758analysis and Design of Multi Circuit Transmission Line Tower PDF

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 13 Issue 1 MARCH 2015.
Analysis and Design of Multi Circuit Transmission

Line Tower
Sakthivel. T#1 and Sanjeevi. R*2
#
* (Civil Engineering): dept. Easwari Eng. College, Ramapuram, Chennai 600 089, India
[email protected]
broad based towers. The tower is designed as angle tower and
also dead end tower.
Abstract Due to rapid urbanization and space constraints

narrow base towers provide an alternative solution to
conventional broad based towers. A narrow base 200 KV multi
circuit tower is analysed using STADD.PRO. The choice of tower
is made based on the available right of way. As per IS 5613 (Part
2/Sec 2) the required right of way for a 220 KV broad base tower
is 35 m. But when adequate right of way is not available the base
width of the tower is constrained. There is no standard of
specification or limit up to which the tower acts as broad base or
narrow base tower. The tower is considered as narrow base when
its width is constrained. The tower is in Mumbai. It is a four
circuit double peak tower and consists of 2 earth wires, 12 cross
arms (6 box cross arms on one side and 6 triangular cross arms
on the other side of the tower). It is a dead end tower with
deviation of 0 - 15. Since it is a dead end tower could also be an
angle tower. The narrow base tower is also an angle tower with
deviation of 30-60. The design wind pressure for the tower is 757
N/m. The maximum sag of the conductor is 9.626 m. The
maximum sag of the conductor occurs at maximum temperature
and nil wind. The transverse loads, vertical loads and the
longitudinal loads on the towers are calculated for reliability
condition, security condition, and safety condition. The electrical
clearance diagram for the tower is drawn using AUTOCAD. The
height of the tower is 56.335 m, and its width at plinth level at a
body extension of 6 meter is 7.343 m. The entire tower is
separated into 9 blocks. The tower is separated into panels
consisting of A-Pattern, X-Pattern, bracings, and leg members.
The body wind is calculated based on the boundary area and the
projected area, and it acts at 10 wind points in the longitudinal
face of the tower. The tower is designed based on IS 802 (Part 1/
Sec2).
Fig. 1 Dead End Tower
TABLE I PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTOR

Material
Standing
(Aluminium/Steel)
Diameter
Cross Sectional Area
Ultimate
Tensile
Strength
Unit Weight
Modulus of Elasticity
Coefficient of Linear
Expansion
Wind Span
W/A
Index TermsTransmission Line Tower; Narrow Base

Tower; Angle Tower; Sag and tension; Body Wind Calculation
I.
All Aluminum Alloy

Conductor (AAAC)
INTRODUCTION
Electric power plays an important role in the life of the

community and development of various sectors of economy. In
India, high priority is given to power development programs.
Transmission line (TL) structures support the phase conductors
and shield wires of a transmission line. Due to rapid
urbanization and space constraints, narrow base structures
provide solution as an alternative approach to conventional
Units
61/3.31
29.79
5.25
mm
cm
14603
1.448
550800
kg
kg/m
kgf/cm
2.30E-05
350
0.2758
/C
m
kg/m/cm
TABLE II PROPERTIES OF GROUND WIRE

Material
Standing
(Aluminium/Steel)
Diameter
Cross Sectional Area
Ultimate Tensile
Strength
56
Units
7/3.15
9.45
0.5455
mm
cm
5710
kg

Unit Weight
Modulus of Elasticity
Coefficient of Linear
Expansion
Wind Span
W/A
0.43
1933000
kg/m
kgf/cm
0.0000115
350
0.788267644
/C
m
kg/m/cm
TABLE IV SAG AND TENSION OF CONDUCTOR
TABLE III PROPERTIES OF INSULATOR

