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PABANAN ASSOCIATES PJUVATB LIMITED 403 1/1, Galle Road, Wellawatta, Colombo - 06.

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BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY

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@rilI@ c liY® Wffp516I5J ~s!fj6Uff6iJ ffci;¢/6lDUJ ~ci;@6lls!fjJb@ ¢/6I1IJf)6lJ ~tffici;CfiU uLf9.®ci;Cfi (g6ll6WrCBw. ~s!fjff6llSDJ ffci;¢/u.51tiDr ~f9.UU6lDL c!p6UCfiffIJ61JIJfl ffL~¢/6lH ¢/6l1OfI6lJ ~@W. 6T6I1T(g6llliY® flijIJffffUJ6I1Td; s'Dffci;Cfi~s!bff6iJ ¢/6I1IJf)6lJ ~tffici;CfiUUL6UffW ~6U6USDJ ~ci;CfiUUU;UffW. 6T6I1T(g6ll flijIJ ffffUJ6I1Td; s'Dffci;CfirillCfi6lfltiDr (gUff ~ s!bff ci;c6ICfi6lf)tiDr ¢/6I1IJf)6lJW 6lfI6lJ) 6TT 6lJ Cfi 6TfJ 6lir ¢161J11fl6lJ Lb (g 6ll JDl U CB Lb • 6T 6I1T (g 6ll ¢161J11fl6lJ cf, Cfi ff LIL.J 6lfI ¢1 UJ ff 6I1T SDJ Ul6lJ)WUJff6l1T s!fjff Cfi ~6lJ)wc6IJD~.

c!:ft'I,~d; ffifTU4 6lll~:

liY® s'D6lJf)UULL Gs!fjff@¢/u.516iJ ffci;¢/. ¢/6l1OfI6lJ ~6TT6lJCfi6lfl6lH ffnLCBd;Gs'Dff6lJ)Cfi 6TU(gUff~W liY® Wffp51615JUJff@W.

~i. a;rru4 aI'~ t!....uClUJrra;w.

(1) ~f9.UU6lDL flijIJ ffffUJ6I1T ci; Cfi6l1lJf)U'-Ici;Cfi6lJ)6TT 8' GffWs!fj6U.

(2) flijIJffrrUJ6I1T5 ffw6lHurrCBCfi6lD6TT8' ffwuu(Bd;s!fj6U.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

4

5

BASIC CHEMISTRY

LDIT[!)IT ~fiU)LDiJ4 ~t} (~L ~~§j 6LD~t})

Ijy® ~w (8CFfr6lJ)6l1Wrr6M(lJI 6fJf,sT> c!p6IJ)JDuJl6Mrr6i.:J ~ebC6UUI!}.~W <:9l~~6Tr6TT c!p6UC6ffiJC6orf161ir ~6OOf)6lJ 6ll1c£1sT>ffiJC66Tr Ijy® wrrJI5l6l5l ~ @W.

W 24 3 .

~C6(86l1 ___!!f = - = - K (wrrJI5l6l5l ~@W)

Wo 16 2

tY> lq.6lI : .

c!p6UC6(hs:fi!6Iir 6f6U6Urr <:9lWJebC6@JW 6f6U6Urr 6ll1sT>(hs:fi!~w 1iI(81J wrrs:fi!rflwrr6M6IJ)6l1:

86i1 d'~6Ur 6lI6Ui6lJlw.

@WJD6IJ)C6uJl9JJj6Tr 6TT <:9l~ 6M C6 W rr 6M Iii till Gi 6l1rr ® c!p6UC6 c!pLb CFwsT>rr dI C6 orfJ 6Iir C66U6IJ)6l1 6f 6M J61@rJJebC6UUL CB 6Tr 6TT (lJI.

9LsT>rrlJ6MrwrrC6 fEsT>IJCFWeb@(Hi, H2, W) s:fi!6OOf)6lJ I, 2, J 9L6Tr6TT CFwsT>rr6lJf)C66Tr 9L 6IIlirCB.

u6'b~a('§j 6LD~t}, [John Dalton]

@1J6lJ6rCB c!p6UC6ffiJC66Tr (8CFfr Jf,(f)J 1jy6lH J1]leb@ (8WJDUL L (8CFfr 6IJ)6l1C661J)6Tr ~ eb@W (8urr(f)J 1iI® c!p6UC6(hs:fi!6lH @JI5lfbsT> s:fi!6OOf)6}lL6lH (8CF®W wJD6IJ)JDW c!p6UC6(hs:fi!6Iir s:fi!6OOfl6lJ 6111 c£1sT>ffiJC66Tr 1iI® 6f orfIw c!p@ sr 611M 6111 c£1 wrr@w.

GiCFu4, IjyLcflCF6lH 6f6lHU6M (8CFfrJf,(f)J CuO, Cup 6f6lir~w @1J611IirCB 6l161J)C6Wrr6M IjyL 6IJ)CFL CBebC661J)6TTd; GiC6rrCBeb@w.

(i) CuO - C6J1]lu4 (ii) Cup - cfl6l1U4

CuO@6i.:J,

16 g IjyLcflCF6Iir, 63.5 g GiCFu4L6lH (8CF®W.

Cup @6iJ,

16 g IjyLcflCF6lH 63.5 x 2g GiCFu4L6Iir (8CF®W~

e; 16 g IjyL cflCF~L 6lH (8CF®W GiCFUrJJ6Iir s196OOfl6lJ tilllc£1sT>ffiJC66Tr 63.5 : 63 .5 x 2 = 1 : 2 ~@w.

@(f)J Ijy® 6forflw C!p@ 6f6lW tilllc£1sT>w ~@w.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

6

tY>lq.6lI :

<:9lW1ebC66Tr 6forflw c!p@ 6f61J6r tilllc£1ff;Jdis:fi!6i.:J (8CFfrJf,(f)J @IJCFrrW6M JljrrLL tilll6lJ)CF C66TTrr6i.:J (8CFfr 6IJ)6l1C661J)6TT ~ eb@c£161irJD6M.

§,6ild'~6Ur 6lI6U'6lJlw.

<:9lWlebC66Tr 6forflw C!p@ 6f6lW tilllc£1fbs1J~6iJ (8CFfrc£16lHJD6M 6f6lirU(lJI 9L6lW6IJ)WWrr6M (8urr s:fi!~w @sT>JD@ 6111 s:fi!tilll6UebC6rr C6 41J fbffiJC66Tr, C6rr(8urr61D6l1fb(8IJJDJ1]l, GiCF9JJj(86Urr C1T, Giurr6l5ls1J~6Iir, @JDuufr, 6IJ)Jlj(86Urr6lir, Giurr6l5l6fC1TdisT>fr, GisT>rfl6IJ6lH, rJJ6TTrr6YiJl!}.eb, RNA, DNA 'Zurr6lirJD U6U @lJrrLCFfb c!p6UebCTnJ1]lC6@JW L6OMCB. 6f6M(86l1 @6l1JDJ1]leb@s1J sT>6ilfIwrr6lJr ~IJCFrrW6MW <:9l6lJ)WebC6UULCB6Tr6TT(f)J. 6forflw (8CFfr61D6l1 C661D6TTeb C6®(f)Jw(8urr(f)J @till6ll1s:fi! L6OM6IJ)WWrr6M (f)J.

li)§jrr 6U'§jrr 6U'~§j 6LD6U't},

Ijy® (y>6UC6(hs!616lH @JI5lfbsT> s:fi!6OOf)6lJL 6Iir (8CF([!jW WJD61DJDw c!p6UC6ffiJC6orf16lH s:fi!6OOf)6lJ 6ill c51 fb ffiJ C6 6iT, <:9l ib C!p 6U C6 ffiJ C6 6iT s1) ib c!p 6iT (8 CF ® ib (<:9l6U 6U (lJI <:9l ib C!p 6U C6 ffiJ C6 6iT 1jy6lir 6IJ)JDGiwrr 6lH J1]l @LUGiuWfrcFcfI GiCF tiJ lLJw) s:fi!6IJ1Jf16lJ tilll c£1 fbffiJ C6@Jeb@cF CFW6Mrr C6 @®eb@W <:9l6U6U(lJI Ijy® 6forflw C!p@ 6f6lJ6r Giu®ebC6WrrC6eb C6rr6lJ?1ruuCBw.

rJJ6lH6l1®W (8CFfr6lJ)6l1C661J)6TTeb C6®(f)J(86l1rrw. CR, HoO, CO2

(a) CH4 @6i.:J 4g H, ~ 12g CLL60r (8CF®W.

~C6(86l1 C6rru6Iir, fEfblJ CF6lH (8CF®W s!616OOf)6lJ tilllc£1fbW. C: H = 12: 4.= 3 : 1

(b) H20 @6i.:J 2 g H2 ~ 12g C 9LL6lH (8CF®W.

~ C6(86l1 C6rrU6lH, fEfblJ CF6Iir (8CF®W s:fi!6OOf) 6lJ tilllc£1sT>w. 0: H = 16: 2 = 8 : 1

a, b sr 6lHU6l1JDJI5l6I5l®$(lJI C6rruww Ijy L cflCFWW (8CFIJ(86l16lW1!). W J]3161DJD tilll c£1sT>w C : 0=3 : 8 ~@w.

(c) CO2 @6i.:J 12 g C ~ 32 g IjyLcflWL6Iir (8CF®W.

~ C6(86l1 C6rru6Iir, IjyL cflCF6lH (8CF®W s:fi!6OOf)6lJ tilllc£1sT>w. C : ° = 12 : 32 = 3 : 8

BASIC CHEMISTRY

7

<0.mS'Uq:

co 6lJrrllJ6lJ>6lJ 6TCBuC8urrwrru.JI6lir ~s:611iU 12 g Cbrru6lir 16 g fijLa;!Cf§!DJLGM C8Cf([!jW. ~ CbC86lJ CO ~1iU Cbrru6lir fijL a;!Cf6l1f16lir $I6lJ>JD tilllc.6ls7"Jw.

C : 0 = 12 : 16 = 3 : 4

~CbC86lJ C, 0 C8Cf([!jW $I6lJ>JD tilllc.6ls7"Jr6JCb6IT 3: 4 ~1iU6I)(Dl3 : 8 ~@w. ~(Dl fij([!j 6TorflllJ Glu([!jcf,CbWrr@w.

8&i1d~ 81(j,.m1fJl ftlulJ)lw tY>1q.6lI.

~@)Jcf,Cb6IT C8C1'frJ501 C8Cffr67J)6lJCb67J)6TT ~cf,@wC8urr(Dl, ~([!j s:61LLWrr6l1T @p51d;s7"J s:616lRlf) tilJ Ur6J@uJiJJJ)lc.6l6lirJD(Dl 6T 6lir U(Dl Gls7"J orfl6lJrr@w. ~~ s:616lJ1Jf1tilJ ~Wc!p6I)Cbs:bs:fij6lir Cf W 6lJ§J)l siJ s:fij6lJlJfltilJ 6T 6l1T LJU CB tb . 6T 6l1T C8 6lJ ~ 6iI 6.IJ1 s:fij Cf W 6lJ §J)l siJ ¢16lJ1Jf1tilJ L 61ir em 19 uJ Gls7"JrrLfr67J)Ucf, GlCbrr6WTLC}.([!jcf,@W.

B'LDQJ~~ !S'6IRIf16l.j C1'w6lJ§J)ld; s:fij6lJlJfltilJ 6T6lirU~

(a) 1 g 2Es7"JIJC1'§!DJL6lir C8Cf([!jW c!p61)Cbd;s:fij6lir s:616lRlf)tilJ.

(b) 8 g ~La;!Cf§!DJL6lir C8C1'([!jw c!p6I)Cb~~6lir s:fij6lRlf)tilJ.

(c) 35.5 g @C86TTrrrP~L6lir C8C1'([!jw c!p61)Cbs:b~6lir s:616lJ1Jf1tilJ.

(d) fij([!j UIJC8L u516lir Cb6lJlJfl1lJr:bSbrrliU ul96lJrrcf,CbuuCBw ,;6I6lRlf)tilJ

CfW6lJ§J)lr:b ,;6I6lJIJfItilJ 6TuGlurr@(DlW,

* CfW6lJ~s:b ~6IRi16lJ>6lJC81lJ Sbrr cf,@w.

* C1'w6lJ§J)lsi; s:fij6lRlf)67J)6lJC81lJ tilll67J)6TT6lJrrcf,@W.

* CfW6lJ~~ s:6161Ri16lJ>6lJC81lJ ~L wwrrJiJJJ)lw.

* CfW6lJ§J)ls:b s:fij6OOfl67J)6lJC81lJ Gl6lJorflC8IlJJiJJJ)lw.

§)rrmmd'fidr ~!m)I5(;l5rr61TQJ)5561T.

(1) CfLi.GIurr([!jLCb6IT C8W§J)lt.b Ullf1dxfi (!pl!J-llJrrs7"J GlsvrrLfrffcf1Ll.lJilD cil~di6roo;Cb6TTrr6iJ ~cf,CbUULL67J)6lJ. ~67J)6lJ ~@)Jcf,Cb6IT 6T6l1TuuCBw.

Cfrr6lirJJ)l: ~6l51llJrrs7"JliU, UIJ6lJ6iJ, UlJDtilJ6OOfIu.JI6lir ~6lJ>CftilJ 6T6lirU6l1T.

(2) CfLuGlurr([!jLCb67J)6TT (~@)Jcf,Cb6lJ)6TT) ~cf,CbC86lJrr, ~W1chCbC86lJrr (!Pl!J-llJrr(Dl.

C1'rr6lirJJ)l: ,;6I6OOfItilJcf, CbrrUI./ tillls:fij.

(3) fij® @6UCbsi>,;6l6lir 6T6U60rr ~dxfi@jw 6T6U6IJrr IDSbd;,;6/§J)lw fijC81J wrr ,;6I1f11lJ6l1T6lJ>6lJ. ~ 6l1Trr6iJ wJiJ67J)JDIlJ ~Wcf,Cborfl§J)lw C86lJJJ)lUrrL rr 6l1T67J)6lJ.

Cfrr 6lir JJ)l: wrr JDrr ~67J)wul./ tilll s:fij

BASIC CHEMISTRY

8

(4) ~cixD6ir6T6'lfuJQP(!ViT6Wr6fjd9sv~C8~C&rir6l1>6lJdj6lJ>6TT ~~c.6I6lirJD6l1T.

C1'rr6lirJJ)l: u6iJtilllc.6lSb CfWtillls:6/.

~1JC1'rrllJ6l1T!F (3C1'frcf,6lJ)Cb tillls:6/Cb6lJ>6TTU ul!J-cf,@W (3urr(Dl ~cf,GlCbrr6IT6lJ>CbCb6IT 6TJbs7"J ~6TTtilJcf,@ 6l16\S167J)wllJrr 6l1T6lJ>6lJ 6T 6l1TU urrfr si;(3s:Drrw. 6T 6l1T(36lJ ~cf,GlCbrr6IT 67J)CbCb6IT wrrJiJp51 ~67J)Wcf,CbUUL (36lJ6OOTCBw.

LDrrmaSUJQDLD55UUL...L c!)f!m)l5(;l5rr61TQD5561T.

J) CfL uGlurr([!jL Cborfl6lir cflp51UJ (Dl6lJlJflcf, 6lJ>CbCb6Tr ~~chCb6IT ~6iJ61). ~@)J6.IJ16iJ ~6I)s:bs:6/1J 6lir, 1./(3lJrr si;s:D6lir, $llliths:fij1J 6lir (3urr 6lirJD (36lJ/Dl ~l!J-UU6lJ)L s:b (Dl6OOflcf,6lJ)Cb Cb@1w ~6OOTCB·

(2) Cb([!js:bs:Drrcf,CbffiICborfl6lir (3urr(Dl ~Wcf,Cb6IT ~cf,CbuuCBci16lirJD6l1T, ~W1cf,CbUuCB ci161irJD6l1T, UlrfJcf,CbUuCBc.6I6lirJD6l1T, Cfrr s7"JrrlJ 61.R1I' ~IJ amuet r:b s7"Jrr cf,CbffiICborfl6lir(3urr ~ ~6iJ6I).

(3) fij([!j c!p6I)Cbs:bs:6/6Iir 6T6iJ6I)rr ~WIchCb@1w fij(31J wrrs:61rfJllJrr6l1T6lJ>6lJ ~6iJ6I). ~6l1TrrliU wJiJ6IDJDIlJ @6I)Cb ~§M)Icf,Cborfl§J)lw (36lJJJ)lurrLrr6l1T67J)6lJ.

(4) ~W1 cf,Cb6Tr 6T orflllJ (!P@ 6T 6lJIir 6l51c.61 s:Dr:b s:616iJ (3Cffr Jb(Dl (3C1'fr 6ID6lJCb 6ID6TT ~ cf,@ c.6I6lirJD6l1T 6T6lirU(Dl ~6lJIir6IDwllJrr6l1T C8urr,;6l§J)lw 6l51s:fij6l5161)chCbrrCbu U6l) ~lJrrLCfs7"J

@6I)cf,emJJ)lCb@jW ~6OOTCB.

8ASIC CHEMISTRY

9

•

6llIfll{ 6lf.t.fffiuU (J5~61Tc!;ar6dr ~di. (l809)

fi1® @[l51>h~ Gl6lJUU ~c!pd;Cb>hs:t16U 6lJrru_Jd;CbDir CZCF®W Cb6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ 6l51cb1~w fi1® 6T.6fflUJ c!p@ 6T 6IJM tilll ci1 ~ wrr@w . tilll6lJ)6TT 6lJW 6lJrru_J 6lJrr Cb {§J(I]j U Lfl6lir , ~CZ ~ Gl6lJU U ~c!pd;Cb>hs:t316U ~6TT d;CbUUL L ~6lJJiJ[l516lir Cb6IJT6lJ6TT6lJCb@JW CZCF®W 6lJrru_Jd;Cb6ffl6lir Cb6IJT6ll6TT6lJCb@L6lir 6T6lfIUJ tilllci1~>hs:t16U Cbrr6WTuu(BW.

H2(g) + C12(g) ~ 2HCl (g)

CZCb ~ CFrr d;cbl6lir tillls:t1UUI!},

VH : VCl = 1 : 1

2 2

VH :VCl :VHCI=l: 1:2

2 2

(J5~61Tc!;ar6dr ~diW'6dT ILU(JWIT5W. (1) 6lI1T1ll1ita;m c:~®w ~6fJilIa;6a)iIT.d; <f)I-,§;&O.

t!....-tb:

~6lJ)JDGl6lJUU~c!pd;Cbd>s:t16U 100 em' CH4 6Trfluu~JiJ(f!J>h CZsTJ6lJ)6lJUJrr6IJT fL60rT

6lJ6lfIu5l6lir Cb6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ)6lJ ~61J)JDGl6lJUU ~c!pd;Cbd>s:t16U Cb6Wf)d;Cb. ru6ffl61J)UJ u5l6lJ)CbUJrrCbu urr tilll >h ~rr 6U 6T 6lir 6CJT p3l Cb@W, 6lJ6lfI6lJ)UJ d; @61J)JD6lJrrCbU U UJ 6lir U (B >h s:t3161JTrr 6U 6T 6lir 6IJT p3lCb@W. 6lJ6fflu5l6U 20% Cb6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ fi1Lcf1CF6lir fL6OOr(B 6T6CJTd; GlCDrrDirCb.

CH4 + 20z ~ COz + 2Hp

CZCb~ CFrr d;ci16lir 6l5Is:t1uul!}.

1 crrr' CH4 &? 6Trfld;Cb 2em3 02 CZ~6lJ)6lJ.

••• 100 em' CH4 m 6Trfld;d) 200 ern' o, CZ~6lJ)6lJ.

t. CZ~6lJ)6lJUJrr6CJT .6lJ6lfIu5l6lir Cb6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ = ~ x 100 = lOJ em' 20

BASIC CHEMISTRY

10

6lI6Jfl u5l6lJ>CbUJrrCb &i}(fJjuUJ6lk ~d:J6IJTd;~6lir (gurr01 GluJDuu(Bw Q6lJUUd;~6U ~(fJj u@¢I u5)6lJ>d:JUJrr6IJT 6lJ6Ifi1l.lL 6lir @JWi21c5@ Ii Wd, CbU u(B ib, ~ Cb6lJT d; ¢l6dr UUJ6dr @6lJ>JDd;d:JUU(BW.6lJ6ffI CZurr ~rr 6l511!} 6lk CH 4 (6T rfl Glurr ®ofr) 6f rfl us« 01 Gl6lJ6ffI(gUJiD/W. &i}~6lJTrr6U 6frflGlurr ®ofr 6l16lJ1Jrrr d;d:JU u(Bw. 6f 6IJT(g6lJ sTJd:J6lJTi6Jd:J6lJ>6TT 8: cf1d,d:J6lJTwrr d,d:J (gd:J§lJlfCFrrdicbl6lk 6l51~ lLuCZUJrrd:Jwrr6IJT0I.

(2) 1Ull'1ll •• atAr ~.-rrNa;_ilT. ~-..,.,. L-m:

4 em! 6lJrru_Jp516lJ>6O m~CZ!Jrrd:Jrru6dr 40 em' u5l6lJ>d:J O, ILL6lk Gl6lJlI}d,d:JUUL(B 6fi6lJ>6TTtfl/d;d:J6U6lJ>6lJ KOH d:J6lJ>!J CF6l5IpLrr Cb8: GlCFi2Id>~UJ(gurr IfJl d:J6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ 16 em' ~6U @6lJ>JDJ/, ~g)J. 6fr8 #1UJ 6lJrru_Jd, d:J6Ifi6dr d:J6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ 16 em'. 6f6U 60rr ~6TT6l1(B Cb@JW c:9I6lJ>JDGl6lJUU c:9IQPd,d:J(h~6U GlUJDUULL6lJ>6lJ 6f6lJTd, Gld:Jrr6lJlir(B m~(glJrrd:Jrru6Ii16lk @J~!J d>6lJ>~d;, d:J6lJ!JfId;d:J.

C H + (X +.!_) 02 ~ X CO2 +.J.. H 0.

X y 4 2 2

c:9I6lJ>JD(Q)6lJUU p516lJ>6005/6iJ!Bfr fj)(8i6Jc6I ~!J6lJwrrd:J &i}®uua;rr6U &i}~6lk d:J6lJT6lJ6TT6lJ ll/Dd;d:J6lJ!JfId;,d:Jd;, 8"nlI}UJg)J.

(gd:Jpqrr d;tfi16lk 6l51~uul!}

lcm! Cx H, ~ X em' CO2 md;, Gld:Jrr(8d;,@w.

t. 4cm' Cx H, ~ 4x em' CO2 md; Gld:Jrr(Bd;@w. urfl(gqrr ~6lJ>6lJTUUI!} V CO = 16 ern'

2

••• 4x = 16

x=4

BASIC CHEMISTRY

11

r;n en671r sf, ~ 6dr Ul6dr U rfl (gc1'fr s:D Q1)671rQPI!} 6l116iJ Gls'l)fr(f!)$151 uJ) ~ oir 61TCfu iJ)/en orfl6dr en671r6lJ6TT 6lICD6Tr.

Vc H =0

x y

VC02 = 0

(c!p!bJDrr671r r;nen671rW)

(KOH ~6iJ fLJDI®ffuuCBw)

VH 0=0 (6)CBffiJ$1, $151[T6lJWrr@w.)

2

:. 6T®cfIw b"lJrrtLJ6l116dr en671r6lJ6TT6)J = Vo = 16 ern' 2

:. r;nen671rsf,~ci;@u uw6druCBsf,r;nUULL Vo = 40 - 16 = 24 ern!

2

ffw6drurrLI!}IiliTUI!} uwliliTuCBsf,r;nUULL V 02 - (x + ~) 4 em'

:. (x +f ) 4 = 24 (x = 4)

:. y=8

(ga:,~UITa,~ af~11J .rmU',d;jb6l:>o

urf'(8",n~a»6III':

(1) ~[T wrr¢!lfIturr67Jr ~67Jr {j® Glcnrr¢! @Wfrw

en6Tr 6TCBci;eni..fUQ3W.

(2) UL{b$151!b enrrLLuuLL~ (gurr6iJ /fil6iJGl6lJrr® @wrruJ1~w r;n6lJflsf,r;n6lJfl ~Q1)[T6l1rrcfl ~6TT6l/ci;@ L6Ufr CI H 6T61irU67Jr JGrf/61ir (8wtiiJ 6TCBci;enUUCBw ~r;nrr6lJ~ ~6iJGl6lJrr® @wrruJ1~w ffWen671r6lJ6TT6)J H2 LW, Cl2 LW s'l)~s:hs:'6lJfI 6TCBci;enuuCBW. (en671r6lJ6TT6)JenQ1)6TT @g51ci;en @wrruJ16iJ ~Q1),:-wrr6TT~L~uCBW.)

(3) n, reci; Glenrr67J6rL Glenrr¢!@wrruJ11iliT 6lJrrw ~([!j(gen Glenf!"6WTQ3 6lJ[TUULCB cfIJD1~ cfIJD1r;nrren5 ffrflsf,~ (YJ@ H2 6lJrrll./6l/w Cl2 reci; Glenrr6lJ1frL Glenrr$151 @wrruJ)§IDlL

Glff~sf,r;nuuCBw.

(4) Glr;nrr@¢1 u[T6tMw @Jlflw ~6JfJuJ16U Q1)6lJci;cnUuCBw.

---- ---- -----

- - ------- --

_--- ---- -----

---------------

--------------

-::-::-::-::-::- ::-::-:::- :::::-:- H20

BASIC CHEMISTRY

12

(2) IGfr WlLW @61f)JDll./w. (s'l)rrci;enW LL67Jrl!}wrren J61enwrr~ 6T671r(g6lJ ~c!pci;enW

~s:fi1enrflci;@W. (P = PH + PCI )

2 2

(!p !P6l.l:

(1 ) H C I pfrf16iJ en Q1)!J 6lJ r;n rr 6i:J @wrruJ)6iJ 6J JiJ U CBill Gl6lJJiJJDlL{b6lJ)$'b J61!Juu ICrr @wrru5i§I!)JL Glff~W.

(2) @wrrtiJ C!PJDJDrren JGrfl§IDloir Jfi1!JuuuuCB6lJr;nrrtiiJ ofj61f)6TT6lJrrci;enUULL HCl {j61ir en671r6lJ6TT6)J, Glenrrs:fi1 @wrruJ161ir en671r6lJ6TT6)Jci;@5 ffWIiliT.

(3) 1/2 en67Jr6lJ6TT6)J H2 + 1/2 en671r6lJ6TT6)J CI2'~ 1 en67Jr6lJ6TT6)J HCI. :. 1 en671r6lJ6TT6)J H2 + 1 en67Jr6lJ6TT6)J Cl2 ~ 2 en671r6lJ6TT6)J HCI.

:. VH : VCl= 1 : 1 (r;nrrci;$1en6Tr (gff([!jW till/$1r;nW.)

2· 2

VH2: V Cl2 : VHCI = I : 1 : 2 (s'l)rrci;$1en6Tr L6Tr6TT till/$1r;nw)

{j6lJJ6lJ~6T6JfuJ(YJ@6T6l1&r~@ili6T~~CJrrdrfmdJst}L~

(!p5arw "c!Fw(!p6U)!Da;6'ir.

(1) Zn s:bI®6lJQ1)6lJ mr;nrr671r H2S04 fLL6dr r;nrrci;.$I till/Q1)6TT6lJrr@WH2,s:bJrw6lJ)wwrrci;.$I, L6lJfrs:hs:fi1 @wrruJ1tiiJ (8ffenrf/ci;enuUCBW.

(2) HCI ~u516Us:hQ1)r;n Mn02 ~6iJ6lJ(bJ KMn04 fLL61ir r;nrrci;.$I GluJDuuCBw C12, ~W61f)W wrrci;.$I, L6lJfrs:h¢l @wrruJ1tiiJ (88'r!fIrflci;r!fIuuCBw.

(3) a;rrM{bQDs'l) ofjQ1)[T6)JuCBdJs'b6)JJb, (YJibJDrrM6)JW u[Ttill/w @Jrflw ~6Tf)u5i6U GllfDrr@s:fi1 JG6l1lHL (8jJj[Tw till/LuuCBw.

(4) CI2 JGrfl6iJ en61f)!J6lJQ1)s'l)s:h lfDCBci;en Ul61ir6lJ®W 6lJy5ien67J)6TTU uw61iruCBs:h$'b6Urrw.

(a) JG67J)!J CI2~6iJ $1[TWU6Urr ci;r!fItiiJ.

(b) H2 6lJrrll./67J)6lJ CI2 Glenrr6l1OrL Glenrr¢l @WrcuJ1W16Tr Gl8'~dJs:bIs'btiiJ.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

13

Mr4;trwLDfT. --'!I' ......

(1) CI2 JGrfl6b ~UJ6UITw.

(2) #IpjlU ~ a, s7)W G6lI6'Ifl(8IUJD6Urrw.

(3) a;rr~ fJP_'JQ IJD J61&W6ll~ &~6lI1w.

(4) &6lI16l16JT~ .sIQrdi@w(8urr~ 6lI@ 6J.tDUL6Urrw.

(01~~&~)

Cf>aS'U41

• (81D6iJ Ulflaq'rr~lUrr6lJf~ H2S, CI2 61'6lk§!DlW 6lIrrl.l..ld;&6lD6n 0:916iJ6U~ NO, 02

61'6lktPW I1IffUl~U ulU6lku(Bd>¢I.!f QQtiJlU6UrrW.

~S + Cl,. -+ 2HCI + S J.. • 2NO + 02 -+ 2N02 (NO J61JDID.tDJD~. JGrfl6iJ &6lDfflUrr(b/. N02 &Ul6U JJ51JDW

JGrfl6iJ &6lDffI.l..lW)

• (8w6iJ urf1C8cJ'rr_'fIJXUd; ~6Tr6ll(b/ u51&6lJIb &lq.6lJflDrr6ll1(b161'erC86ll Ul6lirmmw IDrr.tDJIJ (JJ>fI»ptaUiJ I..IU.J6IirU(Bd;(b6UrTW.

·IDJI" DJIJI(!PtD"

urf'GRe-·:

a:::::I[) +-===:(~cm3 >'::=:::=IIi-====:( 50 Cm3):=tIi-~2 [)

A T3 B

(1) A, B 61GU_il.lDlDfUb6ll6Tr6TF (V = 50 em') j}®&6lJlir6l1l1frrl9d;@/;9rrLiJ&6Tr. T .. T2

61'6lkUflJr ~ ~®aS1&6Tr. T) @6lIWld> ¢I®aS1. .

(2) @/;9rrtiJ A ~ SO cm3,L..6Uir ~ LW. @/;9rrtiJ B 0l6iJ 50 em' CI2 LW 61'(Bci;&uu(Bw.

(3) T3tBU ul.LJ4Iitu<B_"" A ujli\lW B Wluw L6Tr6TF 6lIrrl.l..ld;&6Tr &6Uc6&UUL(B

a;rr d;&ID6lDLIU iOLi.It.J(8W.

(4) Q(b1T0¢1"IIIr$J6If"L.~ uff6}j}1U @)rfllU ,&6'IflWl6iJ 6}j}Luu(BW.

(5) a;rrd;~tiJ ~c!) (8(brr6lkiIJlw. (brrd;&W C!P.tDJDluQuJD JJ51&w]t,sf, Ul6lk Ul6lk6lJ@lb Q~&6Tr 6lJ)&lUrr6TFUu(Bw.

BASIC CHEM15"11W

14

CiI.w<!:ptIDID - I

@/;9lTtiJ QCfrhJ@{b(bIT& JJ5IWlir d;(bUUL (B. T. (iff Cf~f1I)Sf>d>Qa;rr_L a;rrWlu.5l6iJ o:9Iu5IWd>(bUuL(B T. ¢lJDd;&UU(BW.

CilN<!:pam - II

T. (!pLUUL(B j}IJCf~lfIId;@U u¢l6iJ rGir ulU6lku(B~ifjUl.:IL..~ ¢l®wu6lIw T. ¢lJDd;&Uu(Blb.

c!PLpQj:

j}IJCf wLL(h¢l6iJ WITJbJDw j}6lkpjll.l..lw, rGiflfDJ6Tr @WtttiJ C!PJbJDIT& J61ffuuu u(B6lI¢lfWW ~®Jt,~, (brrd;&{b¢l6lk Ul6lk Qa;rr@¢lWl6iJ6}j}6lD6TF6lIITc6CbUULL 6lIrrl.l..l6}j}6lk &6lJf6ll6TF6lI. @/;9lTu.5I6lk Qwrrsf,s7) &6lJf6ll6TF~@.!f (tOO em') Cfwarr@jlb.

50 em' H2 + 50 em! CI2 -+ tOO ern' HCI •• ~ 1 em! H2 + 1 em' Cil -+ 2 ern' HCI

VH2 + V Q2 -+ YHCI j}(bI '&® 61'6'Ifl1U 6}j}~(bWIT~.

VH : V CI : VHCI = I : I : 2 j)(b/6lIW '&® 6161f1UJ QiMlS2)Wrrcg;rb. 61'6lJf(86l1 (8&p5rrJ,~6lk ~¢lL6lJlir6lJ)1D1U1T6IIr(bl.

~.mrr.rr.51a ~~ "Lrr..ummd'a ~. (1810)

alD6iJ urfI(8Cfrr(b6lD6l1Tu.5I6iJ j}®Jt,~ C:C!)p5rrd;~fiIk ~ V &6l1T6lI6TF6lI tBa'JIJCf6lk + V &6l1T6lI6TF6l/ @(86TFlTrfl6tir 2V &6l1T6lI6TF6l/ tBN6.eCorrlT6lDffL6lJ)Ld; Q&IT(Bd;@Lb.

'&CI!r Gl6lIi.J..J ~~W CfID &6l1T6lI6TF6l/ 6)Jf~ cflP 6T~~IT6l1T c:9fj/JDld;&6lD6TFd; Q&rr6lJlirI9®d;@QID6l1T (8Lrr6iJJbJD6lk &~erlTir. (~6lI(b/ 6lIrrl.l..l6}j}6lk a;6l1T6lI6TF6lI c:9fSDId;&6'Ifl6lk 61'6lJlir6lRlfld;6lD&d;@ (8JDir6}j}aS1(b lflDa)

(8LIT6iJibJD6Df16lk &®{h6lD(b (8&P Cfrr d;~6lk 6}j}¢lI.l..ILAr j)6lDdlIIJld;@Lb C:urr 01. 1 c:9fiIP m(bff56lk + 1 o:9I§lIJDI @(86TFrrrfl6lk -+ 2 ~LL_ 00.

2 ~LLG)I HC! j}6iJ 2H 0:9I§!ll»d;&6Tr fL6lJlir(B. j}6iJ~®~". c:9filiDld;&eW (brrd;&{h¢l6lk (8urrlfllt;;® tB(b[JCf6lk 0:9I§IIIDJ Ulrfl6lD&IU6lDL...Jt,(h; ~& (J6lJ6iJ1jr(BIb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

15

(8W§j)IID (8unro,rbJD6ilf16N QCJjrf(;ir6U)CJjuulg. c!)/~6U)6lJ (8w§))lW r5lrf)cf,CJj (!PIg.UJff~. ~ CJj (86lJ li?(fJj m!TJ!J CJ'6N c!)/~ r5l rf)6U)CJj UJ 6U) L f/j ~ ~ (fJj m!TJ!J CJ'6N c!)/~cf, CJj 6lJ) 6TT ci; QCJjff CB c£, CJj (!Pig. UJ ff ~. ~ !TJ,rbCJj tt 6l1T tillI6TT cf, CJjfl, 6lJ)!TJ (8 L ff6iJJDJD61Jf16l1Tff 6iJ s!Gfr io« 61Jf1c£, CJj (!Pig. tillI6iJ6lJ)6IJ.

ey,&lJm an. DI.

(8 L ff 6iJ JD JD61Jf16N CJj(fJjfl, ~c£, CJj 6U) 6TT c!)/6lJf1jff 61Jf1i> ~ ~!J mis Jt, s:D c!)/6lJCJjff ~ (8!J ff 5T6N~w tillI®®ff6ilf1 "c!p6I.)c£,CYnJl)l" CJj61fl6N ~(fJjc£,6lJ)CJj u,rbp51UJ CJj(fJjfl,6lJ)sTJ (!PsTJ6l5I6iJ

~(!PCJjUUCB>bs:t!6IJTfffr. .

I!!:P 6\).$ ab...0JI:

~6Iir Jl)l c!)/6iJ 6I.)'l)/ ~ 6Iir Jl)l c£,@ (8 W JD U L L c!)/Wl c£, CJj 61fI6Iir CYn L LIb c!p6IJc£, CYn Jl)l 5T6IJTiJuCBw. c!)/6iJ6I.)~ li?(fJj c!p6IJCJjfl,s:t!6N c!)/6iJ6I.)'l)/ (8CJ'fr6U)6lJuJ16N CfiUJff s!G6l1TWff CJj ~(fJjcbCJjcf, CYn Ig.UJ cflp51UJ ~6I1oflcf,6lJ)CJj c!p6I.)c£,CYnJl)l 5T6IJTuuCBw.

c!)t6l.lc$rr~(8!Jrr6U'6dT 6U'd). (1811)

~(8!J Q6lJuuJB16U)6I.)uJ1§))lW ~(8!J c!)/(!pc£,CJjs:hs:t!§))lw CJ'W CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ 6lJffUJc£,CJj6Tr CJ'W 5T 6l16r6l1ofl cf,6lJ)CJjUJff6IJT c!p6IJc£,CYnJl)lCJj6lJ)6TT cf, QCJjff611lirIg.(fJjc£,@W.

vocn

~6IJTff6iJ N oc n

I. V oc N

~r5J@ V CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6U)6lJUJW, n c!)/6lJ6lJITUJtillI6Iir c!p6i:J 5T6lRir6l1oflcb6U)CJj6lJ)UJUJW, N c!p6I.)cf,CYn Jl)lCJj61fl6N 5T 6UUr 6I1oflc£,6lJ)CJj6U)UJUJw @p5Jcf,@w.

(8c$mrTa:rra:u$'l6dT 6U'~lb c!)t6l.lc$rr~(8!Jrr6U'6dT c$(!!)§;~lb.

Urf)(8CJ'ff S:V6U)6l1T (!Pig. 6lJCJj61fl6151(fJjf/j'l)/ (gCJj§))lCJ'ff c£,ciI6N 6l5Id1uulg.,

V CJj6IJT6lJ6TT 6lJ mS:V!J CJ'6N + V CJj6l1T6lJ6TT6lJ @(86TTffrfl6N ~ 2 V CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ msTJ!J CJ'6N @(86TTff6lJ)!JL(B.

