Analytical and Numerical Stress Analysis of The Rotary Kiln Ring

A. iga, A. Kara, D.
Vukojevi
Analitika i numerika analiza naprezanja u nosivom prstenu rotacijske pei

ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online)
UDC/UDK 621.783.23-477:539.377.384.388]:519.6
ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF THE ROTARY KILN RING

Alma iga, Aleksandar Kara, Duan Vukojevi
Original scientific paper
This paper presents an analysis of the stress distribution on the outer surface of the riding ring of rotary cement kiln during working cycle using both the
theory and finite element simulation. In the theoretical analysis, the total stress is obtained as a combination of bending, thermal and contact stresses. To
obtain bending stress the kiln is considered as a simply supported, indeterminate beam subjected to static and symmetrical loads and Castiglianos theorem
is employed. Thermal stresses are obtained assuming both linear and non-linear temperature distribution over the ring thickness. Contact stress between
ring and supporting rollers is obtained using Hertz contact theory. Bending, thermal and contact stresses are also obtained numerically in separate
simulations, mimicking conditions assumed in the theoretical part. All results are in excellent agreement. In addition, a more realistic ring model subjected
to all loads simultaneously is also simulated. These results showed slight disagreement with theory in the contact region, mainly due to sliding contact
between the roller and the ring, but overall agreement was good.
Keywords: bending stress, contact stress, kiln ring, thermal effects

Izvorni znanstveni lanak
Ovaj rad predstavlja analizu raspodjele naprezanja na vanjskoj povrini nosivog prstena rotacijske pei u radnom ciklusu uporabom teorijske analize i
simulacije metodom konanih elemenata. U teorijskoj analizi, ukupno naprezanje je dobiveno kombinacijom savojnog naprezanja, toplinskih i kontaktnih
naprezanja. Za dobivanje savojnog naprezanja, pe se promatra kao prosta, statiki neodreena greda koja je optereena statikim i simetrinim
optereenjima, pri emu se koristi Castiglianov teorem. Toplinska naprezanja dobivena su pretpostavljajui i linearnu i nelinearnu raspodjelu temperature
kroz debljinu prstena. Konstantna naprezanja izmeu prstena i nosivih valjaka dobivena su uporabom Hertzove teorije za kontaktna naprezanja.
Naprezanja uslijed savijanja, toplinska i kontaktna naprezanja dobivena su i numeriki u odvojenim simulacijama, u kojima su koriteni uvjeti usvojeni u
teorijskom dijelu. Svi se rezultati odlino slau. Pored toga, simuliran je i realniji model prstena koji je izloen svim naprezanjima istovremeno. Ovi
rezultati pokazali su manja odstupanja od teorije, naroito zbog klizajueg kontakta izmeu prstena i nosivih valjaka, ali se openito dobro slau.
Kljune rijei: kontaktno naprezanje, nosei prsten, savijanje, toplinski efekti
Introduction
Riding rings are supporting elements of rotary kilns,

and as such are subjected to various dynamic stresses.
These stresses are caused by loads from the kiln weight
and row-mix feed, rotation of the kiln and by temperature
gradients. In order to predict ring behaviour and estimate
its service life it is essential to calculate these stresses as
accurately as possible.
There are a limited number of studies in literature that
examine stress state of rotary kiln rings in more details.
Maziarz and Tasak [5] studied fatigue failure of the rings
and gave simplified equations for bending stresses caused
by continuous load; detailed analysis of contact and
thermal stresses was omitted. Similar analysis was carried
out by Xiao et al. [6], who investigated contact pressure
distribution and support angle optimisation of the kiln
ring, however they also did not include temperature
effects. Bowen and Saxer [7] investigated causes and
effects of kiln ring problems and included thermal
stresses, but the analysis of bending stresses due to
continuous load was simplified. In addition, there are
numerous studies investigating the rotary kiln stresses,
stresses in supporting rollers, heat transfer in the kiln, etc.
[8 11], but to the authors knowledge, there are no
published studies with detailed theoretical investigation
and numerical simulation of the kiln ring.
This paper focuses on detailed analytical analysis of
the kiln ring stresses caused by continuous loads, contact
between the ring and the roller and by temperature
gradients and numerical simulation of the same problem.
To this end, the rotary kiln of the cement plant in Kakanj,
shown in Fig. 1, is considered. It is a 70 m long steel tube
Tehniki vjesnik 20, 6(2013), 941-946
with inner diameter of 4,6 m and slope of 3,5, and

rotation speed of 2 rpm. The mass of the kiln, including
refractory line and feed, is around 1000 t and is supported
by three ring-roller stations, spaced along the length of the
kiln. The main dimensions and properties of the kiln
necessary for subsequent analysis are given in Tab. 1.
Figure 1 Rotary kiln in the cement plant in Kakanj

