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RichardNeutraWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

RichardNeutra
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

RichardJosephNeutra(April8,1892April16,1970)wasanAustrianAmericanarchitect.Living
andbuildingforthemajorityofhiscareerinSouthernCalifornia,hecametobeconsideredamongthe
mostimportantmodernistarchitects.

RichardNeutra

Contents
1
2
3
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5
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7
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Biography
Architecturalstyle
Legacy
Lostworks
Selectedworks
Publications
Notes
Othersources
Externallinks

Biography
NeutrawasborninLeopoldstadt,the2nddistrictofVienna,AustriaHungary,onApril8,1892intoa
wealthyJewishfamily.HisJewishHungarianfatherSamuelNeutra(18441920)[1][2]wasa
proprietorofametalfoundry,andhismother,Elizabeth"Betty"Glaser[3]Neutra(18511905)wasa
memberoftheIKGWien.RichardhadtwobrotherswhoalsoemigratedtotheUnitedStates,anda
sisterwhomarriedinVienna.
NeutraattendedtheSophiengymnasiuminViennauntil1910,andhestudiedunderAdolfLoosatthe
ViennaUniversityofTechnology(19101918).HewasastudentofMaxFabianiandKarlMayreder.
In1912heundertookastudytriptoItalyandBalkanswithErnstLudwigFreud(sonofSigmundFreud).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neutra

Born

RichardJosephNeutra
April8,1892
Leopoldstadt,Vienna

Died

April16,1970(aged78)
Wuppertal,Germany

Occupation

Architect

Awards

WilhelmExnerMedal(1959)
AIAGoldMedal(1977)

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AfterWorldWarINeutrawenttoSwitzerlandwhereheworkedwiththelandscapearchitectGustavAmmann.In1921heservedbrieflyascityarchitect
intheGermantownofLuckenwalde,andlaterinthesameyearhejoinedtheofficeofErichMendelsohninBerlin.Neutracontributedtothefirms
competitionentryforanewcommercialcentreforHaifa,Palestine(1922),andtotheZehlendorfhousingprojectinBerlin(1923).[4]HemarriedDione
Niedermann,thedaughterofanarchitect,in1922.Theyhadthreesons,FrankL(19242008),Dion(1926)anarchitectandhisfather'spartnerand
RaymondRichard(1939)aphysicianandenvironmentalepidemiologist.
NeutramovedtotheUnitedStatesby1923andbecameanaturalizedcitizenin1929.NeutraworkedbrieflyforFrankLloydWrightbeforeacceptingan
invitationfromhisclosefriendanduniversitycompanionRudolfSchindlertoworkandlivecommunallyinSchindler'sKingsRoadHouseinCalifornia.
NeutrasfirstworkinLosAngeleswasinlandscapearchitecture,whereheprovidedthedesignforthegardenofSchindlersbeachhouse(19225),
designedforPhilipLovell,NewportBeach,andforapergolaandwadingpoolforWrightandSchindlerscomplexforAlineBarnsdallonOliveHill
(1925),Hollywood.SchindlerandNeutracollaboratedonanentryfortheLeagueofNationsCompetitionof19267inthesameyeartheyformeda
firmwiththeplannerCarolAronovici(18811957)calledtheArchitecturalGroupforIndustryandCommerce(AGIC).Hesubsequentlydevelopedhis
ownpracticeandwentontodesignnumerousbuildingsembodyingtheInternationalStyle,twelveofwhicharedesignatedasHistoricCultural
Monuments(HCM),includingtheLovellHealthHouse(HCM#1231929)andtheRichardandDionNeutraVDLResearchHouse(HCM#640
1966).[4]InCalifornia,hebecamecelebratedforrigorouslygeometricbutairystructuresthatsymbolizedaWestCoastvariationonthemidcentury
modernresidence.ClientsincludedEdgarJ.Kaufmann,GalkaScheyer,andWalterConradArensberg.Intheearly1930s,Neutra'sLosAngelespractice
trainedseveralyoungarchitectswhowentontoindependentsuccess,includingGregoryAin,HarwellHamiltonHarris,andRaphaelSoriano.In1932,
hetriedtomovetotheSovietUnion,tohelpdesignworkers'housingthatcouldbeeasilyconstructed,asameansofhelpingwiththehousing
shortage.[5]
In1932,NeutrawasincludedintheseminalMoMAexhibitiononmodernarchitecture,curatedbyPhilipJohnsonandHenryRussellHitchcock.In1949
NeutraformedapartnershipwithRobertE.Alexanderthatlasteduntil1958,whichfinallygavehimtheopportunitytodesignlargercommercialand
institutionalbuildings.In1955,theUnitedStatesDepartmentofStatecommissionedNeutratodesignanewembassyinKarachi.Neutra'sappointment
waspartofanambitiousprogramofarchitecturalcommissionstorenownedarchitects,whichincludedembassiesbyWalterGropiusinAthens,Edward
DurrellStoneinNewDelhi,MarcelBreuerinTheHague,JosepLluisSertinBaghdad,andEeroSaarineninLondon.In1965Neutraformeda
partnershipwithhissonDionNeutra.[4]Between1960and1970,NeutracreatedeightvillasinEurope,fourinSwitzerland,threeinGermany,andone
inFrance.ProminentclientsinthisperiodincludedGerdBucerius,publisherofDieZeit,aswellasfiguresfromcommerceandscience.
NeutradiedinWuppertal,Germany,onApril16,1970,attheageof78.