~ru«>lT~alrrlT6lS'filir ·6lS'~uu42,

CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ oc c!p6I.)cf,CYnJl)lCJj61fl6N5T6l16r6l1oflcf,6lJ)CJj.

I. N (YJ6IJcf,CYnJl)l mS:V!J CJ'6Or + N c!p6IJcf,CYnJ]Jl @(86TTffrf)6N ~ 2N c!p6IJcbCfnlJ]J m!TJ!J CJ'6N @(86TTff6lJ)!JL(B.

I. 1 @6IJcf,CfnJl)l msTJ!JCJ'6Or + 1 @6IJc£,CfnJl)l @(86TTffrf)6N ~ 2 c!p6IJcf,CfnJDI m!TJ!JCJ'6Iir @(86TTff6lJ)!JL(B.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

16

2 C!P6IJcf,CYniDl m!TJ!J CJ'6N @(86TTff6lJ)!JLIg.6i:J CJjL L ffUJWff CJj, @6lJ)JDf/j!TJ'l)/ ~!J 6l16r(B c!)/~ m>'h!JCJ'~w 2 c!)/~ @(86TTffrf)2IDlW ~(fJjc£,CJj (86lJ611lirCBw.

~d16l51(fJjf/j'l)/ m!TJ!J CJ'6Or, @(86TTffrfl6lir @6IJc£,CYnJ]JlCJj6Tr li?6lJQ6lJff6NiDlW @6U)JDJt,~~ ~!J 6lRirCB c!)/Wlc£,CJj 6lJ)6TTUJff 6lJ'l)/ QCJjff6lRirIg.(fJjc£,CJj (86lJ6lRirCBw 5T 6IJT (!Pig. 6lJ QCJ'ulUJ6IJffW. ~(8 !![>(8Uff 6Iir iDl 6U) !b!TJ!J CJ'6N, ~L cfI CJ'6N 5T 6OrU6IJT6lJW Ff!J WJcf, QCJjff 6lRirL C!P6IJc£,CfniDl 5T 6IJT cf, CJjffLL6IJffW.

@6Uir c$6UJ6l.I61T6lI (V m)

li?(fJj @p5J>bsTJ Q6lJUU c!)/(!pc£,CJjd"JaS16i:J li?(fJj c!p6iJ 6lJffUJ c!)/6lJ)Lcb@W CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ I (YJ6IJfr CJj6l1T 6lJ6TT 6lJ 5T 6IJTuuCB W.

6lJCJ'd1 CJj6lJ)6TT cf, CJj(fJj s:6I "JB1UJ W Q6lJU U c!)/(!pc£, CJj>b d16iJ (s. t. P ) ~(fJj c!p6iJ 6lJfflLJ c!)/6U)L c£,@w CJj6IJT 6lJ6TT6lJ @6I.)frCJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lj' 5T 6IJTuuCBw.

<!:p5afuJ c.!>rDU4:

(1) 6lJffUJ c!)/6TT6l'1CBCJjI@)cf,@ JB1UJw JB1Uf/jsTJ6lJ)6IJTCJj6TTffCJj 0 DC Q6lJUuJB16lJ)6IJUJW, 1 atm (lOS N m .2) c!)/(!pc£, CJj(!P W s:v 6Iir 61Jf1 ff 6lJ) CJ' UJ rr CJj>b Q!![> rf1 f/j Q!TJ CB c£, CJj U U L (B6Tr6TT'l)/. ~6lJ)6lJ JB1.Q6lJ.c!)/ (JB1UJW Q6lJUuJB16U)6IJ c!)/(!pc£,CJjW) 5T6IJTiJuCBw.

(2) Urf)(8CJ'ff!TJ6lJ)6IJT (!p1g.6lJCJj61fl6i:J ~(fJjf/j'l)/ c!p6IJfrcf,CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ, V m ..c.: 22.4 dm' mol'

(s.t.p) ~6iJ ~@w.

(3) 6lJffUJtillI6M @>bs:6l!Jw, ~6U)wiJl.J ~ciIUJ6lJJDp516N ~6lJ)6lJiJ uUJ6liru(Bd"JS:Vff'l)/

p9iDl~6IJff6i:J wL(Bw ~(fJj 6lNrUJ6l'i6N CJ'ffir C!J.l6UdxrnJbJJ:Jd> d1611ofl6lJ)6lJs:h ~6lJs'bJD@ ~d"JQs'bffLfrl.J ~sTJ6lJw.

(4) S.t. p ~6i:J @6IJfrc£,CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ)6lJ c!)/6InLc£,@W 6lJffUJtillI6Iir s:6I6I1ofl6lJ (YJ6IJcbCfnJDiDls:h d1611ofl6lJ ~ @w.

(5) s.t.p ~6i:J @6IJfrc£,CJj6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ)6lJ c!)/6lJ)Lcb@W 6lJffUJ @6IJcf,CYniDlCJj61fl6N 5T611lir6lRJJ1cf,6lJ)CJj c!)/6lJCJjffs'b(8!Jff 5T6UUr ~@w.

IL-w:

pjlUJw Q6lJiJ iJ~dpc6 CJj d"Js'i16i:J 1 dm 3, H2 6lJffUJtillI6M s'i1611ofl6lJ 0.09 5T 61Jf16N, O2 6lJffUJtillI6Iir c!p6IJfrc£,CJj6IJT6lJ6Tr6lJ 5T6lir6l1T? (H = 1.008)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

17

t6lww Gl6lJUU c:!}I(!pG6d:,(i;s73J6O.

0.09 g H2 c:!}IQ1)LG6@W d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ = 1 dm'

,', 2.016 g H2 c:!}IQ1)LG6@W d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ = &6O;rG6d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ

= 1 x 2.016 = 22.4 dm' 0.09

l&® & 6U tIT if, {lj 6lJ IT 1lI6lJ ib c:!}I6lJ es IT {lj (3 IJ IT tIT 6l1dr &60 d, 8D J!J d:> Q1) 6fT d, Gld:>lTml!}®G6@w. tIT6lJr(36lJ c:!}I6lJd:>IT{lj(3IJIT6l51611r 6l51s73Juul!} l&® &60 tITJi;{lj 6lJ1T1LI6lJw t6lww Gl6lJUU .!H(!pG6d:>(i;s73J6U c:!}IQ1)LG6@W d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ @6O;rG6d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ ~@w.

,', 02 6l51611r @6IJ;rG6d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ = H2 ~611r C!JJ6Ufr G6d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ. =·22.4dm3

tL-w:

t6lww Gl6lJUU .!H(!pG6d:>d;s73J6U 560 ml 6lJ1T1lI ~611rJD1611r s73J6lIIJfI6lJ 1 g. j)6iJ6lJIT!LI6ll16lk &6IJG68DJDJDl t6lQ1)JD tIT611r6lJr1

t6lww Gl6lJU U c:!}I(!pG6d:>d;s73J6O @6IJ;rG6d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lJ (22.4 l) 6lJ1T1lI6l516lk ¢l6liil6lI &6OG68DJDJDld; s73J6lIIJfI6lJ ~@w.

• • ....!'l--'1 M __ 1 x 22.4

@6Od:>8DJDJDls:!J ~,oaoIl6ll

0.56

= 40g mol"

tL-w:

t6lww Gl6lJUU c:!}I(!pG6d:>d;s73J6O 6lJITILIGl6lJIT6lkj1jtidr c:!}IL;rd;s73J 0.76 g dm? ~u5Itidr. 6lJ1T1lI6l51tidr ulT;r &6OG68DJDJDld; s73J6lJIJfI6lI tITtidr6lJr?

= 17.024 g mol"

9C!b QJIT~~cdr mL..~QJ)~ mril5\.4mm .1T!Id.m.

(1) c:!}I(!pG6d:>W (P) (2) d:>6lJr6lJ6fT6lI (V) (3) Gl6lJuut6lQ1)6O (T)

(4) s73J6lJIJfI6lI (m)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

18

QurrW'sU'_ QfjJ

LCXrjUr Glru:ut51~JD~ ~6fT 6lIT1l.l6fi66r d:>6lJr6lJ6TT6lI ~~ (3/1J;rwlT JDl6l51~{lj UWWIT@W,

1 V ec -,.

P

1 V=KP

,', PV=K

Ja.mW'N''' eljJ~ QlQD[J4 <!pam m'm55aD, WITJDIT Gl6lJuuJ6IQ1)6Ou5IfiJ @JD1d;{lj s73J6lIIJfI6lJ6Tr6fT 6lJ1T1lI6lJG6@.

P

P

PV

IN

v

P

tL-lb:

10' Pa c:!}I(!pG6d:>d;s73Jt),)lw 300 K ~t),)lw fL6Tr6fT 100 dm! He 6lJ1T1lIQ1)6lJ 1 dm' ~12j c:!}I(!pG6@6lJ{ljJD@d;@d; (3s:!JQ1)6lJWIT 6lJr c:!}I(!pG6d:>W tIT tidr6lJr?

tL-lb:

25 OC j)&lw 10' Pa 8I(!pG6d:>d;s73Jt),)lw ~ 6lJ1T1lIQ1)6lJG6 Gld'>lTmL 2 dm' @(8Q1)6lJ c:!N(J~ GlmuuJ6IQ1)6Ou5I6U fL6Tr6fT 8 dm! Gl6lJJDiDlG6@(8Q1)6lJ l&611rJIJlLtidr j)Q1)61WG6d:>U ULLIT60 Qs2)IT@s:fiIu5Itidr c:!}I(!pG6d:>W tITtidr6lJr?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

l'

lOS x 2 = P2x (8 + 2)

61T6Ii'6'mr 6lJiJ.

IDrrJDrr <:!}I(lpc6a;d'>f;l3J6iJ 15l([!j @JJ5I~s:v f;l3J6imfl6lJ67J)LUJ 6l1rrll4tilll6lir a;6lJT6l16TT6lJ .§;6Uf'

Q6l1iJuJBl67J)61)c6@ (8J1jfrtilllcfi1s:v CFID6lir.

~.oru4:

ID rr JDrr <:!}I (Ip tf, a; dJ ¥16iJ 151 ([!j @JI5ldJ s:v ¥16lRJf16lJ 6lT 6TT 611 rr u4 6l5I6dr & 6lJT 6l16TT 6lJ.

IiY6i1Q6l1rr® 0C Q6l1uuJBl67J)61) <:!}If;l3J&rfiULJc6@W 0 °C @6i:>~ 6Tr6TT ~s!D6dr &6lJT6l16TTtilll§l)lW

'/ IDLffiJa;rr6U <:!}If;l3Ja;rfic6@w 6r6lJTU urfi(8C1'rrS:V6lJ)6lJT (lpk).6lJCI"l6lT ffirrLk).6lJT.

273

o °C @6i:> 6l1rrll4tilll6lir a;6lJT6l16TT6lJ V 0 6r6dr&. tOe @6iJ 6l1rrll4tilll6dr &6lJT6l16TT6lJ V 6r6dr&.

v.r . ( t )

••• V =Vo +_0 = Vo 1 +-

273 273

=...::!.J

273

(273 + t)

2'73 + t = T

@T5J@ T 6r6dru(bI s!D6I1f1Q6l1UU JBl67J)61)UJrr@w.

V = VoT Vo = K

273 273

VOCT

. ·.K=

V @(bI CFrr6fTcfl6dr tilllf;l3JUJrr@w • T

BASIC CHEMISTRY

20

6'1T6ir6'6dr 6U'~6dr QJ&U>!J4 @&U>[D 6U'ma;a;Lb.

V

V

........ ........

........

. ~=-----~-------------.

- 273

o

TI K

~~lJ:

@(8s:v(8urr6drJDJ ID rr JDrr tf, &6lJT 6l16TT tilll6i:> 1iY([!j @JI5ldJs:D s:tJ 6lJOf) 6lJ6Tr 6TT euuu; tilll6dr <:!}I(!j>tf, & W s:D 6ZJf1 Q6lJU uJBl6lJ) 61) tf, @ (8 JD fr 6l5I cfiI s!D CF ID 6lJT rr@w • @(bI6lJw CFrr 6fT cf16dr tilllf;l3JUJrr@w.

P OC T <:!}Is!Drr6l1lf)1 P = KT. .'. .2J = P2

r, T2

6lJlTlLj 6lJiJa;QJ)6TT ti)QJ)QRJf~~ro.

Qurru516l5l6dr tilllf;l3J UUk).

V = -{;- @ffiJ@ m, T IDrrJJ516'6l&6fT.

CFrr6Tr cf16(ir tilllf;l3Juuk)..

V OC T @ffiJ@ m, P IDrrJJ516l5l&6fT

@6i1tilll([!j tilll~&67J)6TTIl4W {j67J)61RJT c6@w (8urr (bI.

V OC .!... @ffiJ@ m IDrrJJ516l5l P

PVOCT

@)JJS'UII:

(1) fii!([!j ({!jp51 d; s:D ~ 6lJOf) 6lJ6Tr 6TT 6l1rr 114 tf, @ (8 6l1JDJ U L L pj1 U JE s:D 67J) 6lJT a; 6fT &rrL L U

UL (86fr6TT6lJT.

(2)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

21

Ei = K 6r 6dr§!DIw C1'w6drurrL 1q.6iJ K sr 6drUs:bI f51(!]j wrr p516I5lIllrr@w.

T

{j~ 6llrrUJ6l516dr afl6lRJf)6l516iJ s:c>r6uiltU1(!]jci;@w. {jwwrrp51601 6llrrlLl6llci;@ 6llrrUJ C:6lIJ1)JuCBw. 6r6lJT(36ll {jlbwrrp516l5lIllrr6lJT0I ~6lIf(!]j 6llrrUJ6lI~w, ~6dr i}6lRiI6lIdxI;rr6lJT K {j6dr GluiDlWrr6lJTW urfl(3C1'rrS:C>6lJ)6lJTlllrr6iJ s:bI6lRJf)IllUULL U16dr6lJT(3[f ulll6druCBs:bS:C>6lJrrw. <9Is:b s:bI L 6di {j U Gl U Jl)I wrr 6lJT W 6ll@6lI6Tr 6TT s:c>rr CfJ (36ll CfJ rr 6lJIJI' LJU CB W • {j s:c> 6dr U III §!DIW @6lJ)jD6llrrCfi(36ll CfJrr6lJlJl'uuCBw.

~6lJ1rr6iJ <:9t6lJCfJrrs:c>(3[frr6l5l6dr 6l5Ii}6lJ)IllU ulll6druCBdJs6I {jwwrrp516l5lUJrr6lJT~ 6r6U6urr 6llrrUJci;CfJ@ci;@w Qurr«l/ fLrfl6lJ)W (C1'tT6ll(3~C1' wrrp51601) ~ci;CfJuuCBw.

<9Is:c>rr6ll1fJ1 f51(!]j C!fJ6U 6rJi;s:c> 6llrrUJ6lIw iBlUJw Gl6llUU <9IQPd;CfJdJafl6iJ <9IflJ)Ld;@W CfJ6lJT6ll6TT6lI C!P6lJtTci;CfJflIr6lJ6TT6lI ~@w. (22.4 dm')

~CfJC:6lI iBlUJw Gl6llUU <9IQPci;CfJs:bafl6iJ f51(!]j (!p6iJ 6llrrlLl6lJ)6ll 6rCBd;@W (3urr IfJI

PV =R

T

PV = RT (1)

••• n (!p6iJ 6llrrUJ6lIci;@

PV = nRT (2)

J61uJ1;(l)6I1)6IJr • 1 J61uJt,(l)6I1)W - 2

Gl6llU uJB16lJ)6lJ T I {j 6iJ w rr jDrr afl (!]j ci; CfJ <9IQPci; CfJW PI {j 6iJ {j (!]jJi, ~ P 2 6llrr a;

wrrJiJjDUULLGs:c>6drCfJ.Gls:c>rr@s:filtU16dr 4aflUJ CfJ6lJT6ll6TT6lI V 6r6drCfJ. GlurrtU16016dr 6l51aflUUIq..

PI V~ = P2V

{juGlurr@s:bI <9IQPci;CfJW P 2 wrrjDrr afl(!]jci;CfJ Gl6lluuiBl6lJ)6lJ TI {j6iJ (j(!]jJt,~ T2 6llrr a; wrrJiJjDUULLs:bI6r6drCfJ. CfJ6lJT6ll6TT6lI V2 ~@W.

C1'rr6Tufl6dr 6l5Is:filUUIq.,

PVK . • • • ..!'l '11)

- = 6r6llriD/w C1'W6lJTUrrL6lJ)L JDIJl)I6lJWIDUfT(JjI,

T

UUJ6druCBs:b~w 6llrrUJ 6l5IaflCfJ6TTfT6ller GlurrtU16016dr 6l5ISt9UJW, C1'rr6irci16dr 6l5IaS1lJ.1W 4@W.

'!...=::!.;.

TI T2

V= V2 TI

T2

V= PIVI P2

PIVI _ V2TI

_---

P2 T2

PIVI = P2V2

TI T2

PV =K T

(ii)

{j(Jjl {j6lJLci1UJ 6llrrlLl'" C1'w6drurrCB ~@W. {j01 uJiJp5I U16dr6lJTtT CfJ(!]j0l(36llrrw. {jffil@ R = 8.314 J mol-' K·I ~@w. {j(Jjl <9Icbl6lJ 6llrrUJ wrrp516016reruuCBw.

546K, 103 Pa {j§jJIW f51(!]j @p5IdJs:c> s:fil6lRil6lJ6lJ)LUJ H2 {j6dr CfJ6lJT6ll6TT6lI600 em' ~W16dr, {j6iJflIrrUJ6l5I6dr afl6lRJf)6lJ 6r6drer?

s.t.p {j6iJ 6llrrUJ6l516dr CfJ6lJT6ll6TT6lJ V2 6r6drCfJ. wrrjDrr ~ci;CfJW 103 Pa {j6iJ @p5I~ afl6lRil6l/ 6)JfTUJ6l5IJiJ@ C1'rr6irci16dr 6l5IaS1UU19

::lJ = V 2 ~rr6ll~ ~ = .:!.J

TI T2 546 273

V2 = 300 em' = 0.3 dm'

s.t.p {j6iJ 22.4 dm! H2{j6dr afl6lRil6ll = 2g

•.• s.t.p {j6iJ 0.3 dm' ~ {j6dr afl6lRJf)6lJ = 2 x 0.3

22.4

= 0.0268 g

BASIC CHEMISTRY

23

BASIC CHEMISTRY

22

!--Ih:

PlY' = P2 V2

T, T2

950 X 800 = 760 x V 2

364 273

@6\)ira:H$QSJ'6lJ6ITQJ)6lJ~ ~6mSf'~"'. O, 6\Qir (!p6l>ir a>1ilIJ6IICilUi1D6II_i. <f)I6ISUf'jb&\}.

Gl6lJuus1J>1)Jc£@U UJrA61J>Cb ~61J>LJB>1)J ifY L cila'61J>6l1r WL (BIb 6lJrrlLJ 6l5I61J>6TT 6lJrr Cbc£ GlCbrr(Bc£@w ifY® U>brrfr ~(bs1J 61J>(b ftj)uurA(8a'rr sTJ61J>6l1r c£@u uwom-uCBs1J>b6lJrrw

!--Ih: 2KMn04 MI .. K2Mn04 + Mn02 + 02 t

~H '"

2KN03 .. 2KN02 + 02 I

~H

2KCI03 - .. 2KCI + 302 t

Gl6lJ U U i> ¢l6lir 6l5I61J> 6TT 6lJrr Cb U (b rr fr s:j, >b s:j, ~ 6Iir ~ 6lJlJf) 6lll6iJ 6J JiJ U (B W JD L L W Gl6lJ6Tfl6l5l L uu(Bw °2 ftj) 6lir ¢l611?lf16lJc£@~ a'wwrr@w.

urflC88'1T ~6U)6UT.

91 °C ftj)~w 950 mm Hg ~(!pc£Cb~¢I~w Ne 6lJrrILJ6l5I6lir Cb6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ 800 em' ~u516lir s. t. p ftj)6i:l ftj)>b6lir Cb6l1r 6lJ6TT6lJ Wff >1)J?

5g Zn u5/61J>CbWrr6lJT m>brr6lJT H2S04 ~L6lir >brre£CbW61J>LILJW (8urr>1)J 15 °C ftj)~w 770 mm Hg ~(!pc£Cb~¢I~w 6lJI61J>6TT6lJrrc$CbUuCBw H2 ftj)6lir Cb6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ 6T6lir6l1r?(Zn = 65)

Zn + H2S04 ~ ZnS04+ H2

P,V, = P2V2
T, T2
760 X 22.4 770 x V2
=
273 x 13 288 t. V H2 (s.t.p) = 2~; x 1 dm"

t!....-tb:

ifY® @~~>b ¢l6IJOfI6lJ6Tr6TT 6lJrrlLJ 18 °C ftj)~w 100400 Pa ~c£Cb~¢I~w 241 m' Cb6l1r6lJ6TT61J>6lJ <::!9/6I1)LSbs'b>1)J. p9ww Gl6lJUU ~~6b ftj)6ixrurrlLJ6l'i6lir Cb6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ 6T6lir6l1r?

iGir

PI' VI' T, Gl>brrLc£Cb p9uJB(b61J>6l1r 6T6l1r6lJW P2• V2• T2 ftj)JJ)I¢I pj1uJB>b67D6l1r (s.t.p) 6T 6l1r6lJw GlCbrr6Tr Cb.

100400 x 241 (243 + 18)

=

101300 X V? 273

(1) a;~wrr6l1r ~6lJfrJfx.:D C8a'rrSb67D6l1rc£ @WrrliJ ifYom-~~6Tr ~6lJfr KMn04 6TCBci;(bw(BW.

~2) C8a'rr s'b67D6l1r c£ @wrru516lir 6lJrru51§R)16Tr u@,a;~ Gla'®cfiI ifY6lir JJ)I (u L ~¢lJiJ CbrrL L U in: (B6Tr6TT >1)J C8urr6i:l) 61J>6lJc£CbUUL(B @wrrliJ Gla'w61J>wwrr Cb pj1JJ)1e£Cbuu(BW.

(3) Gl(bff@¢l6lJ6Tf1u5JJJ)lc£CbWrrCb (!pLUUL(B, (uLs:j,¢lJiJ CbrrLLuuL(B6Tr6TT>1)J (8urr6b) ~IJCb!J6I1/HW fiY@r5J@u(Bs1J>buu(Bw.

(4) C8a'rr (b61J>6l1r c£ @wrrt.U Gl6lJuuwrr c£CbUU(BW.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

24

BASIC CHEMISTRY

25

(5)

GrumlC8u.JJilD(.uCBwO ,C8ulT~h~a'fDd)6IJI'6ll6TT6lIJfj6lDtJilLwQ.uir~W. ~ c9f6TT6lIlF a'1T1g.uj)~ C8a'CbrF1~uCBw. (~ G6l16'IfIC8UJJDJDuuCBw 6lIITQl61OOJ

C8JDIJIg.UJITCb8' C8a'CbrF1s:i:>0Iw (ja;61H Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lJ)6lI c9f6TT~L6U1TW.) .

6lIa's7S1UJIT6lJr Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lI JijIT (8a'CbrF1d;CbUULL0IW G6lIiJuWITdxMU ~~UuCBw. @QfIIJ6ll1LUULCB JijIT WLLf6JCb6Tr a'W6lJrITd;CbUULCB c9f6TT6lI a'1T1g.tDl6U 1L6Tr6TT JGrF166r Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lI Ga'W6lJ)WUJITCb ..9/6TT6ll1LuuCBw. (V em')

QCbITs:5!@)!p1T1iJ c:9/CbJDJDUULCB !BmCBw (U~8iLQir) J61JIJ1d;CbUuCBW. w = p3l61l>JDd;@6lJ)JD6lI = (W - WI) g.

°2

urfI(ga'1T a;6lJ)6lJr J616lJ)6I)6lJ)WCborfl6iJ, ..9/6lJ)JD G6lIuuJ616lJ)6I) G6lIiJuwlTfIIfltUl6b iI(!f)Ji,«l

~61iLiJJCBw. (fIK), <!J(!PdxbW C8UITLrg.61H UITIJWlT6lIfI1fJ6O {j~ c:!JI6TT61iLiJJ(i3lb.

PlmmHg.

(6) (7)

(8) (9) (10)

a;6IIIfUq :

~""L ~awu.r.i>.

(W - WI) g. O, c:9/6lJ)Ld;@W Cb6lJl'6lI6TT6lI V em',

Vx 32

••• 02 ~66r @6I)frd;Cb6lJl'6lI6TT6lI, V. = (W _ WI) =

s.t.p iI60 @6I)fr Cb6lJl'6lI6TT6lJ)6lI V 2 em' 6T66rCb.

W -WI_DO 32 - 2

PIVI = ~z

TI 273

( ) V = PI X V I x 273 em'

:. O, {j66r @6Ufrd;Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lI V III s.t.p) = 2 760 X TI

@aau. ~am. . . G 6lJfI' ••

(1) KMn04 GW61H @jLITd;CbUULUj)(jljr uUJ61HuCBdJa;uuCBw. 6J 6lJI' 6I)IfIJUUJDflDJD

c:9/CbJDI1Jl6lIs:DJDCbIT@W.

(2) KMnO 4 ua;ffiJCbWIT~ G6lIorfIC8UJJ1)I6lI6lJ)a;s:i:> a;CBuua;JD@ @!PlTtUliDlQr u~ {jJ1)ld;CbUuCBw.

(3) Gla;IT@s7S16l1orf1 {jJIJld;CbWITCb {j®d;Cb C86l1mCBw.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

@_-m:

(a) (8w6iJ urFlC8a'1TsT>6IJ>611fui16iJ 27°C @@)Iw 740 mm Hg ..9/c!pd;Cb~¢!SI~w 38 em' JijIT (8a'CbrFId;CbUULL0I ~uj)61H s.t.p @6iJ G6lI6TfJC8UJ[15IUJ 02 (j61H Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lI 6T61H6lJr?

(b) C8CfIT f;lJ6lJ)611fd; @WlTu5I611f0lw, ~6iT6TTLd;Cb~¢t3J6lJr0lW J6/6IJ)JD {jWULj 0.0481 g ~uj)61H I5ILcf1Cf6lJfl6ik @6I)d; Cb611f6ll6TT6l[ 6T6ik611f?

27 °C @~w 740 mm Hg ..9/(!Pd;Cb~¢!SI@)Ith G16l16TfJ(8UJ[15IUJ O, {j6ik Cb6lJr6ll6TT6l[ = C8CfCbrFId;CbuuLL JGrfl6ik Cb611f6l16TT6l[ = 38cm3•

s.t.p @6iJ 02 @61H Cb6lJr6l16TT6IJ)6lI v 6T6ikCb.

760 x V 273

33.68 x 32

s.t.p @6iJ 02 {j61H @6IJfrd;Cb611f6l16TT6l[ = = 22400emJ

0.0481

(!p<'f,m\u @.mfUlI:

CO2 @61ir@6lir dxn611f6l16TT6IJ)6l1s:i; ~6lIff:l/IX{!)@C8sT>C8U1T61irJD (!p6lJ)JD61JXlJiJ uUJooCB~6IJITW. (1) CO2 iGrfl6iJ Cb6lJ)IJ6l161Da;s:i:> sT>CBuua;JD@ COz~6iJ J61IJWU6lJITd;CbUULL rGfr UUJ61H

uCB~s'buuCBW.

(2) G16l1U U s:b(l)/d;@ @6IJ@6l1ITCbU L51rF161J)Cb <!}I6IJ)LJi,(l)/ CO 2 &? WL CB W 6lI1T1L/6lI1T Cbd; GCbITCBd;Cbd; CTnI!JUJ PbCOJ• coco, ZnCOJ 6T61HU6l1JD6IJ)JD uUJ6liruCB~sT>6IJITw.

(3) Na2COJ uUJ~uCB~(l)/6lIsT>1Tui161H <!}Iu5/6lJW C8CffruUs'b~ @6lJW G16l16TfJ(8UJiDlw COt 6ll161D611f c!F C8a'CbrFIUUs'b6Ur @6UW CO2 6l1I6Iir @6IJfrd;Cb6lJr6l16TT6IJ)6l1sb (l)/6OOfJUJ6I)ITW.

t!_-w:

1L6I)fr KNOJ G16lIUUWIfd;$)UJ C8UIf(l)/ IL6l1DTLIf611f 02 6lI1f1L/ 300 K, 700 mm Hg ~d;Cbd;s:6J§l)IIb 0.15 drn' Cb611f6l16TT6IJ)6l1 <!}I6IDL~sT>(l)/. @iJUrflC8CfIfsT>6IJ)611fu516iJ IL6WrLIf611f 02 @ ~ ¢!SI6l111f) 6l[ 0.192 g 6T 6lJfl6iJ °2 {j ~ CljJ6UrT d; Cb 611f 6l16TT 6ID6l1d; Cb6OOfJd;Cb6l[W. (0 = 16) 151® @rD1sba; Q6l1UU <:!)I(!pd;Cbs:i:>s'SI6iJ tfY® @6iJ 02 ..9/6IJ)Ld;@W Cb611f6l16TT6l[.

·V 0.15 32 25 J

m (JOOK.7S0mmHg) = 0.192 x = dm

750 273

Vm( s. I.P) = 25 x 700 x 300 = 22.45 dm"

BASIC CHEMISTRY

27

•

c!)t§D)l§;~61RSf'Q.j c!)t6\)~ [Atomic mass unit (a.m.u)]. . . .

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~WJs:b$23l6Oilfl6lj ~61J@ 6T6lJT 6TCBs:b(bldiQCflrr6iT6TTuuLL(bI.

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~ till 6lIrr JJJl Cfl 6Dllf) ffi CflU U L L W JD 6lJ)JDILl ~WJffi Cfl 6'ff166r $23100011 6ljCfl6TT Cfrr IJ §J1JDIs7>

$23I6Oilfl6ljCfl6iT 6T6IJfUULL(bI.

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ULL(bI.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

28

9':""Sfi1J)&UI' (016) mu,.LDLDIT5U Uw6UruC5~§)N.

~(f!l c!p61JCfli;$23I6lir ~§J&2lQ6lIrr66rJI5l66r $23I6?J1lfI6lj

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c!p61)tfiffilCfl@9L6lir fLJJJl$23llLlrr6lJf CZCfTf6lJ)6lICfl67J)6TT ~ffi@w ~JD6U fL,6lJ)LUJ(bI.

9':""S6Ur ffi\uLDtb LDlTlilmUU':"L§)6Ur O!&IT!J'QRlTtb.

" Cfws7>rr 6IJfI" Cfl 6'ff16lir ~ ® ffi 6lJ) Cfl Cfl 6iRir CB OIl!} ffi @tb 6lI67J) IJ ~L cf1Cf 6lir p51 UJ w tb s:tJ1®U$23ICfllJwrrCfl ~®JEs!f>(bI. ~UJJD6lJ)CfluJ)6U fL,6Tr6TT ~LcflCf6lir ) 016, 017, 018 6T66r§!DJtb CfWs!f>rr6l1f1Cfl6TTrr6U ~ffiCflUULLs7>rr@w.

~UJJD6lJ)CfluJ)6U fL,6Tr6TT ~LcflCf6l1f166r CfWs!f>rr6l1f1Cflorfl66r 6i1s7> ~6lJ)WU4ffiCfl6Tr ~Cfl ~6TT 6ljCfl 6Tf16iJ CZ 6lI JJJlU L L 6lJ) W ~6lIs!f> rr 6IJfI ci; Cfl U U L L (bI. ~s!f> 6IJf rr 6iJ ~ L cf1 Cf6lJ)6lJT JI3!UJwwrrCflU UUJ66ruCBsi>s:tJ1di Cfl6?J1lflffidjUULL c!p6\JCflr5JCflorfl66r CfrrlJW1;hs:tJ161J1Jf16lj djorfl6lJ)L CZUJllJW (86l1iDlurrCBCfl6Tr ~6lIs7>rr6l1f1ffiCfluULL6IJf. ~s7>6lJTrr6U ~LcflCf66r JI3!UJwsi>6lJ)s7> wrrJDJD CZ6ll6lR1rl!}UJ ~cflUJtb 6JJDULL(bI.

51TUfi1J)&UI' (ell) ffi\uLDLDlTo!&U Uw6UruC5~§)N. c!)I~~ c!)IQ)~ .o;6lf1iDr 1H&ID{J.ra:>i.a;QI1II"w •

C12 Cfws7>rr6lJfl ~§l!!D.IQ6lIrr6lirJI5l6lir s:tJ161J1Jf16l5166r 1/12 Ur5J@ ~~d;aS/61JIJfI6lj ~61J@ 6T6lJTuuCBc$16lirJD(bI.

12.000 g CI2 Cfw~rr6l1f16.022 x 1023 ~§!l!DJffiCfl67J)6TTffi QCflrr6lJ6nq®ffi@tP •

..n () 12 _l - 1 66 10.24

••• c:!H·sv,·t::!9I a.m.u = 6.022 x 1()23 x 12 -. x g

= 1.66 x lQ-27 kg

jJ'1T{J.J;~ .o;6lf1iDr 6II&ID{J6lfa:>i.a;QRlJw.

~® c!p61JCfld;s:tJ16lir ~W1Q6lIrr6lirJI5l6lir "CflJrr Cfrf1;h as/61JIJfI6l/"

Ar:;:

BASIC CHEMISTRY

el2 !:6\uLD~QI)~U uwCidru(5~!!>I6l.J~6dr ~1T!J'61J1IfLb.

{jUJJD6l1>ffiu516iJ ~6Tr6TT ffirru61JfI6dr CFw~rr61Jflffi6lfl6lir o1l~ ,g)I6l1>wuLJ ~¢Iffi6TTcffi)ro (8 6l1iDlU CB 6l1)25l6iJ 6l1>6lJ. (ffirr U 61JfI6lir CF w~ rr 61JfI ffi6'ff! ~Ih e 12 CFW ~rr 6?JfI (8UJ an I!} UJ 6TTcffi)ro ffirr6lXJruuCBIh. {j~6IlTrrro ffirru6lir C12, e13, c- 6r6lir~1h CFw~rr61Jflffi6l1>6TTcb Glffirr6WrI!}®Ji;~ (8urr¢l~1h ~~6lir ,g)IWIsi>¢I61Jilfl6lJ 12.0115 ~@Ih.)

6r6llT(86l1 ffi1fU6l1>6IlT J£!UJwwrrffiu uUJoMuCB~~tb(8urr~ c!p6lJffirfuffi6lfloM CFrrrrWIi> s:6161Jilfl6lJffi6lfl6l1>L(8UJ ffirr6l1UTuw':'L (86lJiDlurrCBffi6Tr !CcbffiUULL6IlT. ~~~L6lir ffirrU6l1>~ p5l UJ wwrr ffi U U UJ oM U CB s:h )25lUJ (8u rr ~Ih, ffi 61RJfIci;, ffiU U L L • CF rr rr ~s:' ¢16l111fl ~ffi ~ ,g)I(8 6IlT ffiwrr 6IlT c!p6lJffirfuffi@cb@ ~6lJ1ir6l1UT6TT 6l1rr 6IlT c!p@ sr 6I1UT ffi 6TTrr ffiffi ffirr 6lJ1JI"U uCBw.

{j~6IlTrrro ffi61JilflULJffi@1h {j6\)@6l1rrcbffiuuCBIh.

~61h!6rr~~rrrr.ru'6dr 6T6rir.

fiY® c!p6iJ 6rJi;~u u~rrfrs:h~s:h)25l~1h ~6ir6TT ~uu~rrfrs:h~s:hs:fi16lir 6jfficffi)QJT ~61JIJf!cb6l1>ffiffi6lfloM 6r6lllir6illJf1cb6l1>ffi .,g}/6l1ffirr ~(8rrrr 6r 6lllir 6r 6UfuuCB rD.

L = ~ = 6.022 X 1023 mol"

n .

{jrfu@ N 6roMU~ n c!p6l51ro ~6Tr6TT ~61Jilflcb6l1>ffiffi6lfl6lir irr6lllir6lmf'lcb6l1>ffi ~@Ih.

ell 6'~IT6Uf' 6'lTirUIT~ c§)t6l.J~IT~~!J'IT LDITI:O'6\S\U'Cidr 6l.JQI)!J'6l5'6\).~61J1IfLb.

CFrf!UJrrffi 12.000 g el2 CFw~rr6?Jflu516iJ ~6Tr6TT el2 ~~cbffi6'ff!6lir 6r6Wr61JlJf!cb6l1>ffi ,g)I6l1ffirr ~(8rrrr 6l116lir wrrJ616l51 sr 6lJfuuCBIh.

ft~61ir aluUJWIT 61111D.

1 mol el2 ~W1cbffi6lfl6lir s:6161J1Jf!6lJ = L x (e12 ,g)IWIQ6l1rr6lirJ616lir s:6161J1Jf!6lJ)

12.000 g mol:' = L x 12 a.m.u

Ig mol:' l g mol"

L = -l-a.-m-.u = -1-.6....:;6'-x~10:-:·2::-4 g

= 6.022 X 1023 mol:'

@,mSUq: . . . ., •

{jrfu@ el2 J£lUJwi>6l1>~(8UJ ffiLLrrUJwrrffiU UUJ6liruCB~~ (86l1611UTCBw 6r6llTU6l1>~ffi

ffi®si>¢lJD Qffirr6Tr6TT6lJIh.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

30

E!:P"'.

(!pro 6r6liru~ \JP6\)fr s:fi161J1Jf!6lJ (M) ~@Ih. M 6r6lJfuuCB6l1~ fiY® \JP6l516lir ¢l61JlJf!6lJ

~~6lJrrro.

M=

w n

••• n =

ell 6'LD~ITd' I!mfrUIT5 @6\96tJ)6tJI' 6l.J6tJ)!JW!DI§;~6\).

CFrf!UJrrffi 12.000 g el2 CFws:nrr61Jflu51ro ~6Tr6TT ~~cbffi6lfl6lir 6r6lllir61Jilflcb6l1>fficb@ CFW6lJfrr 6lJf 6j fficffi)6lJf ~ 1f)/61JIJf! cb 6l1>ffiffi 6l1>6TT cb Qffirr 6Wr L U ~rr fr ~ ~si> s:fi16dr ~6TT 6lJ \JPro 6r6UfuuCBIh.

@6\)ir~§S'maf'~:

(jy® (!pro u~rrlr {h s:vsi>)25l6lir s:fi161RJf16lJ \JP6lJfr s:hrhl61RJfl6lJ sr 6lHU uCBIh. (j~ 6lir ~6\)@ g mol" ~ro6\)(bl S.I ~6Uc.6Iro kg mol:' ~@Ih.

