Staar Social Studies 8 Review
Staar Social Studies 8 Review
Staar Social Studies 8 Review
Religion (God)
Wealth (Gold)
Fame and International recognition (Glory)
Major Era 1
Exploration and Colonial Era
1492-1763
Early settlers
French and Indian War
Slavery Established
The need for cheap laborers to grow cash crops encouraged white settlers to
use African slaves.
Important Dates
Invention of cotton gin in 1793 made it even easier and cheaper to grow
cotton. This required more slaves to help the farmers grow it.
Establishing Colonies
William Penn Established Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers. He supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in a militia.
Anne Hutchinson Banished from Massachusetts colony; one of the founders of Rhode Island
America
New England (CT, NH, MA, RI): settled by Pilgrims in 1620 and Puritans
in the 1630s to escape religious persecution in England
Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, PA, DE): NY was important trading area, William Penn founded PA for religious freedom
Southern Colonies (VA, MD, NC, SC, GA): Maryland founded by Catholics feeling religious persecution, GA was created for debtors
Triangular Trade
Also as a result of the war, the British began taxing the colonists to pay
for the war and the proclamation line of 1763 was established to keep
colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains.
American Reaction
Sugar Act
Tax on Sugar
Taxation without
representation
Stamp Act
Tax on documents
Protests; Sons of
Liberty form
Townshend Acts
Boycott British
Tea Act
Taxed Tea
Closed Boston
Revolutionary Era
1763-1789
British Policy
Intolerable Acts
Major Era 2
Revolutionary War
Declaration of Independence 1776 Document written by Thomas Jefferson, claiming independence from Great Britain based on the philosophies
of Locke, Montesquieu, and Blackstone
George Washington Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, President of the Constitutional Convention, and First US President, Helped create a
strong central government.
Samuel Adams Boston Patriot who opposed British taxation. He established the committee of correspondence. Leader of the Sons of Liberty and
insisted a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution before ratification.
Benjamin Franklin Author, publisher, inventor and diplomat
Alexander Hamilton Author of many of the Federalist Papers; First secretary of treasury, Leader of Federalist Party,
Patrick Henry Patriot from Virginia, opposed ratification of Constitution
because of potential limitations on states rights. Give me Liberty. Or give
me death!
James Madison Father of the Constitution one of Three authors of the
Federalist Papers, author of the Bill of Rights
Thomas Paine Wrote Common Sense and American Crisis, He urged Americans to support the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.
Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams, known for her stance on womens
rights in letters to her husband.
Mercy Otis Warren Patriot writer that supported independence and convinced others to join the cause. First woman historian of the American Revolution, published plays, books and poetry.
James Armistead African-American spy during the American Revolution.
Spied on Lord Cornwallis camp.
Bernardo de Galvez Spaniard who held off British in New Orleans, but allowed Americans use of the port.
Crispus Attucks American Hero and Martyr of the Boston Massacre
Haym Salomon Polish Jew who spied for Americans and was held as a
translator for the Germans by the British.
Marquis de Lafayette French Noble who helped Americans during the Revolutionary War
John Paul Jones Founder of the U.S. Navy. Led raids on British ships and
famous for yelling I have not yet begun to fight
King George III King of England during the American Revolution
Colonies government during the Revolution
Articles of Confederation Created just before the Battle of Yorktown, this
was the first attempt at a national government by the American Colonies; its
weaknesses was the lack of a strong central government.
Philadelphia Convention (1787)
Also called the Constitutional Convention Delegates met in Philadelphia
Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote an
entirely new constitution and formed a new government.
Major Era 3
Early Republic
1789-1812
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
Government
Strong National
Government
Constitution
Economy
Based on industry
Based on agriculture
Democracy
Foreign Affairs
Important Leaders
Federalist
Issues
Bill of Rights
War of 1812
Causes
Effects
First 4 Presidents
George Washington
1st President encouraged no political parties and isolationism
Farewell address encouraged isolationism and no forming of political
parties
John Adams
XYZ Affair
Alien and Sedition Acts
Thomas Jefferson
Marbury v. Madison (Judicial Review)
Louisiana Purchase (1803) purchased from France for $15 million,
doubled the size of the U.S.
Embargo Act of 1807 restricted trade with any country
James Madison
War of 1812 United States earned worldwide respect and helped
spark the Industrial Revolution
Henry Clays American System
Major Era 4
Westward Expansion
1812-1846
Monroe doctrine
Manifest Destiny
the idea that America is destined to go from Sea to shining Sea or the
Atlantic to the Pacific.
The doctrine stated that the U.S. would not allow any European country to create new colonies anywhere in North or South America
The doctrine that the U.S. would stay out of European affairs and Europe should stay out of U.S. affairs
America now saw itself as a world power
America and Mexico argued over the border between the Texas and
Mexico.
Mexico recognizes Texas as a part of the U.S. and settles border dispute Rio Grande the border
We didnt want anyone to get there first and try to colonize (Spanish or
French)
Wealth rich farm lands, timber, minerals and gold
Many Americas believed it was important for all Americans to have their
own plot of land
Issue: led to conflict with other peoples and nations
Transportation
Colonial Era
Early Republic
Jacksonian Democracy
The idea that as many people as possible should be allowed to vote
Industrialization
an economy that begins to be based on factories rather than
farming.
