the journey,
he spoke to the author giving information about the places they were visiting. He was very
caring. At Darchen when he found that the author was not well, he took him to the medical
college and got medicine for him. He was a good Buddhist.
5. As a Buddhist, he told me, he knew that it didnt really matter if I passed away, but he
thought it would be bad for business.
Answer
Tsetan was a good Buddhist and believed that death was not the end of life. Kailash being a
holy place it would be better for him as it would take him to heaven. Then if the author would
die there, it would be bad for his business as his credibility will be at stake in looking after
the tourists and later he may not get any customers.
Talking about Text
Discuss in groups of four
1.The sensitive behaviour of hill-folk.
Answer
The hill-folk are quite unsophisticated and innocent. People like Tsetan very religious and
God-fearing. They are very much hospitable and take care of the visitors from out side.
2. The reasons why people willingly undergo the travails of difficult journeys.
Answer
The author was an academician, hence, he undertook the journey for the purpose of
education. For him it was a learning experience. Secondly, people undertake such journeys
because of the spirit of adventure. The areas covered by the author are some of the most
difficult terrains in the world. The third can be a religious reason. People visit places like
Mount Kailash as part of their pilgrimage.
3. The accounts of exotic places in legends and the reality.
Answer
There are many accounts of exotic places in legends and the reality. Places like Mount
Kailash, Manasarovar occupy a prominent place in legends. There are many articles written
about these places.
Thinking about Language
2. What do the following utterances indicate?

(i) I told her, through Daniel
(ii) Its a cold, he said finally through Tsetan.
Answer
(i) She was not able to follow English but Daniel translated what he told in English in the
Tibetan language to her.
(ii) The doctor spoke in Tibetan language, which Tsetan translated into English for the
author.
Page No: 83
3. Guess the meaning of the following words.
kora, drokba, kyang
In which language are these words found?
Answer
Kora: Walk all the way round, circumambulate
Droka: shepherd
Kyang: It is a wild Tibetan ass.
These words are found in Tibetean Language.
Working with Words
2. Explain the use of the adjectives in the following phrases.

(i) shaggy monsters
(ii) brackish lakes
(iii) rickety table
(iv) hairpin bend
(v) rudimentary general stores
Answer
(i) shaggy monsters: hairy, unkempt
(ii) Brackish lakes: salty
(iii) Rickety table: wobbly, shaky
(iv) Hairpin bend: very sharp bend
(v) rudimentary general stores: elementary.
SNAPSHOT
The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse

By William Saroyan
Page No: 8
Reading with Insight
1. You will probably agree that this story does not have breathless adventure and exciting
action. Then what in your opinion makes it interesting?
Answer
It is true that though the story "The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse" has neither any
breathless adventure nor any exciting action, yet it holds the interest of the readers. It
begins in a mood of nostalgia and takes us back to the memories of our own childhood
when the world was full of every imaginable kind of magnificence, and life was still a
delightful and mysterious dream.
2. Did the boys return the horse because they were conscience-stricken or because they
were afraid?
Answer
The boys returned the horse because they were conscience-stricken not because they were
afraid. Mourad and Aram belonged to the Garoghlanian family which was famous for its
integrity and honesty. Due to their passion for riding and fun once, they stole a beautiful
white horse.
Page No: 9
4. The story revolves around characters who belong to a tribe in Armenia. Mourad and
Aram are members of the Garoghlanian family. Now locate Armenia and Assyria on the
atlas and prepare a write-up on the Garoghlanian tribes. You may write about people, their
names, traits, geographical and economic features as suggested in the story.
Answer
The Garoghlanian family