!_-w:

44 g e02 6l1rrU,Jcffi)ro fL6Tr6TT

(a) e02 \JProffi6Tr 6rsi>~6l1>6lH? (b)

(c) e ~~ \JProffi6Tr 6rsi>~6l1>6IlT? (d)

(e) Qwrrsi>s:n ~~cbffi6Tr 6rsi>s:n6l1>6lH?

eo 2 \JP6UcbanJ!)lffi6Tr sr rb~ 6l1>6Uf? e ~WIcbffi6Tr 6r~~67J)6Uf?

(a) (c) (e)

w 44

n = M = 44 = 1 mol (b) 1 x 6.022 X 1023

ne= nco = 1 mol (d) 1 x 6.023 X 1023

6.022 X 1023 x 3 = 1.8066 x 1024(!&® \JP6UcbaniDl e02 (jro 3 ~@)Jcbffi6Tr fL6D6rCB)

!_-w:

t516lir6l1®W \JP6Uffirfuffi6lfl6dr ~fiJBDlQ6l1rr6lirJ616lir rhl61JIJf!6l1>6l1 c.6Irrrru51ro ffi61Jilflcbd;.

[CFrrrr@)J{hrhl61J1Jfl6lJffi6Tr : H = 12, e = 12, Fe = 56, U = 236] .

(i) H (ii) e (iii) Ge (iv) U

·~6l1ffirrs:n(8rrrr 6r6Wr ~~cbffi6lfl6lir rhl61JIJf!6lJ ~WIs:hrhl61Jilfl6lJ ~@w.

(i)

= 1.66 X 10.24 g

6.022 X 1023

BASIC CHEMISTRY

31

(ii) 12 = 1.99 x 10.23 g
6.022 X 1023
(iii) 56 = 9.29 x 10.23 g
6.022 X 1023
(iv) 236 = 3.9 x 1O.23g
6.022 X 1023 2....-W:

X 51/iM~W (!P6\)ffi~s6//iM ~~Gl6lJff/iMp5l66r s6/6ilIlfI6lJ 4 x 10.23 g.

(i) X k@/iM ~W1Gl6lJff66rp5l/iM s6/6IJllf!6lJ 'iY® &?s:D[JCF/iM ~§!l!Dl6l51§l)./lb 51dJs'D6I1)6l1I WLr5J@ Uff[JWff6l1l0l?

(ii) X k@/iM CFff[Jfl[JDIdJs6/6ilIlfI6lJ 51/iM6l1I?

(i)

4 X 10.23 = 24.09

1/6 .022 x 1023

(ii) 24.09

2....-W:

(!p6\)ffiW Y k@/iM CFWs:Dff6lJfl ~WIGl6lJff/iMp5l/iM s6/6IJllf!6lJ CI2 CFWs'Dff6lJfl.,g)ifI[JDI 'iY/iMp5l/iM

¢16lJ11f1611) 6lJ U (g U rr 6iJ 7. 5 W L r6J ffi ff@W • @6lJffiW Y k@ tidr ~ 8' CF W s'D ff 6IJfI uJltidr CFff[J WI~s6/6IJllf!6I1)6lJd; ffi6lJllf!d;ffi.

C!jJ61Jd'>Glwrff>6rp516dr CFWs:vrr61lfJ ~§ll!DIGl6)Jrr6drp516dr ~6lJ1lfI6'JI CFWs:vrrliDfluJl6dr CFrrIT§ll!DId;~6lJ1lfI6'JI =

e" CFw{lJrr6llfl ~§.PJllIGi6lJrr6lirp516lir s:5]mfJ6l/ 1112

=

[ 12.000 ]

7.5 x 6.022 x 1023

12.000 1

6.022 x 1023 x 12

90

=

a:rrrr E!P6'\)5 ... m[!)l~ ~6IRSf'Qj (Mr).

'iY® @6lJffidJs6//iM / (gCFir6l1)6lJuJltidr (!p6lJd;c'J'n.jJ)J 'iY/iMp5l66r s6/6ilIlfI6lJ

Mr = CI2 CFWs:Dff6lJfl ~WlGl6lJfftidrp5ltidr s6/6ilIlfI6lJ 1/12

2....-W:

Cl2 k@tidr (!P6Oir s6/6ilIlfI6lJ 71 51tidrUs'Jjff6iJ Jffir till/6TTr6J@6lJGls:Dtidr6l1l?

'iY® (!p6lJd;c'J'n.jJ)J CI2 k@/iM s6/6ilIlfI6lJff6l1l01 C'2 CFWs'Dff6lJfl ~fl[JDIGl6lJff/iMp5l/iM s6/6ilIlfI6))lw, 1/ k@/'nlw 71 WLr6J@ Uff!fWff6l1l0l.

12 ....

BASIC CHEMISTRY

32

CFff[JW1dJ ¢161Jllf!6I1)6lJdJ 016il1lf1UJU GlUff 0I6lJff ffi Ultidr 6lJ®W k@[J6111ir(f3 (lJJ6I1) JDffi 6Tr UUJtidru(f3dJs'Duu(f3cfi1/iMJD6l1I ••

(1) k@[JCFffUJ6l1I (lJJ6lJ)JD.

(2) GlU6TT s6/ffi (lJJ6I1)JD.

li\!JB'ITWa @""CD.

(1) (a) a;_b6rrC"rrd6Dr (!J>fiID,a>.

CF ff IT fI[JDI s'b ¢161R1fJ 611) 6lJ (IJJ s:D 6'1516iJ ¢l ® s'b s:D W ff ffi s'b 0161R1fJ Ii> s'D 6lJir ffi6illlflJbCFff (g[J ff (Cannitzzaro) ~ 6lJff ir. ~ till/ U uJDU LJ6Tr 6TT (g CFir 6lJ)6lJffi6l1)6TT ~ cfi @w @6lJffir6J ffi 6TfJ tidr CF ff [J WI s'b ¢l6lJ1Jfl 6lJ) 6lJ si; 0161R1fJ UJ k@ W (IJJ 611) JD UUJtidrULL0I.

(b) cfJITCIDrr6lir ~ub.mS'b,B)ir (!J>fiID,a).

¢l6l11ir W (!p 6lJ ffi r6J ffi 6TfJ tidr CF ff [J WI s'b ¢161R1fJ 6lJ ffi 611) 6TT s'b 0161R1f1 UJ lllff(g6lJfftidr GluJbp5lJbJDfr (Dulong - Petit) (lJJ6I1)JD UUJtidrULL0I. 516IJfI§!DIW

cf16lJ s:6/6lJ6rw (!p6lJffir6Jffi@ld;@ &@w(lJJ6lJ)JD GlUff®Jbrz,ff0l. .

"U6TT~1!& @'IJ)[D.

~ • .d;~ $,a)IDITQD6\lfilDlUU ulU6lirU(!).d;~ ~ • .d;~ q)I_.§j.ro.

&@w(lJJ6lJ)JD 516iJ6\)ff (!p6lJffir6Jffi6Tf16l11 (fJ1W CFff[JWJ,t,s:6/6ilIlfI6lJffi6lJ)6TT,t, ¢l9®,t,rz,Wff ffidJ 0161J1Jf1 UJ U UUJ tidr U (f3 cfi1 JD0I. {j W (lJJ6lJ) JDui1611)6l1I ~6YiJ [J 66r (A ston) 51 ~ W till/@J @)ff6lJfl Ul(g[JrfldJrz,ffir •

(1) (2)

~UJ,tb6InffiuJI6U fL6Tr6TT ~6l1I ffiWff6l1f (!J!6IJd'lr6Jffi6Tr CFlDs:Dff61Jf)ffi6'ff1/iM ffi6lJ6lJ)6lli.Jff@W. ~WJdJs:6/6IJIJf16lJ i£1JDWff6l1)6\)6I1)UJU uUJ66ruCB~(l31 'iY® @6\)ffi,t,(l31/iM 516U6lJffiF CFW s'Dff6lJflffi6'ff16l1101W CFfffrLJ ~6TT6lJffi6Tr 0I6il1lf1UJuu(f3W.

(l316lJ1Jf16lJ i£1JDWff6lJ>61Ji.J U@W16U k@®~ k@UJ,tb6InffiuJI§l)l6Tr6TT tEfb[J CF6lJfI6Iir ~6TT6lJd'>6Tr HI = 99.4%, H2 = 0.4% Hl = 0.2% ~ffid; ffiff6l11HUULL0I. 516l1I(g6lJ tEs'D[JCF6lJfItidr 100 ~§J8DJd;ffi6'ff1tidr Glwff,t,s'Drb (l316il1lf16lJ.

= 99.4 x 1 ~ 0.4 x 2 + 0.2 X 3 = 100.&

.'. CF[JffCFrfl ~WJsf;s:6/6ilIlfI6lJ = ~~.& = 1.00&

(k@6lJ)6lJ uJbJJ51UJ (gW6lJs:6/ffi 6DIp[Jnirffi6Tr GlUff01 k@[J"'ffUJ6l1Isi;(l31Jb 6l516TTd;ffiUU(f3W.)

(3)

'ASIC CHEMISTRY

33

~WJi> flfl6lJ71f) 6lJ JIflJDwrr 67J)6IJU U@U U16151(fJjjf, ~ x 6T 6lir ~ tb c!p6IJffi ~ flfl6lir CFw~rr6llfJffi6Tfl6lir CFrriru6TT6lJffi6Tr (!jJ67J)JD(gUJ X24 = 79%, X25 = 10%, X26 = 11 % qj,@w. X @6lir CFrrlJ@)Jsi'J~~6lJ 6T6lirtilJr?

X @6lir 100 ~WJd;ffi6Tfl6lir Glwrri>s:Dsi'J ~~6lJ. = 79 x 24 + 10 x 25 + 11 x 26 = 2432

... ~W1si'J~~6lJ = 2432 = 24.32

100

QJ~QJ61T6l.I

1&® c!p6Uffisi'J~6lir ~fT§JWJ6lJL6lir (gCF®W ~oiJ6U~ ~fTWI6lJrr6iJ @LWGlUUJirc6ffiU ul]w &:?s:DfT CF6lir ~WJc6ffi6Tfl6lir 6T6If6r6l1OT1ci;6lf)ffi 6lJ§l)l6lJ6TT6lJ 6TtilJrUUI]W.

~s:Drr6lJ~ 1&@ c!p6IJffiW @Wc6@w ~6iJ6IJ~ 6JJb@w ~oiJ6U~ uriHcCl] GlCFlUlLjW @6Usi'J~fT6lir ffi6Tfl6lir 6T 6If6r6l1OT1ci; 67J)ffi 6lJ§l)l6lJ6TT 6lJrr@w.

~-d>:

@55W (!)r6'U4:

2Es:DIJCFWJL6lir s:Drrc6ffi(!jJJDrrs:D c!p6Uffin5Jffi6Tfl6iJ, 2Es:DIJCFc6@ff CFwtilJrrrtilJr ffnLLriH ffi@J1L 6lir @Wc!p6IJffiriHffioir fL 6l1Iir L rr c6@W (gCF ir 67J)6lJffi 67J) 6TT c6 Qffirr 6l1Iir I] @6lJJiJ.a516iJ 6lJ§l)l6lJ6TT6lJffioir fLli.Jsi'Js:D.a51UJuul]lb. ~~rr6lJ~ 1&® c!p6UffiW CI, Br, CH3 qj,$1UJ 6lJ!DlJ)JL 6lir fL 6l1Iir L rr c6@1b (gCFtT 6lf)6lJffi oir ~fT W1 &:?~fT CFWJc6@ff CFWtilJrrr611T (gCF®W ~ JDWJ67J) L UJtilJr6lJrr@w. ~(g s:D(g u rr 6lir lJ)J 1& L cf1CF 6llfJ6lir 6lJ§l)l6lJ6TT 6lJ 2 6T tiIJr c6 Glffirr 6l1Iir1] 1&L 6lf)CFL l]c6ffi6TfloiJ @®Jt,~ c!p6IJffiriHffi6Tfl6lir 6lJ§l)l6lJ6TT 6lf)6lJsi'J (bl6l1OT1UJ6Urrw.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

34

•

BifirlmmIifiGIfsir ~.tJfgniIifim

@IJCFrrUJtilJrff @si'Js:8lIJW 6T 6lir u~ 1&® c!p6IJffii> s:8l6lir ~6iJ6IJ~ (gCFtT 67J)6lJui16lir @IJCFrrUJtiIJr ~6lf)WU67J)Uc6 @JJ5lul5lL 8i(fJjc6ffiWrrtilJr (!jJ67J)JDUJrr@w.

~@DIUQJ6 @t~muL.b.

£fY® (gCFtT 67J)6lJui1oiJ fL oir 6TT Gl6lJ6iJ(g6lJJDI c!p6Uffi$Jffi6Tfl6lir ~W1 6llI c61J2jsi'J6lf)s:Dc6 ffirrLl]w 6T6TflUJ @si'J~fTW ~~U6lJff @si'J~fTtb 6TtilJrUUI]W.

@6U6;6D...m[!)J6 @t~§5'rrL.b.

1&® (gCFir 6lf)6lJu516lir c!p6IJc6ffnJDI 1&6lirJJ5l6iJ a, oir 6TT IiY6iJGl6lJrr® c!p6Uffisi'Js:8l6lir ~WI 6T6l1Iir6l1OT1c667J)ffi67J)UJlLjW ffirrLl]w @si'Js:8lfTW qj,@w.

@.aSUq:

(1) uriH cCL I] 6lJ§l)lff (g CF tT 6lf) 6lJffi (g 6TT c!p6IJd; ffnJDIffi 6TTrr ffic6 ffi rr 6?RHU u I] lb. CO2, SO 2' H2S04, HCI, CH4 6T6lirU6iJt c!p6IJc6ffnJDIffi6TTrr@w.

(2) U6IJ (8 CF tT 67J)6lJffi oir c!p6Uc6 C1il lJ)Jffi 6TT rr ffi d; ffi rr 671/JTU ul] 6lJs:8l6iJ 6lf)6\). fLs:Drr6l1l1TWrr ffi NaCl, CaCl2 (gurr6inJD ..mv6lir (gCFfr~ CFrr~rr ffi(g6lJ ffi£r6l1lJTi.uI]Lb. @~JDCi; @JJ5luus:D!D@ uUJ6lirul]si'J~w @i>s:8lfTriHffi6ir ~W1U6lJff @si'J~fTriHffi6ir qj,@w. ~J2jrr6lJ~ NaCI 6T6lirU~ (gCFrr19UJW @(g6TTrr67J)IJL196lir ~W1U6lJff @s:bs:8llJwrr@w.

@6\)5c!1h..r.D[!)I6: (§~~r&J«»6U)6TT~ ~RRIfI!)"'.

(1) s:DIJUULL (gCFir67J)6lJu5J6lir (!P6\Jc6C1il/iJiJ)I JI3l6lf)JD ~~UJuul]w. @s:DJiJ@ (gCFir67J)6lJu5J6lir qj,6llIUJLtT s:bfil ~6TT6l'!l]ffi6ir uUJ6lirul]si'Js:Duul]w.

@riH@ R = 8.314 J mol:' K"

d = qj,6llIu516lir ~LtTsi>(b1 T = J2j6llfJGl6lJUUJ5l67J)6U

P = qj,6llIu5J6lir ~(!jJd;ffiW

BASIC CHEMISTRY

35

(a)

1!!P6\)5W m'61D1D % ~§!!mI N'lS'!;W n6IfUJ N'lS'!;w.
Ca 20 20 =0.5 0.5 = 1
40 0.5
Br 80 80 1 1
= -= 2
80 0.5 (3) ~!JUULL (3",ir6(1)6lJuJ16iJ fL6Tr6TT C!j)6OCfirilld)6lf/66r ~6lJd)6(1)6TTU u@d;~ ~~6iJ. (c!}/6TT6lJp5I u@uLJ)

(5) ~6lT166r c!}/6TT6lJ, "'ffir ~std}6lJ1J'i16lJ 5T6liJu6lJJiJt;a>JDU uUJ6liJuCBstd} ~u6lJ!F @Jd;¢!31!J d;6(1)S[Js'h ~6IJ1Jf1~6iJ;

(6) c!}/§IDJU6lJ& @Ji>¢l!Jw, (!p6IJcj,ernJDJ1)Ji> ¢l6lJ1Jf16lJ 5T6drU6lJJD6(1)JDu UUJ66ruCBs'hs1. (!p6IJcj,ernJDJJJJ& @Js'h¢!31!Jw ~6IJ1Jf1UJuuCBw.

(b) Calcium bromide. d)ff!JtXJ11fW 6lJ~6lJ6TT6lJ Ca - 2, Br - 1, Ca 5TU QUff@~W ~® 6lJ~ fL6Tr6TT (3Jljir c!}/UJ66rd)6(1)6TTd; Qd)ffCBd;@W, Br qy® 6lJ~ fL6Tr6TT 5Ta9fr ~d;GlCf>rrCB~5T6lJI{g6lJCa++,Br~a;6ir~&ioomri_uff6iJ~6(1)tXJ11f~ "'!r6IJd)Wff d) ~®d;@W.

uf'GBrT§)6I»6UIWITN {il1.J(IiJuL.L. ~~(!!)~ Li)uBl1W6UJB e~~ ruII)lQJ§)ma:.rr6UJ !!IfiIJ)L(!pQJ)(J).

(1) c!p6\)d) rill d) 6If16dr ¢l6lJ1Jf16lJd) 6ir c!}/S[J6dr e«. c!}/. ¢l ~ 50 U1 rfli> l?)l (!p6IJd)ffij d) 6If166r c!}/SDId;d)6If166r "'ffir 5T6i16r6OOf1d;6(1)d)d)6TTffd) wffJDJDuuCBw.

(CaB r 2 5T 6dr U~ (!p. ern.@J c!}/5O 6IJ c!}/§IDJU 6lJ& @J ~ ¢l!Jw 5T 6dr U 6(1)~ IB6i16rCBw W6I1Ta9JD ua9d;d)6lJW.)

(2) qy6ir Q6lJ ff (J]j '" ff It 5T 6i16r 6IJ11f) cj, 6(1) d) UJw, u5I d)& cfI p51 UJ "'ff It 5T 6i16r 6lJ1Jf1 cj, 6(1)d) UJ!r5O t5Irfld;d)uuCBw.

(3) cfil6(1)Lcj,@W 5T6i16r c!}/6i16r61111r6TT6lJffd) cflJ1)J (!P@ 5T6i16r61111rffd) ~(J]jcj,@w c!}/506IJ~ (!P@ 5T6i16rtXJ11fff d) WffJDp5Id; Qd)ff6ir6TTuuCBw.

Ca++: t516TTffJiJp5I6I1TW d)Jbt5I tf;6Dr6(1)JDu uUJ66ruCBs'ha9 (3",ir6(1)6lJ6(1)UJ HCI c!}/u5l~6iJ (3 ~ff til i> s:bl Ch6lJIT 6(1)6IJuJlJD LflI9 cj, d) fj.jI L CB & cfl6lJU LJ pjI JDw (3 ~ff 6dr J1)J W. ~d)(36lJ Ca++ IL6i16rCB.

(4) ~8;§lJ1)J (!p@ 5T611Urd)6(1)6TT fLrf1UJ ~66r @Jfjd..CB~ ctW 5T@i) ~6lJtF @Js'ha9!Jw QUJDuuCBw.

(5) (!p.ern.¢l QS[JrflUJWffuJI6dr, c!}/§IDJU6lJ& @Js'ha9!Jd;6(1)~u uUJ6druCB~a9 (!p.ern.@J QUJDuuCBw.

B r : IG'ff d;d)6(1)!J "'~d;@ cq I Cl2 (3",ir d;@W (3uff l?)l @(36TTff(3!Jff(3UffW U6(1)LuJ16iJ

Q",ww~",6ir pjlJDW (3S[Jff6drJJJJW ~d)(36lJ Br~6lJ6rCB. (c!}/506IJ~ JGfrcj, d)6(1)!J"'~d;@ AgNO) (aq) (3",ird;d) QW6drW~",6ir 6l'J!bUI96lJ (3~ff6DrJ1)JW.

~l?)l HNO) ~6iJ d)6(1)!JUJffl?)l. @JLff6l1T Q",p5IJi;~ NH) ~6iJ d)6(1)!JUJw. ~d)(36lJ

Br 1L6lJlir(B.)

L.-m:

X 5T 6dr §IDJ W (3", fr 6(1) 6lJ qy 6dr J1)J pjl6(1) JD U U 19 20% Ca, 80% B r 5T 61lr U 6lJJb 6(1) JDei> Qd)ff6lJlirCB6Tr6TT~. (Ca = 40, Br = 80)

(a) ~& (3",ir6(1)6lJuJ166r c!}/~U6lJ& @Js'ha9!JW 5T6lir6l1T?

(b) ~&(3"'ir6(1)6lJ6(1)UJ 5T6l16lJff JJJJ QUUJrflCB6l'Jfr? fi/6Iir?

(c) ~S[J6(1)6I1T 5T 6l16lJff J1)J fLJ1)Ja9uuCBs'h~6l'!fr?

L-m:

qy(J]j (3",fr6(1)6lJ t5I6lir6lJ®W p316(1)JD 6l'JS[J c!}/6(1)WU6(1)U fL6(1)LUJ~.

H = 1.12%, Cu = 37.78, S = 18.02%,0 = 45.08 (H = 1, Cu = 63.5, S = 32, ° = 16)

(a) ~&(3"'fr6(1)6lJuJ161ir c!}/§lDJU6lJ& @Js'ha9!JW 5T6lir6l1T?

(b) ~~6(1)6I1T 5T6l16lJffJJJJ QUUJrflCB6l'Jfr? 5T6l16lJffJJJJ lLiIJla9uu(Bd;l?)l6l'Jir?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

36

BASIC CHEMISTRY

37

(a)

(lp6\Ja;w H Co S 0
JJf/67f>/D % 1.12 35.78 18.02 45.08
cbl.cmWl tillIcb1sTlw 1.12 35.78 18.02 45.08
-- -- 32 --
I 63.5 16
1.12 0.56 0.56 0.56
61" orflUJ tillIcblsTlLb 1.12 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
--
2 1 1 5 (b) CuS04, n,o (GlerUI.J er6i:J(8U.rDJlJl 1jjI® lBsTl(8!J.rDiDl)

(i) tCfrffiCb6?J)!Jer~cf,@ NH/aq) (8erfrcf,@Lb(8UIT~ tC6lJ J]3I/D 6l'iWUlrJ.6lJ (8)2jIT6rHJJ51 u5J 6?J)Cbuil6U Cb 67f>1J Jb ~ Cb (BLb tC 6IJ J]3I JDcf, Cb 6?J)!J er6U (8)2j1T 61ir iDlLb. ~ Cb(86lJ Cu·· ~611Iir(B.

(ii) JCITcf,Cb6?J)lJer~cf,@ BaCliaq) (8errrcf,Cb cmu5161Ji>s:bl.!b Cb6?J)!JUJlTflj Gl6lJ611Iir6OOf1/D 6l'iWUlrJ.6lJ (8sTllT61ir.J1)lLb. ~Cb(86lJ S04" ~6Wr(B.

e_-rn:

X 5r6rHW/Lb lBsTl(8!JITCblTu61ir 11.1 % JJf/67f>/DUJ6TT6lJ lBsTl!Jer6?J)61JTffi GlCbIT611Iir(B6ir6TT~. erlTfrc!p6IJcf,CTn.rD.J1)l!iJs:bl6OOf16lJ 54. X ~6rH c!p6lJcf,CTn.rD.J1)lff @a>s:fi1!JLb 6I"61ir61JT? (C = 12, H = 1)

@6lJCbLb pfl67f>JD % cmWltilllcbl)2jw 61" orflUJ tillIcblsTlW 6I"6lfJUJ C!fJ@6f611&r.6ild9.
C 88.9 88.9 -741 7.41 _ 1 lx2=2
12 - . 7.41 -
H 11.1 lIil = 11.1 11.1 1.5 x 2 = 3
7.41 = 1.5 • '. cmWU6lJff @J!iJ~!JLb C2HJ

X @61ir c!p6IJcf,CTn.rD.J1)lff @J!iJ~IJLb (C2H3). 6I"61irCb. (2 x 12 + 1 x 3) n = 54

27n = 54 n=2

... X~61ir C!P6lJcf,CTn.rDiDlff @Ji>~!JLb C4H6•

BASIC CHEMISTRY

38

t!_-w:

A sr 6lir fDJ Lb (8 er sTl 61JT ff (8 er iT 6?J) 6lJ 1jj16M iDl Ul6lir 6lJ® Lb @6lJCbrfil Cb 6?J)6TT p5l6?J) /D 6l'isTlrfilCb6TTITCbcf, GlCbIT6Wr(B6ir6TT~. C =40%, H = 6.67%, ° = 53.33%. A @6rH ~tillIUJLfr!iJ~ 45 ~uil61ir, @)2j61ir @.CTn.@J 6I"61ir6lff?(C = 12, 0= 16, H = 1)

c!p6IJCbLb pfl6?J)/D% cbl.cmWl tillIcbl>Dw 61" orflUJ tillIcb1 sTlLb
C 40 ...1Q. = 3.33 3.33 = 1
12 3.33
H 6.67 6'167 = 6.67 6.67 _ 2
3.33 -
° 53.33 53.33 _ 3 33 3.33 = 1
16 -. 3.33 ... A cm~U6lJff @J)!ij~!JLb CHP

A @61ir @6IJcf,an.rD.J1)lff @i>~IJLb (CH20). 6I"61irCb.

@Ji>~!J J]3I6?J)JD = c!p.an.J]3I = M • m x 2 (ucf,CbLb 34 lB ulTiTcf,Cb6lJLb)

(CH2)0 = 45 x = 90

(12 + 2 + 16) n = 90

30n = 90

n=3

... A ~61ir c!p6IJcf,an.rD.J1)lff @s:b~!JLb CJH60J•

1jjI® (8er)2j6lIT 1jjI® c!p6IJ cmu5161JLb A @6rH 0.18 g C!P.rD/DITCb sTlCb6lffW6?J)LUJff GlertiJ)2j (8UIT~ 0.264 g CO2 lBlL/W, 0.108 g Hp lBlL/Lb GlCbIT(B)!ijsTl~. cmu516lJ)!ij~61ir @6IJcf,an.rD.J1)ls:b ~6OOf16lJ 90 6I"6lJfJ6i:J A @61ir C!P6IJcf,an.rDiDlff @J)!ij~!JLb 6I"6rH61JT? (C = 12, ° = 16, H = 1)

44g CO2 ~ 12g CbITU6IJ)6Iffcf, GlCbIT6WrlrJ.®cf,@W .

... CbITU6iJfl6rH pfl6?J)/D % = 12 x 0.264 x 100 = 40%

44 x 0.18

18g Hp 2g lB)2j!Jer6?J)61JTcf, GlCbIT6!f6rlrJ.®cf,@Lb.

--'I' n£I % 2xO.108xl00667%

... lBsTl!Jerooll6lff JD,6?J)JD - . = .

18 x 0.18

... IjjILcfler6lJfJ61ir J]3I6?J)JD % = 100 - (40 + 6.67) = 53.33%

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39

6I"6l:H(Z6lJ .!9Iu516lJID A, 40% d>rru6lir, 6.67% ms1)IJC1'6lir, 53.33 ofls1) ~LcJlC1'6lir 6I"6lirU6lJ!D6l1>JDd; Qd>rr6116rI!}.([!jd;@w. {j~6lir .!9I~U6lJ~ @JdJ~IJw {js1)Jb@ (!ps1)6iJ L6Tr6TT L~rrIJ6l1l1fdJ~6iJ d>61JOf/d;d>UUL 06Tr6TT(bI. (CHP).

A {j6lir @.C1'n.@J (CHp)n 6I"6lird>. A {j6lir @.C1'n.~ 90 :. @Jd:>~IJ $16l1>JD (CHp)n = 90

(12 + 2 + 16)n = 90

n=3

... A {j6lir (yJ.C1'n.@J C3H603 ~@w

L-m:

X 61" 6lir~w (ZC1's1)6l:H ~ (ZC1'ir 6l1>6lJ CxHyOz 6I"6lir~w @Jd:>~IJ dJ6l1>s1)d; Q(f>rr6lJl1rL(bI. X {j6iJ d>rru6Df16lir $16l1>JD 6l'J~w 40. X {j6lir C1'rrir @.C1'n.~ 60 ~Lil16lir X {j6lir 6I"6Jf)UJ @Jd:>~IJw 6I"6lir6l:H? (C = 12, 0= 16, H = 1)

60x40 24

we = l'OO"" =24g, ... ne = 12 =2mol

12x2+1 x Y+ 16z=60

y = 16z = 60- 24 =36

z = I ~Lil16lir, y = 20 ~@ib. 6lJ~6lJ6TT6l5I6lir .!9II!}.UU6l1>LLil16iJ {j(bl C1'rrs:[,~UJw {j6iJ6l1>6U. z = 3 ~d> {j([!jd;d> (YJI!}.UJrr01.

... z=2 ~@w.

y + 16 X 2 = 36

y=4

.'. @·C1'n.@Js:[,~IJW,C2HP2

... 6I"6Jf)UJ @JdJ~IJW (.!9I~U6lJ~ @JdJ~IJw) CHp.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

40

L-m:

Jfffr 6J!DJDUULL AI2(S04)3' xHP 8.1 % $16l1>JDUUI!}. AI md; Qd>rr611M(B6Tr6TT(bI. (AI = 27, S =0, 0- 16, H = 1)

(a) .rGCZIJ!DJDUULL (ZC1'ir6l1>6lJLil161ir ('!P6Ud;C1'n!DJDls:fi ~6lRJf16lJ 6I"6lir6l:H7

(b) JGIJJDJD (ZC1'ir6l1>6lJLil16lir ('!P6Ud;C1'nJDJDls:fi ~6lRJf16lJ 6I"6lir6l:H?

(c) X (j6lir QUJDlwrr6l:HW 6I"6lir6l:H?

(d) (Za'ir6l1>6lJLil16iJ L6Tr6TT JGrf/6Iir $16l1>JD 6l'J~w 6I"6lir6l:H?

p.) iG!JJbJD (ZC1'ir6l1>6lJLil16iJ AI {j6lir $16l1>JD 6l'Js1)w 6I"6lir6l:H?

(a) MAliSOA xHP = 2 x 2~.~ 100 = 666.6 gmol-'

, ,

(b) MAI2 (SO)3 = 2 x 27 + (32 + 4 x 16) 3 = 342 grnol'.

(c) 1 mol u6Jf)ffiJ.$16iJ JGrfI6lir ~6lRJf16lJ = 666.6 - 342 = 324.6 g

324.6 . 1803 :'~o = 1'8 = .

X 6I"uQurr@(bIw (!P@ 6I"6lJl1r ~s1)6Urr6iJ X = 18 ~@w.

(d)

JGrf/6lir 6l'Js:D $16l1>JD = 18 x 18 x 100 = 48.60% 666.6

AI {j6lir $16l1>JD 6l'Js:t>W = 2 x 27 x 100 = 15.79% 342

(e)

L-m:

(a)

f@([!j C!)J6Ud>W M {j6l:H(bI6lJrrlL/ $16l1>6ULil1§l»6Tr6TT &?s:D6l1>IJLI!}.6lir 1.240 g ~6l:H(bI.!9Is:D6lir ('!P6Ud>ffiJd>6TTrrd> (YJ!DJDrrd>d; C1'nLLUI51rf/6lJfbJD Glurr@(bI, $1. Gl6lJ . .!9I {j6iJ 1.345 dm' &?s1)IJ C1'6lir 6lJrrlL/6l1>6lJs:[, ~Jf, s:D(bI. (Zw~6Tr 6TT s:DIJ 6l5I6l5I([!jJh (bI M {j 6lir {jIJ C1'rrUJ6l:H ~ C1'W6lJ§)JI6l1>6lJd; d>611ilfId;d>. (H = 1.00)

tglJ671YJLliJ6lir C1'rrfn..J ~JiwIsi; ~6lJ 62 ~@lh (gwCZ6U (a) tt1~ {jIJ CffTUJ611r ~ C1'W6lJ~6lJd;@ {j6l1>C1'6lJrr6l:H m~6l1>IJLI!}.6lir @6Ud;C1'nJDJDl~ @JdJsij/IJW 6I"6lir6l:H?

(ZW(Z6U (b) Lil1~6Tr6TT LW(bI 6l5I6l1>LIL/L6lir {j6l1l1TffiJ@w M {j6lir 6lJ~6lJ6TT6lJ UJrr(bl? (ZW(Z6U (a), (b), (c) ~.$1UJ6lJJDJJ5l~6Tr6TT fLW(bI6l5I6l1>Ld>@}L6lir {j6l1l1fffiJ@wM (j6lir C1'rriru§!!Ds:[,sij/6lRJf16lJ 61" 6lir6l:H?

/b)

(c) (d)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

41

(e) u51cD6)./w JDWudJ>fJcf;ffi (!p6l1>jJJu5I6Mrr6iJ M ~61H CfrrtTuWI~s:6l6lmfl6lJ l1J/6l11lf)WUUL(B, ~61H GimD6I1>WWrr61Jr GUJl1Iwrr6Mw 28 6T61Jrcf; ffirr6lR1Ti.uLL~. M ~6lir 2E>fJ6I1>ffLI!).61H Cflflwrr6M c!p6lJcf;anJDJl1Iff @J~s:6lffw 6T6lir6M?

(0 u51ffi6lJW JDWUdJ>fJcf;ffi 1i1([!j (!p6l1>jDu5I61Jrrr6iJ M ~6Iir ~ff CfrrtU61Jr ff CfW6l1~ ~6lmfIwu uL(B, ~>fJ61H GCfW6I1>WWrr6M GUJl1IWrr6Mw 7 6T61Jrcf; ffirrLLuuLL~. M ~~ m~6I1>ffL 1!).6Iir ffiL UXf)wuLJ 6T 6Iir 61Jr?

(a) s.t.p ~6iJ c!p6lJtT ffi5:H6l16TT6lJ H2 ~6lir !2316l11lf)6lJ = 2g .'. W H2 = 2 x 1.245 = 0 12 g

22.4 .

WM = 1.24 = 1.24 - 0.12 = l.12 g

1 g H2 LL6Iir (8Cf([!jW M ~6Iir s:6l6i1Ofl6lJ CfW6l1~dJs:6l6lmfl6lJ (E) ~!.,(~w,

E= ~1 =9.33

0.12

(b) mff;l6l1>fJLI!).6Iir c!p.an.@J MHn 6T6lirffi. @J~~fJ JBl6I1>jD = c!p.an.s:6l

MHn = 62 n 6T6lirU~ M ~6Iir 6l1~6l16TT6lJ.

Ex n + 1 x n = 62 ........•....•...•....... (E x n = M ~6Iir Cfrr.~.s:6l) 9.33n + n = 62

n=6

... m>fJ6I1>ffL1!).6Iir @JdJs:6lffw MH

6

(c) M ~6Iir 6l1~6l16TT6lJ = n = 6

(d) M @J6Iir Cfrr • .,g)I.s1J = Cf.6l1.a9 x 6l1~6l16TT6lJ

= 9.33 x 6 = 55.98

... x = 2 ~@w. ~ffi(86l1 c!p.an.@J C,Hy ~@w. ... mflwrr61Jr c!p.an.@J M2H6 ~@w.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

42

(0

t,;;\ • Cfrr.~.~ 28 4

M 1Sfj6M 6l1~6l16TT6lJ = = - =

Cf.bl1.~ 7

H H

I I

H-M-M-H

I I

H H

BASIC CHEMISTRY

43

•

Qif1D6lI (C)

~(8JDdJwrr6lJT @lJffrr6lJT~ s:Jjrrd;dJrf,)dJ6IT 6l1Wd;dJWrrdJd; dJ6IJ)lJff6U JBl6lJ)6I)ui16U JBl dJW ~ s:Jju u(B cfi16dr JD6lIf. fb/® dJ6IJ)/J ff6lJ)6U ~ d;@6l1s:JjJiJ@ fb/® dJ6IJ)/J UJ(!p W, fb/® dJ6IJ)f]iJurr§g)Jw ~6l1cf)UJwrr@w. GlLirrslJl6llrrdJ~ s:tl6l16rwuGlurr®6IT a;6lDIJUJw 6T6lIfUU(BW. @~ s:Jj6H1/J s:tl6l16rw - s:tl6WrWd; dJ6IJ)/J ff6U, 6l1rrUJ - s:tl/J6l1d; dJ6IJ)lJff6iJ 6T6drU6lJT6l/W 1L6i1IH(B.

cf!6U Gl6l16iJ(86l1JJJl 6l161J)dJUJrr 6lIf dJ6IJ)/J ff6UdJ6IT IL s:JjrrlJ 6?JOT s:bslJlL 6dr cCC8W dJrrL UJ UL (B 6IT 6TT slJI.

aJ6lD9";\l.llD aJ6lDIJUUIT 6lir !_.§'JITIJ 6!RITID
6l1rrUJ 6l1rrUJ 6l16Jfl
6l1rrUJ s:tl1J6llW (8mrur JCrA6U CO2
6l1rrUJ ¢/6l16rww [Bs:Jj1J ff6lH u(86Ulfl.UJs!ii¢/6iJ
¢/1J6llW 6l1rrUJ 6l16Jflu5l6U JClJrr 6H1
¢l1J6llW ¢/1J6llW ~dJ(8dJrr6U $rA6U
¢/6Illirww ¢/1J6llW @(@Jd;(8dJrr6riJ $rA6U
¢/6Illirww ¢/61lMWW ¢l61lMWd; dJ6IJ)1J ff6UdJ6IT, dJ6UUlIlL(861)rrdJrf,)dJ6IT. dJtIDlJ ff6UdJ6IJ)6TTU UUJ6dr u(Bs!ii ¢/ ~6TT6l1p5)u@ulI, u6l16rUp51U@UlI~ sTJrr d;dJrf,J dJ6IJ)6TT JBldJws!ii(blJiJ (8urr slJI fb/® ~6U@ dJ6lIf 6l16TT6l/ dJ 6IJ)1J ff6l5l6iJ fL 6IT6TT dJ6IJ)/JUJs!ii¢/tiIr ~6TT6IJ)6l1 ~!b¢/®:bsTJ6U (86l16Wr(BW. @6iJ6H1UJ6iJlI dJ6IJ)!J ff6l5l6lH Glffp5)6l/. 6T6lJTUU(BW.

fb/® @lJffrrUJ6lJTs!ii s:Jjrr d; Cbs!ii ¢/6iJ 6T 6lH 6lJT ~6TT 6l/ s:Jjrr d; cfi1 Cb 6IT UUJ 6dr u(B siJ s:Jj U UL L 6lJT?, 6T!bs:Jj ~6TT 6l/d;@ ~Ir d;cfi1Cb6IT s:Jjrr d;CbW ~6IJ)L!bslJl6IT6TT 6lIf?, 6T!bsTJ ~6TT6l/d;@ ru 6IJ)6TT6l/Cb6IT (8s:Jjrr 6lHp5)UJ6IT 6TT 6lJT?, @s!iis:Jjrrd;Cbs!ii¢/6iJ fL ffff 6H161J)6TT 6IJ)6l1ff cf)d;Cb6lJTWrr CbU GlUJJ)l6l1s:JjJD@ 6T6lH6lIf ~6TTru6U tDfJ d;$1dJ6IT UUJ6lHU(Bdis!bUUL (86l161lM(Bw 6T6lHU6l1JD6IJ)JD ~6TTru(B6l1s!bJD@W, 6T6iJ6I)rr ~6TT6l1p5) U@UlId;@W ~sTJrr6llslJ1·LfffWrr61JT ~LiJ6l/Cb6IT,

BASIC CHEMISTRY

44

U/6IJ)6?JOTUU/UJ6iJlICb6IT, @UJd;Cbff ffWJBl6lJ)6I), ~UJ6lH ffWJ£!6IJ)6I), ~6l1s!ii6lf)s1)ff ffWJ£!6If)6I), @/JffrrUJ61JT @UJd;Cbrf,)Cb6IT 6T6lHU6lJT uJiJp5)UJW CbL6U, 6l16Jfl, lIru6l16TT ~LiJ6l/Cb6Tfl9lJlW Glffp5)6l/ uJiJp5IUJ ~6l/ @61irp51UJ6If)wUJrrsTJslJI ~@W. 6T61JT(86l1 Glffp516l/ uJiJp5IUJ Gls1)6Jfl6l1rr61JT ~6If)6l1 Wrr67J11r6lJfr dJ6IT GlUJiJp5I®~sTJ6U (86l161lM(BW.