Table 1 Rotary kiln data (in mm)
Ring
Inner radius, R1 Outer radius, R2
Ring 1
2318
2700
Ring 2, 3
2323
2700
Distributed loads along the kiln length:
Width, B
750
880
941
Analytical and numerical stress analysis of the rotary kiln ring
Support reactions in the kiln ring
In order to calculate support reactions in the kiln

rings, the kiln is divided into 17 segments, due to different
shell rigidity, supports and drive-gear positions, and
distributed loads, as shown in Fig. 2. The kiln is modelled
in MdSolids3.2 software with the following assumptions:
Raw-mix in kiln is evenly distributed along kiln length
with specific weight of 18,58 kN/m,
Raw-mix is symmetrically distributed around vertical
axis of kiln (Fig. 3),
Temperature does not affect shell rigidity,
Specific weight of line bricks on inlet side (18,2 m),
i.e. right-hand side in Fig. 2, is 44 kN/m. The
remaining part of the kiln has line bricks with specific
weight of 74 kN/m. Distributed loads in Fig. 2
correspond to the graph in Tab. 1. Weight of the gear
ring is Fg= 353 kN.
A. iga, A. Kara, D. Vukojevi
3.1 Bending stresses due to continuous load

In order to obtain distribution of bending stresses, it is
necessary to calculate bending moments in each cross
section of the ring. To this end, three regions of the ring
can be distinguished, as shown in Fig. 4 (only a half of the
ring is considered in the analysis due to symmetry):
region I for 0 /2, region II for /2 5/6 and
region III for 5/6 . It is assumed here that the
continuous load acts from =/2, and is described by the
following function of :
q=
2F
cos ,
R1
(1)
Now, according to Fig. 4, we have bending moments:

(i) Region I:
M b = M 0 + N 0 Ravg (1 cos ) ,
(2)
(ii) Region II:
M b = M 0 + N 0 Ravg (1 cos ) + M q ,
Figure 2 Kiln model
As a results of the analysis, the following roller support

reactions, namely nodes 4, 9 and 15, are obtained:
F4=2183,7 kN, F9=4013,86 kN and F15=3154 kN. Using
the highest value, in the middle roller station, one can
obtain the maximum load Q, acting on the ring (see Fig.
F9
.
3) as Q =
2 cos 30
(3)
(iii) Region III:

5
M b = M 0 + N 0 Ravg (1 cos ) + M q QRavgsin ,

6
(4)
where the moment of distributed load Mq, is given by:
M q = q R1d Ravg sin( ) =

2
Mq =
Figure 3 Roller stations with reactions
Analytical solutions
Stress distribution in the riding ring can be obtained

as a combination of bending, contact and thermal stresses
acting on the ring, as a result of distributed load in the
kiln, contact between rollers and the ring, and temperature
gradient. In this work, bending stresses are obtained
following the work by Maziarz and Tasak [5] and Xiao et
al. [6], where basic equations are given together with
boundary conditions applied in order to obtain bending
moments. Contact stresses between kiln rollers and the
kiln ring are obtained using classical Hertzian contact
analysis [1]. Thermal stresses are calculated using
expressions given by Timoshenko [2] and Bowen and
Saxer [7].
942
2F
2 R1 (cos ) R1 Ravgsin( ) d ,
FRavg [ 2cos + ( 2 )sin ]
2
(5)
(6)
and Ravg=0,5(R1+R2) is the mean radius of the ring, and