This entire concept of the existence of this tribe is said to be fictitious. It's said to be formed
by William Saroyan in his book My name is Aram (1940). Garoghlanian tribe were famous
for their honesty. They were proud of their family. Honesty came next and then they believed
in right and wrong. None of them would take advantage of anybody in the world. No
member of the Garoghlanian family. Hospitality is also an important function in the
Armenian culture. Social gatherings revolve around large amounts of food. The religion of
most Armenian people is Christianity, which is structured around forgiveness of sins and
focuses on the spirit of Tolerance.
The Address
By Marga Minco
Page No: 15
1. 'Have you come back?' said the woman.'I thought that no one had come back.' Does this
statement give some clue about the story? If yes, what is it?
Answer
Yes, these words by Mrs Dorling to the narrator shows that she least expected such a visit.
She had presumed that all of them were dead. This lead to the conclusion that the story is
set against the tragic circumstances of a War in which families lost their lives and
belongings. The statement tells us that the narrator and her family at one time lived in that
area and secondly, the clue that the war has brought about a lot of destruction and it seems
that Mrs. Dorling was not expecting anyone to return to her house to claim the belongings.
2. The story is divided into pre-war and post-war times. What hardships do you think the girl
underwent during these times?
Answer
The story, The Address is divided into pre-war and post-war times. There are clear
indications of the hardships which the narrator, a young girl, had to undergo during these
times. The girl came from a rich family. The family had a lot of valuable belongings. Then
the war broke out. Mrs. Dorling renewed her contact and started visiting their house. She
took away all their possessions on the ground that she wanted to save all their nice things in
case they had to leave the place. After the war was over. Things became almost normal.
Now the girl was living all alone in a rented house. She wanted to meet Mrs. Dorling and ask
for the valuables. When she went to meet Mrs. Dorling she found that Mrs. Dorling was
using her mother's things recklessly. Suddenly, she lost interest in the things that had
belonged to a connection that no longer existed. She decided to leave it all behind and
resolved to move on.
3. Why did the narrator of the story want to forget the address?
Answer
The narrator was disappointed and disillusioned when she was allowed to enter Mrs.
Dorlings house during her second visit. She realised the futility of feeling attached to her
mothers belongings that were kept so distastefully. She just left without taking anything
back and felt like forgetting the address because she would only remember the past.
4. 'The Address' is a story of human predicament that follows war. Comment
Answer
The war creates many difficult and traumatic situations for human beings. Civilian life faces
tremendous upheaval due to war. The human predicament that follows is amply illustrated
through the experience of the narrator. The war had caused many physical difficulties as
well as emotional sufferings to her. She had lost her dear mother. She went to 46, Marconi
Street to see her mothers valuable possessions. Mrs. Dorling was a true opportunist who
had used the narrators mothers belongings on the pretext of storing them for safekeeping.
She refuses to recognize the narrator and does not even let her in. The narrator gets
another chance to visit the house. The presence of her mothers possessions in a strange
atmosphere hurted her. Now these valuables had lost all their importance for her as they
had been separated from her mother. She could get no solace or comfort from them. She
resolved to forget the address. She wanted to leave the memories of her mother and the
war behind. She decided to move on.
Ranga's Marriage
By Masti Venkatesha Iyengar
Page No: 24
1. Comment on the influence of English the language and the way of life on Indian life
as reflected in the story. What is the narrator's attitude to English?
Answer
The story 'Ranga's Marriage' is set in a village Hosahalli, which was in the erstwhile Mysore
state. In those days, there were very few people in Hosahalli who knew English. Like today,
even during those days, English occupied a very prominent place in the hearts and the
minds of people. The village accountant mustered enough courage to send his son, Ranga,
to Bengaluru for higher studies. When Ranga returned home, it became almost a festive
occassion for the entire village.

People had a lot of respect for Ranga because he knew English, which was a very precious
commodity, but very few people in the village knew English. Even a simple word in English
like 'change' was not heard of. When Rama Rao's son uses this word, even the narrator
could not understand. He had to ask Ranga the meaning of the word. The author, in his
narration, shows that he has a positive attitude towards English, but he also asserts that
learning a foreign language or .knowing it need not affect our tradition and culture. This is
evident by the emphasis on Ranga wearing the sacred thread and doing 'namaskars' to the
elders.
2. Astrologers' perceptions are based more on hearsay and conjecture than what they learn
from the study of the stars. Comment with reference to the story.
Answer
In today's India and India of yesteryears, there is not much of a difference as far as the
belief in astrology is concerned. People believed in astrologers then and now. What we do
not understand is that no one can predict God's design. The astrologers like Shastri,
themselves, do not really know the correct calculations of the planets, but they pretend to do
so. Most of these predictions are based upon the information supplied earlier by someone.
In the story, 'Ranga's Marriage', the Shastri is very well tutored by the narrator in advance.
He tells Ranga exactly the same thing what the narrator asks him. He pretends to do all the
calculations and moves his lips but these are all pretentions.
3. Indian society has moved a long way from the way the marriage is arranged in the story.
Discuss.
Answer
In the story 'Ranga's Marriage', the entire process of choosing a bride for Ranga is based
upon the system, which was followed long back in our country. Now the scenario has
changed completely. Rarely, marriages happen at a young age. People have become
conscious about the fact that if the marriage has to last, a certain sense of maturity is
required and this maturity can be obtained through education only. When the boys and the
girls decide to get married, they always make a conscious decision. Now-a-days in India,
marriages take place after the girl and boy consent to do so. Sometimes, the parents and
the society do not approve but the Indian law supports this decision. In the story, 'Ranga's
Marriage', the initiative for Ranga and Ratna's wedding was taken by the narrator. However,
these days, we see a lot of changes taking place as far as the marriage scenario is
concerned in India.
4. What kind of a person do you think the narrator is?
Answer
Shyama, a person who is too attached to his soil and his village, is the narrator of Ranga's
Marriage. According to the story,he is a very simple and kind hearted person. He seems to
have a lot of admiration for his village and knows the smallest tit-bits about his place.
The narrator seems to have a clever perception and is a good judge of people. He realises
that Ranga is a good groom for Ratna. He, then wastes no time and does everything for
their marriage to be solemnised. His efforts culminate in a happy ending, for which he earns
a lot of respect. This is evident when Ratna and Ranga name their son after him.
Albert Einstein at School