Glu rr slJI6ll1r Cb ~® Cb6lf)/J ff6l5l6U a, 6IT 6TT Cb 6If)/JUJs!ii ~ 6dr Glff p5)6l/ Lft 6dr 6l1®Wrr JJJl @p5Id;CbUU(BW.

(1) c!p6I)fr~JD6lH (Molarity) (2) (8JDfrs!ii¢/JD6lH (Narmality)

(3) c!p6I)6iJ¢/JD6lH (Malality) (4) 6iJs1)d; Cb6lf)/Jff6U (Persent Solution)

(5) c!p6U U/6lH6lIfW (Mole Fraction)

eP6\)ir~tDQn (M)

1 dm! Cb6lf)/J ff6l5l6iJ fL6IT6TT Cb6lf)/JUJ c!p6UCb6Jfl6lH 6T6i1IH6I1ilf1d;6If)Cb c!p6I)frsiJs:61JD6dr 6T61JTUU(BW.

c!p6I)fr s:61JD6dr = Cb6lf)IJUJ c!p6UCb6IT

Cb6lf)IJff6l5l6lH· Cb61JT6lJ6TT6l/ Cb6l1TGlLcf!wJiJJDrA6iJ.

= mol dm? (mol l:')

(1) @6lir Glffp516l/ J£!6If)JDciJ@d; dJ61JT6l16TT6l/ff Glffp516l1rr@w. dJ61JT6l16TT6l/ Gl6l1UUJ£!~6U sTJrf,Jc6!u5l®uusTJrr6U c!p6I)fr Glffp5)6l/W Gl6l1UU J£!6iD6I)ui16iJ s:Jjrf,)$1u5l®d;@W.

(2) fb/® Cb6lJ)/Jff6lf)6I):b s:JjUJrrrAd;@w (8urr~, Cb6lJ)/Jff6l5l6lH Glwrrs:h~d; Cb61JT6lJ6TT6H1§!l)J6IT Cb6lJ)IJUJs!ii~6lH Cb61JT6l16TT6l/ IL 6IT6TTL rf,J@W 6T 6lHU6If)~ !6161f)611f6l/u(B)i,slJICb.

(3) . 1 m' = 10'3 dm3= 10-6 em', 1 dm' = 1 fil1JiJJDir, 1 em3= 1 ml,

18 g C6H1P6 m 100 em' $frd;Cb6lf)/Jff6U GlCbrr6i1lH(B6IT6TT(Dl. @d;Cb6lf)IJff6l5l6lH c!p6I)irff Glffp5)6l/ 6T6lH6M? (C = 12, 0= 16, H = 1)

.l.!L = 0.1 mol 180

= 1.0 mol dm?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

45

t!....-w:

n Na CO = 0.1 x 250 = 0.025 mol

2 3 1000

t. WNa2C03 = 0.025 x 106 = 2.65 g

2.65 g JJf!JJiJJD Na2C03 Qcflb6iJ)WUlffdj p31jJJJs;b~ 6T(BffidjuUL(B djfft.i.Jinfl 5l1l1}.fbfl JJfrfl6i:J dj6iJ)!J>b~, dj6iJ)!JCf6l516M dj6OT5l16TT6lJ 250 em' ~@w 5l16iJ)!J tEs:Dffffidjuu(Bw.

!._-m:

gJ_wffi@ 5mol dm", HCI JJfirffidj6iJ)!JCf6i:J s:n!JUUL(B6IT6TT~. I mol drrr', HCI JJfirffi dj6iJ)!J Cf6iJ)6IJ 6T6lJ5l1ff JD/ s:nUlffrfludir?

QCf)1516lJ 5 W UbI djff dj ffi @6iJ)JD5l1s:nff6i:>, s:n!Ju U L L dj6iJ)!J Cf6l516M dj 60T 5l16TT6lJ 5 WLrrudjffdj ms:nffffidjuUL (g5l161JM(Bw . .@Is:nff5l1~ 5 mol dm? Cb61J>!JCf6l516M Qs7JrflJi,s7J dj 60T 6l/6TT 6lJ Gl Cf W 6iJ) WUlff dj .@I6TT Ji, ~ 6T (B cf, dj U U L (B, dj 6iJ)!J CF 6\Sl6lir dj 60T 5l16TT 6lJ 5 WLrrudjff@W 5l16iJ)!J djfft.i.J&cf15l1I1}.>bs:n JJfir (8CFirfb~ ms:nffffidjuu(BW.

t!....-w:

25 OC @oiJ 10 em' CHpH I 100 em) rDr Qdjff@r(B6IT6TT~. @ffiCD6lD[JCF6l9oiJCHpH @6M @6IJfr~.rfi6lJ 6T6M6OT?25 OC @oiJ QWs:n(g6OTff6l96M .@ILfr~ 0.8 g ern", (C = 12, ° = 16, H = 1)

W CH30H = V x d = 10 x 0.8 = 8 g

8

nCHpH = T2 = 0.25 mol

dj6iJ)!JCF6I516M dj6OT5l16TT6l/ = V H 0 + V CH OH

2 1

= 100+ 10= llOem3

CCH30H = 0.25 x 1000 = 2.27 mol dm? 110

BASIC CHEMISTRY

46

t!....-w:

100 em' Mg (N03)2 JJffrffidj6(J)!JCFoiJ ~6MiJ)/ 2L6IJfrJB16iJ)6IJ 5l16iJ)!J ~6l51UlffffidjuUL(B, 5l16M6(J)WUlffdj Q6)lUUWffffiffilUl (gUff~ 1.0 g w!2fl QUJDUULL~. @ffidj6iJ)!JCF6I51oiJ @®Ji,~ Mg", NO)· .@IUl6M QCF)1516lJdj6iJ)6TTffi dj6imf)ffidj. (Mg = 24, 0 = 16)

n . n

Mg++ = Mg(NO)2 = 0.025 mol

0.025

[Mg'"] = 100 x 1000 = 0.25 mol dm'

[NO) -] = 2 [Mg++] = 2 x 0.25

= 0.5 mol dm?

~mfr§;~m6&r (N).

~ dm' dj,;jJ)!J CF61510iJ fL6Tr6TT dj6iJ)!JUl>hs:6l6M ffiI!JffW CFw5l1~ffidj6Tf16M 6T6IJM6OOf)ffi6iJ)dj . (gJDir>b~JD6M 6T6OTuu(BW.

@.aSU1I:

(1) @~ (JP6IJfr QCF)1516(J)5l1U (gUff6MJD/ p316iJ)JDcb@ffi dj6OT6l16TT6lJ& QCF)1515l1ff@W. 6T6OT(g5l1 Q5l1uup3I6iJ)6\)u51oiJ s:nrruffilu51®ffi@w.

Ir2) (JP6IJfr&QCF)1516lJ 'lY® dj6(J)!JCF6I516i:> 2L6IT6TT dj6iJ)!JUlfb~6M .@I6TT6iJ)5l1ffi@)151ffi@w. ~6OTffoiJ (gJDfr >b~JD6M~® dj6iJ)!J CF6I51oiJ gJ_6IT6TT dj6(J)!JUlfbs'hl6M .@I6TT6iJ)5l1ffi @JI51u U~L 6M, s:nff ffidj .@I6TT6lJdj6iJ)6TT1L/W Cb61JlJf1UUs:nJD@u UUl6Mu(B>bs:D6IJffW. .@Is:nff5l1~ 'lY® s7Jffffidj>b~6M (gUff~ ffiI!JffW CFW5l1~(g5l1, ffiI!JffW CFw5l1~6iJ)5l1si; s:nffffi@w. s:nffffidj .@I6TT6lJdj6iJ)6TT LJcFWff60T .@I6TToi1(Bdj6iJ)6TTU uUl6MU(B>b~>b ~61JIJf1(g5l1ffWffu516M 6T 6i:>6IJff & QCF )1516lJdj 6iJ)6TTlLJW (JP6IJir ~JD6lJf)6i:> @)151UUlL6IJffW. .@Is:Dff5l1~ (gJDir &

BASIC CHEMISTRY

47

Gl8'.a5l6lJ)6lJ lLu(8Ulrrcfi)uu~6iJ U6lJ UliJs:6/ ffn6lJr5Ufi6Tr {ijJ(!Jjuus'Jjrr~ {ijJ~ 6T6lllir~~ dj(!Jjci;dj6lJ)ori IL u(8Ulrr cfi)UUs:6/6U6lJ)6lJ 6T 6lJr 8'fr 6lJ(8s'Jj8' rF s:6/Ulrr dj ~U4dj Gldjrr 6TT6TTU UL (B6Tr6TT 01.

@6\)cro~6tir (m), . .

~(!Jj cfi)(86lJrrcfi)iJrrW (1000 g) dj6lJ)iJuurr6llfl6iJ dj6lJ)iJJi;0I6Tr6TT dj6lJ)iJUl @6lJdj6Tfl6lJr 6T6Ddr6l11lflci;6lJ)dj @6U6iJ ~JD6Iir 6T6lJrUU(BW.

dj6lJ)iJ Ul~s:6/6Iir c!p6U 6T 6lllir 6IJ1JfIci;6lJ)dj dj6l1>iJuurr 61Jf)6Iir J616lJ)JD (cfi)(86Urr cfi) iJrru5l6U )

~~c!F Cil6m'Qj.

{ijJ0I {ijJ(!Jj QP6lJ)JDdj6TTrr djci; @.a5lci;djuu(Bw. .

(1) J616lJ)JDci;.@ dj6lJr6lJ6TT6lJ oDs'Jjci; dj6lJ)iJ8'6iJ. (W I V)

(2) J616lJ)JDci;@ J616lJ)JD oDs'Jjci; dj6lJ)iJ 8'6iJ. (W I W)

m'fim[D5l!} 6!6UTQJ6fTQj ~~5 6!fim!J6,ro (W I V). •

100 em! c$(i11)iJ8'6I5I6iJ 1L6Tr6TT dj6lJ)iJUl~~6Iir J616lJ)JD ~@w.

m'fim[D5l!} m'fim[D ~~5 6!fim!J6,ro (W I W). •

1 00 g dj 6lJ) iJ 8' 6l5J 6iJ IL 6Tr 6TT dj 6lJ) iJ Ul s:h ¢l6lir JIf16lJ) JD ~ @w • <:9/s'Jj rr 6lJ 01 W g dj6lJ)iJUl~6lJ)s'Jj (100 - W)g dj6lJ)iJuurr6!k Gldjrr6l1Oru}.(!Jjci;@w.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

48

~~. a;6IJ)!J66\S1Gdr ~ru6IU.II.b.

Gl!2)rrifl6iJQP6l1>JDdj6l1>6TT {ijJ6lJ@6lJrrci;@6lJffJJD@w, {ijJ6U@61Jrrdjci; 6lJ)djUlrr6Tr61Js'JjJiJ@w {ijJiFGl8'.a5l6lJ QP6lJ)JD <:9/61Jff)Ulwrr 6lJr~.

lLs'brriJ 6111JTwrr dj ~(!Jj 6lJ)6lJ~ s:6I uia« 6l1>6U6lJ)Ul 6T (B dJ~d; Gldjrr 6Tr(8 6lJrr tb. <:9/rf.J@ w(!Jj fi, ~ 6lJ rr Gl dj rr (B ci, dj (8 6lJ 611Iir 19. Ul zs 6U 6l1> 61J w(!Jj $ 6l1> s'Jj 6T@(!)Jc6IdrjDrrfr. W (!Jj $ ~ f>6lJUU6lJfr W(!JjJi;6lJ)s'bd; dj6UJi;~ Gldjrr(Bci;cfi)6!kjDrrfr. W(!Jj;:b~6lJfr w(!JjJi;6lJ)s'b 6T@~w(8urr01

1 mol dm' Gl8'.a5l6lJ6Tr6TT dj6U6l1>61J w(!JjJi;~ ifY6!k6l1>jDdJ s'bUlrrrfldJ's:!)!d; Gldjrr(Bd;@wrrail

or @ ~ c6I dr jD rr rr 6T 6lJr 6l1> 61J ~ (f)I ci, Gl dj rr 61T (8 61J rr W . {ijJ s'b 6Iff rr 6iJ j£ rr ib U16!k 61J (!Jj W

U1iJ iF8'6lJ)6Iff dj6l1>6lT 6T s:6/fr(8 JErr d;dj (861J6l1Urlg. u51(!Jjcf;@W.

(1 ) w(!JjJij~ dj6UU U6lJfr {ijJiJ 8'rrUl6lff <:9I!15l6lJ)61JU GlUJDjD6lJiJrr dj {ijJ(!JjdJs'b6iJ (86lJ61f6r(Bw.

(2) {ijJcf;dj6l1>iJ 8'67J)6U;:b s'bUlrrrfl UUs'bJD@ ffn 19. Ul <:9/6TT6lJ (8j£iJ W 6T (Bcf;@W.

6T6Iff(861J w(!Jj::b~6lJrr 6T@~w(8urr~ 10% (W/V) dj6lJ)iJ8'6U s'bUlrrrf)s:h~ci, Gldjrr (Bcf;@WUlg. 6T @~6lJrriJrru516!k w(!JjJi;s:!)! dj6UUU61J(!Jjd;@ 109 @.a5luU1LL w(!JjJi;6lJ)s'b 6T (B ~ s:!)! /lffr(88'fr;:bs:!)! 100 m I dj6lJ)iJ 8'6iJ ~ d;dj (86lJ61f6r(B GlW6Iff 6T 6TfIs:6I6iJ 6l516TTrf.J@W. <:9/::b ~ L 61ir (861J 6l1>6lJlL/ W 6l~ 6lJ)iJ 6lJrr ci, dj U U (B ib. @s:!)!(8urr6!k.lJ)l 6T dJ s'b 6l1>6lJr(8 Ul rr j£ 6lJ) L QP6l1>jDdj6lJ)6TTlL/W 6lJ)dj;:bGlfbrrlfl6iJdj6l1>6TTlL/ W {ijJ6lJ@6lJrrcf;dj {ijJ iFGl8'.a5l6lJ .g}/6lJcf]Ulwrr 6lJr~.

@rou aJ6drQJTlD (X).

tiY(!Jj 6J dj6l516lJr ci, dj 6lJ)iJ 8'61516iJ IL 6Tr 6TT dj 61J)iJUl;:bs:6l6lir C!}J6i:J 6T 61f6r 6IJ1JfIcf; 6l1>djd;@W Glw!f;:bs'b C!}J6iJ 6T6IJIir6l11lfl(t,6lJ)djcf;@W {ijJ6lJ)L (8Ul IL 61T6TT U161ir6lJrwrr@w.

~® dj 6lJ)iJ 8'6iJ A 6T 61fT §!DJ tb dj 6l1>iJ U U rr 6lJr rr 2l)I W. B 6T 61fT §!DJ ib dj 6lJ)iJ us ~ s'brr 2l)I ib ~ 6lJrGls'b6lir dj. dj6lJ)iJ 8'61516i:J A, B 6T 6!kU6lJJD.a5l6!k c!p6iJ 6T 61f6r 61J1Jf1cf;6l1>ffiffi6lJ)6TT QP6lJ)jD(8Ul n A' ~ 6T6lirdj. B {ijJ6!k c!p6iJ U161ir6lJrW Xa ~u5I6Iir,

x = s

W s ~ B {ijJ6Iir s:6I61J1Jf16lJ.

Ms ~ B {ijJ6!k (YJ6Ufr;:b s:6I6l11lfI6lJ,

W A ~ A {ijJ6!k s:6I61J1Jf16lJ.

M A ~ A {ijJ6!k c!p6Ufr d;, s:6I6lIOfI6lJ

BASIC CHEMISTRY

49

!.....-m:

!""'-m:

25 ° C ~6U. x 6T6lirWlw C66lf)!JUJd>~6lir 0.100 mol dm? p5!UJw }Gfrci;ffi6lf)!J8'6l516lir .!9ILfrd>~ 1.18 g ern". ~ci;ffi6lf)!J8'6l5161H .!9ILfrs:i>~ 27 ° C ~6U 1.12 g em'. ~Jt,p5!UJwci; ffi6lf)!J8'6l1>6I) 27 °C ~6U uUJ61Hu(Bd>~w (gurr~ p5!UJWff Q8'J]5l6lJl6U 6JJDu(Bw 6lJ@ 6l'1s1';1w 6T 61H6lJT? 6T 6lJT ci; C66l1lJf)s:i>~ 6lJI wfr cf)ci;ffi.

25 ° C ~6U 46 g CH3CHPH m 54 g H20 QC6rr611dr(B6ir 6Tr~. ~ci; ffi6\)6lf)6lJ ~6\)L liIUJwrr6lJT~.

'(a) 25 °C ~6U 6T~(g6lJTrr6l516lir @6U U161ir6lJTW 6T6lir6lJT?(C = 12, 0= 16, H = 1).

(b) . 25 °C ~6U 6T~(g6lJTrr6l516lir (WN) ofl~ff Q8'J]5l6lf)6lJd> ~6l1lJf)6lJ~JD@ (Zw6Us19C6wrrffid> (g~6lf)6lJUJrr6lJT s1';I!J6lJ 6T61ir6lJT?

(e) 25 °C ~6U 6Ts1';I(g6lJTrr6l516lir (W/W) ofl~t!FQ8'J]5l6lf)6lId> ~6l1lJf)6lJ~JD@ (ZW6\)~C6wrrC6d5 a~6If)6lJUu(Bw ~!J 6lJffi6Tr 6T 61ir6lJT?

C - "x (1)

x- -

V

d m (2)

=-

V

V - ffi6lf)!J 8'6l5161ir ffi6lJT6lJ6Tr6lJ "x - ffi6lf)!JUJd>~61ir c!p6Uffi6Tr

d - ffi6lf)!J 8'6l5161ir .!9IL fr s:i>~. m - ffi6lf)!J 8'6l5166r ~6l1IJf16lJ.

(a)

".

CH3CHPH = 46146 = 1 mol.

"~O = 54/18 = 3 mol

8'w6lirurr(B (1) ~6U ~®Jt,~

V= "x Cx

8'w61irurr(B (2) ~6U @®Jt,~ V=....!!!.

d

n

X CH3CHzOH

CH3CHPH = "CH3CHPH + "H20 = 1 + 3

(b) 25 OC ~6U 6T s1';Ia 6lJTrr 6i:J, }Gfr 6T 6lir U6lJJD,a516lir .!9IL fr d> ~ C66ir ffi6lf)!J 8'6l516lir Gwrt d>s1';I

C66lJT6lJ6Tr6lJ 6T6drU6lJT (gs1';l6lf)6lJUJrr6lJT~.

=

<; d

ffi6lJT6lI6Tr6lJ = V CH CH OH + V H 0

3 2 2

m

W CH3CHPH + W H.O

= - = V 6T61irffi.

dCH3CH20H dHP

. . WCHCHOH

.'. 6T~(g6lJTrr6l516lJT (W / V) ofls1';l8' Q8',a516lJ - 3 Z x 100

V

<;=k.d

(e) C66lf)!J8'6l516dr s:6l6lJlJfl6lJ = W CHFHpH + WH20

=46+54

= 100 g.

t. CTI.= ~ 4 C20 d20
-=-
CT2 dT C27 d27
2.
C20x d27 0.100 x 1.12
C27 = d20 = 1.18 = 0.095 mol dm?

.'. G8'p5l6lJ 6l5Id>s:6lUJrr8'W = 0.100 - 0.095

= 0.005 mol dm"

_". 0.05 x 100 5%

.'. [email protected]';lW = =

0.100

50

BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY

51

!_-w:

t!_-m:

25 -c ~6O C661J)[f CF6iJ Ii?61irJJJl 40. 1 0 g NaCl, 20.2 g CHpH 100.2 g Hp 6T61iru6l1.rD61J)/Dffi GlC6rr 6lIlir CB 6Tr 6TT 01. C6611>[f CF6I51 §),)I6Tr 6TT Ii?6iJGl6l1rr ® ffnJJJlC66lfl6N ~w 6l'ifb p§l611>/DC6 611>6TT ffi C66111lf1ffiC6. C661J)[f CF6I512'W6Tr 6TT Ii?6iJQ6l1rr ®CfnJJJlC66lfl6N 01w 6l'ifb p§l61J)/D~61J)6TT ffi C66111lf1ffiC6. C661J)[f CF6I516iJ a, 6Tr6TT 0- ~1lJ61ir C66lfl61ir (!p6Ufr ffQCFp5I6lJ 6T 61ir 6N ? C661J)[f CF6I5161ir ~L fr dJ )'bl61J)1lJ 25 "C ~6iJ 1.10 g em? 6T6NffiQC6rr6TrC6. (@.Cfn.p§l NaCI = 58.5, CHpH = 32)

C661J)[f CF6I5161ir )'bl6l11lfl6lJ = W NaCl + W CH OH + WHO

3 2

W(aq) = 40.10 + 20.2 + 100.2

= 160.5 g

.'. NaCI @61ir p§l61J)JD6l'ifbw = WNaCI X 100% Waq

= I:g~ x 100 = 25%

25 ° C @6U 34.2 g C6®Wlj Q6l16U6UW (CI2H2PII)' 200 em? !Grfl6iJ C661J)[fffiC6UULCB C6611>[fCF6l516lir C66N6l16TT6lJ Ii?® 6UJDJD®cf,@(dm3) tEfbrrcf,C6UULL0I. 25°C @6U, ~ci;C661J)[fCF6I5161ir ~LfrdJ¢11.05 gem", 25 -c ~6iJ Q6l16U6UdJ)'bl61ir.

(a) c!p6Ufr GlCFJDl6lJ

(b) @6U6U GlCFJDl6lJ

(e) ofJ(bff QCFJDl6lJ 6T61iru6l1.rD61J)/Dffi C66111lf1ffiC6. (H = I,C = 12, 0 = 16)

,a)

C H 0 34.2 01 I

n 12 22 11 = 342 =. rno

CHpH ~61ir p§l61J)/D p§l61J)/D ofJ(bw = W CHpH x 100 = 20.2 x 100 = 12.5%

Waq 160.5

[CH P H @ 6lir ~ 6IJlJf16lll§),)lw . ~ 61J)[f 6l1rr c1IllJrr C6 @®lJU(Drr6U Q ID(D cg 6N rr 6l516lir ofJfbffQCFp5I6>.J N aCI ~ 61ir QCF p516ll12'Ww ~611>[f 6l1rr cf)llJrr C6 @®ffi@rD]

O. J c!p6O Q 6),60 6lJ dJ 61J)(b Ii? ® 6U JD /D It C6 611> [f CF6U Q C6 rr 611dr CB 6Tr 6TT ~. 6T 6l1T cg6l1 C661J)[fCF6I5161ir @6lJ;rQCFp5I6lJ (C)

C = 0.1 mol dm!

(b) C661J)[f CF6I516r1r $6lJIJf16lJ = C66l1T6l16TT6lJ x ~Lfr dJ)'bl

= 1000 x 1.05 = 1050 g

QlDrrd;(b ofJ(bw 100 ~(b6Urr6iJ !Grfl61ir p§l61J)/D ofJ(bw. = 100 - (25 + 12.5)

.'. c!fICl!l<!J6I516i.J 1L6Tr6TT !Grfl61ir )'bl6l11lfl6lJ = 1050 - 34.2 = 1015.8 g

= 0.1 x 1000 = 0.098 mol k ,I

1015.8 g

= 62.5%

40.1 = 0.6855 mol 58.8

(e)

C661J)[f CF6I5161ir C66N6l16TT6lJ (V) = C661J)[f CF6I51~ .¢16111lf16lJ _ 160.5

~Lrr(D¢1 1.1

= 145.9 ern'

= 3.42%

C nNaCI

NaCI = V x 1000

0.6855 x 1000 = 4.7 mol dm? = 145.9

p§l61J)/Dffi@ p§l61J)/D ofJfbff QCFJDl6lJ = 3.42 x 100 1050

= 3.275%

CCI' = CNaCt = 4.7 mol dm?

• X fIT 61ir ~w C661J){]'IlJW JGrfl 6U C6 61J)[f1lJ a:. C661J)!TIlJa:. Cfn ~ 1lJ~. @(D61ir CFrrfr c!p6Ufr )'bl6l11lfl6lJ 160. 25 °C ~6iJ X @61ir 0.1 c!p6U6U !Gfrffi C661J)[fCF6l5ltidr ~LfrdJ)'bl1.025 g ern",

(a) 0.1 c!p6U6U X @61ir !G1ta:.C661J)[fCF611>6U fIT6iJ6l1rriDJ (bllJrrrfluL'ffr?

(b) ~ci;C6611>[fCF6l5l61ir @6Ufr QCFJJ5I6lJ 6T61ir6l1T?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

52

BASIC CHEMISTRY

S3

(a) (3¢b6ID6lJUJTr6lJT X ~ Iilir s$l6I.1Of16lJ W x 6r 6lir Cfi.

Wx=O.1 x 160= 16g.

16 g X m s$I®{b ¢bWTr Cfi $11J)l{b {[)l sr (B {b (bJ, 1000 g Cfifnu ff cf1 6lJ1!) {b!2) pfrfl6U Cfi6IDIJ ebCfiuu(BLb.

(b)

Cfi6IDIJ 5615l1ilir s$l6I.1Of16lJ Cfi6l1>IJ 5615lIilirCfi6lJT6lJ6Tr6lJ (V) =

Cfi6l1>IJ 5615l1ilir .!)/Lir {bs$l

V = 1000 + 16 = 991.22 em' 1.025

c!p60fr G15JJ516lJ (Cx) = 9~/22· x 1000

•

= 1.008 mol dm?

"IF~ ,Q ... wrra;l; "_rf.Ii .. 1Ji6lDIJIF&O)b\uWi. a;6lDIJIF&O 6r6lJTuu(BLb. G15JJ516lJ Gl¢brflUJTr ¢b Cfi 6I1>IJ 56UCfi6Tfl1ilir G15 JJ516lJCfi 611>6Tr {b (bJ6OOfI6lJ¢bJD@ y51 UJ web Cfi 6I1>IJ 56U d}6Tr .!)/6lJcflUJWTr@Lb. 6T6U60TrU U¢bTrfr s:f>¢brlliCfi@Jeb@Lb $1UJWeb Cfi6l1>IJ 56UCfi6Tr !2)UJTrrflebCfi (!PI!) UJ Tr (bJ. .!)/!2)Tr 6lJ(bJ $1UJ W5, Cfi6l1>IJ 56U Cfi 6Tr ¢b UJ Trrfl u U ¢bJD@U U UJ 6dr u(B s:f> (bJ ib U ~ Tr If {b !2) rru Cfi 6Tr cf160 ¢I L L W Tr 6lJT ~ UJ 6U 4 Cfi 6ID 6Tr 5, GI Cfi Tr 6lRir I!) ® 5, Cfi (3 6lJ6lJ1ir (B tb . (!pebc6JUJWTr Cfi,

(1) 6lJorfluJ16U Jfffr WUJWTrCfieb CTnLTr(bJ.

(2) 6lJ6TflI1./L6lir !2)TrebCfiW6I1>LUleb CTnLTr(bJ.

(3) ~6l5Iu uJDUUJDJD¢bTrCfi ~®ebCfi (36lJ6lRH(BLb.

(4) JfffrUU@UU6IDLUJeb CTnLTr(bJ.

(5) Ulrfl6IDCfiUJ6IDLUJeb CTnLTr(bJ.

NaOH 6lJ6IT1uJ16U fLL6lJTI!)UJTrCfi JCTr wUJWTr@Lb. HCl ~6l5Iu uJDU4 fL6Tr6Tr(bJ. AgNOl f516Tfl 5, @u Ul rf) 6IDCfi .!)/6ID L 11./ lb. 6T 6lJT (3 6lJ ~ 6lJJD lDl 5, @rb ¢I® dJ !2) W Tr 6lJT JJf1 UJ W5, Cfi6IDIJ56UCfi6ID6Tr{b !2)UJTrrflebCfi (!pI!)UJTr(bJ • .!)/¢bTr6lJ(bJ 0.1 mol dm? NaOH, Hel, AgN03 6TIilirU6lJT6lJJDJJ5IIilir Jfffr ebCfi6IDIJ 56UCfi6ID6rf {b !2)UJTrrflu(3UTr WTr6UTTr6U .!)/6lJJDJJ5IIilir G15JJ516lJCfi6Tr .!)/6lRH6WT6rf6lJTrCfi(36lJ 0.1 mol dm? ~Cfi ~®eb@lb. {§J6iJ6lJTrlDl ¢bUJTrrfl5,Cfiuu(B1b Cfi6l1>IJ56UCfi6ID6rf $1UJWeb Cfi6IDIJ56UCfi6Tr 6TlilirlDl CTnJD(!pI!)UJTr(bJ.

~ 6lJTTr6U {§J6lJJD6IDJD $1UJu5leb CfiU UL L Cfi6IDIJ 56UCfi6rfTr CfiU uUJ6lir u(Bs:f>!2)60TrIb • .!)/!2)Tr 6lJ(bJ {§J6iJ6lJTr JDJ !2)UJTrrflebCfiUU L L Cfi6IDIJ 56UCfi6Tr, (36lJlDl y51UJWeb Cfi 6IDIJ 56UCfi@JL6lir $1UJu5l5, CfiU UL (B, ~ eb Cfi6IDIJ 56UCfi6Tfltidr $!SI®{b !2)WTr 6lJT Gl5JJ516lJCfi6Tr (bJ6OOfIUJU u(B lb. ~6iJ6lJTrlDl Gl5JJ516lJ (bJ6I.1Of1UJUuLL Cfi6IDIJ56UCD6Tr ~W'i.a;uuLL a;6lDIJ1F.w.m 6r6lJTuu(BLb. ~6ID6lJ ~o-L 6lJT1!){b (3!2)6ID6lJCfi@eb@ $1UJWeb Cfi6IDIJ 56UCfi6rfTr CfiU uUJliliru(Bs:f>!2)uu(BLb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

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BASIC CHEMISTRY

55

@>,mS'in-l:

( 1) JBlll1u51cixDuUL,L d'>6lJ)!J Cf6OO>6lJ)6TTI14W JBlIl1Wc6 d'>6lJ)!J Cf6OO>6TTrr d'>U UIl16l1ruCB~6l)frw.

(2) Glurrl?)J6lJrrd'> HCI, H2S04, HN03, Hl04, NH3 6T6l1rU6lJ!bp5l6l1r GlCfp51Jf,(b d'>6lJ)!JCfrud'>6Tr Gl s:o ff WJ JiJ Cf ff 6lJ) so d'> orf) ru @®Ii>l?)J 6lJ1 JiJ U 6lJ) 67Jf ci. @ 6lJ1 Llj U CB ib (Z U ff l?)J, ~6lJ)6l1 ~6lJ)Lc6d'>UULI!J-®ci.@Lb (ZUffsi>S:06Ud'>6Tflru ~6l1!bp5l6l1r off(bff GlCfp5l6lJ (W / W), ~Lfrsi>s:bI, Gl6lJUuJBl6lJ)6l) 6T6OTu6M@]15luL.5lLuuLCB @®c6@W. @si>S:Od'>6lJ6Ud'>6lJ)6TTU UIl160T U CB si>s:bI (Z 6lJ6OOr1!J-1l1 GlCf p5l6lJ6ir 6TT d'>6lJ)!J Cf6Ud'> 6lJ>6TT JDffW ~ uJ6lJffn L si>~ru S:Oll1ffrflsi>l?)J, JBlIl1u5isi>l?)J 0l6l1r d'>6MWff67Jf [email protected]'>6Tflru, UIl16l1rUCBs:i>(bUUCBw.

,rb\ulDd; a; fitS) 1Ja' a,a;Gir j6UJrrrf11l~.

0.1 mol dm" 250 em" NalCO) ililmlJifGiJ mwrrrf)J;mGiJ

(1) 0.1 mol dm" 250 ern? d'>6lJ)!JCf6l5lru fL6ir6TT N~C03 c!prud'>6ir.

n 0.1 250 I I

N~C03 = lOOo x = 40 mo

W N~C03 = _!_ x 100 = 2.65g 40

(2)

l?)Jr1l1 JG!JJDJD Na2C03 @6l1r Wffs:blrfl6TCBcixDuULCB JD6l1rJDffd'> Gl6lJUUwrrc6d9 fLtrofrs:i>~, fL6l)fr s:i>l?)JW @CB6lJ)6lJuj}ru 6lJ)6lJsi>l?)J @6Tflfrtilllc6d'>UUCBw.

Cfis:i>s:oWff67Jf fL6l)frJi,sfb d'>1!J-d'>ff!J ci. d'>6OOr6lJlHffl!J-uJlru, 2.65 g fL6l)frJt,s:o N~C03 u51d'>6lJw GlCfW6lJ)wUJrr d'> JBl JJ)ls:i>l?)J 6TCB ci.d'>uuCBw.

Jfi)JJ)lc6d'>UULL wffs:blrflCfisi>s:owrr6M l..J67Jf6U 1iY6l1r6lJ)JDU UIl16l1ruCB~ d'>rruJ&ci16lJI!J-si>s:o JGrfl6Mffru d'>6lJ6MWrr d'>c6 d'>@tilll, Cfisi>s:owli 6M fL 6l)frJi,s:o 250 em 3 JBlUJWc6 @CB6lJ)6lJ

1iY6l1rJ151!b@ wrr!bJDuuCBw.

dilI}d'>ff!Jc6 ~114W, l..J6M~w~ 6lJ.C)~ JBf167fflTru JD6fu]PrCIXf,~Lct JBlll1u51Ul..Jc6 @CB6lJ)6lJuJl2!Dl6ir (ZCffr c6d'>UuCBw.

0l6l1r @CB6lJ)6lJ6lJ)Il1, d'>6lJ)!J Cf6l5l6U CfiW!6J!buCBwff JJ)I'<9/6lJ)Cfsi>l?)J QP@c6d'>6lJ)!JIl1QPW d'>6lJ)!J ci.d'>UuCBw.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

56

(8) 250 ern! ~6lJ)Lll1ff6TTs:i>6lJ)(b GlJD®r@@w(Zurrl?)J l?)J6Tfls:i>l?)J6TflUJffd'> JG6lJ)!J& (ZCffrsi>l?)J CfrflUJrrd'> 250 em' @!b@ mS:Offc6d'>UuCBw.

(9) @JJ)I~s:i>l?)J6Tf1 (Z Cffr ci.@Lb (Zurr l?)J, d'>6lJ)!J Cf6l5l6l1r (Zw!bu!JuOl6iJ Ol6lJ)JDI14®tilll6l1r cCwu u@~ @CB6lJ)6lJuj}6lir 250 em 3 ~6lJ)L unr 6TT ci. @.afJI14L6lir mflUJrr d'>U Glurr® (hs:o (Z6l16lJ6rCBw.

(10) 0l6lir JBlll1wc6@CB6lJ)6lJ6lJ)1l1 C!PI!J- JE6MJDffd'>c6 @~c6d9 6Jd'>tilll6Mc6 d'>6lJ)!JCf6iJ GlUJDU uCBLb.

rfwUl HCI mwmfiJq.

Glurrl?)J6l1ffd'> 6ll1UJffUIT!Jsi> ~6lJ)JDuJlru @®Ji,l?)J GluJDuuCBw HC136% GlCfp5l6lJ6ir6TT~. ~6lJ)JD Gl6l1uuJBl6lJ)6l)uJl6iJ ~Lfrs:i>~1.18 g ern? ~@w. 100 g HCI d'>6lJ)!JCf6l5l6iJ fL6Tr6TT HCI c!p6iJd'>6lJ)6TT n6T6lird'>. d'>6lJ)!JCf6l5l6lir d'>6M6lJ6TT6lJ)6l1 V 6T6lird'>.

100 V=-- ern' 1.18

36

n= --mol

36.5

.'. HCI @6lir GlCfp516lJ = HC) = ~. x 1000 = 36 / 36.5 x 1000

V 100/1.18

36x 1.18 36.5 x.IOO

@ci. d'>6lJ)!J Cf6lJ)6l) (Z6l16OOr1!J-1l1 ~6TT6lJci.@ m(brr c6cfi/ (Z ¢!j6lJ)6l1UJff 67Jf GlCfp5l6lJ6Tr 6TT ~u5I6l)w GluJDuuCBw. @&GlCfp5l6lJ ~611W671W6TT6lJIT6M~. Ol6lir6Mfr JBlll1u51s:f,l?)J JBlUJw& GlCfJJ516lJ ~ll1uuCBLb.

x 1000 = 11.64 mol dm?

5LulimLL 0.1 mol dm-' QifnflilfmTm r§wm Hel mwmfj;m6lJ.

(1) 0.1 mol dm? ~611Ur6lJlH6TT6lJIT6M GlCfp5l6lJ6ir6TT HCI (bUJlTrfI(h¢[)6iJ.

(ZwJDanJJ511l1 ~u5I6l)s:i>6lJ)¢[)c6 d'>®~(Z6lJlTwrruJI6l1r

11.64 x V = 0.1 x 1000, V _ 0.1 x 1000 = 8.59 em! 11.64

~¢[)IT6lJ~ JBlii11>jIJ off¢[) GlCfJD16lJ 36 ml14w, ~Lfrs:i>~ 1.18 g ern? &?l14wGld'>rr611UrL HCI ~~6l1r 8.59 ern' ~M 6TCB~, d'>rrti..iMl6lJ.C)~ JDr (z8'ir~ 1 drn' c6@ ms:orrc6@w (ZUITl1J/ ~611Ur6lJlH6TT6lJrrd'> 0.1 mol dm? HCI d'>6lJ)!JCf6iJ 6TCBci.d'>uuCBw.