Single Tension Insulator Details
Number of Insulator (Single
Tension Insulator)
Length of Insulator
Diameter of Insulator
Weight of Insulator (Maximum)
Weight of Insulator (Minimum)
Number of Pilot Insulator
Required
Length of Pilot Insulator
Diameter of Pilot Insulator
Weight of Pilot Insulator
(Maximum)
Weight of Pilot Insulator
(Minimum)
Coefficient for Insulator Wind
Pressure
Factor for Unbalanced Tension
II.
Units
2
3.416
0.305
150
150
1
2.500
0.280
Tension
(Kg)
Factor of
Safety
(Required)
0
32
32
85
0
0
0
175.22
0
63.08
4030.11
3138.37
7564.48
2303.50
5198.40
1.4285
4.5454
1.4285
1.4285
1.4285
Factor
of
Safety
(Actual)
3.62
4.65
1.93
6.34
2.81
Vertical
Sag
(m)
Tension
%
5.50
7.06
2.93
9.626
4.27
27.60
21.49
51.80
15.77
35.60
LOAD CONDITIONS
The tower is designed as dead end and angle tower. The loads
acting on the tower are considered for the following loading
conditions, for angle tower (30-60) and for dead end tower
(0-15).
30 deviation reliability condition
30 deviation security condition Loads for intact
spans
30 deviation security condition Loads for broken
spans
30 deviation safety normal condition
30 deviation safety broken condition Loads for
intact spans
broken spans
30 deviation anticascading condition
spans
60 deviation security condition Loads for broken
spans
intact spans
broken spans
60 deviation anticascading condition
spans
spans
m
m
Kg
150
Kg
150
0.50
0.0
The wind intensity is lower at the ground level and the air flow
is turbulent because of friction with the rough surfaces of the
ground. The basic wind speed map of India is applicable at 10
m height above mean ground level for the six wind zones of
the country. The basic wind speed Vb is 44 m/s. the
meteorological wind speed VR is 32 m/s. Vd = VR x K1 x K2.
Pd = 0.6 Vd. Pd = design wind pressure in N/m2. The design
wind pressure is Pd = 757 N/m.
SAG AND TENSION
The sag is calculated for various temperature and wind

pressure conditions. It could be calculated by catenary method
or by parabolic method. The parabolic method of sag and
tension calculation is followed in IS: 5613 (Part 2/Sec 1). The
sag and tension are determined for the following temperature
and wind pressure combinations,
Wind
Pressure
(kg/m2)
IV.
m
m
Kg
Kg
DETERMINATION OF WIND PRESURE
III.
Tem
pC
Everyday temperature and nil wind

Everyday temperature and full wind
Maximum temperature and nil wind
Minimum temperature and 36 % of full wind
Minimum temperature and nil wind
V.
The maximum temperature of all aluminum alloy conductor is

85 (Clause 10.2.4, IS: 802 (Part 1/Sec 1). The maximum
temperature of the ground wire is 53 (Clause 10.2.4, IS: 802
(Part 1/Sec 1).
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
The design of transmission line towers are classified into

structural design and electrical design. The electrical clearance
forms the electrical design of transmission line tower. As per
clause 13.1 of IS 5613 (Part 2/Sec 1) a minimum ground
clearance of 7 meter is provided. As per clause 7.3.2 the
vertical spacing between conductors is a minimum of 4.9
The maximum sag of the conductor occurs at maximum

temperature and nil wind
57

meter. As per clause 13.2 the mid span clearance between earth
wire and power conductor is 8.5 m.
Fig. 3(a) Panel of Tower
Fig. 3(b) Tower Model
Fig. 2 Electrical Clearance Diagram
VI.
STAAD.PRO MODELLING OF NARROW BASE TOWER
Fig. 4 Sample Loading Tree
The tower is modelled using Staad.Pro. During the modelling

phase the tower is separated into various blocks for the ease of
analysis and design. The blocks comprise of bracings of APattern, X-Pattern and V-Pattern. A sample panel with APattern is shown in the following figure.
VII. GENERATION OF LOADING TREE