Architecturalstyle

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Hewasfamousfortheattentionhegavetodefiningtherealneedsofhisclients,regardlessofthesizeoftheproject,incontrasttootherarchitectseager
toimposetheirartisticvisiononaclient.Neutrasometimesuseddetailedquestionnairestodiscoverhisclient'sneeds,muchtotheirsurprise.His
domesticarchitecturewasablendofart,landscape,andpracticalcomfort.
Neutrahadasharpsenseofirony.Inhisautobiography,LifeandShape,heincludedaplayfulanecdoteaboutananonymousmovieproducerclientwho
electrifiedthemoataroundthehousethatNeutradesignedforhimandhadhisPersianbutlerfishoutthebodiesinthemorninganddisposeofthemina
speciallydesignedincinerator.Thiswasamuchembellishedaccountofanactualclient,JosefvonSternberg,whoindeedhadamoatedhousebutnotan
electrifiedone.
Thenovelist/philosopherAynRandwasthesecondowneroftheVonSternbergHouseintheSanFernandoValley(nowdestroyed).AphotoofNeutra
andRandatthehomewasfamouslycapturedbyJuliusShulman.
Neutra'searlywatercolorsanddrawings,mostofthemofplaceshetraveled(particularlyhistripstotheBalkansinWWI)andportraitsketches,showed
influencefromartistssuchasGustavKlimt,EgonSchieleetc.Neutra'ssisterJosefine,whocoulddraw,iscitedasdevelopingNeutra'sinclination
towardsdrawing.

Legacy
Neutra'ssonDionhaskepttheSilverLakeofficesdesignedandbuiltbyhisfatheropenas"RichardandDionNeutraArchitecture"inLosAngeles.The
NeutraOfficeBuildingislistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.
In1980,Neutra'swidowdonatedtheVanderLeeuwHouse(VDLResearchHouse),thenvaluedat$207,500,toCaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,
Pomona(CalPolyPomona)tobeusedbytheuniversity'sCollegeofEnvironmentalDesignfacultyandstudents.[6][7]In2011,theNeutradesigned
KronishHouse(1954)on9439SunsetBoulevardinBeverlyHillssoldfor$12.8million.[8]
In2009,theexhibition"RichardNeutra,Architect:SketchesandDrawings"attheLosAngelesCentralLibraryfeaturedaselectionofNeutra'stravel
sketches,figuredrawingsandbuildingrenderings.Anexhibitiononthearchitect'sworkinEuropebetween1960and1979wasmountedbytheMARTa
Herford,Germany.
Therevivalinthelate1990sofmidcenturymodernismhasgivennewcachettohiswork,aswithhomesandpublicstructuresbuiltbythearchitects
JohnLautnerandRudolfSchindler.TheKaufmannDesertHousewasrestoredbyMarmolRadziner+Associatesinthemid1990s.
ThetypefacefamilyNeutraface,designedbyChristianSchwartzforHouseIndustries,wasbasedonRichardNeutra'sarchitectureanddesignprinciples.
In1977hewasposthumouslyawardedtheAIAGoldMedal.
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Lostworks
OneofthemostfamousandmostphotographedNeutradesignedstructureswasthe1962MaslonHouseofRanchoMirageCalifornia,whichwas
infamouslydemolishedin2002.[9]
Neutra'sfamedCycloramaBuildingatGettysburgwasdemolishedbyNationalParkService,March89,2013.[10]