(2) ¢[)ll1rrrfls:i>s:o HC) ~u5l6l)!b ~6TTtilll6iJ 6TCBc6d'>UuCBIb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

57

(3) 0.1 mol dm? N~COl k@6lH p§lUJw,;;, dj61))fJq6iJ s:DilJrrrfj';;'djuu(Bw.

(4) @Wrru5l fij6i1r61))jDu uUJ66Ju(B~ 20 ern', 0.1 mol dm? N~ COl Qmi:6lJ>w <!)I6Tr~ 6T(BdxI;iJ UL(B, CJTd"Js:Dwrr61H J£)UJu5IuLJ';;' @(B61))6lJ fij6lHiJ)I';;'@ wrrJbjDuu(Bw.

(5) N~COl dj6IDfJ~d;,@ k@fJ6WJffi ~ Q~6iJQmi:w~ djrrUq_UJrrM(gmr~, @(B61))6lJu5I~6TT 6JfJr5Jdj6TT djrrw&cf1 6lJlfJ-fbs:D JGrf/61HrrliiJ dj@6lJuu(Bw.

(6)

~6l'MuJJ6iJk@®~HCI~6IJWs:fJ/6If1~6If1UJrrdj&(3mr~.N~COldj6li>rr8'§J)lL6lH p31UJu5Id"Js:fJ/ C!P1fJ-6lJULJ6TT6If1 QUjDuu(Bw.

(8) ~6JT61lIu5IliiJ k@®Ji;s:fJ/J1j(Bp3161))6IJUJrr';;'djd"Js:fJ/';;'@d"J (gs:D61))6lJUULL HCI k@6lir ~6JT6lI (Vern') QUjDUUL(B, HCI k@6i1r p31UJw& QqJ15l6lJ (C.) dj6l1ilf!';;'djuu(Bw.

2 x 20 x 0.1 = CI x V

C = 2 x 20 x 0.1 mol dm?

IV

(k@';;' dj6l1ilf!ULJdj6TT uJbJ15l l!qwrr61Hu urrLd"Js:tI6lir (3urrs:fJ/6lllufJwrrdju urrir';;'dj6IJrrw)

afL_L.dijliLL 0.1 mol dm? fillf.!D6lIuirm NaOH Iilm Ilfwmtfi ifiSDIJlfSD611j; jliwmfj;jj6lJ.

(1) ~611I1r6iJ/H6JT6lJrrdj 0.1 mol dm? QqJ15l6lJ6TT6JT NaOH dj61))fJqliiJ ~Ulrrrfl';;'djUu(Bw.

(2) ~611I1r6iJ/H6JT6lJrrdj 0.1 mol dm' HCI dj61))fJqliiJ ~UJrrrfl';;'djuu(Bw.

(3) 0.1 mol dm? N~COl k@6lir p31UJw,;;, dj61))fJq6iJ ~UJrrrfl';;'djuu(Bw.

(4) p31UJw N~C03 mu uUJ6liru(Bd"Js:tI HCI ~u5I6IJfbs:fJ/L6lir p31UJu5Ifbs:fJ/ HCI ~u5I6IJd"Js:tI6lir p31UJw& QqJD16lJ s:fJ/6oofIUJuu(Bw.

(5) (8wC&;uJ61UJu51dxb1 ~~wrrdj& QqJ15l6lJ ~~ HCI ~6\.Jfh61))~U uUJ66nJ(fJ~ NaOH dj61))fJq~L6lir 6lJ~uurrirfbs:fJ/ NaOH k@6lir Qqw61))wUJrr61H p31UJw& QqJD16l1 s:fJ/6l1ilf!UJuu(Bw.

e...-w:

~61))jD Q6lJuup3161))61Ju5I6iJ 1.87 g ern" ~Lird"Js:tIUJ6TT6JT q6iJy,rfI';;'dju5l6IJW fLw';;'@fb s:DfJUUL(B6TT6JTs:fJ/. (H = 1, S = 32, ° = 16)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

58

(a) 0.3 mol dm? H2S04 k@6lir dj61))fJq61))6IJ 6T6iJ6lJrriJ)l s:DUJrrrfluuir?

(b) 0.2 mol dm? NaOH dj61))!Jq6l516dr 30 em! m J1j(B!6161))6IJUJrr';;'djd"J (g~61))6lJuu(B1b 0.3 mol dm-' H2S04 dj61))fJq6l5l6lir dj61H6lJ6JT6lJ 6T6lir61H'?

(a) (g~61))6lJUJrr61H H2S04 k@6lir s:tI6l1ilf!6lJ WH2S04 6T6i1rdj.

WH2S04 = nH2S04 x 98

= 0.3 x 98 = 29.4 g

s:tI6l1ilf!6lJ ~Lir d"Js:tI

= ~-157 l

1.87 - . em

djrr!iJ';:cfl6lJlfJ-fbs:D $®';;'@ 15.7 ern? H2S0~dj6lJ61Hwrrdj';: (gqirct,djUUL(B U/6i1r dj61H6lJ6JT6lJ fiY® ~ir ~@Ib6lJ61))fJ djrrw&cfI6lJlfJ-~ JCir (3qfr dxbI ms:Drr MUU(BW.

~S04';;'@ (gJ1jfJlfJ-Ulrrdj pfrr (gqir';;'dj';;' CTnLrrs:fJ/.) .

(b) (!PDP: 1

0.2 mol dm", 30 em' NaOH = 0.2 mol dm? HzS04 ' k@6lir 15 em'

0.2 mol dm', H2S041Sl6lir 15 em- = 0.3 mol dm', H SO@6lir-'15xo.2eml

2 4 0.3

A ~."6llUJrr. 0.3 mol dm? H SO = 15 x 0.2 = IOem3

2 4 0.3

(!pap: I

n 0.2 x 30

NaOH = 1000. 0.006 mol

n"zS04 = nNaOH = ~ • ~

••• 0.3 H2S041Sl6lir dj6lJ16ll6IT6lI = .!QQ.O x 0.03 = 10 em? 0.3

e...-w:

61lIUlrrUrrfJfb .:bI61))jDu5I6iJ UUJ6liru(Bfb.:blW H2S04, 98% BW61))wUJrr6lJ1.:b1. 25°C @6iJ 1Sls:D6lir ~LirUl1.87 g ern", @.;;, dj61))fJq6l5l6i1r l!P6IJir&Qqp516lJ 6T6lH61H'?(H = 1, S = 32, ° = 16)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

59

n 98 • (100· ",,0 b)

H2S04 = -. = 1 (!p6IJ g d)Q1)!J ~!>ul6U

98

100 g d)Q1)!J ~6l5I6lk d)6lJT6lJ6IT6lI V = ~~~ .9Iurs!b

_ 100 = 53.47 em' 1.87

n

CH2S04 = H2S04 X 1000 = 18.7 mol dm? 53.47

tL-m:

25 g NH] 810:2; Gld)fr6lJlkL 100 g JGt'ro:2;d)Q1)!J~6l5I6dr .9ILt'rsi;~ 0.98 g em? . .@0:2; d)Q1)!J~6l5I6dr 6T6dr6lJT d)6lJT6lJ6ITQ1)6lJ f&® 6lS',W,lD®o:2;@ ms!bfro:2;c616lJTfr6U 1 mol dm", N~ ]Ct'rd; d)Q1)!J ~6U Glu,lDuu(Btb? (N = 14, H = l)

lmol dm? NH3 d)Q1)!J~6U 17 g NH3 81 f&® dm3d)Q1)!J~6l5I6U Gld)fr6lJlkI!}®o:2;@tb.

_0 • ~6lIlIfI6lI

100 g NH3 d)Q1)!J~!>Uld) d)6lJT6lJ6IT6lI = . '..£1

.9ILfr s!b)D'

100

= 0.98 = 102.04 em'

n 25 ( _0 b)

NH3 = - mol 100 g d)Q1)!J~!>ul6U

17

_ 102.04 x 1 _ 69 38 3

- - • em

25/17

~s!bfr6lJ([)I69.38 em' NH3 d)Q1)!J8'6U 6T(Bo:2;d)UUL(B d)frtiJa=#16lJI!}si;s:o JGt'r (B~t'rfh{lJl\ f&® 6lS''wJD®o:2;@ 81S:Ofro:2;d)Uu(Btb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

60

tL-m:

25°C 1i6i.J 1 mol dm" ~SO 4 d)6U>!J ~6l5I6U fL6Tr6IT H+ .9ItlJ6M Gl~uJl6lI 1.8 mol dm? ~@tb • .@o:2;d)Q1)!J~6l5I6U fL6Tr6IT S04", HS04" ~tlJ6dr Gl~p5l6ll 6T6M6lJT?

...................................... (1)

HS04' ;,==='~ H+ + S04' (2)

H2S04.@6M (!Ps!b6Ufrtb Ulrfl6U>d) (!PJDJDfr6lJT0I • .@!J6lJlkLfrtb UJrfl6U>d) W6IT(bs!bcbd)01. (!Ps!b6IJfrtb UJrfl6U>d)uJl6dr (BUfr 01 tillI6U>6IT 6lJfr cbd)UU(Btb [H+]

[H+] = [HS04'] = [H2S04] = 1 mol dm?

d)6U>!J~6l5I6U fL6Tr6IT Glwfrsi;s!b [H+] = 1.8 mol dm" .@!J6lJlkLfftb UlrflQ1)d)uJl6lJTff6U tillI6U>6IT 6lJff cbd)UU(Btb [H+] = [S °4"] [S04"] = GlWffsi;s!b [H+] • 1 ~tb Ulrfl6U>d)uJl6U fL6lJlkLff6lJT [H+] = 1.8 - 1 = 0.8 mol dm?

t. d)6U>!J~6l5I6U fL6Tr6IT [HSOJ = 1 ~tb Ulrfl6U>d)uJ/6U fL6lJI1rLfr6lJT [HS04'] - 2 ~tb UlrflQ1)d)uJl6U fL6lJlkLff6lJT [SO 4"]

= 1 - 0.8 = 0.2 mol drn?

!_-m:

9.8cm3 Uff@pj16(1)6\) H3PO 4 ~u516\)dis:b16iJ [j([JjJf,~ ~d;djd;CfnI!).UJ 2.5mol dm' H3PO 4 dj6(1)!JCF6l5166r dj6M6lJ6IT6lJ UJff~? Uff@jfi16(1)6\) H3PO 4 [j66r ~Llj-d;s:6I1.9cm·3

WH PO = dj6/1T6lJ6IT6lJ X~Llj-s!l>¢bJ

3 4

= 9.8 X 1.9 = 18.62g

18.62 98

= 0.19 mol

=

2.5 mol GldjrrmL dj6(1)!JCF6l516dr dj6/1T6lJ6IT6lJ = Idm!

0.19 mol GldjrrmL dj6(1)!JCF6l5166r dj6/1T6lJ6IT6lJ - 2\ X 0.19 = 0.076 dm'

lASIC CHEMISTRY

61

•

8r.J'urrwa.c& JDrrmai.c&~(6u(6w .rrm~aii1f6lir ~c;\) iJ_&IIIIf'mfilDai d~.w i1ulDrr6ll(w iJ6lI(Uu(6W.

.,!}/sTJrr611([)l fij)® fi!J8'rrUJ6lHd; sTJrrth(bd;6IJ)sTJth @JJ5Ith@W fij)® 8'w6MuCBd;a51UJ 8'W6MUrrLI.CJ6U s'Drrthch1(b6Tfl6M CYJ6Ud; CTniDI(bt€!9th@ .,!}/6U60([)l .,!}/UJ6M(bt€!9th@ .,!}/6U60([)l ~th(b~d;@th Gl(brrCBMUuCBw @6U 6T6llIir6lll!f)th6lJ)(b 6H/ch1s'Dw l18'wrr6lHw 6T6lHuuCBw.

tL-w:

(a) N~C03 + 2HCI -+ 2NaCI + COz + Hp ••• l18'wrr6lHw· °N~C03: °HCI = 1 : 2

(b) Mg + S -+ MgS

••• l18'wrr6lHw DMg : "s = 1 : 1

(e) Ag" + CI· -+ AgCI

••• l18'wrr6lHw D Ag" : DC! = 1 : 1

~elDrrfiUJ§;§S'6dr tLulwrra;Lb.

sTJIrth(b "!}/6JT6lj(b6lJ)6JTth (b6lll!f)UUs'D/iJ@u l18'wrr6lH .,!}/6JT611(B(b6Tr .9I611~UJwrr6lH6lJ)611 • .,!}/s'Drr6lJ([)l fij)® s'Drrth(bdJa5I6U fL6llIirLrr6lH 6H/6IJ)6JT6lj(b6Tfl6M .,!}/6JT6lj. fi6iJ6H/6lJ)6JT6lj(b6lJ)6JT ~thci,u UUJ6MuCBdJ;.6JUJ sTJrrthch1(b6Tfl6M .,!}/6JT6lj 6T6MU611}b61nJDth (b6lll!f)i.JUsTJJb® l18'wrr6lHw uJiJJJ5IUJ ~tiJ6lj .,!}/~UJwrr6lHl?jI. fis'D6lHrr6U fLJiJUdJa5I(b~W ~th(b6lH wrrth(buuCBw.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

62

'---w:

2mol dm-', 50 em! Na3P04 (b6lJ)!J8'§J)lL6M (JPJiJJDrr(bd; sTJrrd;(b 1.5 mol dm? 100 em' Pb(N03)2 (b6lJ)!J 8'6U (8sTJ6IJ)611UUL LI?jI.

(i) sTJrr th(bW6lJ)LJi;(b

(a) Pb(N03)z (b) Na3P04 @6U(b6Tr 6Td;(b6lJ)6lH?

(ii) (brr th(b l18'wrr6lHw 6T 6M6lH? 8'w6MurrCB 6T 6M6lH?

(a)

n 1.5

Pb(N03)z= WOO x 100 = 0.15 mol

(b)

n 2

N~P04 = -- x 50 = 0.10 mol 1000

(ii) (brr th(b l18'wrr6lHw
n
Na3P04 0.10 2
=- =- = -
nPb(N03)z 0.15 1.5 3 2NaJP04 + 3Pb(N03)z -+ Pb3(P04)2,!. (Gl6lJ6Tr6lJ)6JT p31JDw) + 6NaN03 '---m:

0.1 mol dm', !l00 em' BaClz' 0.5 mol dm-', 400 em' AgN03 6TWU6lJJiJJJ5I66 !Gfr ~(b6lJ)!J 8'6U(b6Tr GlUjDUUL La.

(i) C88'irth(bUULL BaCll @siJ«,6fr 6T(bJ7j6lJ)6lH?

(ii) (88'irth(bUULL AgN03 @6U(b6fr fiTd;(b6lJ)a? (iii) fid;(brr d;(bd;aS16M l1c'Fwrr 6lHW fiT.6lH?

(iv) 6T d; (brr thch1 u516lJ)(bUJrr (b fL6tRlrCB?

(v) a, a: 8' JB16lJ) JDUJ 6JT 6lj A g C I mil GlUJIJJ6lJ(bJiJ@ fi th (b 6lJ)!J 8'60 (b 6lJ)6TT 6T 6lJ611rr iDI ~th(b6lHwrr(bth (b60Ul1ir?

(i)

nB Cl 0.1

a Z = - x 500 = 0.05 mol

1000

nA NO 0.5

g 3 = 1000 x 400 = 0.2 mol

(ii)

BaCIZ + 2AgN03 -+ 2AgCI + Ba(N03)z

(iii) t. l18'wrr6lHw nBaCl2 : nAgN03 = 1: 2

'ASIC CHEMISTRY

(iv) 1 mol BaCI2, 2 mol AgN03 mfij (bfftb@W 0.05 mol BaCI2, 0.05 x 2 = 0.1 mol AgN03 m-:b (bfftb@W 0.2 mol AgN03 (gfffrtbCbUULCB6TT6TT(bJ. 51611f(g6lJ AgN03 u516l1>CbUJffCb ~6!lliTCB. L'JffWff611f .,g}/6TT6}jl6i:J (bfftbci1Cb6TT~®tb@W (gUff(bJ ~(Fff JI316l1>JD .,g}/6TT~ AgCl GluJDuuCBw.

t. 0.1 mol AgN03 tEtb GlCbff6l1ML AgN03 Cb6l1>!Jff6l5161H Cb611f6lJ6TT6lI

= 400 x 0.1 = 200 em'

0.2

t. 0.1 mol drn? 500 em! BaC.I2 Cb6l1>!JfftiU, 0.5 mol drn", 200 em? AgN03 Cb6l1>!JfftiU Cb6IJtbCbUuCBw.

~6LDIT6UJ~6m~~. ~~Lb <!:p6m[Dc!D6Tr. (;l.rrLirlDrr j) p&l:> (!P1iID p.

(1) .~ (bffd;Cb~66T L'JffWff611fd'J6l1>(bd'J ~6lJ(bJiicnff611f c!p6l1>JDCb6'lf16U Gl(bffLir WffJD6U c!p6l1>JDlLJW fjy61HJDff@W.

(2) ~rill@ (bff d;ci1Cb6'lf161H Cb67JT6lJ6TT6lICb6TT WffJi;JJDUULCB 6}jl6l1>6TT6lICb6'lf161H .,g}/6TT6lICb6TT (bJ6lJ1Jf!UJuuCBw . .,g}/s;Dff6l1(bJ Gl6l16iJ(E6l1JJ]l (bff ctci1Cb6'lf166T ffWGlffp5)6lJff611f Cb6l1>!J ff6UCD6TT fjy66T(gJDffCB fiY61H JJ]l Cb6IJtbCbUUL CB 6}jl6l1>6TT ~Cb6'lf161H .,g}/6TT6lICb6TT (bJ6lJ1Jf!UJuuCBw.

(3) 6fi6l1>6TTGlUff®LCb6'lf161H .,m6TT6lI ~(FffWff Cb~®tb@W (gUff (bJ (bff ctci1Cb6'lf161H L1cFWff611f 6fici1(bdi~6U (bff d;CbW6l1>LU!®d;@W. 51611f(g6lJ (bff cixDdi~61H (gUff (bJ fL6l1MLff@W.

(a) 6l'1WUI!J 6ljCb6'lf161H .,g}/6TT6lj.

(b) Gl6l1uuJI316l1>6IJ WffJi;JJDW 5161HU6lJJi;J6l1>JD .,g}/6TTJi;(bJ fL(Fff6}jl6l1>6TT6lj (g(bff61H JDlw (gUff(bJ (bffd;ci1Cb6'lf161H 6}jlci1(bw (bJ6lJ1Jf!UJuuCBw. ~(bJ L'JffWff611fW ~@W.

@~II:

GlUff (bJ6lJff Cb(F eu: Glffp516lj6TT6TT Cb6l1>!J ff6UCb6TT uUJ61HuCBfij(buuCBw Glffp516ljCb6TT ffW611fffCb ~®d;@W (gUff(bJ Cb611f6lJ6TT6lj ollIci1(brillCb6TT, c!p6i:JollIci1(brillCb~tb@(F ffW611fffc'B. ~®tb@w.

6l!!:pUI.p~LDITQJJ <!:p6m[D.

6l'1WUI!J 6lj (g (bff61H JDlw (bff d;CbW fjy61Hp5161H L'JffWff611f di6l1>(b-:b (bJ6l1IH1(b6U.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

64

urtC8'rr .1iID6lSf.

(1) 1 mol dm? BaCI2, I mol dm? Na2S04 5161HU6lJJi;Jpjl6lk p5!UJW JGfrtb~6l1>!Jff6U (bUJfflfld; CbuuCBw.

(2) liJd;di6l1>!J ff6Udi6TT fjy(g!J Wff ~IfIUJff611f fjy(g!J 6}jlL L c!p6TT6TT a;f!;(bWff 611f fL6IJfr Ji;(b (gffff(b6l1>611ftb @WfftUdi6'lf1Ji;J cCw diffLLUULl!}@tb@W .,g}/6TT6ljdi6'lf16U GlWff-:b(btb di611f6lJ6TT6ljdi6TT fflD611fff di liJ@tb@WffJDl di6lJtbdiUU(f3W.

1 mol drn? BaCI2 (em') 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I mol dm? N~S04 (em') 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 '1 (3) fL6lRDLff@W 6iWJ1!J6lJdi6TT @6l1>JD~ 1 ~ 2JDfJL~ fiYC8!J Wffs'f)lrfltur611f @JW6I516U .,g}/6l1>LUJ6l5iLuu(f3W.

(4) 6iWJl!}6lJdi6TT ~LJi;(bJ WffjDfr fLUJ!J~ <:!)I6l1>LJf,(b ri66T ~66T fL~ GlffW6l1>WUJffdi (mm <:!)I6IJ@di6'lf16U) .,g}/6TT6l5iLuu(f3W.

(5) Ulw611fir 6l'1wul!}6l5i6lk fLUJ!Jrilldi6TTdi6l1)!J ff6Udi6'lf16lk di611f6lJ6TT6ljdi~d;@ 51 ~!Jrr di 6lJ6l1)!JUff tb~uuCBw.

10 1 M BaCI2 (em') o 1 M N~S04 (em')

(6) 6lJ6l1)!JUl6I51®Jt,~ fL(Fff di:PUl!}6lJffdxf;dJ~6lk (gUff(bJ di6l1>!Jff6iJdi6'lf16lk di6lJT6lJ6TT6lj 6l5ici1(brilldi6TT .,g}/6TT6}jlLUU(f3W. di6l1)!Jff6U di6'lf161H Glffpjl6ljdi6TT ffWWff611f(bff6U fL(F~ 6flW UI!) 6lJff d; dis:b ~6lk (gUff (DI6TT orr di 6l1)!J fftiUdi6'lf161H di611f 6lJ6TT 6lj 6}jlci1(bw, c!p6U

7 3

8 9 2 1

BASIC CHEMISTRY

65

=

VBaCI2 VNa2S04

5

1

(2) cfl6l) S:Z;IT dx.r;~6lir (8UIT ~ ~6IRffl_1T@rb 6fWu1q.6lJCf>6Tr emil> GlUIT([!j6TT1T (f; @([!jills!bIT6iJ

(f; 671>[J ff6l5l6iJ GlS:Z;1T ffiJ (f; 6iJ p§J 671> 6l)uJ16iJ (f;1T 6l111r iJU (B W. 81 filDL lU ID ITL. LIT <fJI 6T 61JI'(8 6lJ 6i1J;P U Iq. 6llJ 6lir fL UJ [J W WIT JDIT ~ @([!jci;@w. (cfl6l) au: W ffiJ (f; 6TfI6iJ em L 611 IT (f;6lJW ~®ci;(f;6l)lTlb) 6T61JI'(8611 @~ (8UIT6lirJD ffJi;s:z;irUUffiJ(f;6TfI6iJ (8svlT6lir.IDlW 6l'1/l>UIq.6lJ(f;671>6TT 6lJ1q.(f;lL6iJ @6l)W U1rf)siJGls:z;(Bs:b~ (f;@6llJ ~6l)irs:b¢1 GlffW671>WUJIT(f; p§J.IDli>~ 6f1JpUIq.6ll16lir ¢16ll!lT16lJ(f;671>6TT (f;671>[J ff6l516lir LUJ[Jr5J(f;@Jd;Gl(f;¢1[JIT(f; 6lJ671>[JUIT ci;ct;J lIffWIT61JI'W ~6lJOf)UJUUL6l)ITW.

6ll1c61S:Z;r:b ~ci; @cF ffW61JI'1T@W. <:!9/S:Z;IT611~ tTffWIT61JI'WIT (f; ~([!jci; @W. ~ (f;(86lJ f/b1T ci;(f;W671>L Ji;s:z; c!p60 6ll1ct;Js:z;W.

=-

5

(!pi.lGtu "'a=tU(!pAl_D8;Qr.

( 1 ) UUJ6liru(B~rb (f;671>[J ff6\)(f;6TfI6lir GlffJJ516lJ(f;6Tr u51(f;s:b s:t9([!j~WIT (f; ~([!jdx.r; (86l16lJ1ir(Bw <:!9/611Jbp516lir GlffJJ516lJ(f;6Tr ~.IDls:t9uu(B(bs:z;UU L (86lJ6lJ'6r(Bw.

(2) (f;671>[Jff6iJ(f;6TfI6lir (f;61JI'6116TT6lJ(f;61J)6TT GlffW671>WUJIT(f; <:!9/6TTUUsvJD@ .,!)I6TT6ll1 uUJ~ u(Bs:bs:z;uu(Bw.

(3) 6l'1!:PUIq.6lJ(f;6Tr WITJDIT ~UJ[J(b671>sv <:!9/671>LJi;~6Tr6TT61JI' 6T6lirU~ LJ1JI¢1uu(Bs:bS:Z;UUL (86116Wr(BW. (GlS:Z;ITLirJi;~ 2 JDITL(f;@Jci;@ LlL![JffiJ(f;671>6TT <:!9/6TT(bsv6iJ)

(4) oii!:pulq.6lJ <:!9/671>LUJ 6ll1LUU(Brb (f§W6l516lir Gl611uup3167J)6l) WITJDIT ~ ~([!jd;(f; (86lJ6lJ'6r(Bw. (~tiJ6lJ emLW @6TfI&jLLUULLS:Z;IT(f; @([!juu~ cflJDJi;s:z;~.)

2...-W:

(5) (6)

6l'1!:PUIq.6ll16lir ~UJ[Jr5J(f;6Tr nun <:!9/6U@(f;6TfI6iJ GlffW671>WUJIT (f; <:!9/6TT6ll1L (86lJ6lJ'6r(Bw. 1mol dm? GlffJJ516lJ6Tr6TT (f;671>[J ff6\)(f;671>6TTU uUJ6liru(Bi>~611~ cflJDJi;s:z;~. <:!9Ii.JGlUIT~ S:Z;IT 6lir GlffW671>WUJIT (f; <:!9/6TT 6ll1L ci;emlq.UJ <:!9/6TT6lJ 6l'1!:PUIq.6lJ GlUJDUu(BW.

fY([!j WIT6l111r6lJ6lir 1.5 mol dm? MgSO 4 {§J6lir {Cir d;(f;671>[J ff671>6Uu.jW 1 mol dm? BaCI2 {Cird;(f;671>[J Cf671>6l)u.jW UUJ6liru(Bs:b¢1 (f;671>[J ff6l516lir (Jp@d; (f;61JI'6116TT671>6lJu.jW 50 em' ~(f; 671>611i>~ GlS:Z;ITL irWIT JbJD6iJ (Jp671>JDu516IJT1T6iJ urf)(8fflT S:Z;671>61JT fY6lir671>JD p31(f;!:Pi>¢161J1'1T 6lir.

MgS04 (aq) + BaCI2(aq) ~ BaS04(s) + MgCI2(aq)

(1) GluJDuu(Bc6I6lirJD 6l'1!:pulq.6ll16lir ¢16ll!lT16lJ(f;6Tr pflT ci;(f;671>[J ff6iJffi6Tfl6lir (f;61JI'6lJ6TT6lJ(f;@Jd; Gl(f;¢1[J1T (f; 611671>[JUITci;(f;uulq.6lir 6T6lJ6lJ1T J1)J WITJbJDw <:!9/671>L u.jw 6T61JI' fY([!j 6lJ671>[JUITJb @p51s:b~d; (f;ITL(B(f;.

(2) ~!Tffs:b svlT d;(f;~6lir (8UIT 0I6fi1671>6TT6111T d;(f;UU(Bw BaSO 4 @6lir ~troir ¢16ll!lT1671>6lJd; (f;6ll!lT1d;(f;. (Ba = 137, S = 32, 0 = 16)

(3) fL!Tffs:b svlTd;(f;s:b¢16lir (8UIT~ 6ll1671>6TT6lJd; (f;671>[Jff6l516iJ fL6Tr6TT GlWITs:bS:Z; <:!9/UJ6lir Glqp516lJ 6T6lir61Jl'?

(4) L!Tq(h svlTci;(f;i>s:t96lir (8UIT~ svlTcixb1(f;6Tr (JpJbJDIT(f; svlTdx.r;W <:!9/671>L~6Tr6TT61JI'6lJ1T fTfIlrU671>sv fLJ1JI¢1uu(B(hs:z; ¢1 L L W fY6lir 61J)JDi> S:Z;([!j(f;.

@.mSU1I:

6T 6iJ6U1T 6lT!:PUIq. 6111T s:z;6iJ S:Z;IT ci; (f;r5J (f;@Jci;@w 6lT!:p ulq. 6lJ(f;6TfI6lir a, UJ[JffiJ (f; 671>6TT <:!9/6TT Ji;01 UqWIT61JTW ~6ll!lT1UJ (JpIq.UJIT~. (f;1T[J 6l111rw.

(1) cf)6l) S:Z;1Tci;(f;r5J(f;6TfI6lir (8ulT0I L6WrLIT@W 6l'1!:PUIq.6lJ(f;671>6TT u51671>(f;UJIT61JI' SVITd;@ GlUIT([!jL (f;6TfI Jb (f;671>[Ju.jw.

(a) Al", Zrr", Pb", Srr" 6T6lirU611Jbp516lir {Circi;(f;671>[JQ60(f;6Tr NaOH(aq) fLL6lir Gl6116Wr6ll!lT1JD 6l'1!:pulq.671>611ci; Gl(f;IT(Bd;@W. ~6lJ 6l'1!:PUIq.6lJ(f;6Tr u51671>(f;UJIT~ NaOH ~6iJ (f;671>[Ju.jw.

AJ3+ + 3NaOH ~ AI(OH)3 ..j, + 3 Na+ AI(OH)3 + NaOH ~ NaAI02 + 2HzO

L..-..I..-....L.---I._..I..--lL-_. (f;61JI'6116TT6lJ em' (§J6iJ 1.5 mol dm? MgSO 4

1 5 mol dm? BaCI2

(b) cfl6l) ~6lJd)6Tr u5167J)(f;UJfT61JI' s!bIT cb$I~ cflci;d;6u.u6lirC66lJ)6IT fL([!j6llr cb$I (f;671>[J ct;J6lirJD61JI'.

Cu" + 2NHpH ~ CU(OH)2 ..j, + 2NH4+ CU(OH)2 + 4NHOH ~ Cu(NH3)4 (OH)2-· + 4HzO

o 10 20 30 40 50 SO 40 30 20 10 0 L!TQ(h S:Z;1Tci;(f;j,~6lir (8UIT~,

v V V

BaClz = em3,.\ MgS04 = (50· V) ern'

BASIC CHEMISTRY

66

BASIC CHEMISTRY

61

n 1.5

MgS04 = 1.000 (50 - V) mol

n 1.0

BaCI2 = 1000 x V mol

G'ls2)rr@~ A B C D E F G H I
ZnS04(cm3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
NaOH (em') 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 =

v xl 1000

=----

1.5 (50 - V)

1000

{juurfI(8CFrr s2)6lJ)611TuJl6lir ~6lJs2)rr6?lf)u4d;dl6lJ)6TTl14W ~sTJJba;rr611T dlrr!J6IJMr6Jdl6lJ)6TTl14W s2)®dl.

I. V = 30cm3

(j6iJ6lJ)6U, dlrr!J6IJMW fL6111irLrr@w 6lTWUIq.6lJ uSl6lJ)dlUJrr611T s2)rrci;@w GJurr®6Jf16iJ NaOH dl6lJ)!Jl14W.

(b) Znso4 + 2NaOH -+ Zn(OH)2 + Na2S04

(a)

(1) fLlFCFs'hsTJrr ci;dls'h~6lir (8urr (bl,

°BaSO = °MgCI = 1 x 30 =.J!:.Q.3 mol

4 2 1000

W

... BaS04 = 0.03 x 233 = 6.99 g

fLlFCF 6l'1Wulq.6lJrrd;dld;~6lir (8urr(bl LfCFwrr611Tw nZnSO : nNaOH = 1 : 2

4

(2)

° n

MgCI2 = BaCI2 = 0.03 mol

003

[MgC121 = ""5() x 1000 = 0.6 mol dm?

MgCI2 (s) -+ Mg++(aq) + 2CI" (aq)

• '. ~UJ6lir G'lCFp5I6lJ = 0.6 x 3 = 1.8 mol dm"

ZnS04 + 4NaOH -+ Na2Zn02 + N~Zn02 + N~S04 + 2Hp 6l'1)l>ulq.6lJ (YJJDJDrrdl8:, dl6lJ)!Jl14W (8urr(bl LfCFwrr611Tw

n n

7,nS04: NaOH = 1 : 4

GJlrrA.tb.m:

A. n ,(;)l>l' 61r,PI "961/ (8l2)rr6lirJDrr~. dlrr!J6l1I1TW A ~6iJ NaOH u516lJ)dlUJrrdl ILlMRirCB. B i)5i> I: -, l>IodlQ2)ll/) 6}·IId,1."dJ~ i)®uuj2)rr6iJ (YJJDJDrr,,;,ci; dl6lD!Jl14W •

(3) ILlFCFs'h sTJrrci;dls'hs:6i6dr (8urr(bl G'lUJDUULL 6llI6lJ)6TT6lJ 6lJ1q.ci;dluuCBw. 6lJlq.u5I6dr wrr~rfIl14L6dr Ul6dr6lJ®w (8CFrrs2)6lJ)611Tdl6Tr G'lCFtiJUJuuCBw.

(1) BaCI2 (8CFfrd;sTJrr6iJ 6l'1WUIq.6lJ (8s2)rr6drJDrr(bl. ~dl(86lJ MgS04 {j6iJ6lJ)6U.

(2) MgS04 (8CFfrci;dl 6l'1WUIq.6lJ (8(ljrr6drJDrrlf)l. ~dl(86lJ BaCI2 {j6iJ6lD6U. ~,,;,(86li sTJrr ci;,,;,w (YJJDJDrr dl ,e61dlWfi,(bl6Tr6TT If)I.

D ~oi) ~IVII 1 6)1It" "961/ C8(brrtRlrJDIw. ~"'rrQ111r1b 3 em) ZnS04 6 em! NaOH fEd; j2)rr <2;@Ib. I em' ZnS04 "i16!J)(J)lllI1 (J, fS)(jJ)&f01b. 6TQJf(86lJ JLmLrr@W 6l'1!PUIq.6lJ Cb6lD!JUJrr(ljl.

E S.t51(,r,Jf;a:,I I 6l11ilJ>1J 6lr,bl "961'i151lr ~fl/ ~6lDJDl14W dlrr!J6l1I1TW ~6iJ6lJrfl6lJ)CFuJl6iJ ZnS04 u516lI>d)uJlr cZ .<JIJt'JUtIJI1. 6rir (hI! &(b .. fJ/6TTfl/W @6lI>JDJt,(IjJ G'lCbrr6l1lk(B GlCF6iJ~W.

(a) Znsoiaq), NaOH (aq) (ljrrci;Cbs'h~6lir LfCFWrr611Ts:f,6lJ)sTJs:f, If)I6l11Jf16lls2JJiJ@6l'1WUIq.6lJwrr611T (YJ6lI>JDuJl6lD67JTU uUJ6druCBs'hsTJ (YJlq.l14wrr? Cbrr!J6l1I1Tw sTJ®Cb.

(b) 1 mol dm" ZnS04(aq) fLW, 1 moldm-' NaOH (aq) LW cCWci; CbrrLLuuLL ~6TT6lI -Cb6lfl6iJ dl6l)ci;dlUULLlf)I.

QruUULDrTCUT <!p-m.

NaOH(aq), HCI(aq) .. rr ••• ..,. aJarUl".Ji;a.Ji; '1>1-.6\).,

NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) -+ NaCI(aq) + H20

t!.._-m:

(1) 1 mol dm? NaOH, 1 mol dm" HCI 6r6drU6lJJiJJDl6dr p31UJuSlci;CbUUL L pffr(})

dl6lJ)!JCF~6Tr (ljUJrrrfl~1b.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY

68

(2) u@jc1'1r6iJ ~6IJ)Ld;CbUULL c!pCb6lJ)6lIuJ16iJ (Gl6llUU Cbrr6ll6iJ (jLUULL c!pCb6lJ)6lI) ~c:~ W~ ~~UJrr6iJr, 8iJij(bW~6iJr, fL6\)"Ji;(b c!pCb6lJ)6lICbDir 6IJ)6lIci;CbUUL I] cCWci; CbrrLLUULL ~6TT6lJCb6ffJJD Cb6lJ)IJCI'6iJCb6Tr Cb6l)ci;CbLJULI] JDwJDrrCbci; Cb6l)ci;c.5l LqCl' Gl6lluuJE161J)6I) fLUJfr6lJCbDir ~6TTtill1LUUI]Ib.

1 mol dm? HCI em' @6iJ 05 10 15 20 25 30 35
1 mol dm? NaOH ern' @6iJ 35 30 25 20 15 10 05 (3) Cb6lJ)IJ Cl'6I)Cb6Jf) 6iJr Cb6iJr6ll6TT6lJCbCf!!,ci;GlCb~[Jrr Cb fLqCl' Gl6lluuJE161J)6I) LUJfr6lJCbDir

6lI61J)IJurr ci;CbUUI]Ib. .

Cb6iJr6ll6TT6lJ em' (j6iJ ~~~~~~~~ __ L-~+

25 30 35 40 1 mol dm" HCI

15 10 05 0 1 mol dm? NaOH

(4) 6lI61J)IJtJ16l51®Jh~, L8:CI' Gl6lluuJE161J)6I) fLUJfr6lJ GluJDuul]1b C:urr~ (brrci;CbIb

~6IJ)LJi;(b Cfi 6IJ)IJ Cl'6iJCfi6Jf) 6lir Cfi6iJr6ll6TT6lJ tillJ.$1(brfiJCbDir ~6TT tillJL uul]lb.

VHCI 20

-- =- =

VNaOH 20

(5) uUJ6lirul](bUULL Cfi6lJ)IJCI'6iJCfi6Jf)W GlCl'p516lJCfiDir Cl'WW ~(brr6l)rr6iJ s:tJrrci;Cbci;

Cb6lJ)IJ Cl'6iJCfi6Jf)W Cfi6iJr6ll6TT6lJ tillJc61s:tJrfiJCbDir (!p6iJ 6ll1c61(brfiJCfi@>ci;@q Cl'w6iJrrr@lb.

nHCI VHCI 20

=

20

lYli,aru. Gla:wlYlfilD_Da;.n-:

(1) uUJ6lirul]Ji,(buul]lb HCI, N aOH Cfi6lJ)IJ Cl'6\)a;6TfI6Dr GlCl'pj6lJCfiDir u51Cfi6lJ1b GlCl'fb6/J)wUJrrCb {j®ci;Cfi (g6ll6OOrCBIb. (jIFGlCl'pj6lJCfiDir JElUJu51ul..I c!p6I1>jDCb6TTrr6iJ fLiJ)l~U uI]Jij(bUULc: 6lI6OOr1]1b.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

70

(2) Cfi6lJ)IJCI'6iJCfi6lJ)6TT ~6TTJi;~ 6fI]UU(bJD@ ~6TT6l5ICfiDir uUJ6lirul]dl(buuCBIb.

