Cell Communication Packet 1
Cell Communication Packet 1
Cell Communication Packet 1
1
Topic 3: Signal Transduction
Learning Objective Vocabulary/Review Questions
IST-3.E: Describe the role of the environment in eliciting a 1. Describe the “response” that a cell can have to a signal.
cellular response. 2. How is it possible that a single signal molecule can elicit
IST-3.F: Describe the different types of cellular responses massive cellular responses?
elicited by a signal transduction pathway. 3. What is transcription and translation (as it pertains to
Essential Knowledge DNA)?
IST-3.E.1: Signal transduction pathways influence how the 4. True or false: the final molecule in a signal transduction
cell responds to its environment. pathway can act as a transcription factor, meaning that it
IST-3.F.1: Signal transduction may result in changes in gene can turn genes off or on.
expression and cell function, which may alter phenotype or 5. What does it mean if a gene is turned off vs on?.
result in programmed cell death (apoptosis).
2
Topics 1, 2, 3, and 4
Cell Communication
Cell-to-cell communication is critical for the ___________________ and _____________________ of cells.
Responsible for:
Direct Contact
Direct contact:
Signaling substances and other material dissolved in the cytoplasm can pass ___________________
between ______________________ cells.
Animal cells:
Plant cells:
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
4
Local Regulators
Local regulators:
Examples:
Paracrine signaling:
Synaptic signaling:
© Getting Down With Science 2020
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
5
Long Distance Signaling
Animals and plants use ___________________________ for long distance signaling.
Plants:
Animals:
Example:
Insulin
Quick Check:
1. What type of communication involves a cell secreting a substance to an adjacent target cell?
2. Plant cells in direct contact with each other can diffuse substances through these structures to
communicate. What are they?
© Getting Down With Science 2020
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
6
Practice Problems: Modes of Cell Communication
Directions: Identify the type of signaling that each example best represents: direct contact (via gap junctions or
plasmodesmata), local signaling (paracrine or synaptic), or long-distance signaling .
2. The thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland located on the front side of the
neck. The thyroid produces three main hormones: triiodothyronine,
tetraiodothyronine, and calcitonin. These thyroid hormones can
generate signaling pathways that lead to the cell proliferation and
regulation of metabolic activity.
6. Auxins are a group of plant hormones that play vital roles in mediating
growth and development. Auxin is transported through plant tissue by
passive diffusion. A recent study revealed that as the root tips of plants
grow, there is an influx of auxin. The researchers genetically modified
root cells to lack plasmodesmata and exposed the root cells to auxin; the
roots did not grow. Therefore, they concluded that auxin must travel
through plasmodesmata to allow for root tip growth.
7. During the wound healing process, cells in the damaged area release the
© Getting Down With Science 2020
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
7
Think, Pair, Share
How do you think cells process signals? Write your ideas down in the space below.
Cell Signaling:Overview
Cell-to-cell messages can be divided into three stages:
1.
2.
3.
© Getting Down With Science 2020
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
8
Stage 1: Reception
Reception:
Receptor:
● All receptors have an area that ____________________ with the ligand and an area that
__________________.
When the ligand binds to the receptor, the receptor ___________________________ (via a
__________________________ change).
Initiates ____________________________________________
________________________________.
© Getting Down With Science 2020
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
9
Plasma Membrane Receptors Intracellular Receptors
Note: the AP exam will not expect you to be able to classify any given
molecule as hydrophobic, usually they will either tell you it is
hydrophobic, or they will say the molecule is a steroid hormone.
© Getting Down With Science 2020
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
10
Stage 2: Transduction
Transduction:
Requires:
*Remember: a change in
shape means
Second messengers:
© Getting Down With Science 2020
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
11
Stage 3: Response
Response:
Examples:
A.
B.
C.
Quick Review
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
12
Signal Transduction Pathways
Signal transduction pathways can influence:
Practice FRQ
Some diseases, such as cancer or diabetes, are caused by defective protein phosphatases. Explain how such a
defective protein would affect a signal transduction pathway.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
© Getting Down With Science 2020
_______________________________________________________________________________________
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
13
Review: Cell Communication
14
5. Label the 3 stages of signal transduction using the image below.
6. In the first stage of cell signaling, a _______________ binds to a __________________, which can
7. In the second stage of cell signaling, the signal is converted and it will bring about a ______________
________________.
8. Differentiate between the roles of protein kinases and protein phosphatases in the second stage of
signaling pathways.
© Getting Down With Science 2020
9. In the third stage of cell signaling, the final molecule in the signaling pathway will convert the signal
15
Important Receptors
In eukaryotic organisms there are two main categories of cell membrane receptors:
1.
2.
GPCRs
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs):
The GPCR, enzyme, and G protein are inactive until ligand binding to GPCR on the extracellular side
➔ Questions?
➔ Textbook
chapters/pages
to review
16
Ion Channels
Ligand gated ion channels:
Located:
Important in the:
17
The Secret Life of Plants
Look at the picture of the potted house plant to the right. What do you think when you see it?
Do you think that this plant can express itself? Can it communicate with other species?
Now look at the picture of the tree to the left. Do you think the tree
understands its surroundings? Can it communicate with nearby trees if
there is danger? Well, it turns out that all the above are true! Most people don’t realize that
plants have fine-tuned mechanisms of communication, and it turns out scientists didn’t know
either until only recently! Two studies published in 1983 demonstrated that willow trees, poplars, and sugar maples
can warn each other about insect attacks. Scientists found that intact, undamaged trees near ones that are infested
with hungry bugs begin pumping out bug-repelling chemicals to ward off attack. In 2006, studies done on plants
found that they have a two branched innate immune system to protect themselves from bacterial, viral, and fungal
infections. So how do exactly can plants do this? Well, they use signaling cascades!
18
1. On Figure 1, label the three stages of cell signaling.
2. Classify strigolactone as polar (hydrophilic) or non-polar (hydrophobic). How can you tell by examining Fig. 1?
A Warning Signal
Besides communicating through fungal networks, plants can also communicate by releasing chemicals in the air. The
thorn acacia in sub-Saharan Africa is an excellent example of how plants can warn other nearby
plants of threats. When a giraffe begins to chew acacia leaves, the tree notices the injury and
emits a distress signal in the form of ethylene gas. This gas is released into the air and can
travel up to 50 yards. Upon detecting this gas, neighboring acacias start releasing tannins into
their leaves. In large enough quantities tannins can sicken or even kill large herbivores.
Giraffes are one such herbivore that commonly feed on acacia trees. So how are giraffes able
to eat the acacia tree leaves? Giraffes can detect ethylene gas in the air, which is why
when giraffes feed on the acacia tree they do so into the wind, so the warning gas doesn’t reach the trees ahead of
them. If there’s no wind, a giraffe will typically walk 100 yards— farther than ethylene gas can travel in still
air—before feeding on the next acacia. The figure below represents ethylene signaling in acacia trees.
Use Figure 2 to answer questions 5-10
© Getting Down With Science 2020
6. Before the acacia tree receives ethylene, is it producing tannins? Why or why not?
7. When ethylene binds to the receptor, what happens to the repressor bound to the transcription factor?
8. What happens to the transcription factor? What does this allow for?
20