Selectedworks
Seealso:Category:RichardNeutrabuildings
JardinetteApartments,1928,Hollywood,California
LovellHouse,1929,LosAngeles,California
MoskHouse,1933,2742HollyridgeDrive,Hollywood
NathanandMalveKoblickHouse,1933,98FairviewAvenue,Atherton,California
UniversalInternationalBuilding(LaemmleBuilding),1933,Hollywood
ScheyerHouse,1934,BlueHeightsDrive,HollywoodHills,LosAngeles
WilliamandMelbaBeardHouse(withGregoryAin),1935,1981Meadowbrook,Altadena
CaliforniaMilitaryAcademy,1935,CulverCity
CoronaAvenueElementarySchool,1935,3835BellAvenue,Bell,California
LargentHouse,1935,cornerofHopkinsandBurnettAvenues,SanFrancisco
VonSternbergHouse,1935,SanFernandoValley
NeutraVDLStudioandResidences(alsoknownasVanderLeeuwHouseorVDLResearchHouse),
MillerHouse,PalmSprings
1932,LosAngeles,California
StenandFrenkeHouse(LosAngelesHistoricCulturalMonument#647),1934,126MaberyRoad,
SantaMonica
TheNeutraHouseProject(http://neutrahouse.org),1935,RestorationoftheNeutra"OrchardHouse"inLosAltos,California
JosefKunHouse,1936,7960FareholmDrive,NicholsCanyon,HollywoodHills,LosAngeles,California[11]
GeorgeKraigherHouse(http://www.preservationtexas.org/endangered/georgekraigherhouse/),1937,525ParedesLineRoad,Brownsville,Texas
LandfairApartments,1937,Westwood,LosAngeles,California
StrathmoreApartments,1937,Westwood,LosAngeles,California
AquinoDuplex,1937,2430LeavenworthStreet,SanFrancisco
LeonBarshaHouse(withP.Pfisterer),1937,302MesaRoad,PacificPalisades,California
MillerHouse,[12]1937,PalmSprings,California
WindshieldHouse,[13]1938,Fisher'sIsland,NewYork
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LewinHouse,1938,512OceanFrontWalk,SantaMonica,LosAngeles
EmersonJuniorHighSchool,1938,1650SelbyAvenue,WestLosAngeles,California
WardBergerHouse,1939,3156NorthLakeHollywoodDrive,HollywoodHills,LosAngeles,California
KeltonApartments,Westwood,LosAngeles
BeckstrandHouse,1940,1400ViaMontemar,PalosVerdesEstates,LosAngeles
BonnetHouse,1941,HollywoodHills,LosAngeles,California
VanCleefResidence,1942,651WarnerAvenue,Westwood,LosAngeles
ChannelHeightsHousingProjects,1942,SanPedro,California
JohnNesbittHouse,1942,414Avondale,Brentwood,LosAngeles
KaufmannDesertHouse,[14][15][16]1946,PalmSprings,California
StuartBaileyHouse,1948,PacificPalisades,California(CaseStudy20A)
CaseStudyHouses#6,#13,#20A,#21A
SchmidtHouse,1948,1460ChamberlainRoad,LindaVista,Pasadena,California
JosephTutaHouse,1948,1800ViaVisalia,PalosVerdes,California
HolidayHouseMotel,1948,27400PacificCoastHighway,Malibu,California
ElkayApartments,1948,638642KeltonAvenue,Westwood,LosAngeles
GordonWilkinsHouse,1949,528SouthHermosaPlace,SouthPasadena,California[17][18]
AlphaWirinHouse,1949,2622GlendowerAvenue,LosFeliz,LosAngeles
HinesHouse,1949,760ViaSomonte,PalosVerdes,California
AtwellHouse,1950,1411AtwellRoad,ElCerrito,California