(3) Cfi6IJ)!J CF6iJa;Dir ~6iJG16l1fr® Cl'Ji;(bfriJud;s'i)l§)JJ1b 6l5I6IJ)IJ6lIrr Cfici; Cfi6l)ci;CbUUL . C:6lJ6l16rCBIb.

(4) Cfi6lJ)IJ8'6iJCfiDir JD6lirJDrrCfici; Cfi6l)d;CfiUUL C:6lI6lRHCBIb. 6f6iJ6I)rrq Cl'Ji;(bfruudl~§)JJ1b ~C:IJ wrr~IfIUJrr6iJr Cfi6l)ci;c.5l, Gl6lluuwrr d;.$1 6f6lirU6iJr uUJ6Drul]dl(buul]lb.

(5) Gl6llUU {jWU6I1>Ud; @6IJ)JDd;Cfi {jUJ6DrJD6TT6lJ urr~CfirruLJ 6fCBci;CfiUUL6iJ (g6ll6lRH1]1b.

Gl6llJDp51Lci; CfiC:6I)rrlflwrr6lJf161J)UJu uUJwuCBJij~6lI~ cilJDJi;(b~.

L-w:

X 6f6lir~1b LC:6I)rrCfi &J(bGlIJrrL6I1>QLlIJ6lir, lmol dm' !G"rrci;Cfi6lJ)IJCI'6I516lir Gl6ll6iJC:6lIiD1 Cb6iJr6ll6TT6lJCfiDir 3 mol dm" HCI (jw Gl6ll6iJC:6lIJJ]J Cfi6iJr6ll6TT6lJCfi@L6lir Cfi6l)Ji;l?jJ, Glwrrdl(bci; t&6iJr6ll6TT6lJ 40 em' ~Cb wrrJDrr~ 6IJ)6lIdll?jJq GlCl'uJUJUULL ulfIC:CI'rr(b6lJ)6iJr ~6lirpj6iJ LQCl' Gl6lluuJ1961J)6I) LUJfr6lJ GlUJDuuCBIb C:urr~ ~u5161)Ib, c!p6I)1b 6fWU6lIJDp51w Cfi6iJr6ll6TT6lJCfiDir c!p6I1>mc:UJ 10 em', 3 Oem3 6f6lJf16iJ X {j6lir (S!b~IJIb 6f6lir6iJr? X, HCI s:vrr ci;Cfis:b~6lir 8'w6lirurrl]

6r6dr6iJr?

nHel • ~ = 0.03 mol, nx =....!._!20 = 0.03 mol

I (XX) 100

~"c'.b(J) 11",,,,rrfSllflb "HCI :"X .. 0.03: 0.03 = 1: 1 A X .ed, ~d)~fJ'l) M Oft (MIL(J6Urr«llb) MOII(lIq) + IICI(lIq) -+ MCI(lIq) + IIp(I)

~-w:

0.1 mol dm' nll(oH)1 <7I8)IT",tUledr 2~ em' Cfi6l1>IJ"'tlJJci;@ Cl'W6ll§)JJu LJDir6Jf)6lI61J)IJ

~.2 mol dm: HCI ~1l5J6U1b (I",,., tba;uuLLtbI. m1611>6rr6lJcb Cb6lJ)IJCI'6I516iJ LDir6TT Cr GlQp516lJ

iT6dr6iJr?

0.1 mol dm·'. 8a(OH)2 •• 2~ em' II: 0.1 mol dm", HCI {jw 50 em' .'.0.1 mol dnr HCI •• ~O em' = 0.2mol dm", HCI {j6lir 25 em'.

Cb6lJ)[JCI'6l516lir Cb1SlJr6ll6TT6lI = VSa(OH)2 + VHCI = 25 + 25 = 50 em'

BASIC CHEMISTRY

71

Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl ~ BaCl2 + Hp

nCI' = nHCl =..Q1.il.5 = 0.005 mol 1000

Ccl' = 0.005 x 1000 = 0.Q1 mol dm? 50

L-w:

100 ml 0.2 mol drn? MgS04 pffrd,a;611>!JffVWd,@ 150 mIO.l~ mol dm? KOH pffrd,a;611>!J ff6U (3fffr d,a;uuL CB6ir6TT'f)I. 6ll1611>6TT6lJd,a;611>!J ff6l5l6U ~6ir6TT K+, Mg", SO 4". OH

. ~UJ6lH GlffJJ516lJ 6T6lH6lH?

a;6IJd,a;uuLL (YJ6U 6T6lJ6r6OOfld;611>a;a;6ir (!p611>JD(3UJ nMgS04 nKOH 6T6lira;.

nMgS04 = .J1L = 0.2 x 100 = 0.02 mol 1000

nKOH = 0.15 x 150 = 0.0225 mol 1000

MgS04 + 2KOH ~ Mg(OH)2 + 2K+ + S04" 0.02 mol 0.0225 mol

a;6lJ)[w6l5l6lH GlLDrrs:bs2)d; a;6lH6116TT6lJ = VMgS04 + VKOH

= 100 + 150 = 250 em' = 0.25 dm?

= 0.0225 mol

.'. [K+] = 0.0225 = 0.09 mol dm? s2)rrd;a;(!PJDJD S04" = 0.02 mol 0.25

sfjrrd;a;(!PJDrrs2) Mg++ = 0.0; - 0.0225 = 0.0087 mol

2

t. [Mg'"] = 0.00875 = 3.5 x 10.2 mol dm? 0.25

OH' ~6lHa;6ir (!PJDJDrra; 6l'JJj.>ulg611rruJI®d;@w. Mg(OH)2 '8® ~rflff,lJD a;6lJ)!JUJw u516lHu@Glurr®6ir 6T6lH(3611 a;6lJ)!Jff6l5l60 OR GlffJJ516lJ 1..JJDd;a;6IJOfld;a;d; CTnIgUJ'f)I.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

72

ffi'u,JuSU4 @6m[DW'611rITro ~BLDIT611rLb ~61RSf~ro. af§ulf6llrrd;a;Q-, $W1BU1l

NaCI(aq), AgN03(aq) .rrd;a;Ji;~ da=lDrr6'GJJi;6ID." '7)1-.&\')' NaCI(aq) + AgN03(aq) ~ AgCl(s) + NaN03(aq)

(1) 0.1 mol dm? ~UJ NaCl, 0.1 mol.dm" ~UJ AgN03 6T6lirU611JiJJJ516lir pjlUJLD pffrd; a;6lJ)!J ff6Ua; 6ir s2)UJrrrfld;a;uuCBw.

~2) ~6TT6ll1UJ6U AgNOiaq) 6TCBd;a;uuCBw.

(3) NaCI a;6lJ)!Jff6l5l6lir Gls2)rflJi;s2) a;6lH6116TT6lJVI(25 em') @WrruJI '86lH6lJ)JDu uUJ6lHuCB~ff,l GlffW6lJ)LDUJrra; ~6TTJi;Gls2)CB~'f)I 8i~s2)LDrr6lH pjlUJu51uLfd; @CB6lJ)611 '86lHJJ51JD@ LDrrJDJDuuCBw.

(4) NaCI a;611>!JC1'vwd;@6ir dl6IJ 'f)I6lf1a;6ir ~Cr04(aq) a;rrLIgUJrra;~ (3fffrd;a;uuLCB, p31UJu51uLfd; @CB6lJ)611uJI6lir If)!JffiIa;6ir a;rrtiJ~dI 5ll1g~s2) pfrf/6lHrr6U a;@611uuCBw.

(5) .!H6TT6l51ui16U Ii®Ifi 'f)I AgN ° 3 a;6(1)!J ff6U 'f)I6lf1~ 'f)I6Tf1UJrr a; ~ (3fffr d; a;u U L CB NaCI a;611>!Jffi»L6lH p31UJu51d;a;uuLCB (!P1g6lJULf6ir6lf1 GluJDuuCBw.

(6) CIP19fl1uLf6'lr6l'fl Gl6116lJdr6lRJflJD 6l'JJj.>ulg6lJ GlffJi;pjlJDLDrr a; torr JJ)lw. (!PJDJDrr6lH6DJj.> 11It}611t[)JbC0d; C8~6lJ)6UUJrr6lH AgN03(aq) 1i6lH a;6lH6116TT6lJ)611 V 2 ern' 6T6lHa;.

(7) 11111 &dr II OJ d) (1'(" II':' L (h 6lJ)!J ff6Ua; 6lf161k Glff JJ516lJa; 6fT ffLD6lH rr s2)6IJrr6U, s2)rr d; a;d;

{l)6lJ)U ~.ru(.D6Jfl" t6a61/fSTT611 61'i1t.61IfJW t1ffLDrr6lHLDrr6lH 6ll1c51(l>LDrr@w.

.-_

V AgNO,

V I _ 25 I .&. • til'

_ - - • - ~~~ ~rr6lRJfUu\!}LD.

V1 25 I

y>.i.arw Gla=w(!p6lD,lDa;m.

(1) uUJ6lHuCB~'f)Iw a;6lJ)!Jff6Ua;6lf16dr GlffJJ516lJa;6ir u51a;6lJw GlffW6lJ)LDUJrra; 1i®~s1J6U (86116lJ6rCBw.

(2) p3/JJ)luus1JJD@ li!JffrrUJ6lH~ s1J!Jrrqr uUJ6lHuCB~s1JuuCBw.

(3) urfI(8ffrrs2)6lJ)6lH CTnIgUJ ~6TT6lJ GlffW6lJ)LDUJrra; li®uus2)JD@ 0.1 (YJ6IJfr a;6lJ)!Jff6U a;6lJ)6TTU uUJ6lHuCB~'f)I611'f)l dlJDIfis2)'f)I.

7.'

BASIC CHEMISTRY

(4) <:!)I6JT6ll1 uUJ6liruCBs:b([)lw CZUfT([)I AgN03 Cb6?J>[JCf6UfT6U cfI61JfT6ll1c6 Cb(!R6ll1UJ UlIXir6lJTCZ!f AgN03 Cb6?J>[JCf6iJ <:!)I6JT6ll1uJ16U $I[JuuuuCBw.

(5) <:!)I6JT6ll1uJ16iJ fL6Tr6JT Cb6?J>[J Cf6l5l6iJ 6lJ6Tf)c6@u5lWCb6Tr cfI6?J>JDuuCBs:b$ljuuL6ll16U6?J>6U 6T IXir U([)I fLlJJl¢) UJ fT c6 Cb U U L CZ 6lJm CB W. rJl 6lH <:!)I6JT 6ll16?J> UJs:b ¢) JDJ5 ~ AgN ° 3 Cb6?J>[J Cf6l5l6lir WLLW l:J,(FCF1UJc6 @JDluJl6iJ @([!jc6Cbs:b$ljc6Cbs:fjfTCb GlCfUUWfT 8;CbuuCBw.

(6) NaCI Cb6?J>[JCf6?J>6IJ GlCfW6?J>WUJfTCb <:!)I6JTJi;([)I 6TCBc6Cb @/:pfTuJI uUJ6lHuCBs:b$ljuuCBw @[pfTuJltL/w uUJ6lHuCBs:bs:fjuuCBw NaCl Cb6?J>[JCf6UfT6U cf!6UfT6ll1c6 Cb@6lJuuCBw.

(7) $IUJu5lurJl6lir CZUfT0l, @CB6?J>6lJ JD6lirJDfTCbc6 Cb6Uc6CbUULCB $IUJu5lUL/c6 @CB6?J>6lJuJl6Iir tf}[Jr5JCb6Tr CbfTw5cf1 6lJ1IJ.(bs:fj JGrf16lJTfT6U Cb(!:P6l1uuCBw.

(8) <:!)I6JT6l11 <:!)I6JT6lTCBCb6Tr GluJDuuCBw CZUfT ([)I Cb6?J>!J Cf6l5l6lir WLLW, Cb6lJ6r WLLs:b¢)6iJ @([!jc6Cb(bs:fjc6Cbs:fjfTCb 6?J>6lJ(b([)l <:!)I6JT6lTCBCb6Tr GluJDuuCBw.

(9) $I UJu5I U L/ @!J6lJ6rCB <:!)I6U 6IJ([)I @6lHlJJl (Jp6?J>JD GlCfW UJ U U L (B GlCf W 6?J>W fLiDJ¢I U uCB(bs:fjuuCBw.

t!....-m:

10 g NaCl WfT¢)rfJUJfT6lJT ,rGrfJ6iJ Cb6?J>!J(b([)l 1.2 dm? Cb6?J>!JCf6iJ GlUJDUULL~. @8;Cb6?J>!JCf6l5l6lir 25 em! m (JpJDJDfTCb 6f1WUIIJ.6lJfTc6Cb 20 em' 0.1 mol dm? AgN03 Cb6?J>!JCf6U CZ$lj6?J>6lJUULL([)I. taJJi;$IUJu5luUl6Iir CbfTLIIJ.UJfTCb ~Cr04 UUJ6lirUCBs:b$ljUULL([)I. (Na = 23, CI = 35.5)

(1) (Jp1IJ.6lJu L/6Tr6Tf)uJl6U CZJDfT8;Cb6iJ 6T6lir6lJT? .

(2) Cb6?J>!JCf6l5l6U NaCl @6Iir GlCfJDI6lJ UJfT([)I?

(3) wfT¢)rfJu516iJ NaCl@6Iir ([)IfW6?J>W 6lTs:fjW or6lir6lJT?

(2)

n 0.1 x 20

NaCI = nAgN03 = -- = 0.002 mol 1000

nNaCI = ~~2 x 100 = 0.08 mol dm?

(3)

1.2 dm' Cb6?J>!JCf6l5l6U fL6Tr6JT NaCl @6Iir ¢)6IJDfI6?J>6lJ wNaCI irr6lirCb.

. _". 5.616

t. ([)IfUJ6?J>W oJJ$ljw = - x 100 = 56.16 % 10

BASIC CHEMISTRY

74

m'w Ldlu 4 <!:p anmuP6MIT 6\) c!)ILdl6\) @ 6\)~ ~ IT c$ a;1iI.6Tf'fidr &.orr6M~~~ ~6UUf'~6\).

<:!)Iu5I6U @6U $I UJ u5I U L/ cf, Cb 6Tf16lH (Jp1IJ. 6lJU L/ 6ir 6Tf1 Cb 6?J>6JT (Cf W 6lJilJIU L/ 6ir 6Tf1) ~6lJs:fjJD@ CbfTLIIJ.Cb6Tr UUJ6liruCBs:bs:fjuuCBw.

. «trrl] !mL«t ~.J)1b ~u5'&o !mL«t ~.J)1b
a;rrLIq.
GlW6?J>s:fj6U GlCfwW®Cf6ir W®Cf6Tr cf16lJU L/
UlCZ6MfT6U(b$lj6U6Iir cfI6lJU L/ $IJDWJDJD([)I
UfT cfI5CffTUJW ,rG6UW cf16lJuL/ ;b\um'inl 5IJLIq.
6lJ1Xir CbfT[J / 6lJ1Xir6lJTu5l6UW CZwJDt'TnJDIUJ 6T6U6UfTW
6lJ1Xir6lJTu5I6U / Glw6Iir CbfT[JW GlW6?J>s:fj6U GlCfwW®Cf6Tr
6l/tXirdlfTIJ / GlWtXir6lJTu5l6UW UlCZ 6lJTfT (bs:fj6U6Iir
(,I'II6drWu516U / GlWflkC6fT[JW CbfTLIIJ.Cb6Tf)6U6?J>6U (j61UJu5lc6Cb (JpIIJ.UJfT~) <!1IUq:

• ">I,tilO\J (1j'6\J J6!III{i)""/,·J,c'J,6f1 0.1 mol dm' GlCfJDI6lJ6ir6JT Cb6?J>[JCf6UC6@!Jc6CZC6 GlCfWtL/W (3UIT~ (3WGlJJ6fJ6TJ (f)fJ,' '9<l'biJ , 111'60" ,(I]d>s:h"" 'CBw 6T6drU"$fJ W6lJTa3/Jb Ua3/c6Cb6lJW, j)~ UJbJDIUJ rnJ61Jd,(.blhic'J,6fJ Q"IilJ¢,c'J. ~!J o IrUJwl!!J(.t516iJ ~f1IwdJsZ16iJ (i;)CbfT6Tr6JTUuCBw.

NaOH I HCI JJt\uu5U1I

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) -+ NaCl(aq) + H20(l) 6lSllW ~rrd;Cb~a3/tXir L1CfwrrW~6?J>$fJ~ ~611IJfIs:Jj6U.

I) 0.1 mol dm? $IUJW NaOH, 0.1 mol dm? p5!UJW HCI 6T6lirU6lJJbJDI6dr JGfrC66lD1JCf6i:Icl,6ir s:JjUJrrrfldxfiuuCBw.

(2) HCI <:!)Iu5l6UW <:!)I6JT6ll1uJ16U 6TCBc6CbuuCBw.

(3) NaOH Cb6?J>[JCf6l5161ir Gls:JjrflJi;s:Jj Cb6lJT6lJ6JT6lJ (V, = 25 em') @[pfTuJl6?J>UJUUUJ6druCBd;a3/, GlCfW 6?J>wUJrr G6 <:!)I6JT Ji, GI$lj CB (b ([)I. ars:b $ljwrr 6lJT p5!UJ u5lu L/c6 @CB 6?J>6lJ ~6dr JDI Jb@ wrrJbJDuuCBw.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

75

(4)

NaOH a;6IJ)!fqudi<0 ./161) ~6TfI a;ITLI9 (GlW6IJ)~6i.> Gl~ ~ U1<86MIT~) (8qfrdl~d; @CB6lJ>6HlD16dr 9J~ ~ 6lJJI.~ iMlwlT6i.> a;@611uuCBtb.

.!916lT 6lll u.f) 6U jJ ®Ji, ~ H C I .!91 u5161) d; a; 6IJ)!f q 6U , 0I6Tf1dl0l6Tfl!LJ1T a:, CDIT!f d; a;6IJ)!f qtwd;@& <8qfr d;CDU uLCB qw61Ji»i.lll'ir.,f/ GluJDuuCBrb. jbCBJBl6IJ)6I)!LJ1T d; CDd;~d;@dl (8~6l1>6lJiJuLL HCI ~6dr CDfillT6116lT6IJ)611 V26T6lka;·

(!JJ19 6lJU L/~ 6TfI- W@Jq6fr p31 JDtb Glw6dr ./I611U UIT CD (GlW6IJ)~6i.> Glqtbw@,q6fr) WIT JDltb.

u!LJ6druCBdls:r>uUL L a;6IJ)!f a'6UCD6TfI6lk GJqp516lJCD6fr a'w6dr ~s:r>6I)1T6U CD6IJ)!f q6UCD6fr s:r>1T d;CDW6IJ)LJi,~ CDW 6ll6lT 6lJ 6lll~~ib ~IT d; CDs:f, ¢16dr rJ a'WIT fillTlb ~@lb.

(5)

(6)

(7)

= V2 VI

_V2 __ 2_5 _ 1 . . Ii)'

-~CDCD CDIT6lJlJIUU~W.

VI 25 1

(!pi.5'w Qa:WlYl-"':

(1) N aO H. H CI 6T Ilk U IllJD JI5l6dr JBI!LJ lOti' GlqJI5l6lJa; 6fr p31!LJ u51 U L/ (!JJ6IJ)/Da; 6TfIwIT 6U

fLJDlilluuCBd;{biJuCBlb.

(2) JBIJIJ1uus:r>JD@ fi!f qlT!LJfillT d; s:r>!f1T t3i u!LJ6druCBdls:r>uuCBIb.

(3) c:!}/6lT6lll U!LJ6dru~(lJItb (8UIT~ HCI .!9Iu5I6I)d;~IT6i.> ./I6I)1T6llld; CD@611uuCBtb.

(4) @WlTu5I u!LJ6druCB~tb (8UIT(lJI NaOH CD6IJ)!fa'6I)1T6i.> CD@611uu(Blb.

(5) .!9I6lT6lllu516i.> 6llmld;@ju51WCD6fr ~6i.>6IJ)6I) 6T6drU(lJIILJIJliIluu(Bd;~uuCBtb.

(6) JBI!LJu5IuU16dr (8UIT{bIW. (!JJ196lJuL/6fr6Tfl GluJDuuCBtb <8UIT~tb CD6IJ)!fa'6i.> jb6drJDITa;i CD6I)d;d;UUL CB @CB6IJ)6lIu516dr f}!fffilCDIifT CDlTtiJ&./I611I9d;s:r> JGrf/fillTlT6i.> a;@611uuCBtb.

(7) .!9I6lT6lllu516dr .!9I6lT6l'1(BCDIifT GluJDuuCBtb(8ulT~ d;6IJ)!fq6l5l6dr wLLtb a;IilIlfflDLLd;s2~ {j@jd;a;dl~d;CDs:b1T CD flfJ611dllfJl .!9I6lT6l51LuuCBrb.

(8) JBI!LJu5IuL/ @6IJ)JD~ 2 ~(lJI3 ~L6IJ)611CDIifT Gla'tiJ!LJUULCB Glqtb6lDw lLid~u

uCBdl~uuCBrb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

76

N~COl + 2HCI ~ 2NaCI + CO2 + Hp

(1) 0.1 mol drn', NaCO,. 0.1 mol dm? HCI 6T600-U611JDJI511i1ir p31!LJW pfi'rd;CD6IJ)!fa'6i.>CDIifT ~'rrflt6a;uuCBtb.

(2) .sIfIT 6l51u516i.> HCI .!9Iu5I6I)tb 6TCBd;CDuuCBtb.

:3) ~ ~1JlJJ6(jJu(Bd;:t} Q:l;IftJi;i:l; d)6lJT6ll67T6l/ (VI =20cml) N~C03 ~ITCD c:!}/6lTif,(lJI6TCBd;CDUULCB. t3idls:r>wlTw JBI!LJu5IuL/d; @CB6IJ)611fil6driJ)Jd;@ wlTiDJDuuCBtb.

(4) N~C03 d;6I1>!f ~1ifT fil([!j1fJl6Jf/ GlID61l>¢f>6U Glqli;w@p6iT CDlTLI9 <8a'fr~. @Wmti16dr f}!fffilCDIifT CDITWti'./I 6ll19d;~ JGrf/WIT6i.> CD@611uuCBtb.

,$) c:!}/6lT6llluJ/6i.> ~®Ji;01 HCI .!9Iu5I6I)tb N~CO, cb6lJ)!fa'twc6@d; 0I6Tf1d;016Tf1!LJITCDti' <8qlr d;CDUUL CB. JBI!LJu5Id;1fJI (!JJ196lJUL/6fr6Tfl GluJDuu(Btb.

(6) (!JJ19 6lJuL/6fr6Tfl - w@JqlifT JBI JDtb Glw6dr cf1611u UIT CD WIT JDltb. fDCBJBl6IJ)6I)!LJ IT d;CDd;(!jI d;@s:f, (8s:r>6IJ)611UULL HCI .!9Iu5I6I)d; CD6IJ)!fa'6I5I6dr CDW6116lT6IJ)611 V2cm' 6T6drCD.

(7) U!LJtidruCBs:f,~uuL L a;6IJ)!f a'6UCD6Tfl6dr GJa'p5I6lJCD6fr a'w6dr ~~6I)1T6U ~IT d;CDd; a;6IJ)!f q6i.>CD6TfI6dr CDfillT6116lT6lJ 6l5IG61~lb. l1a'wlT61JT 6l5IG61~tb ~@tb.

DHCI V HCI _ :!..1 40 2

n = - = - = - ~CDd; CDlTtilIl1TuuCBtb.

NII.zCO, VN~CO, VI 20

lYl..... Qa-WlYlDft>a»Gir:

(I) NIIJCOJ• HCI a;6IJ)!fa'6i.>CD6TfI6dr GJa'p5I6lJCD61f16dr GJa'lb6lJ)w fLJDlilluu(Bd;s:r> (86116lJlir(Blb.

(2) Jf,)JlJI'-II/~Jb~ {jrra'lT!LJfillTd; s:r>rrlTt3i uU16dru(Bd;~ (86116lJlir(Btb.

(3) .·}/Ol"n'ilIICI c:!}/u5161)d;~1T6i.> CD@611UUL (86116lJlir(Blb.

(4) «'>IPlllI'iI NlljCO) CD6lJ)rr8'6I)1T6i.> a;@611UUL (86116lJlir(Blb.

~) <~"lItO'ilIl'iltlU 6lJ6Jf!d;@u51wa;6fr (j6i.>6IJ)6I) 6T6drU~ fLJIJlilluu(Bd;~uUL <86116lJlir(Btb. rf,lllll fi,..JJ. aUITtlII a;6lJ)!f q6i.>a;1ifT Ji,6drJDIT CDd; CD6I)d;a;UUL(B. @(B6lJ)6llU5I6dr f}!1ffiia;1ifT (1\11 ,II.telllll JlrflflJtlT6i.> CD@611UUL (86116lJlir(Blb.

(7) .~OlTllfl .~mflf(B GJuJDuu(Bib (8urr~ CD6lJ)!f8'6I516dr WL Lib CD6i1drWL LsiJ¢16i.> fi®<'hc'b~",-,d;tb~1T ~ 6lJ)611d;(lJI .!9I6lT6lllLUUL (86116lJlir(Blb.

(8) pSl!LJu51'-JII f/!)6IJ)1lJIl,~ 2. 3 ~L6lJ)611CD6fr GJ8'uJ~ GJ8'lb6lJ)w fLlDlilluu(Bd;s:r>uUL a6lJ_(Bw.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

77

(!pi.arw <!).DfU4:

(1) Na CO , HCI S:Z;1rd;{f;tb (!PJDJDIr{f; JI>(Bp316lJ)6I)UJIrd;{f;UU(Btb (8ulr01 GlW6lJ)S:Z;uJl6i.J

Gl;tb;®C1'6IT {f;IrLI9 uUJ6liru(Bd;s'bUUL (86116lllir(Bw Df6lirU6lJ)S:Z; W6llTsi/.tD Usi/d;{f;6lIW•

(2) ~p31UJlDluUloU UI(86lJ1'1r6iJd;s:z;6I16lir {f;IrLI9UJIr{f;U uUJ6liru(Bd;s'buul96lir N~C03~6lir (!pS:Z;6I)Irtbul9 JI>(Bp316lJ)6I)UJIrd;{f;tb WL(Btb p31{f;Wif,si/([!jd;@tb. ~S:Z;Ir61101 N~C03'

NaHC03 ~{f; wlr.tDJDuu(Btb.

NaCO + HCI ~ NaHCO + NaCI (1)

• 3 3

N~C03 + 2HCI ~ 2NaCI + CO2 + Hp (2)

(a)

C!Ps:tJ6WWJI9 JI>(Bp96lJ)61)UJ1r~oU UI(86llT~ {f;IrUg p9jJJW WlriIJllb· ~q,(8611 m6lJl'1r~ {f;IrLI9UJIr{f; j)([!jd;@w (8U1rl1Jl N~C03' HCI s:DIrd;«>

-(id)6lir L1C1'WIr6lJl'W

nN~Co3: nHCI = 1 : 1 ~@tb.

(b) C!/WJr6lJl'JI>(B~~(8ur0l~~~UJIr{f;

j)([!jd;@W (8UIrl1Jl ~d;S:Z;Ird;{f;shsi/6lir !1C1'WIr6lJl'tb.

nN~C03 : nHCI = 1 : 2 ~@w.

tL-w:

Na CO ,NaHCO Df6lirU611.tD6lJ)JDd; Gl{f;1r6lllirL 50 em' {f;6lJ)[fC1'6lJ)6I) UI(86lJ1'IroUshs'b6\16lir

.3 3 tD •• (8

{f;IrLI9 Gl{f;1r6lllir(B p31UJlDIshs'b (8ulr01 0.2 mol dm? 25 em' HCI 1DS:Z;6lJ)611UULL01. ~ s'b

{f;6lJ>[f C1'6196lir 50 em) GlW6lJ)s'boU GlC1'WW®C1'6IT {f;IrLI9UJIr {f;U uUJ6liru(Bshsi/ p31UJlDIshs'b (8UIr 01 0.4 mol dm", 31.25 em' HCI (8s'b6lJ)611UULL0I. {f;6lJ)[fC1'6I5IoU fL6IT6IT Na2C03, NaHC03 Df6lirU611.tDpj16lir GlC1'pj16l1{f;6lJ)6ITd; {f;6lJIJfId;{f;.

U'(86lJ1'1r6Us:bs:z;6I!6dI {f;IrLI9UJIr{f; ~([!jt!6@W (8ulr01 Na2C03, NaHC03 ~{f; WIr.tDJDuu(Btb. (.!}IS:Z;Ir6111f)/ N~C03 ~6lir .!}I6lJ)[f6111r8'l .!}I6IT6lI JI>(Bp316lJ)6I)UJIrd;{f;UU(Btb)

••• 50 em' {f;6lJ)[fC1'619§JJl6IT6IT N~C03 (!P.tDJDIr{f; JI>(Bp316lJ)6UlLI1rd;{f;d; (8S:Z;6lJ)6llUJ1r6lJl' 0.2mol dm? HCI j)1iIiT {f;6lJJ6116IT6lI = 25 x 2 = 50 em'

••• nHCI =

0.2 x SO 1000

= 0.01 mol

n nHCI 0.101

I. N~C03 = -2- = 2

= 0.005 mol

BASIC CHEMISTRY

78

CN~C03 = 0.005 x 1000 = 0.1 mol dm? 50

GlW6lJ)s'buJIJb GlC1'WWr§C1'6Tr {f;IrLI9UJIr{f; j)([!jd;@W (8UIr(bl N~C03' NaHC03 j)[f6WT(Btb (!PJiJJ]J1r {f; JI>(Bp316lJ)6I)UJIr d;ffiUU(BW.

50 em' {f;6lJ)[fC1'6I5I~6Tr6IT Na2C03, NaHC03 DfIiliTU611Jb6lJ)JD (!PJbJDIr{f; Jf>(Bp316lJ)6I) UJIrd;{f;sh (8s'b6lJ)611UJIr611f 0.4 mol dm? HCI ~1iIiT {f;6lJI'6116IT6lI = 31.25 em', 0.4 mol dm? HCI 31.25 = 0.2 mol dm? HCI ~1iIiT 62.5 em'

50 em' {f;6lJ)[fC1'6I5I§JJl6IT6IT NaHC03 fLLIiIiT s'b1rd;{f;W6lJ)LUJsb (8S:Z;6lJ)611UJIr6lJl' 0.2 mol dm?

HCI t;j6lir {f;6lJI'6116IT6lI = 62.5 - 50

= 12.5 em'

= 0.2 x 12.5 = 00025 I

1000 . mo

n n

NnIlC03• HCI = 0.0025 mol

CN IICO O.clO25 1000 005 I d 3

" 'J. --;0 x =. mo rrr

... .. rrLb4. .NN'_ ~aJ)LD de.aJ)§;§; ~.,p§;&\). (g) • .4) I (L_(lP-.D)

CnCO, -+ CIO + COJ

100 4411

s'b1r8;{f; I1C1'WIr6lJ1":JU'~ 100 II CnCO, QPibJDrr{f;U Ulrf16lJ){f;UJ6lJ)Lff,1fII 44 g CO2 md; G;){f;Ir(Bd;@tb.

'1) fL6I)1rff,s'b WIT~tfluJlflIr GiltlJtflJAtlJ /!lff1)JD GilC1'W6f»wUJIr{f; p31lD1sb(bl Df(Bsbs'boU. (ag)

,'2) WIrJ]Jlrsh si/6lRJf16l/ 6ll@W 6lIff1)[f Gl611UUWIr8;{f;oU.

(3) 1Dsi/6f»UJd; @6Ifl[f6l5lL(B GilC1'W6f»wUJIr{f; p31lD1sb(blDf(Bsbs'b6U (bg)

(!PfilD.4) n (ortlJl6U4 (!PfilD,B»

(1) fL6I)frJi;(D Wir si/rfluJl6lir Gls'brfliAs'b p316lJ)JD6lJ)UJ p31UJlDluL/cb @(B6lJ)ruD!oU GlC1'J.b6f»WUJIT~ .

JJ5IiDIsblfJlDf(Bsbs'boU. (xg)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

79

(2) QSl)rflJi;Sl) Cb6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ u5]61f)CbWrr6IJT Jblww HCI (8Cffr~6U. (Cb6IJT6lJ6TT6ljV2 em' GlCfJJ516lJ MI mol dm-36T61HCb.)

(3) Q6lJUUWrrcf,$1 CO2 m C!P!DJDrrCb .,!}ICbJiJJJ5I @orfI/J6l5I(8Sl)6U.

(4) 6l5I61f)6TT6lJcf,@U UJ(861JTrr6i:Js:bSl)6U61H CbrrLU}. (8Cffr{/;s:!)l Jblww NaOH LL6dr 6lJ€\2Iu urrfr s:bSl)6U, (8Sl)61f)6lJUUL L N aOH ~61H Cb6IJT6lJ6TT 61f)6lJ V 2 em 3 6T 6dr Cb. @M GlCfJJ5161f)6lJ M26T6drCb.

(8Cffrcf,CbUULL HCI = M2V1 mol 1000

6T@,5lwHCI (8s'f>61f)6lJUUt:L NaOH = ~ V2 mol 1000

.'. s'f>rrcf,CbW61f)LJi;(b HCI ,;., M1V1 _ M2V2

1000 1000

_L

= 1000 (M1V1- M2V2) mol

n

CaC03 =

=

= ...J_ x 1000

(CaC03 ~6dr @.CFn.(bI ::: 1(0)

tL-w:

(bI61J1irw wrr(blrfl fjj!6driIJI NaOH. N~C03' JGfr 6T6drU6lJJiJ61f)JDcf, GlCbrr6lJdr(jj6'ir6TTs:!)l. ~Lb wrr(blrflu516U L6'ir6TT NaOH, N~C03 6T6drU6lJJiJJJ5I6dr ~6TT61f)6lJ{/; ~6I1IJfI6lJs'f>JbCbrr6IJT aJlLLLb fjj!6drJJ5161f)6IJT cf, CFnJDlCb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

80

NII.zCO] i)6dr ~6TT61f)6lJ{/; (bI6I1IJfIs'f>6U.

(1) wrr (bIrflu516dr Gls'f>tf1t5s'f> Jbl61f)JD61f)W 6T(8{/;s'f>6U. (W g)

(2) Cbrrr.iJ55l 6lJu}'{/;s'f>JGtf16U Cb61f)!J {/;s'f>6U.

(3) u5]61f)Cb .,!}I6TT 6lJ BaCI2 Cb61f)/J Cf6U (8Cffr {/;(b6U.

(4) fL~Lrr~Lb 6l'JWUf9.61f)6lJ (BaC03) 6lJU}.CbLU}., Ultf1{/;~{/;(bI Cb@6l5I fL6Ufr{/;~ JbliDJs'f>s'f>6U (W g)

(@.CFn.JbI N~C03= 106, BaCO == 197)

_ 3

n W

BaCO] = _I mol

198

n n WI

N~C03 = BaC03 = 197 mol

W W .

N~C03 = Ttl x 106 = x g 6T6IJTCb.

NIIC>II ... .",,6l1>6lJdl (bJ6I1IJfIs'f>6U.

(,II'" I, tlW6U urf/(8Cfrrs'f>6l1>6IJTuJ16dr 6lJJ9.61f)iJJ Jblww HCI ILLer 6lJ§)JJuurrfr{/;(bI NaOH ". ~6TT6l/ (bJ6I1IJfIwuuL6UrrLb.

tYI .. U, (I)

(2)

(JiD6U 6lJU}.cf,@ u5161f)CbWrr6IJT MgCI2 (gCffr cf,~uu(jjLb.

11._- fflJdn._rr@Lb Mg(OH)2.6l'ijuU}.6lJ 6lI9~U}. OlrfldlGls7;(8d;sZ>J fL6Uird>{l} r61JlJ",~uu(8Lb. (W2g)

(('fJl,("I.~ NaOH. 40. Mg (OH)2= 58)

2NIIOII + MaCl, -+ Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCI

n WI

MlenH), • - mol ~K

"NIOH • Ma(OH)a x 2. 3 x 2 mol 58

W W

NIOH • _' x 2 x 40 • y g IT.5.

5H

A NnOH."" d~tb • i" l00,*,

8ASIC CHEMISTRY

HI

~.BSUII:

w rr ¢I rfl6lJ>UJ pfrfl6iJ ffi 6lJ>!J s:f, s:bI Gl UJD U U (B W ffi 6lJ>!J c!f 6lJ> 6IJ 11(8 6IJr rr 6iJ s:f, sTJ 6l161ir , GlW6lJ>S:VtUl6U Glc!fWWc® c!f6Tr ~ c6JUJ ffirrL I!}ffi6lJ>6TTU urr 6l5lu U!TJ6?ir @6UWp9UJW iT gJ§JJ(B . ~L6?ir 6lJ§lJJuurrfrd;s:bI NaOH, N~C03 ~c6JUJ6lJJDJDl6?ir Glc!fJDI6llffi6lJ>6TTd; s:bI61RJf1Jt,s:bI s:z96lJ6rw wrrs:z9rf1tUl6U fL6Tr6TT ~6TT6l5l6lJ>6IJrd; s:bI6l1Of)UJ6UrrW.

AI, Mg, Cu ntidrUQlm&mQ)5 (;I5fTQRin ... c$6\)U4~6\)fT5!!i;~6'b lL6irm 6i:a..[I)I5&TPtidr ~~!!i;&m~!!i; ~A1If1~6'b.

(1) ffi6l)iJ.I&urffid7;B6lirGlsTJrflJl;s:v sB~ B6hJJ9611>6U&b~ffi JB~ 6T(Bd;ffiuU(BW. (W g)

(2) wrrs:z9rf1d;@ u5)6lJ>ffiUJrr6lJr NaOH (8c!ffrd;~ Al (ffi6lJ>!Jd;ffi(jUL(B) IBs:z9 6lJl!}ffiLL6U @6IJW UJrfld;Gls:v(Bd;s:bI, ffi@6l5l fL6Ufrd;s:z9 p9JD1d;ffiUU(BW. (W .g)

IBs:z9 UJ6?ir tEs:vrr6lJr u5J6lJ>ffi H2S04 ~~ HCI fLL6?ir s:vrrd;c6J Mg ffi6lJ>!Jd;ffiUUL(B, IB¢I 6lJl!}ffiL L6U @6UW UJrfld; Gls:v(B s:f, s:bI, ffi@6l5l L 6IJiT d; ¢I p9iD1d; ffi uu(Bw. (W 2g) ({jj) s:bI Cu (jj)6?ir s:z96l1Of)6lI ~ @w.)