War of 1812 America could not buy goods from England and was
forced to make their own goods
Inventions changed the way goods were produced
Improvements in transportation made it easier , faster and cheaper
to send goods to buyers
Free Enterprise
Canals helped link farms and cities and made it easier to transport people and goodsThe ability to transport people and goods allowed cities to grow and
expand
The growth of cities, trade and the migration of people all increased
with the development of the railroad
Gadsden Purchase (1853) Land purchased from Mexico in used to complete the transcontinental railroad.
Florida Cession(1819) given to the U.S. by Spain
Major Era 5
Antebellum Era
1836-1860
Reform in America
Northern States had outlawed slavery and they wanted the Southern
States to do the same
Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth both born slaves but had escaped slavery and became leading abolitionist
Sectionalism
Tension between the North and the South as each section of
the country places its own interests above the country as a
whole
Slavery in each territory was to be decided by popular sovereignty (vote by the people).
Anti-slavery and Pro-slavery forces rushed into the territories in order to vote.
A key figure was John Brown who was an extreme abolitionist that murdered slavery supporters.
Reformers
Susan B. Anthony Leader in womens suffrage (right to vote) movement
for 50 years to the effort to attain equal rights for women.
Henry David Thoreau American essayist, poet, practical philosopher, and
transcendentalist. Wrote Civil Disobedience (passive resistance) and supported abolitionism.
Sojourner Truth Former slave who fought for womens rights and abolition of slavery
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Author of declaration of the rights of women,
seeking equal rights for women. Her and Lucretia Mott held the first womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY.
Horace Mann Father of Public Education; believed all children had the
right to free education.
Major Era 6
Civil War and Reconstruction
1860-1877
Civil War (1861-1865) Fighting between the North and South over the issue
of slavery. North wins and slaves are granted Freedom, Citizenship, and the
right to vote.
People of the Civil War
Secession
Abraham Lincoln President of The United States during the Civil War.
(Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address)
Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America. Inaugural address proclaimed States Rights.
Fort Sumter
Battle of Antietam
Siege of Vicksburg
Battle of Gettysburg
Appomattox Courthouse
Emancipation
Emancipation Proclamation freed all of the slaves in the Southern States
Issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863 Lincoln did not, however,
have the power to free the slaves in the Southern States so in reality it freed
very few slaves
Reconstruction
The process of re-admitting Southern States into the Union
Philip Bazaar Navy Seaman who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his
valor in the Battle for Fort Fisher of the American Civil War.
People of Reconstruction
Hiram Rhodes Revels American clergyman and educator who became the
first black citizen to be elected to the U.S. Senate(1870-1871) during Reconstruction. He performed competently in office, advocating desegregation in
the schools and on the railroads.
Major Era
Key People, Supreme Court Cases,
Political Parties, Compromise
Dorothea Dix Reformer who fought to improve the care of the mentally ill
Ralph Waldo Emerson Writer and poet; popularized the idea of transcendentalism
John Peter Zenger Journalist; his trial helped establish idea of freedom of the
press
John Quincy Adams 6th President, Member of Congress & favored strong nationalism against states rights and opposed the pro-slavery messages of John C.
Calhoun.
Daniel Webster Representative and senator in the Congress. Known for his
debates against Haynes and Calhoun on the topics of states rights and nullification.
Andrew Jackson 7th President; hero of the Battle of New Orleans (war of 1812);
began a new style of American politics, Jacksonian Democracy; ordered the
trail of tears and supported the power of the national government
John James Audubon Painter of birds and other wildlife. Authored Birds of
America which remains the most comprehensive presentation of American birds
today.
Samuel Morse Inventor of the telegraph
Compromises on Slavery
Northwest Ordinance established government for the Northwest
Territory and described how a territory becomes a state.
Missouri Compromise (1820) Admitted Missouri as a slave state
and Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery north of Missouri
maintaining balance between free and slave states in Congress.
Compromise of 1850 preserved balance of free and slave states
and said that congress would not regulate slavery in territories. California becomes a free state, no slave trade in D.C., Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Session.
Political Parties
Political parties began over a disagreement about the power of the federal government and foreign policy.
Homestead Act law that a person could claim 160 acres of land in
the western territories. (Sooners)
Federalist Party Believe in strong national government; higher tariffs; government support of industry. (Alexander Hamilton, John Adams)
Fugitive Slave Act act that helped slave owners recover their runaway slaves from the North. (Part of Compromise of 1850)
Democratic Party Modern Democratic Party began with the election of 1828
Andrew Jackson became the first Democrat when the Democratic-Republicans
split.
Whig Party Group opposed to Jacksons policies. Supported States rights, and
Henry Clays American System. Leaders were Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.
Republican Party Modern republican Party formed before the Civil War as an
Anti-slavery party. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican President; Republicans temporarily dominated US politics after the Civil War.
Kansas Nebraska Act All were examples of the government compromises that actually spread slavery further in the country
Category 5
Vocabulary
History Vocab
Virtue the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong