Kuala Besut, Besut, Terengganu Darul Iman. Project Work For Additional Mathematics 2010 Project Work 1
Kuala Besut, Besut, Terengganu Darul Iman. Project Work For Additional Mathematics 2010 Project Work 1
Kuala Besut, Besut, Terengganu Darul Iman. Project Work For Additional Mathematics 2010 Project Work 1
NAME : NUR ILI FARHANA BT SHUHAIMI
I/C NO: 930609-02-5920
CLASS: 5 IBNU TAIMIYYAH
TEACHER: PN. MASRIZA BT SAID
CONTENTs
No Contents Page
1 Introduction
2 Appreciation
3 History of Calculus
4 Procedure and Findings
5 Further Exploration
6 Conclusion
7 Reflection
INTRODUCTION
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a
project work while we are in Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development
Division, Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us. We are to
choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest. This
project can be done in groups or individually, and I gladly choose to do this
individually.
Appreciation
What is ‘CALCULUS’?????
Calculus is a branch in mathematics focused on limits, functions,
derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major
part of modern mathematics education. It has two major branches,
differential calculus and integral calculus, which are related by the
fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus is study of change, in the same
way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operation
s and their application to solving equations. A course in calculus is a
gateway to other, more advance courses in mathematics devoted to the study
of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has
widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can
solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.
History
The product rule and chain rule, the notion of higher derivatives, Taylor
series, and analytical functions were introduced by Isaac Newton in an
idiosyncratic notation which he used to solve problems of mathematical
physics. In his publications, Newton rephrased his ideas to suit the
mathematical idiom of the time, replacing calculations with infinitesimals by
equivalent geometrical arguments which were considered beyond reproach.
He used the methods of calculus to solve the problem of planetary motion,
the shape of the surface of a rotating fluid, the oblateness of the earth, the
motion of a weight sliding on a cycloid, many other problems discussed in
his Principia Mathematica. In other work, he developed series expensions
for functions, including fractional and irrational powers, and it was clear that
he understood the principles of the Taylor series.
Leibniz and Newton are usually both credited with the invention of calculus.
Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz
developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The basic insights
that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differentiation and
integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an
approximating polynomial series. By Newton’s time, the fundamental
theorem of calculus was known.
The diagram below shows the gate of an art gallery. A concrete structure is built
at the upper part of the gate and the words ‘ART GALLERY’ is written on it. The
top of the concrete structure is flat whereas the bottom is parabolic in shape.
The concrete structure is supported by two vertical pillars at both ends.
The distance between the two pillars is 4 metres and the height of the pillar is 5
metres. The height of the concrete structure is 1 metre. The shortest distance
from point A of the concrete structure to point B, that is the highest point on the
parabolic shape, is 0.5 metres.
0.5 m
1m B
5m
4m
Function 1
b = 0 , c = 0.5
y = α (²
y = α²
substitute ( 2 , 0 ) into (1)
0 = α(2)² + 0.5
0 = 4 α + 0.5
4 α = - 0.5
α = - 0.5
4
α = - 0.125
y = - 0.125²
Function 2
Maximum point ( 2 , 4.5 ) and pass through point ( 0 , 4 )
y = α(b)² + c
b = 2, c = 4.5
y = α(²
4 = α (0 – 2)² + 4.5
4 = α (-2)² + 4.5
4 = 4 α + 4.5
4 α = 4 – 4.5
4 α = - 0.5
α = - 0.5
4
α = - 0.025
y = - 0.125(²
Function 3
Maximum point ( 0 , 4.5 ) and pass through point ( 2 , 4 )
y = α(b)² + c
b = 0 , c = 4.5
y = α (² + 4.5
4 = α (2)² + 4.5
4 = 4 α + 4.5
4 α = 4 – 4.5
4 α = - 0.5
α = - 0.5
4
α = - 0.125
y = - 0.125² + 4.5
(b) The front surface of this concrete structure will be painted before the
words ‘ART GALLERY’ is written on it. Find the area to be painted.
Solution:
Area to be painted
= Area of rectangle – Area under the curve
=
Further exploration
(a) You are given four different shapes of concrete structures as shown in the
diagrams below. All the structures have the same thickness of 40 cm and
are symmetrical.
Structure 1 Structure 2
0.5 m
1m
5m
4m
Structure 3 Structure 4
0.5 m 0.5 m
1m 1m 1m
2 2m
5m 5m
4m 4m
(i) Given that the cost to construct 1 cubic metre of concrete is RM840.00,
determine which structure will cost the minimum to construct.
Solution :
Structure 1
Area =
Thickness = 40 cm
= 0.4 m
= m³
Cost = m³ x RM 840
= RM
Structure 2
Cost =
Structure 3
Cost =
Structure 4
=
=
Cost =
(ii) As the president of the Arts Club, you are given the opportunity to
decide on the shape of the gate to be constructed. Which shape
would you choose? Explain and elaborate on your reasons for
choosing the shape.
Answer:
As the president of Arts Club, I will decide Structure as the shape f the
gate to be constructed. It is because structure will cost the minimum and
it is easier to be constructed compared to structure which is a curve.
(b) The following questions refer to the concrete structure in the diagram
below.
If the value of k increases with a common difference of 0.25 m;
(i) complete Table 1 by finding the values of k and the corresponding
areas of the concrete structure to be painted.
4m
0.5 m
1m
k
Answer :
(ii) observe the values of the area to be painted from Table 1. Do you
see any pattern? Discuss.
Answer :
The area to be paint decreases as the k increases 0.25 m and form a series of
numbers :
2.9375 – 3 = -0.0625
2.875 – 2.9375 = -0.0625
2.8125 – 2.875 = -0.0625
2.75 – 2.8125 = -0.0625
2.6875 – 2.75 = -0.0625
2.625 – 2.6875 = -0.0625
2.5625 – 2.625 = -0.0625
2.5 – 2.5625 = -0.0625
Answer :
The area of the concrete structure to be painted
=
=
The shape of the concrete structure will be a rectangle with length 4m and
breadth 0.5m, which may look like this :
Conclusion
REFLECTION
While you were conducting the project, what have you learnt? What moral values
did you practise? Represent your opinions or feelings creatively through usage of
symbols, illustrations, drawings or even in a song.