WMg = (WI - W2)g,

Al (WI - W) 100%g, Mg = (WI - W2) 100%, Cu ~W2 X 100%

W W W

!.._-m:

U rfl(8 c!f rr sTJ 6lJ>6IJr GlUJ rr 6Iir p516iJ Mg, A I 6T 6Iir U 6lJJiJ 6lJ> JD W L (B ib Glffi rr 611Iir L ffi6UU L/ fL(86Urrffid;s:z96?ir 3.9 g wrraSlrfl, 125 em', 2 mol dm? u5J6lJ>ffiUJ6TT6lI H2S04 {jj)6U QPJDJDrrffid; ffi6lJ>!JJi;s:bI p9.Gl6lJ.~ {jj)6U 4.48 dm' fL6Ufr H2 6lJ>6lJd; Glffirr(Bd;sTJs:bI.

(1) ffi6IJUl/ L(861Jrrffid;aSI6U (Mg) p96lJ>JD JJ)1rJDiD16l'1s:vw 6T6?ir6lJr? (Mg = 24, Al = 27)

(2). 6l5l6lJ>6TT6lId; ffi6lJ)!J c!f6l5l6?ir 25 em' m JD(Bp96lJ)6UUJrr d;ffid; (8S:V6lJ>6lJUJrr6lJr 0.8 mol drr~·· N aO H ffi6lJ>!J c!f6l5l6?ir ffi6lJr 6lJ6TT 6lI 6T 6?ir6lJr?

t. W Al = (39 - x)g

DMg = 2... mol DAI = (39 - I) mol

24 27

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) -+ Mg++(aq) + H2 (g) (1)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

82

2AI(s) + 6H+(aq) -+ 2AP+(aq) + 3H2(g) (2)

c!fw6?irurr(B (1) {jj)6?irUI!}

c!fw6?irurr(B (2) {jj)6?irul!}

DH = D Al x .1... = (3.9 - x) 3 I

2 2 27 x 2' mo

• •• c!fw6?irurrLI!}6?ir ul!} 6l5l6lJ>6TT6lJrrd;ffiuu(Bw Glwrrd;s:v H, @6Uffi6Tr.

x (3.9 - x) 3

= - + x-

24 24 2

urfI(8c!frrsTJ6lJ>6MUUI!} 6l5l6lJ>6TT6lJrrd;ffiUULL H2 {jj)6?ir Glwrrd;!TJ @6Uffi6Tr 0 ~tUl6?ir PV =nRT

2 x 4.48 = 0 x 0.082 x 273 or

1 x 4.48 22.4

0=

0=0.2 mol

= 0.2 mol

t. X +

(3.9 - x) 3 = 02

27 x .

x = 1.2 g

W

••• Mg = 1.2 g

W

Al = 3.9 - 1.2 = 2.7 g

= ld. 100

3.9 x

= 30.77%

(2) H2S04 (jj)® @6\) ~u5J6UW.

t. (8c!fiTd;ffiUULL Glwrrd;sTJ H+ ~UJ6lirffiorf161ir 6T611Iir61RJf1d;6lJ>ffi

2 x 125 x 2 _ 0 5 I

- . mo

1000

BASIC CHEMISTRY

83

(f'1D6lirUlrCB (1), (2) 6r6lirU6lIJbJI516iJ ~(fJjJi;sflI, sfljlft6CfiID6IJ)LJi;s'[J H+ .!JIU16lirl.66Jf16lir 6r 6lJ1ir6DlJflt661J)l.6.

= DMgx2DAlx3

= .!1...!l + Jd..:!..) = 04 mol

24 27 .

•

125 em' ffi6lJ)!f(f'6I5I6iJ 6r@,cflUJ H+ ~UJ6lirl.66Jf16lir 6r6lJ1ir6DlJflt661J)Cfi 0.5 - 0.4 = 0.1 mol

I. 25 em' l.661J)!f (f'6I5I6iJ fLoiT6TT Wo!}IU16lirl.66Jf16lir 6r6lJ1ir6DlJflt661J)l.6.

= 0.1 x 25 = 0 02 I

125 . mo

0.02 mol W m JDCBpfl6IJ)6UU1lft6l.6 0.02 mol OH' C3s'[J61J>OlJ.

••• 25 em! l.661J)!f (f'6IJ)6U JDCBpfl6IJ)6IJUJIf t6l.6s:l> C3s'[J6IJ)6lIUJlf6l1r 0.8 mol dm"

NaOH l.661J)!f(f'6I5I6lir l.6611r6ll6TT6lI = 1000 x 0.02 = 25 em'

0.8

(01) C3LIf~Iilir~6ir~LMIilir6U1!jlb6r~fL6lIDr6lruDQPlJ6limJrrLIf6l1r~?

(1) Gl(f'LJl.jW ~LcfI(f'§IDIW pfl6IJ)/DUUIf} 4 : 1 6r6lir/D 6>J1cfils2)d:>a516iJ C3(f'(fJjw •

(2) ~ ~Lcfl(f'Iilir~6lIw ~(fJj ~ (f'1ilir ~6lIb C3(f'fr~JCr ~dxf;wCBlb.

(3) 6IJ)JDs'b!f 8'§lDJw, ~LcfI(f'§1DIw C3(f'fr~ U6U ~L6IJ)(f'LCBdxf;6IJ)orr fL(fJj6lJ1f d;@w.

(4) @C36TTlfrfl6lir C36l1JDl a516DlJf16l161J)L UJ o!}I§J1!DIt6Cfi6lJ)6TT t6 Glffiff6lJ1irL~.

(5) C3IDJb8'nJI51UJ UJlf6llw.

(02) ~® (!p6Ul.6r6Jl.661J)6TTt6 Gll.6lf6lJ1irL XY 6r6lir§lDlw 6lJlfU.j6lllf6lJr01 @JLlft6@W C3UIf~ ·1JJf61R1TlDlf CDU LMtfl6IJ)CDUJ6IJ)L~ 6lHU.j 6l'i6IJ)6TT6lICD6IJ)6TT IDLCBIb C3s2)lfJbiDJ6fjdxf;J6lir/D~. ~C3!T Gl6lJUU o!}I(JPt6l.6 pflUJi;s2)6IJ)6lJrCfi6Jf16iJ Cfi6lJr6lJ6TT6lIl.6oiT o!}I6TT6>J1LuuCBw C3UIf~ Ulrfl 6IJ)l.6 u.1I6lir (JP6lir fDlw UJ6lir §IDIw l.6 6lJr 6lJ6TT 6l5l6iJ IDIf Jb /Du516iJ 6IJ)6U. ~ d:> s2)1f t6 l.6 W ~ffLfruffCfi 6rc:ixm.cbJDIIBCfi6llD Gluff(!Jjdis'DIDff6lJr~. ~dis'Dff~1ilir 6'fj6IJ)6TT6lJCD6ir?

(1) X o!}I§W»t6Cfi@!JW Y o!}I§J1!DIt6Cfi@JlDff@W.

(2) X o!}I§J1!DIt6Cfi@!JW v, (!p6Ut68'nJDICfi@JIDIf@W.

(3) x, (!p6Ut!f,8'nJDICfi@JW Y o!}I§1lI1JIt!f,Cfi@JIDIf@W.

(4) x, @6Ut!f,8'nJDICfi@!JW v; @6Ut68'nJDICfi@!JIDIf@W.

(5) a51LLIDIf6lJr (JP1f}6IJ)6lI 6r(8t!f,Cfi (JPIf}UJIf~.

(03) 1 @6iJ CO2 6lIlfU.j u.cbJI51UJ 8'nJbJDIt6Cfi6Jf16iJ UlinWUJlf6lJrl?)l 6Tl?)l?

(1) ~(fJj @6iJ o!}I§J1!DI l.6lfU6IJ)6lJr t6 GlCfiff6lJ1irL~.

(2) 44 cfil!TlfW CO2 8lt6 GlCfilf6lJ1irLl?)l.

(3) ~!f6lJ1irCB @6iJ o!}I§J1!DI ~LcfI(f'6IJ)6lJrt!f, GlCfilf6lJ1irLl?)l.

(4) ~!T6lJ1ir(8 @6iJ ~LcfI(f'6IJ)6lJrt!f, GlCfilf6lJ1irQl)J.

(5) 3 x 6.023 x 1Q23 o!}IliiI!DIt!f,Cfi6lJ)6TTt6 GlCfilf6lJ1irL~.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

84

BASIC CHEMISTRY

85

(04) liI(gff p3/uJl;s:D6lJ>6lJru516iJ 2 em' lIQJDfTu(gu6lir (C3Hg) (JjJJbJDfTCbd; s:nCb6lJrW6lJ>L6lJs:DJb@ (gs:n6lJ>6lIWfT 6lJr iii L cF1Cf6lJf16lir Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lJ em' ~6iJ or (bl?

(1) 3 (2) 8 (3) 2

(4) 11 (5) CfiflwfT6lJr 6l5I6lJ>L ~6iJ6lJ>6\J.

(05) 44.8 em! IiILcF1Cf6lir 6lIfTu.J6l5I6iJ ~6Tr6TT O2 (!p6\Jcf;crnJI}lCb6rfJ6lir or6l11ir6l1Of1cf;6lJ>Cb?

(1) 6.02 X 1023 (2) 12.04 x 1023 (3) 3.01 x 1013

(4) 1.204 X 1Q21 (5) s:Dff6lJCb6Tr (gUfTs:DfT(bl.

(06) 100 em' C2H6 6lIfTl1.J6lJ>6lI p3/. Q6lI.<:9/ ~6iJ (JjJJi1Drr Cb oriflWs:DJW!jri> (gs:n6lJ)6)JllJfT6lJr 6l.l6ITIu5Iti) Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lJ em' ~6iJ,

(1) 100 (2) 3500 (3) 350

(4) 200 (5) s:Dff6lJCb6Tr (gUfTs:DfT(b1.

(07) 1iI® (!p6iJ fiiLcF1Cf6lir 6lIfTu.J6l5I66r s2f/6l1Of16lJ c£ifffTu5l6iJ,

(1) 8 (2) 16 (3) 6.02 x 1023

(4) 2 x 6.02 X 1023 (5) CfiflwfT6lJr 6l5I6lJ>L s:DffUUL6l5I6iJ6lJ>6\J.

(08) 1iI® CfifTU66r <:9/W/6l5I66r s2f/6l1Of16lJ c£ifffTu5l6iJ (C = 12),

(1) 10.24 (2) 10.23 (3) 10.22 (4) 10.17 (5) or(bl6lJw6iJ6\J.

(09) 2 ml 6lIfTl1.Jp3/6lJ>6\J &?s:D(gfffT CbfTU60r 20 ml u5l6lJ>CbWfT6lJr IiIL cF1Cf§!DIL 6lir Q6lJ19 cf;CbU U L (B 6llJ 6(J) 6TT If, s:n 6lJfT u.J cf; Cb 6\J6lJ> 611 K 0 H ~ 6lir f!§IJ L fT Cfi ff Q Cf§l)Js:f, ¢lw (g U fT (bl Cb6lJr6lJ6TT6lJ 8 ml ~6iJ @6lJ>JD~. or®cflw rurtLJo1166r Cfi6lJr6ll6TT6lJ 8 ml or6Uro"r <:9/6TT6fJ13 Cb@W <:9/6lJ>JDQ6lIUU <:9/(JjJcf;Cfid;s2f/6iJ QUJDUULL6lJ>6lI or6lJf16iJ &?s:D(gfffTCfifTU6lJf16lir <:9/§!DIU6lIcff @Jd;s2f/ffw Ul66r6ll®6lI6lJr6llJbrfj6iJ or (bl?

(1) C4Hg (2) C2H4 (3) CH4 (4) C2H6 (5) CHl

(10)

6lI6rfJW6I18rL6\J <:9/(!pcf;Cbd;s2f/§l)Jw 300 K ~§l)lW 2 615JbJDfr Cb6lJr6lJ6TT6lJ>6lI <:9/6lJ>Lcf;@1i> ~Cb6lir 6lIfTl1.J6ll16lir <:9/(!pdxt;W 380 mm ~ffCfWfTCb6lJW Qooup316lJ>6\J 150 K ~Cb6lJW WfTJbJDUULLfT6iJ Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lJ ~615JbJDifl6iJ,

(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 2 (5) 5

(11)

300K fSl§l)Jw 1iI® 6lI6rfJw6I18ruu <:9/(JjJcf;Cbd>s2f/§l)JW, CfWCb6lJr6ll6TT6lJ N 2 fSl6lJr (blW, X or 66r§ll1JW 6lIfTu.J6llJ6lJr (blW s2f/6lJIJf16lJCfi6Tr (JjJ6lJ>JD(gw 0.28 c£ifffT (JjJw, 0.88 c£ifffT (JjJ W ~@w. X ~66r (!p.crn.p3/6lJ>JD (N = 14)

(1) 44 (2) 14 (3) 176 (4) 71 (5) 88

BASIC CHEMISTRY

86

(12) ~® c!p6iJ IiILcF1Cf66r QCfifT6l11irI9®UU(bl,

(1) 1iI® c!p6\Jcf;crnJI}l. (2) ~® <:9/Wcf;Cfi6Tr (3) 32 <:9/Wlcf;Cb6Tr

(4) 6.023 x 1()23 ~ (5) 6.023 x 1023 c!p6\Jcf;crnJI}lCb6Tr

(13) ~ @rfjd>s:D ~6IJli16lf6fr6TT 6lJfTu.J P attn ~dxt;~§l)JwTK. ~§l)Jw V ern' Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lJ)6lJ <:9/6lJ>Ld>s:n(bl. ~6lJ6lIfTJI}l s.t.p ~6iJ <:9/6(f)Lcf;@W Cb6lJr6ll6TT6lJ (dm' ~6iJ) or(bl?

(1) 273 VP (2) 273 VT ~. VPT

T P 213

(4)

273 PT V

(14) Ag <:9/WlQ6lJfT66rrfj66r s2f/6l1Of16lJ c£ifflfu5l6iJ or(bl?

(1) 108 (2) 108 x 6.023 x 1023 (3)

(4) 1022 (5) to=

1.79 X 10.22

(15) 6.023 x 1Q22, C12 CfWs:DfT6lJf1 <:9/Wlcf;Cb6rfJ66r ~6l1Of16lJ or(b1?

(1) 1.200 g (2) 120 g (3)

(4) 1.2 kg (5) 12 g

12 kg

(' 1'1) ~flJIJf)6lJ crnl9w C!f>6\JCbd>s2f/66r <:9/WlQ6lIfT66rrfj66r s2f/6IJli16l5166r 6lIifl6lJ>Cf c£ifffTu5l6iJ or (bl?

(I) 10.24 (2) 10.23 (3) 10.22 (4) 10.27 (5) 10.21

(' 7) tlll (Tas2)d16iJ (C2H6) ~6Tr6TT QWfTd;s:n <:9/Wlcf;Cb6rfJ66r or6l11ir6l1Of1cf;6lJ>Cfi or(b1?

(I) 1.6 c!ptro (2) 1.2 (!p6iJ (3) 0.8 (!p6V

(4) H c!ptro (5) 0.2 (!p6iJ

(18)

&rflfh ~rmrfr<B ~Grfj6lJrfT6iJ cCJDUUL (B6Tr6TT 1iI® (gCfifTLI96lir s:Dl9ulI tern, <:9/Cfi6\JW 0,05 em, (G'lJIb 10 em. Cfiiflt616lir <:9/Lfrd>s2f/2.25 gem". <:9/6lICfifTs:D(gfffT6ll166r WfTrfj~ L. {j./!,(J&rr CB fiJldrJ61tro I!_ 6Tr6TT Cfirfld>(bl6lJlJf1cf;6lJ>CbCb6rfJ6lir (CbfTU66r <:9/Wlcf;Cb6rfJ66r) orC5D!h6l1l!fld.1RJ)6) 6T1Z/? (C = 12)

(1)

(),()~ " III x 2.25 x t x L 12

121." 2,2~

(1.O~" 10" I

(4)

f) 0.05 x 10 x t 2 x 2.25 xL

0.05 x 10 x t x L

12 x 2.25

(3)

(5) 6T(l)J6l/W .81tro",.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

H7

(19) ~ G'mu.a9~~.!)I_irdYf} 8'nf9.1ll6lll1l./ fiT(b1?(C= 12,H= I, 0= 16)

(1) C2~ (2) CZH4 (3) CH4 (4) NH3 (5) CO2

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(20) o:!)I6lJq,rrs1J(8!Jrr6ll161ir wrrJDl6l51u5161ir o:!)I6U@ fiT0l?

(1) mol·1 (2) dm? (3) mol (4) g.1

(5) ~ ~6iJ6lD6U.

t&® @JDl(bs1J s:fi/6lJlJf/6l/ 6lJrrLLJ 293 K ~~w 770 mm Hg ~~w 65 em' m o:!)IQJ)L(bs1J(b1. s.t.p ~6U ~6iJ6lJrrLLJ o:!)IQJ)Lei;@W q,6lJT6lJ6Tr6l/ em' ~6U,

(1) J_ x 273 x 770 (2) 65 x 293 x.J12

65 293 760 273 760

(3)

65 x 273 273

(4)

760 x-

770

65 x 273 293

770 x-

760

fiT(bs1Jrrei;q,(bs:fi/6U 8'nf9.1ll q,6lJT6lJ6Tr6l/ o:!)Is:fi/q,rflULJL6l1r s1Jrrei;q,w J61q,(Ww?

(1) N2H4(1) + 2H202(1) ~ Nz(g) + 4HP(g)

(2) 2NH3(g) ~ Nz(g) + 3Hz(g)

(3) 2Hpz(l) ~ 2Hp(I) + 0ig)

(4) Mn02(s) + 4HCI(g) ~ 2HP(g) + Clz(g) + MnClz(s)

(5) 2AI(s) + 3HzS04(O.l M) ~ Alz(SO)3(aq) + 3Hz(g)

"(YJ6iJ" fiT 61irUs1J6l1r uS/q,t/' cf1JD}i;s1J Qurr®6'ir et q)J?

(1) 6.023 X lOz3 6jq,6ll16lJT(b ~6lJlJf/ei;QJ)q,q,6'ir.

(2) 1.000 g ms1J!Jq6lJf)6U fL6'ir6Tr H o:!)Iwei;q,6'Ifl6l1r fiT6l1Iir6lJlJf/lf;QJ)q,.

(3) 12.000 g CIZ ~6U fL6'ir6Tr CI2 ~ei;q,6'Ifl6l1r fiT6l1Iir6lJlJf/ei;QJ)q,.

(4) 32.000 g o, ~6U fL6'ir6Tr 02 @6Uei;8'nJIJld>6'Ifl61ir fiT6l1Iir6lJlJf/ei;QJ)q,.

(5) (8WJD8'nJDlIll fiT6U6Urrw.

109 CaC03 d;@ u5lQJ)q,UJrr6lJT HCl (8qfr ei;q,uuCBw (8urr«>J Q6lJ6Jfl~w <::02 6lJrr1L/6ll16d7 q,6lJr6lJ6Tr6l/ dm' ~6U fiT01? (Ca = 40, C = 12, ° = 16)

(1) 1.12 (2) 2.24 (3) 4.48 (4) 11.2 (5) s1J!J6l/ (Jurr{lJfT(bI.

(25) s.t.p ~6iJ X fiT6dr~tb 6lJrrLLJ6l516dr 50 em] ~6dr ¢I6lJ1Jf16l/ 0.144g, s.t.p j)6U H2 {j61ir ~Lfr(bs:fi/ 0.09 g dm? ~@w. 6lJrrLLJ X fiT016lJrrq, ~®lf;q,6Urrw?

(1) S02 (2)· cr, (3) CO2 (4) o, (5) N2

8ASIC CHEMISTDV

88

(26) 0.71 g @(86Trrrrf'QJ)6lJrei; Qq,rr6l1lirL @6l)q,w M ~6l1r @(86Trrr611>!JLf9.6l1r s:fi/6lJlJf/6l/ 0.S5g . .M ~61ir @(86TrrrQJ)!JLf9.6l1r @J(bs:fi/!Jw Illrr~? (M = 2S, Cl = 35.5)

(1) MCI (2) MClz (3) MCI3 (4) MCI4 (5) MCI$

(27) ~(8!JJ6IUJi;s:DQJ)6lJru516U ~® 6lIrLLJ8;q,6'ir QW fiT6l1Iir6lJlJf/d;QJ)q,llllf6lJr ~JlJlq,QJ)6Trei; Gd>rr6l1lir(B6'ir 6Tr6lJr. sr 6lJr(86lJ o:!)IQJ)6lJ,

(1) s.t.p ~6U 22.4 dm' mei; Gd>lf6'ir@!JW.

(2) Ff!JWlf;q,QJ)6Trlf; Qq,rr6l1lirL 6lJlfLLJei;d>6rrrrq, ~®ei;@w.

(3) QW fiT6l1Iir6lJlJf/ei;611>q,llllf6lJr o:!)IWei;q,611>6Trei; Qq,rr6l1lirf9.®lf;@w.

(4) ~6l1r JIJlL G6lJrlf6l1r JDI QW d>6lJr6lJ6Tr6ll16U s1Jrr ei;q,WQJ)LLLJW.

(5) (8WJD8'nJDlIll fiTs1JQJ)6lJrLLJW Qd>rr6l1lirf9.!Jrrq)J.

(28) ~§IBDl(bs:fi/6lJlJf/6l/ J61JDwrrQJ)w u@u!516l51®}i;01 X fiT6l1r§!DJc!p@6Ud'J(ijs:fi/6l1r QWs1)rr61Jfl a;6'Ifl61ir QrrfrLJ o:!)I6Tr6l/q,6'ir (!j>QJ)JD(8UJ XZ4= 79%, XZ5 = 10%, XZ6 = 11 % ~@w. X ~6lir tfrr!JIl/DI(bs:fi/6lJlJf/6l/.

(I) 24.32 (2) 24.66 (3) 24.00(4) 24.21 (5) 24.60

(21J) Ji;1611)JDuul9 SO% q,rruQJ)6lJrlf; Qq,rr6l1lirL ms1J(8!Jrrtr,q,rru6lJfl6lir @.8'n.@J fiT0l?

(I) C]HS (2) C6HI6 (3) C3H6 (4) C3H4 (5) fiT0l6l/W6U6U.

(30) 2H ~ t1'rr!J~6lJlJf/6lIr d>lf; Glq,rrfKRirL (JP6UCDW M ~6Iir ms1JQJ)!JLI96l1r [email protected]'n.~ tl2 .lPlb. M ~6Iir ms1J611>!JLI96l1r @J(b~!JW fiT6lir6lJr?

(I) MII4 (2) M2H6 (3) MH$ (4) MH] (5) s1J!J6l/ (8urrs1JrrlfJl

~aS'Qf[[)l~~m ",@ •• Lb.·
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5)
U, b b,c e,d d, a GQJ[[)I
~ ~.rN o!'PJ'f'(;JWd'N o!'PJ'f'(;JWd'N G.rrlDlTaJrLb lASIC CHEMISTRY

89

(31) 8'LuGurr([!j6Tfl6dr ~6IJ1JfI8;6l1>Cbs:[J s:v6dr6l1>W8;@c!J: 8'rr6drJDrrCb c916l1>W6)J~ 6f(l)1l6f6l1>6)J?

( a) 6l1wuu}'6lJ c916l1>L s:06iJ

(b) CbJDygW us:vri.lCbwrr S:06U

(e) 8'L W s:v6lJ1Jfl6l1>6)J8; GCbrr 600ru}'([!js:[Js:v6U.

(d) 8'LW c9Ilffi8;Cb@U}.UJrr~ {j([!jd:>s:06U.

(32) Ul6lh"6)J([!jw emJDJ)Jl8;Cb6Tfl6iJ Ul6l1>WUJrr61Jl"~ / Ul6l1>WUJrr61Jl"6l1>6)J 6f~ / 6f6l1>6)J?

(a) 8'Li>6l1>S:V ~8;Cb(86)Jrr c9Ilffi8;Cb(86)Jrr @U}.UJrr~.

(b) ~([!j cy>6I)Cb~sbI6dr 6f6U6\Jrr c91W/&Cb@W ~(8!J wrrsblrflUJrr61Jl"6l1>6)J.

(e) 8'L$i>sbI6dr u51Cbc!J: cflJD1UJ ~6IJ1JfI8;6l1>Cb c91@ll8;Cb6Tr c916iJ6I).

(d) 51 6Tfl UJ cy>6I) cb em iIJl Cb 6IT ~ ([!j 6)J rr @Ii> (8 U rr ~ c91@llcb Cb 6IT 6f 6Tfl UJ @@6f6i1Ur 6iilffils:vd:>sbI6iJ (88'([!jw.

(33) (8Cb9W8'rr&ffil6dr 6iilsbl6l1>UJ i61®Ul8;Cbu uUJ6drUCBs:[Js:08;emU}.UJ GS:OIr@sbICb6Tr 6f~ / 6f6l1>6)J?

(a) (e)

NO,02

!Crfl6dr u516dru@ulI

(b) (d)

(34) 100 em' 6)Jrrll.J8;Cb6l)6l1>6)J ~6liriIJl Ul6dr6lJ([!jw emiIJlCb6l1>6fT8; Cb61Jl"6)J6TT6lJ 6l1s:ori.lCb6TTrrCb

GCbrr6lldrCB61'r6fT~. H2 = 50%, CO = 30%, CO2 = 15%, N2= 5% 500 K {jVl)lw 1 atm ~ci;cn~Vl)Iw {jci;cn6l)6l1)6)J 50 em' Cb61Jl"6)J6fT6lJ ~LcflCf§IDlL6dr 6frflci;cnWL L~. 6f6U6I)rr c916fT6l'JCBCb@W ~(8!J p51uJiiS:V6l1>61JI"uil6iJ GUJDUULL~ 6T61JI"& GCbrr6lldrCB" 8'rflUJrr61Jl" emJDiIJl/ emJDiIJld;Cb6Tr 6T ~ / 6T 6l1>6)J?

(a) S:VCb61Jl"d:>sbI6dr Ul6dr ~6Tr6fT Cb6l)6l1>6)Jtlll6U H2, CO 6T6drU6)JJDJD16dr Cb61Jl"6)J6TT6lJ

y,c!J:cflUJw. ,

(b) 6iil6l1>6fT6lJ8; Cb6l)6l1>tlll6lh" Glwrr d:>S:V8; Cb61Jl"6)J6TT6lJ 10 ern' ~6U c91sb1Cbrfl8;@w.

(e) (bCb61Jl" d:>sbI61ir @6dr§!DjW Ul6dr §!Djw N 2 6)Jrrll.J6iil6dr Cb61Jl"6)J6fT 6lJ 6l'J(bW wrr JDrr~.

(d) {jd:>s:t>Cb61Jl"d:>sbI6dr (8urr~ ~Lcfl8'6dr 6)Jrrll.J 6T@,cfl (j([!jd;Cbrr~.

(35) X 6f6lir§!Djw 6lJrrll.J ~6lirp5l6lir 10 ml mll.Jw Y 6f6lir§!DjW 6lJrrll.J ~6lirp5l6lir 5 ml tBll.Jw G Cb rr 6lRir L Cb 61) 6l1> 6lJ @JiJ ID rr Cb ~ s:t> rr cb Cb W 6l1> L Ji, ~ ~ 6lRir L rr 61JI"

G(ljrr@~tlll6lir Cb61JI"6lJ6fT6lJ 5 ml ~6U @6l1>JD~. Ul6dr6'l®w 6fs:[J~~ /

G(brr@s:6JCb6Tr {js:t>6l1>61JI" ~~ ¢/([!jcb @w ? (mil) 61)rr .g}I6fT6lfCBCb@J1i>

81QJ)JDG61JUU c91@d;Cbs:[Jsbl6iJ GUJDu ULL6l1>6lJ).

(a) 2CO + 02 -+ 2C02 (b) 02 + 2NO -+ 2N02

(c) 2H1 + 02 -+ 2Hp , (d) H2S + Cl2 -+ 2HCl + S

BASIC CHEMISTRY

90

(36)

C6H,26f6lir§!DjW 6)Jrrll.Ji616l1>6I) ms:v(8!Jrr Cbrru6llf/66r 10em3 @JDJDrrCb 6Trfl8;CbUULLa;I 6T6U6I)rr c916TT6l'JCBCb@JW 200°C (j9,lJlw. 1 atm c91@d;Cbd:>sbI§l21w GUJDUULL6l1>6)J 6T61JI"d;GlCbrr6lldrCB 8'rflUJff6aT emJDJ)Jld;Cb6Tr 6T~ /6TfilJ>6lJ?

(a) 60 ern' CO2 6iil6l1>6fT6lJff8;CbUuCBLb.

(b) 120 em' !C!Jrr lffi1 6iil6l1>6fTlffi18;CbuuCBw.

(e), S:OCb61Jl"d:>sbI6dr Ul6dr Gs:orr@sbItlll6lir Cb61Jl"6lJ6TT6lJ wrrJDrr~.

(d) C6HI2 6)J(f1l.J6lJW 02 6lJlrlLJ6lJW $2jCb61lTW6iDLlLJW mUff ~ m8'([!jW Cb6M6lJ6TT6lI lffi1ffils:ow 1 : 9 ~@w.

(37)'

1 d m 3 ° 2 6)J rr 1L16l1> 6)J cf, G Cb rr 6lRir L 2 d m 3 6lJ rr Il.J cf 8' rr U}. c916l1>!J 6)J rr ell c916fT 6lJ cf, @ pf!Jrr66 p5}!JU UL CB c91s:06lir 6lJrrw pfrr WL Lsb¢/6U ~([!jcb Cb~ s:t>cf, Cbs:t>rrCb 6l1>6)Jcf, CbU UL''(8 1 dm 3 ~6I)rr NO 6)Jrrll.Jcf 8'rru}'ll.J6IT Gl8'§Wsb s:t>u UL La;I. (juurfl(88'rr(b6l1>6l1T uJDJI51UJ 8'rflUJrr61Jl" Cb([!j$i>~ / Cb([!j$i>~&Cb6Tr 6f~ /6f6l1>6lJ?

(a) CbUl6l) i61JD II6l1>Cb (8s:orr6lir J)Jlw.

(b) 6)Jrr1l.J5 8'rru}'ll.J6Tr !Cfr WLLW ~UJ([!jw.

(e) 6)Jffll.Jc!J: 8'ffU). @JDJDrrCb JCrf161J1"ff6U p51!JuuuuLrr~.

, (d) (bff 8;Cbs:[Jsbl6Iir Ul6dr 6lJrrll.Jc!J:8'rrU). tlll6U 500 em' ° 2 6lJrrll.J 6f@,cfltlll([!jd;@W.

(38)

PV K . . . • "fl. • Ii). _Od'}· ? - = 6f61Jl"§!DIw 8'W61JI"UrrL6l1>L JDIJ)Jl6)JU UUJ61JI"u\!}w 6lJrrll.J OlJ1s;l1ICb6fT 6f6l1>6)J.

T

(a) 8'ff6Trcfl6dr lffi1sb1. (b) c916lJCbrr(lj(8!Jrrlffi16dr lffi1~.

(c) (8Cb§Wr8'rr8;ffil6dr lffi1sb1. (d) Gurrtlll6l5l6dr lffi1sb1.

(39)

CY>61J8;emiIJlCb6Tr 6TUGlUff @~w,

(a) ~6lirJ)Jl8;@ (8WJDULL c91@llci;Cb6l1>6TTd; GlCbrr6lldrU}.([!jci;@w.

(b) lLUJfr {j!J8'ffUJ61JI" ~J)Jl~Il.J6l1>LUJ6l1>6lJ.

(e) J05 (8urr6lirJD lLUJfr 8'rrfrCY>6I)d;emJDJ)JlsiJ ~6OOfl6lJCb6l1>6fTci; GCbrr6iJdrU}.([!j8;Cb wrrLLrr~.

(d) cy>6I)d;emiIJlCb6Tr uri.lcCLCB 6lJ§l2I5 (88'fr6l1>6lJCb6Tr ~@w.

(40)

~([!j cy>6U Glu6Iir#6llf/6U(C6H6) lL6Tr6fT (L 6T6drU~ c916lJCbrrs:t>(8!Jrr 6f6lldr6l1arrr@w).

(a) CbffU6Iir c91mH&Cb6Tfl6lir 6f6lldr6OOflci;6l1>Cb 6 L •

(b) mS:O!J 8'6Iir c91@lD1d;Cb6Tfl6lir 6f6lldr6lJ1Jfl8;6l1>Cb 6 mol.

(e) Glwrrd:>s:t> c91WId;Cb6Tfl6dr 6T6i1Ur6OOfl8;6l1>Cb 12 L.

(d) Glwrr $i>(lj cy>6I)8;emJ)JlCb6Tfl6lir sr 6lIdr 6IJ1JfIci;6l1>Cb L.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

91

an..i>DI - 1 an.'oDi 2
&..m£DI 1, 2 erf', ~~m~ c;U161T5c!DlD ndro. 1 ~lD QjlQI)L
A..dmJ 1, 2 erf1, ~~ ~MtD &~ nd6'i> 2 ~lD c;U1Q1)L
&..m£DI 1 6'.r, 2 U'QI)!:Q murro 3 ~lD c;U1Q1)L
&..m£DI 1 U'QI)!:p, 2 erf' n6llf1ro 4 ~lD c;U1Q1)L
&..m£DI 1,·2 U'QI)!:p ndro 5 ~lD c;U1611)L (41) CFLfij6lJ)fb ~dxvC86llfr .!)/1:f!cixt;C86l1rr (JPI!}LUrr s:DI.

(42) ~fJ CFrrLU61H fij s:l}rr ci; dlfij ¢/6Iir C8urr s:DI CFC£¢/ wrrJiJJDw Jfi/dlWc£l6lirJDs:DI.

NaCl (aq) + AgN03(aq) 6T~s:nrr~6\1 fbrr c£c£ldl6lfl6lir ¢/6OOf16l[ CFW61Ir, 6l516lJ)6TT6lj dl6lfl61H s:f;/6lJl5I6l[ 6T61H Ulf)C8CFrrs:l}6lJ)61H (JP6lf)JD LUrr6U Jfi/lD16l16Urrw.

~fJ CFrrLU61Hfij s:l}rr ~61H C8urr s:DI i}6lJl5I6l[ wrrJiJJDw Jfi/dlWc£l6lirJDs:DI.

(43) 1 g fjL cf1CF§l[)JL 6Iir C8CF(f!jW GlCFL1L5I6lirfj(f!j c!p6Udl d:J ¢/6Iir @JJ51d:J s:l} ¢/6I1Df1 C8 611

¢l6l1Df16lJdl6'ir 6TU Glurr@s:DIwfj(f!j ~ ~~ ~61H

wrrJJ51615l ~@w. C8CF([!jW.

(44) (NH4)2 C03 mu ULU6lirU(Bfij¢/ CO2 ~61H @6Ufr cixt;61H6l16TT6lJ)6l1)'b ~6lJl5ILU 6UrrW.

(45) ms:l} fJ CF 6IJf16dr c!p6Uci; crnJD JJ)I J616lJ) JD ~6lf(1f6TT6l1rrdl 2 ~@w.

(46) s.t.p ~6U 6TJi;s:l}U Us:l}rrfrd:Jfbfij¢/6dr fj(f!j C!P§lJJW 22.4 dm' m .!)/6lJ)LC£@W.

(47), s.t.p ~6iJ Lg CO ~W l g N2 ~w CfI.D C661H6lI6TT611l6lJd> Gld;rr~

(NH4)2 C03Ii1rf16lJ)dlLU6lJ)LJi;s:DI CO2 mci; GlCbrr(Bci;@w.

fj(f!j @6bms:B.JCF6Ilf16iJ~fJ6IiR(B ~ ~6IJ71r(B.

fj (f!j @6iJ 6T Ji, s:l} U U s:l} rr fr d:J s:l} (JP W CF If 6T6IJ71r6lJl5lffi6lJJC6LUrr61H ~c£6lJJC6dl6lJ)6TTci, Gldlrr 6lJ6r1!}(f!jc£@W.

N2, CO 6T61HU61H fffJ§il!Dl 6llrrlLlci;dl6Tr.

(48) fjC8fJ Gl6l1UU .!)/(JPci;dl¢h¢l6iJ CFW 109 CO2, 109 Np 6T6lirU61H fjC8fJ Gl6l1UU

s:f;/6lJl5I6lJ6Tr6TT 6l1rrlLlC£dl6Tr CFW dl61H6l1 ~~ CFWdl61H6lI6TT6lJ)6lJ .!)/6lJ)LC£

6TT6lJ)6l1C£ Gldlrr6Tr@Jw. @w.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

92

(49) fj(f!j @6U dlrru6dr, fj(f!j @6U He ~6U ~ 6'ir 6TT .!)/ 6TT 6l[ .!)/ §il!Dl ci; dl 6lJ) 6TT cf,

Gldlrr6lJ71r1!}(f!jc£@w.

~C!fXi'u6T~l.J:tfrir~~~ 6T6Wr~d;,Qw-~

(50) s.t.p uJJ6iJ 1iY(f!j @6iJ 6l1rrlLl .!)/WJ ms:l}lfCF6dr c£lLLfijs:l}LL 11.2 dm' m Gldlrr6Tr@Jw.

s.t.p ~6U fj(f!j c!p6U mfbfJCF6dr (H2) 6l1rrlLl c£lLLfijs:l}LL 22.4 dm' m Gldlrr6Tr@JW.

(51) N02 6T6Iir§I[)JW .!)/§l[)JU6l15 @Jfij¢/fJdi6lJ)fbci; Gldlrr6lJ6rL 6l1rrlLl6lJ)6l1U UJiJJJ51LU CFtflLUrr61H CTnJiJlDI 6T s:DI?

(1) ~s:l}6Iir CFrrfr (Jp6Uc£CTnJiJlDIdi¢/6lJl5I6l[ 46 ~@w.

(2) ~s:DI ~6iJ/H6TT6l1rrdl Jfi/6lJ)JDUUI!} 30 ~w 6lJ)j1js:l}fJCF6lJ)611TC£ Gldlrr6liR(B6Tr6TTs:DI.

(3) fj(f!j @6U 3 @6U .!)/WJci;dl6lJ)6TTC£ Gldlrr611lH(B6Tr6TT([)I.

(4) s.t.p ~6iJ 22.4 dm! 6l1rrlLl6l5161Ir ¢/6lJl5I6lJ 46.

(5) C8wJiJanp51LU 6T6U6Urrw CFrflLUrr611T6lJ)6l1.