NickHelburnHouse,1950,SourdoughRoad,Bozeman,Montana
NeutraOfficeBuildingNeutra'sdesignstudiofrom1950to1970
EveristHouse,1951,200W.45thStreet,SiouxCity,Iowa[19]
MooreHouse,1952,Ojai,California(receivedAIAaward)
PerkinsHouse,195255,1540PoppypeakDrive,Pasadena,California
SchaarmanHouse,1953,7850TorreysonDrive,HollywoodHills
KesterAvenueElementarySchool(withR.E.Alexander),1953,5353KesterAvenue,LosAngeles
OlanG.andAidaT.HafleyHouse,1953,5561EastLaPasadaStreet,LongBeach[20]
BrownHouse,1955,10801ChalonRoad,BelAir,LosAngeles
KronishHouse,1955,BeverlyHills,California[21]
SidneyR.TroxellHouse,[22]1956,766PaseoMiramar,PacificPalisades,California
ClarkHouse,1957,Pasadena,California
Airman'sMemorialChapel,1957,45549BauerStreet,Miramar,California
FerroChemicalCompanyBuilding,1957,Cleveland,Ohio
ConnellHouse,1958,PebbleBeach,California
MellonHallandFrancisScottKeyAuditorium,1958,St.John'sCollege,Annapolis,Maryland
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RivieraUnitedMethodistChurch,1958,375PalosVerdesBoulevard,RedondoBeach
LoringHouse,1959,2456AstralDrive,LosAngeles(additionbyEscherGuneWardenaArchitecture,2006
SingletonHouse,1959,15000MulhollandDrive,HollywoodHills
GardenGroveCommunityChurch,CommunityChurch,1959(FellowshipHallandOffices),1961(Sanctuary),1968(TowerofHope),Garden
Grove,California
Threeseniorofficer'squartersonMountainHomeAirForceBase,Idaho,1959
JulianBondHouse,1960,4449YerbaSanta,SanDiego,California
R.J.NeutraElementarySchool,1960,NavalAirStationLemoore,inLemoore,California(designedin1929)
PalosVerdesHighSchool,1961,600CloydenRoad,PalosVerdes,California
HausRang,1961,KnigsteinimTaunus,Germany
HansGrellingHouse/CasaTuiaonMonteVerit,1961,StradadelRoccolo11,Ascona,Tessin,Switzerland
LosAngelesCountyHallofRecords,1962,LosAngeles,California.
GettysburgCyclorama,1962,GettysburgNationalMilitaryPark,Pennsylvania
GonzalesGorrondonaHouse,1962,AvenidadelaLinea65,SabanaGrande,Caracas,Venezuela
BewobauResidences,1963,QuickbornnearHamburg,Germany
MarinersMedicalArts,1963,NewportBeach,California
PaintedDesertVisitorCenter,1963,PetrifiedForestNationalPark,Arizona
UnitedStatesEmbassy,(laterUSConsulateGeneraluntil2011),1959,Karachi,Pakistan[23]
SwirbulLibrary,1963,AdelphiUniversity,GardenCity,NewYork
KuhnsHouse,1964,WoodlandHills,LosAngeles,California
RiceHouse(NationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces),1964,1000OldLockeLane,Richmond,Virginia
VDLIIResearchHouse,[24][25][26]1964,(rebuiltwithsonDionNeutra)LosAngeles,California
RentschHouse,1965,WengennearBerneinSwitzerlandLandscapearchitect:ErnstCramer
BuceriusHouse,1965,BrionesopraMinusioinSwitzerlandLandscapearchitect:ErnstCramer
HausKemper,1965,Wuppertal,Germany
SportsandCongressCenter,1965,Reno,Nevada
DelcourtHouse,196869,Croix,Nord,France
HausPescher,1969,Wuppertal,Germany
HausJrgenTillmanns,1970,Stettfurt,Thurgau,Switzerland