The lengths of the members are identified from the tower
model. The broken wire conditions are identified. Either earth
wire or one conductor could be broken in a phase or two
58

conductors and an earth wire can be broken as per clause 16 of
IS 802 (Part 1/Sec 1). The sample loading tree is shown in the
following figure.
As per clause 6.3 of IS 802 (Part 1/Sec 2) the limiting

slenderness ratio is 120 for leg members, ground wire peak
member, and lower members of cross arms in compression;
and for other members except redundant members the limiting
slenderness ratio is 200, and for redundant members the
limiting slenderness ratio is 250. The total weight of the tower
without redundant member is 51667.84 Kg.
Star angle and quadruple plate angle sections are used for leg
members. Double angle sections are used for bracings
subjected to more forces. Single angle sections are used for
belt members.
The factor of safety provided for leg members is 1.01-1.1. The
factor of safety provided for bracings and belt members vary
from 1.2-1.3. The factor of safety for the cross arm bottom
members is 1.3-1.4.
The sections used for leg members are 150x150x20 QL,
150x150x16 QL, 200x200x25 star angle, 200x200x20 star
angle, 200x200x16 star angle, 150x150x20 star angle, and
150x150x12 star angle.
The various members used for bracings are 150x150x10 DL,
130x130x10 DL, 120x120x10 L, 100x100x10 L, and
100x100x8 L.
The various members used for belt and plan-x-bracing are
100x100x10 L, 100x100x8 L, 80x80x6 L, 70x70x6 L.
High tensile steel of fy=350 N/mm is used for leg members,
top cross arm and bottom cross arm members. Mild steel of
fy=250 N/mm is used for belt, bracings.
The leg members are split into maximum of 3 rvv. The belt
members are split into maximum of 3 rvv. Very few bracings
are split to 4 rvv in order to maintain the slenderness ratio and
produce effective members.
VIII. BODY WIND CALCULATION OF TOWER

Trial sections are assigned to the generated model.
The projected area and the boundary area of the tower are
calculated. Then the body wind is determined on 10 wind
points in the tower. Then the wind load is obtained. The body
wind is applied in the longitudinal face of the tower.
TABLE V BODY WIND ON TOWER
Wind
Point
(kg/m2)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
IX.
Body
Wind
(Kg)
560
2961
1994
1996
2086
2270
2543
3076
2716
969
LOAD CASES AND COMBINATIONS
The load combinations and combination load cases

are assigned and the tower is analysed. Then the forces are
obtained and grouping of forces is done.
XI.
DESIGN OF TOWER
In order to validate the design, the tower is analyzed and

designed using STADD.PRO. The total weight of the tower
obtained using STADD.PRO is 48784.76 Kg. Since the result
shows that the tower weight could be reduced further. Hence,
the body wind is calculated. Then the body wind is applied on
the tower and the maximum compression and tension forces
acting on the tower are obtained. The weight of the tower
obtained by optimizing the angle section is 48608 Kg.
XII. INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
The maximum displacement is experienced by the dead end
tower for 0 condition. Since the dead end tower will be
located in the substation it may not be a narrow base tower,
however if the due to space constraints if the dead end tower is
supposed to be a narrow base tower then the dead end towers
safety should be given more importance than the economy.
Fig. 5 Load Case Details
X.
PRIMARY DESIGN OF TOWER
The tower is designed based on IS 802(Part 1/Sec 2). Trial

sections are assigned.
59

XV. COCLUSION
The weight of the tower is optimized by using sections of
various sizes. The reduced weight is obtained by using single
angle sections for belt members. Since the scope of the project
is not obtaining the least weight of the tower with adequate
safety, the width of the tower is not increased further, to
validate the economy of the tower. Further the redundant
members are not designed. Considerable change in the total
weight of the tower would be obtained after the redundant
members are designed. The reduction in weight is achieved by
using angle sections of thickness varying from 5-6 mm, but not
less than 5 mm.
Fig. 6 Displacement of the Tower for Critical Load Combination
XIII. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOMENT, FORCE AND