By Patrick Pringle
Page No: 31
1. What do you understand of Einsteins nature from his conversations with his history
teacher, his mathematics teacher and the head teacher?
Answer
Einsteins behavior seemed to be extremely unruly. He didn't believe in the then prevailing
system of education. His nature was a spontaneous one. He found memorising facts and
dates quite useless. Ideas lured him more than facts because of which he had a heated
argument on education with his history teacher. He was so restless and indifferent to the
importance of attending school that he didn't mind not attending it at all. From his
conversation with the Maths teacher, we come to know that he was a student who actually
had some interest in mathematics, that being the only class in which he paid a lot of
attention and never wasted his time. He wasn't open and outright in front of his Mathematics
teacher. His behavior had turned mild before his teacher which showed his level of respect
and obediance for elders. Later, when he confronts the headmaster, we find him defensive
at the beginning and carefree at the end of the meeting.
2. The school system often curbs individual talents. Discuss.
Answer
School nowadays is about memorizing a bunch of facts and spitting them back out on a test
or exam. There is no learning involved, just memorization. Students should be taught things
of importance. The grading system is messed up too. How can you grade something on
creativity? You can't. Albert Einstein said "Everyone's a genius, but if you judge a fish by its
ability to climb a tree, it will spend its whole life believing it is stupid"
3. How do you distinguish between information gathering and insight formation?

Answer
Information gathering refers to collection of data and facts. It means knowledge of specific
events or situations that has been gathered or received by communication. Insight
formation, on the other hand, refers to the perception one has of things through his deep
understanding of a subject. Insight refers to the capacity to discern the true nature of a
situation. Thus, it might differ from person to person, depending on everyone's ideas and
concepts.
Mother's Day Snapshots English
By J.B. Priestley
Page No: 52
1.This play, written in the 1950s, is a humorous and satirical depiction of the status of the
mother in the family.
(i) What are the issues it raises?
(ii) Do you think it caricatures these issues or do you think that the problems it raises are
genuine? How does the play resolve the issues? Do you agree with the resolution?
Answer
(i) Mother's Day is a comical satire. The story is a simple one, yet it strongly condemns the
position of women in society. Our mothers and wives work hard daily, turning our houses
into homes. They receive no wages and have no weekends off and work all day long, round
the clock. Little do we realise the hard work they put in to make it all perfect. We take them
for granted and never appreciate them or stop by to drop a word of 'thanks'. The story very
clearly states that our mothers and wives have equal right to relax, enjoy their lives and
deserve acknowledgement and appreciation. They sacrifice their whole lives building ours'.
Husbands stay busy at work and kids are occupied in their own lives. Amidst all this women
lose their self trying to contain our world.
(ii) The problems that play raises are serious. The treatment is of course comic. In the story
the major complaint of Mrs. Pearson is that her family does not spend time with her. The
author has tried to highlight the fact that how lonely can a woman feel when all the members
of her family leave early morning to work and then return in the evening just to get the
supper and then leave again to socialise outside home. They pay her no time or attention.
She selflessly makes the home and asks nothing in return. However, little do we realise that
they also yearn for company and wish to spend time with their loved ones.
In the play, Mrs. Fitzgerald, a determined lady who lives in the neighbourhood and a fortune
teller, helped Mrs. Pearson by exchanging body with her and dealt with Mrs. Pearson's
family. She made the Pearsons understand that Mrs. Pearson is a human after all and that
even after working 24x7 she receives no acknowledgement and appreciation from her family
members. She did not prepare the supper and did not iron the clothes and made George,
Doris and Cyril realise that how dependent they are actually on Mrs. Pearson. She is the
sole pillar who keeps their lives in place and keeps everything ready for them before even
they have asked for it. Finally when the three receive such harsh treatment and see Annie
sitting back and not doing household chores, they feel helpless and find it all difficult to
manage on their own. They realise that their lives are absolutely incomplete without Mrs.
Pearson.
The resolution was perfect and very well decided. The Pearsons needed the harsh
treatment after all else they would have never realised the blunder they were going on
committing. After what all happened and when Mrs. Fitzgerald and Mrs. Pearson exchanged
the bodies back to the original ones, Annie tells George, Doris and Cyril to stay back and
play cards with her and proposed that kids would do cooking while she could sit back and
relax while talking to her husband, to which the three approved merrily.
2. If you were to write about these issues today what are some of the incidents, examples
and problems that you would think of as relevant?
Answer
No matter that time has changed and women in today's society have become confident and
aware about their rights. However, they still continue to be dominated in conservative
societies like ours. Even in western world, one may find many such families, like Pearsons,
where the lady of the house alone manages all for the rest of the members. They work
round the clock, doing the house hold chores all by themselves without complaining and do
not even receive appreciation. Our mothers take little liberty to enjoy or have their own
leisure time. A woman is accepted only in the avtar of a home maker, we never can accept
our mothers or wives going out with her friends. We all stereotype a woman as a lady who is
going to cook food for us, iron our clothes, sit back at home all day cleaning our room and
anxiously waiting for us to return in the evening. We behave as if she can not have a life and
is liable for our our work. We must always keep it in mind that that woman in our house
needs our attention and appreciation and we must be greatful to her.
Page No: 53
1. Is drama a good medium for conveying a social message? Discuss.