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CycloramaBuilding,
Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania

JardinetteApartments,
Hollywood

KaufmannHouse,
PalmSprings,
California.

GardenGrove
CommunityChurch,
GardenGrove,CA

Publications
1927:WieBautAmerika?(HowAmericaBuilds)(JuliusHoffman)
1930:Amerika:DieStilbildungdesneuenBauensindenVereiningtenStaaten(AntonSchrollVerlag)
1935:"NewElementarySchoolsforAmerica".ArchitecturalForum65(1):2536.January1935.
1948:ArchitectureofSocialConcerninRegionsofMildClimate(GerthTodtman)
1951:MysteriesandRealitiesoftheSite(Morgan&Morgan)
1954:SurvivalThroughDesign(OxfordUniversityPress)
1956:LifeandHumanHabitat(AlexanderKochVerlag).
1961:WeltundWohnung(AlexanderKockVerlag)
1962:LifeandShape:anAutobiography(AppletonCenturyCrofts),reprinted2009(AtaraPress)
1962:Auftragfrmorgen(ClaassenVerlag)
1962:WorldandDwelling(UniverseBooks)
1970:NaturnahesBauen(AlexanderKochVerlag)
1971:BuildingWithNature(UniverseBooks)
1974:WasserSteineLicht(PareyVerlag)
1977:BauenunddieSinneswelt(VerlagderKunst)
1989:NatureNear:TheLateEssaysofRichardNeutra(CapraPress)

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Notes
1."ChroniclesofBrunonia"(PDF).Dl.lib.brown.edu.Retrieved20150731.
2."1837/L"..sympatico.ca.Retrieved20150731.
3.orGlazer
4."RichardNeutra".MoMA.20100222.Retrieved20150731.
5.StateArchiveoftheRussianFederation,fR7544,op1,d78,l6
6."CalPolyPomonaGivenNeutraResearchHouse".LosAngelesTimes.
19800302.
7."Architect'sHomeGivenToCalPoly".LosAngelesTimes.19800518.
8.LaurenBeale(October14,2011),RichardNeutradesignedKronishhouse
sellsfor$12.8million(http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/14/business/lafi
hotpropkronishhouse20111014)LosAngelesTimes.
9.BradDunning,"ADestructionSite",
(http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/21/magazine/styleadestruction
site.html)TheNewYorkTimes,April21,2002
10."ThedeathoftheGettysburgCycloramabuilding".EveningSun.Retrieved
20150731.
11.Jao,Carren(November21,2014)"Devorocker'snewtrioworkstorestore
Neutra'sKunHouse"(http://www.latimes.com/home/lahmkunhouse
20141122story.html)LosAngelesTimes
12.Leet,StephenShulman,Julius(2004).RichardNeutra'sMillerHouse.New
York,NY:PrincetonArchitecturalPress.p.191.ISBN9781568982748.
LCCN2003021531.OCLC473973008.
13.Neumann,Dietrich,ed.(2001).RichardNeutra'sWindshieldHouse.Yale
UniversityPress.ISBN0300092032.
14.Wyatt,Edward(October31,2007)."ALandmarkModernistHouseHeadsto
Auction".NewYorkTimes.Retrieved20080524.
15.JudithGura(May1,2008)."RichardNeutra'sKaufmannHouse".
ARTINFO.Retrieved20080514.

16.Friedman,AliceT.(c.2010)."2.PalmSpringsEternal:RichardNeutra's
KaufmannDesertHouse".AmericanGlamourandtheEvolutionofModern
Architecture.NewHaven,CN:YaleUniversityPress.p.262.ISBN978
0300116540.LCCN2009032574.
17."RichardNeutraNCMHModernistMastersGallery".
Trianglemodernisthouses.com.Retrieved20150730.
18.[1](http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/43604381.html)Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20100421213734/http://www.allbusiness.com/c
onstruction/43604381.html)April21,2010,attheWaybackMachine.
19."EveristHouseMultipleViews(1951)".neutra.org.Retrieved20150730.
20.CarolCrotta(May2,2015),NeutrarestorationinLongBeachhonorstime
andpatina(http://www.latimes.com/home/lahmhafley20150502
story.html)LosAngelesTimes.
21."Transitions".Preservation(NationalTrustforHistoricPreservation)64(1):
6.January2012.
22.[2](http://www.landliving.com/articles/0000000803.aspx)Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20060323105933/http://www.landliving.com/art
icles/0000000803.aspx)March23,2006,attheWaybackMachine.
23.ObituaryForAConsulateOfficeBuilding
(http://skepticalbureaucrat.blogspot.com/2011/01/obituaryforconsulate
officebuilding.html)19January2011Retrieved31March2011
24.Eastman,Janet(April17,2008)."TheclockistickingforRichardNeutra's
VDLResearchHouseII".LosAngelesTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon
20080421.Retrieved20080524.
25.Ayyce,Orhan(March17,2008)."Neutra'sVDLHousev.HardTimes".
archinect.com.Retrieved20080524.
26."CreativeDecoratingIdeas".NeutraVDL.org.Retrieved20150731.