DISPLACEMENT
The graph of moment, force, and displacement is shown in the
following figure.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank the management and staff of Easwari
Engineering College for their guidance and support.
Mz(kNm )
1.22 1.40
1.40
0.70
0.70
2.51
1
0
0.70
4
-0.688
1.40
5
6.036 0.70
1.40
References
[1]
Alam M. J. and Santhakumar, A. R, Reliability analysis and full
scale testing of Transmission Tower, Journal of Structural Engineering
ASCE., Vol. 122, No. 3, pp. 338-344, (1996).
[2]
Albermani F., Chan R. W. K., and Kitipornchai S, Failure analysis
of transmission towers, Engineering Failure Analysis, ELSEVIER., Vol.
16, pp. 1922-1928, (2008).
[2]
CBIP Central Board of Irrigation and Power manual
[3]
IS: 802 (Part1/Sec1):1995 Use of structural steel in overhead
transmission line towers Code of practice. Part 1 Materials, Loads and
Permissible Stresses. Section 1 Materials and Loads.
[4]
IS: 802 (Part1/Sec2):1992 Use of structural steel in overhead
transmission line towers Code of practice. Part 1 Materials, Loads and
Permissible Stresses. Section 2 Permissible Stresses.
[4]
IS: 5613 (Part 2/Sec 1): 1985 Code of Practice for Design,
Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Power Lines. Part 2 Lines above
11 KV and up to and including 220 KV. Section 1 Design.
[5]
IS: 5613 (Part 2/Sec 2): 1985 Code of Practice for Design,
Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Power Lines. Part 2 Lines above
11 KV and up to and including 220 KV. Section 2 Installation and
Maintenance.
[6]
Knight G. M. S and Santhakumar A. R, Joint effects on behaviour
of Transmission Towers, Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE., Vol.
119, No. 3, pp. 698-712, (1993).
Fig. 7 Moment of Beam 1 (Leg Member)
Fy(k g)
150
100 62.6
50
1
50
100
150
150
100
50
5
6.036 50
100
-104 150
Fig. 8 Vertical Force along Y axis for Beam 1 (Leg Member)

Fx(kg)
20000 15187
13575 20000
10000
10000
1
10000
20000
5
6.036 10000
20000
Fig. 9 Horizontal Force along X axis for Beam 1 (Leg Member)
XIV. ADVANTAGES OF NARROW BASE TOWER

Even though the narrow base tower might not be completely
economical as a conventional tower, it is the only best solution
for urban cities. And with adaption of emerging trends and
technologies in engineering, narrow base towers could be an
alternative to conventional broad base towers, when adequate
right of way is not available.
Sakthivel. T, Post Graduate student, Structural Engineering

Department, Easwari Engineering College
60

.
Sanjeevi. R, Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering
Department, Easwari Engineering College
61

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What are the properties of the conductor and ground wire used in the transmission line?

What are the properties of the conductor and ground wire used in the transmission line?

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 13 Issue 1 MARCH 2015.

Analysis and Design of Multi Circuit Transmission

Abstract Due to rapid urbanization and space constraints

Fig. 1 Dead End Tower

TABLE I PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTOR

Index TermsTransmission Line Tower; Narrow Base

All Aluminum Alloy

Electric power plays an important role in the life of the

TABLE II PROPERTIES OF GROUND WIRE

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

TABLE IV SAG AND TENSION OF CONDUCTOR

TABLE III PROPERTIES OF INSULATOR

The sag is calculated for various temperature and wind

DETERMINATION OF WIND PRESURE

Everyday temperature and nil wind

The maximum temperature of all aluminum alloy conductor is

The design of transmission line towers are classified into

The maximum sag of the conductor occurs at maximum

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

Fig. 3(a) Panel of Tower

Fig. 3(b) Tower Model

Fig. 2 Electrical Clearance Diagram

STAAD.PRO MODELLING OF NARROW BASE TOWER

Fig. 4 Sample Loading Tree

The tower is modelled using Staad.Pro. During the modelling

VII. GENERATION OF LOADING TREE

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

As per clause 6.3 of IS 802 (Part 1/Sec 2) the limiting

VIII. BODY WIND CALCULATION OF TOWER

LOAD CASES AND COMBINATIONS

The load combinations and combination load cases

In order to validate the design, the tower is analyzed and

PRIMARY DESIGN OF TOWER

The tower is designed based on IS 802(Part 1/Sec 2). Trial

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

Fig. 6 Displacement of the Tower for Critical Load Combination

XIII. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOMENT, FORCE AND

Fig. 7 Moment of Beam 1 (Leg Member)

Fig. 8 Vertical Force along Y axis for Beam 1 (Leg Member)

Fig. 9 Horizontal Force along X axis for Beam 1 (Leg Member)

XIV. ADVANTAGES OF NARROW BASE TOWER

Sakthivel. T, Post Graduate student, Structural Engineering

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

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