Biology2 120721041928 Phpapp02
Biology2 120721041928 Phpapp02
Biology2 120721041928 Phpapp02
Diet
and Exercise
Pathogens
Bacteria are 100 times smaller than body
cells, and they reproduce quickly
Some Bacteria can damage your cells or
produce toxins
Virus are 100 times smaller than bacteria
They invade the body cells and replicate
inside the cell until the cell bursts.
White
Blood Cells
Engulfing
and Digesting
Producing
Antibodies
It produces an
antibodies
New
by
Producing antitoxins
These are produced by the white
blood cells to counteract the toxins
made by the invading bacteria
Vaccination
Pros
Cons
Sense
organs
CNS
The central nervous system is where
the information from the sense
organs is sent, so reflexes and
actions can be coordinated.
It consists of the brain , spine and
the neurone path way
Neurones
Sensory- nerve cells that carry electrical
signals from the receptors to the CNS
Relay- nerve cells that carry electrical
signals from the sensory neurons to the
motor neurons
Motor- nerve cells that carry electrical
signals from the CNS to the effecter
muscle/gland
Recepto
r
CN
S
Sensory
Motor
CN
S
Relay
Effect
er
Hormones
and Nerves
Nerves
Hormones
Very FAST
SLOWER action
Menstrual
Cycle
STAGE 1: This is the
break down of the
uterus lining
STAGE 3: An egg is
released on day 14.
These are the most
fertile days
Hormones
FSH- Produced by the pituitary gland
- Causes eggs to mature in the ovaries
- Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
Oestrogen- Produced in the ovaries
- Causes pituitary to produce LH
- Inhibits the release of FSH
LH- Produced in the pituitary gland
- Stimulates the release of an egg at the middle of
the menstrual cycle
Plant
Hormones
Shoots
Gravity
reaction to stimuli
Gravity
Testing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
medicines
Recreational
Drugs
Second Part
WHOOP WHOOP
Adaptations
Cold places
Small surface area compared to
volume
Well insulated (blubber
Hairy coats and/or greasy fur
Adaptations
Hot places
Large surface area compared to
volume
Excellent water storage tissues
Good absorbers of water
Adaptations
Other
An armour
Poisons
Warning colours ( i.e wasps are
bright yellow)
Population
Increases
because of more food,
this means they will
survive for longer =
more children
Population
Decreases
because there is less
food, or more disease
or more pesticides.
This means they will
Indicators
Pyramids of Biomass
100 flowers
500 fleas
15kg
10 rabbits
10kg
1 fox
6kg
1kg
Fleas
Fox
Rabbits
Flowers
Decay
and Decomposers
Burn
ing
Burning
Photosynthes
is
Variation
Caused when two gametes meet and
fuse. The offspring will have a mix of
the two DNAs causing Variation
The environment can also cause
variation, the exposure to the sun
causes a lot of variation
Most characteristics are determined
by the mix of genetic and
environmental variation
Chromoso
mes carry
genes.
These
control
developme
nt of
different
Sexual Reproduction
Two organisms (father and mother) that have
different genetic information
Parents produce gametes
In humans a gamete has 23 chromosomes
(half the normal number)
The gametes then fuse together,
so the offspring then has the normal number
of chromosomes
The offspring has mixture of characteristics
from mother and father
This produces Variation
Asexual Reproduction
An ordinary cell divides in two, this is
a clone because it has the same
genetic information
Cloning
Cuttings
Cloning
Embryo transplants
1) Sperm and eggs cells are taken from a prize winning bull
and cow
2) Embryo splits, divides and develops
3) These are implanted into surrogate cows
Nucleus
removed
Cell removed
Electri
c
shock
Implant
ed into
a
surrogat
e
mother.
Live
animal
Issues
of cloning
Genetic
engineering
GM
Crops
THE END
Even bigger WHOOP WHOOP