Othersources
McCoy,Esther(1960).FiveCaliforniaArchitects.ReinholdPublishing.ISBN0275717208.
reprintedin1975byPraeger
Hines,Thomas(1982).RichardNeutraandtheSearchforModernArchitecture.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0195030281.
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reprintedin1994bytheUniversityofCaliforniaPress
reprintedin2006byRizzoliPublications
Lavin,Sylvia(December1999)."OpentheBox:RichardNeutraandthePsychologyoftheDomesticEnvironment".Assemblage(TheMITPress)
40(40):625.doi:10.2307/3171369.JSTOR3171369.
Lamprecht,Barbara(2000).RichardNeutra:CompleteWorks.Taschen.p.360.ISBN9783822866221.
Lamprecht,Barbara(2004).RichardNeutra,18921970:SurvivalThroughDesign.Taschen.ISBN3822827738.
Lavin,Sylvia(2005).FormFollowsLibido:ArchitectureandRichardNeutrainaPsychoanalyticCulture.MITPress.ISBN0262122685.
Cronan,Todd(July2011)."DangerintheSmallestDose:RichardNeutra'sDesignTheory".DesignandCulture(BergPublishers)3(2):165191.
doi:10.2752/175470811X13002771867806.

Externallinks
FindingAidfortheRichardandDionNeutraPapers
WikimediaCommonshas
(http://www2.library.ucla.edu/specialcollections/researchlibrary/9618.cfm),UCLALibrarySpecial
mediarelatedtoRichard
Collections.
Neutra.
Digitizedplans,sketches,photographs,textsfromtheRichardandDionNeutraCollection
(http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0008b9tw),UCLALibrarySpecialCollections.
NeutraInstituteforSurvivalThroughDesign(http://www.neutra.org/)
NeutraatGreatBuildings.com(http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Richard_Neutra.html)
Neutraatmodernsandiego.com(http://www.modernsandiego.com/RichardNeutra.html)
Neutrabiographyatr20thcentury.com(http://www.r20thcentury.com/bios/designer.cfm?article_id=76)
infoandphotosfromWinkens.ie(http://www.winkens.ie/neutra.htm)
History,plansandphotographsoftheVDLI&VDLIIResearchHouses(http://www.neutravdl.org)
NeutraVDLStudioandResidencesiPadApp(http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/neutravdlstudioresidences/id468279435?ls=1&mt=8)
RichardNeutraandtheCaliforniaArtClub:PathwaystotheJosefvonSternbergandDudleyMurphyCommissions
(http://socalarchhistory.blogspot.com/2011/05/richardneutraandcaliforniaartclub.html)
R.M.Schindler,RichardNeutraandLouisSullivan's"KindergartenChats"(http://socalarchhistory.blogspot.com/2011/05/rmschindlerrichard
neutraandluis.html)
FoundationsofLosAngelesModernism:RichardNeutra'sModSquad(http://socalarchhistory.blogspot.com/2010/08/practicalcourseinmodern
buildingart.html)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Neutra&oldid=713803768"
Categories: RichardNeutrabuildings 20thcenturyAmericanarchitects Austrianarchitects Germanarchitects Americanarchitects
Modernistarchitects Internationalstylearchitects ArchitectsfromLosAngeles,California
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CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomonafaculty 1892births 1970deaths 20thcenturyAustrianpeople AustrianJews

AmericanpeopleofAustrianJewishdescent AustrianexpatriatesinGermany AustrianemigrantstotheUnitedStates
CommandersCrossesoftheOrderofMeritoftheFederalRepublicofGermany PeoplefromLeopoldstadt PeoplefromWuppertal
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