R1 and R2 are inner and outer radius of the ring,
respectively.
Bending moment M0 and horizontal force N0 can be
obtained using Castiglianos theorem, i.e. via partial
derivatives of the strain energy in the ring with respect to
M0 and N0. Here, the strain energy can be considered as a
function of bending moment only, since the contributions
of direct tensile and shear forces can be neglected in the
presence of bending [4], and is given by
U=
Ravg
EI
0 M b d .
2
(7)
Now, by applying Castiglianos theorem, with the

angle of rotation, , and the horizontal displacement, ,
of the cross section A of the ring equal to zero, we have
Technical Gazette 20, 6(2013), 941-946
=0 =
U
M 0
=
=0
Ravg
EI
M b
0 2M b M 0 d = 0 ,
(8)
and
=0 =
U
N 0
=
=0
Ravg
EI
M b
0 2M b N 0 d = 0 .
(9)
where Rn=(R2R1)/ln(R2/R1) is the distance of neutral axis

of the ring cross section from the central axis of the ring
and A is the area of the ring cross section. It is worth of
noting that in literature, e.g. [5 7], the kiln is usually
considered a straight beam and a simplified expression,
b=Mb/W, is used to obtain bending stresses, where
W=BH2/6 is the section modulus. The difference between
two approaches is 5 % for the case considered.
Now, using equations (2), (3) and (4) one can obtain
circumferential stress distribution at the outer surface of
the kiln ring as a function of , as shown in Fig. 5. As can
be seen, in one full cycle the ring goes twice through two
extreme tensile stresses, at around 107 and at 180, and
twice through two extreme compressive stresses, at 0 and
at contact region with rollers (150), with maximum
tensile stress at 107 and maximum compressive stress in
the contact region with the roller. Nevertheless, the
magnitude of these stresses is well below critical values.
Figure 4 Kiln ring under the load [5]
Figure 5 Bending stress at the outer surface of the ring
After integration, equations (8) and (9) become:

2 Ravg Ravg
=0,
M 0 + N 0 Ravg + F
3

3.2 Thermal stress in the ring

(10)
and
t =
M 0 +
3Ravg
2
FRavg
144
3 = 0 .
9 24 3 +
72
(11)
By solving equations (10) and (11), the final

expressions for the unknown internal moment M0 and
internal force N0 are obtained:
N0 =
The general expression for circumferential stress in

the ring due to temperature field is obtained from [2]:
F ( 3 9)
,
36
E 1
1 r 2
(12)
t = t o + T
FRavg (72 9 12 3 + 3 )
36 2
(13)
In order to obtain circumferential stresses at the outer

surface, the ring can be considered as a curved bar and the
following expression can be applied [3]:
b =
M b ( Rn R2 )
,
AR2 Ravg Rn
Tehniki vjesnik 20, 6(2013), 941-946
(14)
R1
l t r dr +
r 2 + R12
R2 R12
R2
, (15)
) R1 lt rdr lt
where l is the coefficient of linear expansion, t is the

temperature distribution over the ring thickness, E is the
modulus of elasticity and is Poissons ratio.
For a thin-wall ring with inside temperature ti and
outside temperature to (ti > to, Fig. 6), the steady-state
temperature over the thickness is almost linear and can be
approximated by:
M0 =
R2 r
,
R2 R1
(16)
where T = ti to is the temperature difference. By

substituting equation (16) into (15), one can obtain final
expression for circumferential stress distribution through
ring thickness. For the outer surface, r=R2,
circumferential stress is positive and can be calculated
using the following expression [7]:
t =
E l m + 2
,
3(1 ) m + 1
(17)
943
where m is the ratio of outside and inside radius of the

ring, i.e. m = R2 / R1 .
Eq. (19)
Eq. (17)
to
B
R1
H
R2
Figure 6 Temperature distributions through ring thickness
Under adopted assumptions, the thermal stress at the

outer surface is constant circumferentially, and is equal to
175 MPa for the case considered.
On the other hand, if the thickness of the wall is not
considered small, temperature distribution is not linear
and may be represented by the function:
t=
R
T
ln 2 + t o ,
R2
r
ln
R1
(18)
leading to the following expression for circumferential

thermal stress:
t =
E l T 1 + m 2 + 2ln m
.
2(1 ) (1 m 2 ) ln m
Numerical analysis
Numerical analysis is carried out using ABAQUS

software [12]. In all simulations the ring and rollers
(where applied) are modelled in 2D, with only a half of
the domain modelled due to symmetry and plain strain
condition is applied. Simulations are considered steadystate, i.e. inertia effects are neglected due to slow rotation
of the kiln. Material properties for both parts are those of
steel. Firstly, the ring is subjected to individual loads as
employed in the analytical section, and results are
compared with analytical solutions. Then, a more realistic
model, with all loading conditions acting simultaneously,
is simulated and analysed.
ti
(12)/E2), and indices 1 and 2 relate to the ring and the

roller, respectively, and B is the contact width. Maximum
contact (compressive) stress occurs twice in one
revolution and equals 396 MPa.
4.1 Bending stresses due to continuous load

Fig. 7 shows the meshed ring model with boundary
conditions. The ring is meshed using 8414 linear
quadrilateral elements of type CPE4T and 60 linear
triangular elements of type CPE3T. Contact region
between the roller and the ring in this simulation is
simplified by a simple pinned support, i.e. movement is
constrained in the x and y directions. Load distribution is
applied along the lower internal circumference of the ring
using a user-defined subroutine DLOAD with Eq. (1)
employed. Outer and internal upper half surfaces are
stress-free and right cross-sectional surfaces are symmetry
planes.
(19)
This expression produces thermal stress of 171 MPa, with

approximately 2,3 % difference with the case of thin-wall
ring assumption.
3.3 Contact stress in the ring
Pressure distribution due to contact between the roller
and the ring, assumed here as a full circle, has a semielliptical distribution, with the maximum contact stress in
the middle of the contact area [1]:
c max =
2Q
,
aB
(20)
where Q is the normal force acting on the ring (Fig. 3 and

4), a is a half-width of the contact area:
a=
4QR
BE*
(21)
R is the equivalent radius 1/R = (1/R1+1/R2), E* is the

equivalent modulus of elasticity 1/E* = ((12)/E1 +
944
Figure 7 The ring model subjected to continuous load
Fig. 8 shows comparison of bending stresses at the

outer ring surface obtained analytically and numerically.
It is clear that agreement is very good, with maximum
difference of 5 % in the region of maximum tensile stress
(107) and at 0. The region around support is not plotted
due to high stress peaks in the numerical simulations

caused by fixed point support.
formulation and surface-to-surface discretisation method.

As a result of this simulation, maximum (compressive)
contact stress of 396 MPa is obtained in the middle of
contact area, the same as analytically.
4.4 The ring-roller system simultaneous loading
conditions
Figure 8 Bending stresses due to continuous load
4.2 Thermal stress in the ring

In order to simulate conditions used in Section 3.2
and obtain thermal stresses numerically, the ring, with the
mesh as in Section 4.1 without support, is subjected to
constant temperatures at the outer (to) and inner (ti)
surfaces, using fixed value boundary condition. As a
result, constant circumferential tensile stress of 170,8
MPa at the outer surface is obtained, which is very close
to the thick-ring assumption and non-linear temperature
distribution in the ring (Eq. 19).
The meshed ring-roller system with proper contact

between parts, subjected to the temperature gradient as in
Section 3.2 and loading given in Section 3.1 is shown in
Figure 10. Coupled temperature-displacement step type is
chosen for the analysis with steady-state response.
Domain is meshed using linear quadrilateral CPE4T and
triangular elements CPE3T; total number of elements is
23657 of CPE4T and 126 of CPE3T. Similarly to contact
analysis in previous section, mesh is refined in the contact
region to get better accuracy. Contact is simulated using
penalty friction formulation with coefficient of friction
equal to 0,1, and surface-to-surface interaction with finite
sliding formulation between parts.
4.3 Contact stress in the ring

Contact stresses are obtained numerically using the
model given in Fig. 9. Here, the ring and roller are
modelled as full cylinders to accommodate assumptions
used in the analytical solution. Only a quarter of each part
is modelled and the force Q (Fig. 3) is applied to the roller
(upper cylinder) as shown in Fig. 9.
Figure 10 The meshed ring-roller system
Figure 9 Contact between roller and the ring simplified analysis
The mesh consists of 4141 CPE4R elements for the

ring and 4909 CPE4R elements for the roller, with refined
mesh in the region of contact to obtain more accurate
results. Outside boundaries are modelled as stress-free,
with bottom and right boundaries as symmetry planes.
Contact between the roller and the ring is modelled using
frictionless formulation. The type of interaction between
ring and rollers is surface-to-surface with small sliding
Tehniki vjesnik 20, 6(2013), 941-946
Fig. 11 shows circumferential stress distribution in

the ring and the roller. It can be observed that the profile
is very similar, i.e. linear through thickness, to that caused
by temperature gradient in the most of the ring domain.
However, a closer look at the contact region reveals
significant deviation from the overall trend due to contact
stresses.
Circumferential stress distribution at the outer surface
is given in Fig. 12. It is clear that the ring is subjected to
the almost constant stress of 175 MPa, caused by
temperature gradient, with two stress peaks in each
rotation, caused by contact between the ring and the
roller. On the other hand, the effects of bending stresses
are minor. Overall agreement with analytical solution is
good. However, it is clear that the analytical solution
significantly overestimates compressive stresses in the
945
contact region, mainly due to simplified boundary

conditions in the analytical approach.
Figure 11 Circumferential stress distribution in the ring and rollers
[5] Maziarz, M.; Tasak, E. Case study of fatigue failures in the

support rings of a cement kiln. //International Journal of
Fatigue. 2, 3(1992), pp. 84-90.
[6] Xiao, Y.; Pan, D.; Lei, X. Contact pressure distribution and
support angle optimization of kiln tyre. // J. Cent. South
Univ. Technol. 13, 3, 6(2006), pp. 246-250.
[7] Bowen A. E.; Saxer, B. Causes and effect of kiln tyre
problems. // IEEE transaction on industry applications. IA21, 2, 3(1985), pp. 344-355.
[8] Pazand, K.; Shariat Panahi, M.; Pourabdoli, M. Simulating
the mechanical behaviour of a rotary cement kiln using
artificial neural networks. // Materials and Design. 30,
(2009), pp. 3468-3473.
[9] del Coz Diaz, J. J.; Rodriguez Mazon, F.; Garcia Nieto, P.
J.; Suarez Dominguez, F. J. Design and finite element
analysis of a wet cycle cement rotary kiln. // Finite
Elements in Analysis and Design. 39, (2002), pp. 17-42.
[10] Chen, Z.; Zeng, F.; Fan, T.; Xiao, J.; Shen, J. Numerical
analysis of static stress on the body of 10000 t/d rotary
kilns main body. // International Conference on
Experimental Mechanics 2008, edited by Xiaoyuan H.,
Humin X., Yilan K.
[11] Sonavane, Y.; Specht, E. Numerical analysis of the heat
transfer in the wall of rotary kiln using finite element
method ANSYS, Seventh International Conference on CFD
in the Minerals and Process Industries CISRO, Melbourne,
Australia, 2009.
[12] ABAQUS 6.9-1, commercial FEA Software, product of
Dassault Systmes Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA.
Authors addresses
Figure 12 Circumferential stress at the outer ring surface
Conclusions
Circumferential stresses of the kiln ring caused by

distributed loads, contact with supporting rollers and
temperature gradients are analysed analytically and
numerically. A good overall agreement between two
approaches is obtained. However, numerical analysis of a
more realistic kiln-ring system revealed smaller
compressive stresses in the contact region compared to
the analytical predictions. The major contribution to the
total stress is that of temperature gradients, causing
almost constant stress in the outer surface of the ring.
Stress magnitudes are well below yield stress of the ring
material, so the linear-elastic analysis employed in this
study suffices.
6
Alma iga, M. Sc., Assistant

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Fakultetska 1, 72 000 Zenica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
E-mail: [email protected]
Aleksandar Kara, PhD, Associate professor
Duan Vukojevi, PhD, Professor
References
[1] Johnson, K. L. Contact Mechanics, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge, 1985.
[2] Timoshenko, S. Strength of Materials, part II, Advanced
Theory and Problems, D. Van Nostrand Company, New
York, 1942.
[3] Hibbeler, R. C. Mechanics of Materials, eighth edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011.
[4] Young, W. C.; Budynas, R. G. Roarks Formulas for Stress
and Strain, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
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Analytical and Numerical Stress Analysis of The Rotary Kiln Ring

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Analytical and Numerical Stress Analysis of The Rotary Kiln Ring

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Analitika i numerika analiza naprezanja u nosivom prstenu rotacijske pei