Answer
Drama or theatre is a perfect media to deliver social messages to the society. Now that we
are in the digital era, we have various kinds of media, print, electronic and cyber. However,
in the times when there were no TVs, the only media was theatre. Media not just reflects the
society but also revolutionises the society. Jean Genet has made it very clear from his plays
that the society dwells on images. Hence, what we show affects the society largely. So, in
Drama or Theatre, when the characters come alive and equivocally make their point in front
of the whole society, they raise questions, very strong and vital issues are highlighted, which
otherwise remain ignored. People heed to what is displayed and learn and not just relate
and get emotional.

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The Portrait of a Lady

Understanding the Text

1. Her fingers were busy telling the beads of her rosary.

Now look up the dictionary to see if your inference is right.

We're Not Afraid to Die...if We Can All Be Together

captain from his children.

Talking about the Text

Boom: a) deep, prolonged, resonant sound

to employ sb; to engage sb

to accept sb as ones opponent in a game,contest or conflict

Discovering Tut: the Saga Continues

(iv) funerary treasures

CT scan- It refers to Computed Tomography. It provides X-ray image of a body in cross

Laburnum Top (Poem)

3. Why is the image of the engine evoked by the poet?

Landscape of the Soul

Talking about the Text

(iv) The glass panels of the window were broken.

(i) boards of decorated wood

Voice of the Rain (Poem)

For song, issuing from its birth place

The Ailing Planet: the Green Movement's Role

catastrophic depletion a disastrous and harmful reduction in the number of something

Understanding the Text

The earths vital signs reveal a patient in declining health.

Talking about the Text

1. Laws are never respected not enforced in India.

necessary changes having been made

Working with Words

The Browning Version

got carried away

Frank encourages Taplow to comment on Mr. Crocker Harris by cleverly askingTaplow

3. What do you gather about Crocker-Harris from the play?

3. What is the poets feeling towards childhood?

Father to Son (Poem)

1. Does the poem talk of an exclusively personal experience or is it fairly universal?

2. How is the fathers helplessness brought out in the poem?

No, the poem does not follow a consistent rhyme scheme.

Notice these expressions in the text.

1. The story is an account of real events.

Notice these expressions in the text.

Understanding the Text

I. Give reasons for the following statements.

1. The article has been titled Silk Road.

II. Briefly comment on

4. Tsetans support to the author during the journey.

2. What do the following utterances indicate?

Kyang: It is a wild Tibetan ass.

These words are found in Tibetean Language.

Working with Words

2. Explain the use of the adjectives in the following phrases.

The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse

Reading with Insight

The Garoghlanian family

Reading with Insight

Reading with Insight

occassion for the entire village.

Albert Einstein at School