(52) Fe203 ~6iJ ~6Tr6TT ~(f!jwU161ir s:f;/6lJl5I6lJU U161Ir611TW lJl61Ir6l1(f!j6l1611T6l1JiJp516U 6Ts:DI6l1rr@w? [Fe =56, ° = 16]

(1) 3 x 16/56(2) 56/3 x 16(3) 3 x 16/100 (4) 56/100 (5) 2 x 56/100

(53) 1.24 g N~SP3' 5Hp ~6U L6Tr6TT Na' c!p6Udl6lfl61H 6T6IJ71r6OOf1c£6lJ)dl. (Na = 23, S = 32, ° = 16, H = 1)

(1) 1Q2 (2) 10 (3) 10.1 (4) 10.2 (5) 1Q3

(54) GlCF611T61Ir (Xe), 6UTu.ufi16lJl6U1j6U ~6Tr6TT LjC86TTTrrP§!}JL61H fj(f!j Jfi/ci:xD6U @/;Pfrtfl6iJ ~ Gl6l1UUwrrci;c£JLU C8urrs:DI ~6l51UUJDULJ6Tr6TT 6l516lJ)6TT6lJ Q GlUJDUULLl1jI. Q ~6dr 20.7 g wrr¢/tfl fj6drp516U 0.1 c!p6U Xe dlrr6lf(1fUUI!}61H Q ~6dr CFrrfij¢/LUlDrr611T@Jfij¢/fJw 6Tl1jI? (F = 19, Xe = 131)

(1) Xe2F (2) XeF2 (2) XeF4 (4) XeF6 (5) XeF7

(05) S 6T61H§l[)JW C8CFfr6lJ)6l1 C, H, ° 6T6liru6l1JD6lJ)JDci; IDL(Bw Gldlrr6lJ6rLl1jI. S ~6U dlrru6lIf/6dr Jfi/6lJ)JD6l'1s:l}W 40. fj(f!j @6U' S ~6U ~6Tr6TT dlrru6dr .!)/Wlci;dl6lfl6dr 6T6IJ71r6lJllflci;6lJ)dl 6T6dr611T? (S ~6Iir CFrrfr@6Uci;anJDJJ)lfij ¢/6IJllfI6lJ =60, C = 12)

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 (5) 6Tl1jI6lJW6U6U.

(S6) M 6r 6Iir 2!DJ W l!P6I)Cb siJ ¢161ir 6lJff lL./p3J61J>6I) &? s2J 61J> [full L (j3 ~ 6Iir p5161ir 50 e m3 Gl6lJ U U Wff d;c51UJ C8Uff ~ r51rfl61J>CbUJ61J>LJf,~ l!P6I)Cb~61J>S:VlL./W, 100 ern' H2 61J>6lJlL./w <!9IC8s:v Gl6lJUU <!9Icy>ci;Cb~¢16U GlCbff(j3~s2J~. ~([!j l!P6I)d;CTnJl)l M {j6lir WS:Vtm[fLIl}6i:J 6r~S:V61J>6lJT &?s2J[f8'6Iir <!9I~d;Cb6Tr fL6l1Ur(j3?

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 (S) S

r:r 17, 18 ~afuJ 6lT6Isrrrd;a;ed;~rtw~.

X 6r6lir2!DJw u6Jf1r6J@ ~6Iir.aJl6lir @J(b{l31[fw (NH4)2 Fe(S04)2 . 6Hp .~@jw. (N = 14, H = 1, Fe = 56, S = 32. ° = 16)

(S7) {juu6Jf1r6Jc516iJ @61J>JDJbS:V6IT6lJ 6f1?Jj p3J61J>JDILILUJ (!p6I)CbW 6r~?

(1) N (2) H (3) Fe (4) S (S) 0

(S8) 6rW(!P6I)Cb <!9I§!1DJd;Cb6Tr {juu6Jf1r6Jc516U <!9Is:t1Cb <!9I6IT6l5I6U Cbff6lJlJl'UU(j3W?

(1) N (2) H (3) Fe (4) S (S) °

(S9) lg fL(861)ffCbWM {j6liT~L61J)8'Uq.6iJ{j([!jJh:bJ3.7 g 61J>~C8[f;iJ6lnJDdjs2JUJffrflcix66urw.

M {j6lir @C861Tff61J>[fLIl}6lir 8'ff.l!P.CTn.s:t16OOf16lJ 9S, (jw l!P6I)Cbd;@C861Tff61J>[fLIl}6liT 8'ff~UJWff6lJT @J~{l31[fw.

(1) MCI(2) M2CI2 (3) MCI2 (4) M2CI (5) MCI3

(60) X 6r6lir2!DJw (!p6l)Cbsi>¢161ir <!9I§!1DJGl6lJff6lirp5161ir s:t16OOf16lJ 1.99 x 10023 g. X 6r6lir®lw (!p6UCbW r516lir6ll([!j6lJ6lJT6lJJb.aJl6U sr ~6lJff Cb (j([!jd;Cb6UffW?

(1) Na (2) Mg (3) S (4) K (5) 6r~6lJW6U6I).

BASIC CHEMISTRY

94

(01)

l!P6I)fr{l31JD6Iir (mol dm") 6r6liTu~,

(1) 1 dm' Cb61J>[fUUff61Jf)§l)I6Tr6IT Cb61J>[fUJ l!P6iJCb6Jf16lir et 61J6r6lRlfld;61J>Cb;

(2) 1 kg Cb61J>[fUUff61Jf)6iJ fL6Tr6IT Cb61J>[fUJ l!P6UCb6Jf16lir 6r6lJ6r6OOfld;61J>Cb.

(3) 1 dm' Cb61J>[f 8'61516iJ fL 6Tr6IT l!P6i:J 6r6lJ6r6OOfld;61J>Cb.

(4) 1 dm! Cb61J>[f8'6I5I6i:J fL6Tr6IT Cb61J>[fUJ l!P6I)d;CTnJl)lCb6Jf161ir 6r61J6r6OOfld;61J>Cb.

(S) C8WJbCTn.aJlUJ sr ~6lJw <!916iJ6U.

34.2 g Cb([!jri:tJ ~(CI2~P II) 200em3 JMl6liT Cb6IDIJ c!ixl;WL(j3 Cb6IDIJ CJ'6fJ6liT Cb6lJT6ll6IT6lJ 1 dm' d;@ &?s2Jff d;CDUULL~. {jd;CD61J>[f 8'61516i:J Gl6ll6iJ6us2;{l316liT Gl8'.aJl6lJ mol dm? (j6i:J

6r~?(C = 12, H = 1. ° = 16)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

~ (5) 200

0.1

0.1

0.5

200

(03)

0.4 (!p6U @@Jd;C8Cbff61J>8' 1 dm' JG'ff d;Cb61J>[f 8'6iJ fiY6liT.b!JI GlCbff61J6r(j36Tr6IT~. {jd; Cb61J>[f 8'6I5I6Iir 25 m' Gl8'W 61J>WUJff Cb <!9I6IT Jf, Gls:v (j3 siJ ~ Cb ffW.jo cf1 6ll1l} siJs:v JGfr C88'fr siJ ~ Cb61J>!J8'6I5I6liT d>6lJT6lI6IT6lJ 0.25 dm' ~Cb (8s2Jffd;CDUULLff6i:J 6l'i/61J)6JT6lJd; Cb61J>[f8'61516liT Gl8'.aJl6lJ 6r~ (mol dm") (j6i:J,

(1) 0.4 (2) 4 (3) 0.1 (4) 0.01 (S) 0.04

(04)

10 em' GlWs:v(86lJTff61J>6I) (CHPH) 90 em' Jffir GlCbff6l1UrCB6Tr6IT~· ~Jbp3JUJbs2J61J>6lJT u11~ CH OH {j6liT <!9ILfr(b{l31 0.8 g ern? 6r6lJT6lJw, {jd;Cb61J>[f8'6i:J ~6UL.1lUJWff6lJT~ 6r6lJT6lJW

3 .

Cb([!j{l31 GlWs:vC86lJTff6l5l6lir C!P6Ufr.joGl8'p5161J>6lJd; Cb6OOflci;Cb. (C = 12. H.= 1)

(1) 0.25 (2) . 0.8 M (3) 25/9 M (4) 2.5 M (S) 0.25 M 90/18

(OS) 8 mol drn", 50 em' HCI Cb61J>[f 8'§l)Iw 2 mol dm", 50 em' HCI Cb61J>[fC1'§l)IW Cb6l)d;CbUUL(j3

6l'i/61J>6IT6lJd; Cb61J>[f 8'§l)Id;@ CbfftiJ&cf1 6ll1l}(bs2J JG'ff C88'fr (b~ Cb61J>!J C1'61516liT Cb6lJT6lJ6IT6lJ 0.5 m3 ~Cb WS:Vffd;CbUuLLff6i:J 6l'i/61J>6ITILIW Cb61J>[f8'6l5lDiJ HCI ~6liT Gl8'.aJl6lJ mol dm? j6i:J 6r~?

(1) 2

(2)

(3)

(4)

10

(S)

6

1

S

(06) 0.1 mol dm? 100 em' JC!JJbJD Na2C03 Cb61J>[f8'61J>6I)(b s2JUJffrfld;Cb(b C8s2J61J>6lJUJff6lJTJC!JJbJD N~C03 {j6lir p3J61J>JD g ~6U 6r~?

(1) 1.06 (2) 2.12 (3) 4.24 (4) 8.48 (S) 10.6

BASIC CHEMISTRY.

95

(07) 250C@EiU 18 g @@ei;(8d)rr6lJ)Cf(C6H,P6) 100 g!Gfr Qd)rr6lJ6r(B6Tr6TT0I. 10 g s:5)6ll1irwei; Cf>6I1X]iurr61H (8~6lirn;uW 6l.I6lnIJ @ciXf>6!J)JCF6b@fffi1[JoflLiuLLrr6iJofl6lJ>6l1lLflbd)6lJ)[JCT666in c!p6UfriFQCfp516lJ mol dm? @6i:J 6T66r6l1f? (C = 12, H = 1, 0=10).

(1) 1 (2) 10/9 (3) 0/10 (4) 0.1

(5) d)6lJOfIUU)7jJD@s:f; )7j[J6lJd)6Tr (8urr)7jrr 01.

(OS) 0.1 mol dm", 250em3 d)6lJ)[JCF6b(j)/6fnJfj6b~6ir6TT d)6/Jl[Jl1JC!Jl6ixt;6lT16lir6T6l1I1r6miiI~ 6T0I?

(1) 0.002 (2) 0.025 (3) 0.40 (4) 0.50 (5) 1.00

(09) 2 mol dm", 250em3 d)6lJ)[J Cf6U (jjI66rp5166r QCf.a516lJ 0.5 mol dm? ~@W6H6l1>[J m)7jrr ci:xt1611TrrtN d)6lJ)[JCf6l96lir Qwrrs:f;)7jei; d)6l1f6lJ6TT6lJ dm' @EiU 6T0I?

(1) 0.002 (2) 0.02 (3) 0040 (4) 0.50 (5) 1.00

(10)

2.48 g Cr2(S04)3' 6Hp JGrflEiU d)6lJ)[Jei;d)UuL(B d)6lJ)[JCf6l5l66r d)6l1f6lJ6TT6lJ 100em3 ~d) ms:vrrei;d)UULL0I. d)6lJ)[JCf6l5l6i:J ~6Tr6TT S04-- ~w66rd)6lT166r QCfp516lJ mol drrr' @EiU [Cr2(S04)3 = 388, HzO = 18]

(1) 0.0167 (2) 0.05 (3) 0.40 (4) 0.15 (5) 0.2

(11) 5.85 g NaCI JGrflEiU d)6lJ)[Jei;d)UUL(B d)6lJ)[JCf6l5l6dr d)6l1f6lJ6TT6lJ 1 dm3 ~ei;d)UULL0I. d)6lJ)[JCf6l5lEiU fL6Tr6TT NaCI @66r QCfp516lJ mol dm? @EiU 6T0I?

(1) 0 (2) 0.1 (3) 0.01 (4) 0.2 (5) 5.S5

(12) 2.0 g CaBr2 m 1000 ern' JGfr ei;d)6lJ)[J CfEiU Qd)rr6i1Ur(B6Tr6TT0I. d)6lJ)[J6l5I§))I6Tr6TT d)6lJ)fJUls:f; 0161JlJflei;6lJ)d)d)6lT166r 6T6ll1ir6lJlJflei;6lJ)d). (Ca = 40, Br = 80)

(1) 10-2 (2) 6 x 10-2' (3) 10-2 x 3

mol

(4) 2

(5) 10-2 mol

(13) 0.95 g MgCI2 mei; Qd)rr6lJlirL 100 em' JGfrd;d)6lJ)[JCf6l5lEiU ~6Tr6TT Qwrrsft,)7j ~w6lir QCfp516lJ mol dm? @EiU 6T0I? (Ca = 40, Br = 80)

(1) 10-2 (2) 3 x 10-4 (3) 0.1 (4) 0.3 (5) 3

(14) 25°C @EiU 0.1 mol Q6lJEiU6Us:f;6lJ)S:V 100 em' d)6lJ)[JCfEiU (j)/6drJDl Qd)rr6l1dr(B6Tr6TT0I. @ei; d)6lJ)[J Cf6l5l6lir Q6lJuupJl6lJ)6I)6lJ)W 20°C d>@ @6If/fJiF QCfIilLL/w (8urr (ljI,

(1) d)6lJ)fJCf6l5lEiU ~6Tr6TT Q6lJEiU6Ud;s:5)6lir ~6TT6lJ wrrJDrr0l.

(2) d)6lJ)[JCf6l5l6lir ~Lfrd;b!;1 CTn(BW.

BASIC CHEMISTRY 96

•

(3) d)6lJ)fJCf6l5lEiU Q6lJEiU6Ud;s:5)66r QCfp516lJ 1 mol dm? @~w CTn(BW.

(4) d)6lJ)fJ Cf6l5l6dr s:6I61fOf16lJ wrrJDrr 01·

(5) (8WJDCTnp51W 6TEiU6Urrw Cfrflwrr6l1f6lJ)6lJ.

(15) X 6T 66r §IDJW d)6lJ)[Jws:h s:5)6dr 1 g JGrflEiU d)6lJ)[J ei; d)U U L (B d) 6lJ)[J Cf6l5l66r d) 6l1f6lJ6TT6lJ 250 em! ~ei;d)UULL(8urr01 d)6lJ)fJCf6l5l66r QCfp516lJ 0.025 mol drrr' ~uJ166r d)6lJ)[Jw

-s:hs:5)66r c!p6Ufrsft,s:5)6l1af16lJ 6T0I?

(1) 160 (2) SO (3) 40 (4) 90 (5) 125

16) 5_55 g CaCl2 ~W, 5.85 g NaCI ~W Qd)rr6lllHL d)6I)6lJ)6lJ (j)/66rJDl JGrflEiU d)'6lJ)[Jd;d)U UL(B d)6lJ)[JCf6l5l6lir d)6l1f6lJ6TT6lJ 250 em' ~ei;d)UULL$l)J. @ei; d)6lJ)[JCf6l5lEiU ~6Tr6TT CI- ~w66r QCfp516lJ mol dm? @1iU 6T6lir6l1f? (Ca = 40, Na = 23, CI = 35.5)

(1) 0.05 (2) 0.10 (3) 0.20 (4) 0040 (5) O.S

(17)

@@c.6c8d)rr6Yi.J (C6H,P6) JGfrd;d)6lJ)[JCf6i:J 'fY66rp5166r @@ei;(8d)rrcf166r c!p6i:JUl61H6l1fw om5 ~uJ166r, @ei; d)6lJ)fJCf6l5lEiU @@ei;(8d)rrcf161H (W/W) ofJ{ljiF QCfp516lJ 6T66r6l1f?

(C = 12, H = 1, ° = 16)

(1) 20.4 (2) 25.0 (3) 30.6 (4) 32.S (5) 40.S

(IR) 0_6 @EiU HCI mei; Qd)rr6i1UrL 2 drn? JGfrc6d)6lJ)[JCf6U P LL/w, 0.6 c!p6i:J KZS04

mtb Qcc,rr6lJlir L 2 dm? p:f'rt cj, d)6lJ)[J Cf6U Q ~W )7jwrrn'lcj, cc,u UL L 6lJf.

{J ID 6> ti11f f1I6TT 611

P BllllW. Q tBLL/W cc,6UUU)7j66r c!p6UW QUJDuu(Bw cc,6lJ)[JCf6OlEiU ~6Tr6TT K+ ~w6dr

a.crfl6lfr QCfp516lJ mol dm? (jEiU,

(I) 0.30 (2) 0045 (3) 0.6 (4) 0.75 (5) 0.9

(10) 4D 1"1\3 NoOl-I JCrfI6U d)6lJ)fJc6cc,uuL(B d)6lJ)[JCf6l5l66r d)6l1f6lJ6TT6lJ 50em] ei;@ ms:vrrei; &UULL.~- (jci;d)6lJ)[JCfEiU uJDp51w Cfrflwrr6l1f CTnJDJDl 6T$l)J? (Na = 23, ° = 16, H = 1)

(I) t7111ln[JCf6l5lEiU 1 u5lEiU6l5I c!p6i:J NaOH d)6lJ)'Jd;cc,UULL$l)J.

(2) t'llfIIIJ!J",6I5I6i:J to-3 mol NaOH ~6ll1ir(B.

(.') fo'ft1ll)(Ja6U1EiU NaOH @66r QCfp516lJ y,iFcf1ww.

(") 1II1II)11,,,6I5I11iJ OR" ~w66r Qcf16lJ 0_02 mol dm".

(!) ('"1/I,..",/OIw 6TEiU6Urrw Cfrflwrr6l1f6lJ)6lJ.

(20) n,lKH 11111111111' lIel .._-9/u5l6l)d> cc,6lJ)fJCf6l5l1iU ~6Tr6TT H~66r GlCfp516lJ mol dm? @EiU,

(I) 10,1 (2) (JODI (3) 0.001 (4) 0.001 x 100

1000 36.5 36_5

,,) mftlKJfld><'h (fjJUIUJrr(bJ.

97

IASIC CHEMISTRY

(21) 2mol dm? KOH co6lJ>!Ja'ro6dr 200 em! ~W 3 mol dm? KOH co6lJ>!Ja'ro6lir 300 em' fLW co6IJJf,gj1 GlUjDUULL co6lJ>!Ja'ro6iJ ~(;jTtm OR ~w6dr Gla'JDl6lJ mol dm·3~6iJ.

(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1.5 (4) 2.6 (5) I

(22) 0.1 mol dm? Gla'JDl6lJ(;jT6TT K2S04 co6lJ>!Ja'ro6dr 25 em" ~6iJ fLm6JT K+ <:9Iw6drco6rfl6dr 6T1ilRk6l11Jf/d;6lJ>co. (o:9I6lJcorr ~CZ!Jrr 6T IilRk L).

(1) 5 X 10.3 (2) 2.5 x 10.3 (3) 5 x 10.3 L

(4) 0.1 L (5) 0.1

(23) 6tBwrrurr!Jfhgjl6lJ>jD a'6iJwf/d;cou516lJfhsf;!6dr Jfil6lJ>jD JUJbJJ)16'1J)TJffGla'JDl6lJ 98. o:9ILfrfh(h1 1.84 g cm-', ~ff a'6iJ£:l,tfld;cou516\)d;(h16dr c!p6\)fr Gla'JDl6lJ mol dm? ~6iJ (H = I, S = 32, 0= 16)

(1) 20 (2) 10 (3) 18.4 (4) 36.8 (5) 9.2

(24) Gla'JDlJf,)TJ HCI <:9Iu5I6IJd; co6lJ>!Ja'6iJ ~6drJDI6dr Jfil6lJ>JD oDI)TJb' Gla'JDl6lJ 36.5 ~co6lJW ~L fr si;J sf;! 1 0/9 g em' ~ co6lJW ~(fJji.J1j)6dr I1iJ cbco6lJ>!J a'6iJ uJbJI51w a'tflwrr co CfnJbJJ)l 6TgjI? (H = I, CI = 35.5)

(1) 100 g co6lJ>!Ja'roEiU 1 c!pEiU HCI ~1ilRk(B.

(2) 100 g co6lJ>!J a'ro6dr co6l1T6lJ6JT6lJ 0.09 dm',

(3) co6lJ>!Ja'ro6iJ HCI ~6dr c!p6IJfrb'Gl5JI516lJ ~1ilRk6l1lH6JT6lJrrco n M.

(4) ~d; co6lJ>!Ja'6iJ 6lJ6rflu5IEiU BwrfiIco6lJ>6JT 6JJbu(Bfhgjlw.

(5) CZWJbCfnJDIW 6T6iJ6IJrrW mf1wrr6l1T6lJ>6lJ.

(25) wrr6l1lH6lJ6dr ~(fJj6lJ6l1Trr6iJ 4.0 g NaOH, 11iJ!Ja'rrw6l1Tfh )TJ!JrrCJT ~6dr6lJ>jDU uw6dru(Bfh(h1 urrLa'rr6lJ>6IJ ~tiJ6lJCfnLd;sf;!6iJ JfilJJ)1fhGl~(Bfhgjl 6lJ6JT6lJ>wwrr6l1T (!p6lJ>jDUUI!J JGtfl6iJ co6lJ>!J ~ co6lJ>!J CJ'61516dr co6l1T6lJ6JT6lJ 250 em' ci>@cb Glcorr6IJ6r(B6lJ!JuuLLgjI. wrr61Jl1T6lJ6dr )TJ@(h1 fLm6JT Gla'tiJ(!p6lJ>jDwrr6JT6M 6T6l1Tcbco®sf;! ~d; co6lJ>!Ja'ro6dr Gla'p5I6lJ NaOH a'rrfrurrco mol dm311iJ6iJ 6Tgjl6lJfrcol1iJ®d;a;6IJrrw 6T6l1Tcb CfniJ)1co. (Na = 23, 0 = 16, H = l '

(.(,) 0.4 (2) 0.8 (3) 0.1 (4) 0.2 (5) :; 0.4

~

(~6)~ 46% ry.//W) 6T)TJCZ6l1Trr6lJ>6IJcb GlcorrlilRkL 6T)TJCZ6l1Trr6iJ, JGfrcbco6lJ>!Ja'ro6O JGtfl6dr ey>6iJ

Ul6dr6lJTW 6T6dr6lJT? (C = 12,0 = 16, H = 1)

(1)".L (2) 46 (3) 3

4 100 4

(4)

100

54 46

46

(5)

.BASIC CHEMISTRY

OQ

(27) 011 III "Isn" ®1Idr rrflfIl)lDfiD~b' Gla'JDl6lJ 98. ~Lfrd;sf;!I.85 kg dm·311iJ6iJ6lJu5I6IJd;sf;!6dr II/MIMI (t.MII)/bll6l!)6lI (em) I dm' &?s:orrd;$l6lJTrr6iJ 0.1 mol dm' Gla'pjl6lJm6JT co6lJ>!Ja'6iJ CullljUl'" 1031/1"

(I) '.0 (2) 5.40 (3) 2.8 (4) 2.7 (5) 10

(2R) 2~ Il Nil, ,on,'.I; Gl~J)fr6l1lirL 100 g flfrrd; co6lJ>!Ja'6iJ ~6drp516dr o:9ILfrfhs61 0.98 g em·311iJcf, ,'I",nl!1 ,'I ",>I"rir 6r61ir6l1T co6l1T6lJ6JT6lJ)6lJ 1 dm! &?s:b )TJrrd;@W CZurrgjl o:9IIilRk61Jl1T6JT6lJrr6lJT I,~'II) (y)f)v(r NH3 co6lJ>!Ja'6iJ GluJDuu(Bw (em') ~6u,

(I) 127.5 (2) 104.16 (3) 102.04

(4) 62.39 (5) 85

21J) 9.8 em' urr@g5I6lJ>6\) H3P04 o:9Iu5161J5'hs61ro(fJjJf,gj1 ~cod;CfnI!JW 1 mol dm? H3P04 d!>6I1>!J a'6\96dr dj6l1T6lJ6fT6lJ em' ~6iJ wrr gjI? urr@g5I6lJ>6IJ H3PO 4 ~u5I6IJfhs616dr o:9ILfrM 1.9 kg drn? (H3P04 = 98)

(I) 190 (2) 18.62 (3) 0.19 (4) 76 em'

(.~) c!&6I1Df1d;cosi;J )TJ!J6lJ CZurr~rrgjl.

(.10) 40 em' a,6l1T6lJ6fT6lJm6fT 0.1 mol drn? NaOH dj6lJ)!Ja'~L6dr 10 em' co6lJT6lJ6fT6lJm6fT 0.4 ~ III () I d m 3 H N 03 co 6lJ>!J a' 60 co 6IJ Jf, gjI ~61ir JJ)I CZ ffI'r d; co U u L L rr 6iJ 6lll6lJ> 6fT 6lJ d; (J)6l!)U cr6l5l6i.> fLm6fT W ~W6M Gla'p5I6lJ mol dm" ~6iJ 6TgjI?

(0 10') (2) 10.2 (3) 10.3 (4) 10.4 (5) lO's

~~IJ)I",a;j) 51!J)i.IJJW.
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5)
II. b b,c c,d d,a ClQJ(I)I
~d'N BIfIGlwd'6il BIfIGlwtitlflro ",rf'(;lwd'ro ClBirLDlTmrLb <11) ,~'61/(J}lr s:n(Jrrfm516dr Glcorrm6l1>dj uJbJDIw a'tflwrr6lJT co(fJjd;gjIl dj(fJjs1j(bld;com.

(0) s.t.p il6iJ 5Wdj6l1T6lJ6fT6lJ H2 fLW S02 ~W 5W 6T6lRir6lRJf1d;6I1>dj cy>6IJd; CfnJ1)Jd;6I1>6fT cb GlcorrlilRkl!J(fJjcb@w.

(b) s. t. P ~ 6iJ ~(fJj dj6lJT6lJ6fT 6lJ CH 4 ~ W 2 co6lJT 6lJ6fT 6lJ H2 fL W ato 6T 1ilRk6l11Jf/d; 6I1>cowrr6lJT ms:D!J a'6dr o:9IWJd;dj6lJ>6fT cb GlcorrlilRkl!J(fJjc£@w.

(e) s. t. P ,® 6iJ 5 W dj 6lJT 6lJ 6fT 6lJ CO 6lJ W C H 4 a, W a' W 6T IilRk 6lRJf1 d; 6lJ> co w rrQJ1 corru6dr o:9I§!l!DJd;co 6lJ>6fT d; Glcorr 6Wr1!J(fJjcb@W.

(d) s. t.p ,®6iJ ~(fJj cy>6iJ 6TJi, s:D 6lJrrUj o:9I§!l!DJ6lJw cilL Ld;~L L 11.2 m3 tIl .!)I6lJ>L d;@W.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

99

(32) 11.1 g CaCI2 1100 em" pfiTffiCb6U>[TCF6U GlCb/T61J1ir(B6ir6TTslJ/. ~ffiCb6U>[TCF6U UJDJD1UJ CfIflUJ/T6lJT ernJbJ1)ldxb6Tr 6TslJ/ / 6T6/OOJ? ~/Tl:lj(8[T/T 6T6Wr L ~@w. (Ca = 40, CI = 35.3 )

(a) Ca" GlCFp5/6lJ 1 mol dm? (b) AI' GlCFp5/6lJ 2 mol dm?

(e) Cb6U>[TUJ{b slJ/6l1OfJd;6U>CbCb6Tfl66r 6T 61J1ir6i1OfJffi6U>Cb 3 L.

(d) CaCI2 GlCFp5/61J 1 mol dnr',

(33) 35 °C ~6U 46 g 6Ts:b(86lJT/T6U>6IJ (CH3CHPH)·. 54 g pfiT GlCb/T61J1ir(B6ir6TTslJ/.

~ d;Cb 6U>[T CF6lJ u.6Jp5/UJ mflUJ/T 6lJT ern.6JJ1)l / crn.6JJDlffiCb6Tr 6T slJ/ / 6T 6U>6lJ? (C = 12. H = 1.

0= 16)

(a) 6Ts:b(86lJT/T6l5166r GlCFp5/61J 46% (WN) ~@w.

(b) 6T¢D(86lJT/T6l5166r (!p6lJuUl66r6lJTW 114 ~@W.

(e) 6Ts:b(86lJT/T6l5166r GlCFp5/61J 46% (WIW) ~@w.

(d) 6Ts:b(86lJT/T6l5166r (!p6IJir5GlCFp5/6lJ 1M ~@w.

(34)

~([!j Cb6U>[T CF6l516lJ fL6Tr6TT Cb6lJ)[TUJW ~Plirp5/66r GlCFp5/6lJ u.6Jp5/UJ crnJiJJDlffiCb6Tfl6U 6TslJ/ / 6T6IJ)6lJ CFrflUJ/T6lJT6IJ)6lJ?

(a) ~d;Cb6U>[TCFliJJlffi@ (86l1J1)l ~([!j Cb6U>[TUJ{b6U>¢Dffi GlCb/T6WrL Cb6U>[TCF6U>6IJ5 (8CFiT d;@W(8U/TslJ/ @6U>/DUJw.

(b) ~slJ/ Cb6U>[TCF6l5166r Cb6lJT6lI6TT61Jd;@ (8!DirW/TJDI tj}j)ci)¢D CFW6lJT/T@W.

(e ) ~slJ/ Cb6lJT 6lI6TT61Jd;@{b Gls:brfl Jl;¢D Cb6lJ)[T CF6U ~66rp5/6lJ fL6Tr6TT Cb6U>[TUJd;~66r (!p6U <9I6TT6lJ/T@W.

(d) (86lJJDI ~([!j s:bI6lJMwCbd; Cb6U>[TUJ{b6U>¢D5 (8CFir ci>@w (8U/T slJ/ GlCFp5/tj}j)6i:J W/TibJDw ~6U6U>6tJ 6T 6lJT6IJ/TW.

(35)

JMI6i:> U/66r6U1Jjlb 6Ti.u¢D/Tir~6l1l66r ~ @6i.JCb6U>[Tci>Cbi.u(Bw (8U/TslJ/8W 6T6lJlirrxJlIi1d; 6U>CbUJ/T 6lJT Cb6U>[TUJd; slJ/6i1OfJ d;6U>CbCb6Tr Cb/T 6l1IJTuu(Bw ?

(a) Ba(N03)a (b) CaCla (e) ~S04 (d) NRaC03

(36) Ul66r6lJ([!jw 6TffiCb6U>[TCF6UCb6Tr CFWW/T6lJT K+ GlCFp5/6U>6lJffi GlCb/T6Wrlq.([!jffi@w? (~6iJGl6ll/T([!j CFJi;¢Diruud;~liJJlw CFWCb6lJT6lJ6TT61J 1 mol.dm? Cb6IJffiCbUUL(B6Tr6TT6lJT)

(a) 1M ~C03 + 1M KN03 (b) 1M KaC03+ 1M K2S04

(e) 1M KN03+ 1M KBr (d) 1M K2P04+ 1M NaCI

(37) X 6T tidr ~ W ~6U>[TUJ W pfrfl 6U Cb6U>[JUJ ffi ern lq. UJ slJ/. X pfrfl6U 6T slJ/6l51 s:b WIT JiJ /DC!Pw <9I6IJ) L 6lI¢16U 6U>6IJ. X ~ 66r (!p. ern.JI5l 180. 25°C, X ~ 66r 0.1 l!P6IJ6U fB6lJ)[T Cftil5/66r <9IL ir {b~ 1. 028 gem". ~ ffiCb6U>[T CF6U uJiJJD1UJ CFrflUJ/T 6lJT crnJiJJIJ1 / ernJiJJDlffiCb6Tr 6T slJ/ / 6T 6U>6lJ?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

100

(a) (b) (e) (d)

10.18 g Cb6U>[JCF6U 0.1 (!p6U X mffi GlCb/T61J1irlq.([!jffi@w.

0.1 l!P6U X mffi GlCb/T6lllHL Cb6U>[T CF6l5166r Cb6lJT6lJ6TT61J 10 18/1.028 ern', Cb6U>[JCF6l51tidr 1018 g ~6U 6.023 x 1022 ~6ImfJd;6U>CbCb6Tr fL61Jlir(B.

0.1 (!p6U X mffi GlCb/T6lllHL Cb6U>[T CF6l5166r Cb6lJT6lI6TT61J CFrflUJ/T Cb 1 dm',

(38) M 6T 6dr §/J,)JlD U s:b /T iT i!b sTJ d; ¢l66r (!p6IJffi ernJiJ J1)ld; ¢l6®fl61J 180. M pfrfl6U Cb 6U>[J UJ W.

M pfrfl6iJ 6TslJ/6l51¢D W/TJD/DC!Pw <9I6IJ)L6lI¢l6U6U>6IJ. 25 °C ~6iJ 35% (W/V) mffi GlCb/T6lllHL Cb6U>[JCF6l5166r <9ILirs:bs:t9 1.25 g em', ~d;Cb6U>[TCF6U u.6Jp5/UJ CFrflUJ/T6lJT ern.6JJIJ1 / qnJiJiDlci;Cb6Tr 6T~ / 6T6U>6lJ?

(a) 0.1 dm' $6U>[J CF6l5166r s:t961mfJ61J 125 g.

(b) M ~66r GlCFp5/61J 2 mol dm?:

(e) M ~tidr GlCFp5/61J 2.24 mol kg:'.

(d) M ~tidr GlCFp5/61J 28.8% (WIW).

25 °C ~6U 6T¢D(86lJT/T6U (CH3CHPH) IfffrffiCb6lJ)[JCF6U ~tidrp5/6U pfrfltidr (!p6UU Ul66r6lJTW 3/ 4. ~ ffiCb6U>[J CF6U ~6tJL cf1UJw/T 6lJT slJ/ 6T 6lJT ffiCb([!j!'hl [§jffiCb6lJ)[J CF6U u.6Jp5/UJ CFrflUJ/T 6lJT ernJiJJDl6TslJ/ / 6T6U>6lI?C = 12. ° = 16. H = 1).

(a) 6Tj2j(86lJT/T6l51tidrGlCFp5/61J 46% (WIW) ~@w.

(b) 6Ts:b(86lJT/T6l5166r GlCFp5/61J 46% (WN) ~@w.

(e) 6Ts:b(86lJT/T6l5166r (!p6tJ5GlCFp5/61J 10.

(d) 6Ts:b(86lJT/T6l5166r (!p6IJ6UGlCFp5/6lJ ·18.5.

(39)

(40)

U16dr6lJ([!jw 6T6iJ6lIu5'/6IJi!bs:t966r ~([!j (!p6U>6IJ ldm' $6U>[J CF6lJ GlCbrr61Jlirlq.([!jd;@W(8U/TslJ/ c!fW<9I6TT6lJ H+ <9IUJ66r GlCFp5/6lJCb6U>6TT ffi GlCb/T61Jlirlq.([!jffi@w?

(II) CH3COOH (b) HCI (e) HN03 (d) H2S04

&1 - 50 6lIQD1J1Ij1D1T6UJ 6lf6UJITi.a;ei.a;IT6UJ ~~ooi;,§;_a, Bi~i.a;w.

an.j)m - 1 an.J>1J)I 2
~d:JQ)I 1. 2 erf1. ~@$~ 6U'm55LD fl6tlf'N. 1 ~LD 6U''1»L..
A.dmI 1, 2 c!Rf'. ~ Q1mMLb &~ flaiN 2 ~LD 6U''1»L..
..mQ)l 1 err, ,2 U''1»!Q fld'N 3 ~LD 6U''1»L..
~Q)I 1 U''1»y,_>, 2 erf1 fl6tIf'N 4 ~L.b 6U''1»L..
~ 1, 2 U''1»y,_> mOrN 5 ~LD 6U''1»L.. (41) 1 mol dm·3 <9ICFJiJp5/ci;cnu5'/~66r Cb 6lJ)[T c!f6l5l6U a, 6ir 6TT H + <9IUJ66r GlCFJJ516l1 I mol drrr' ~@w.

ASIC CHEMISTRY

101

(42) ~6TIJ6lTra'rrv~6lJ Cb6a>6IT$b 0l6OOf16l1~6U CI2 }13lUJww 016 }13lUJwd;s:t9§ww 6l51([!jwuuuCB cfil6lirJD{fJJ •

(43) NaCI Cb6a>IJa'6U ~6lTrJJ)Jd;@ ~6OOrw KCI (Ea'frcfi@w(Eurr01 Na+~6Iir Gla'Jl5I6lJ wrrJDrr01.

(44) ~ CbfrLJ(jljr ~6lTr s:t96l1l1i16f16OT 6lIrf16a>a' 1021 ~@W.

(45) fbJD Cbrr6Us:6 ¢1tiU CI2 pflUJww a'rrlJW1$b~6OOf16lJ <!)/6IT6i1Ll!}.tN uUJ6lTru(B$b{Duu(Bw.

(46) M g ~ 6lJi' a' rr IJ §f!JDJ s:6 ¢161J11f) 6lJ cfilLqi;{D(_L 24 ~@w.

. (47) CI2 m }13lUJwwrrCbu uUJ6lTruCBd;~ . ~,Ji:J6IM;uJrrCb ~6ir6IT CbrrU6lJf16lTr C1ITIJSDJ~6OOf16lJ 12.015 ~@w.

(48) Cb6a>1J a'tN ~6Iir Jl5I6Iir CbtXIT 6lI6IT6lJ ~CbIfI~ Gla'j/j6lJ @6a>JDILI!b.

(49) ~c¢J~Gldirr6llL 6TtN6Urr pfrt cfi Cb6a>IJa'tNCb@lW 8IJ)6T~tXIT~ 0l6l1lJflcfi6a>CbCb6a>6IT cfi GlCbrr600rCB .0J([!jcfi@w.

(50) KNOl ~a'6i.> ~~ IJJJijJ.xr Cb6l1)lJa'6U ~6lTrJJ)Jd;@ff (Ea'frd;@w C8urr01 Cb6l1>lJC1'6&U ~6fT6JT 1JJj/iur. -6l516lTr Gla'Jl5I6lJ wrrJDrr {fJJ.

~UJJD6a>CbuJ)tN~6TT6IT ~Lcf1a'6Iir a'w{Drr6llfl Cborf161ir Cb6U6a>6lI11J~@W.

NaCI Cb6a>IJa'§Wcfi@ s:616OOrW KCI (Ea'frcfi@w (Eurr 01 N a+ ~6Iir <!)/6IT6lJ wrrJDrr s:J)I. .

6.023 X lQ21 Cbrru6Iir <!)/§IBDlcfiCborf161ir ~6l1IJfI6lJ <!)/6OOr61111r6IT6lIrrCb 12 g ~@w.

. ~Ji;J6/UJww GlU6IT~Cb ~1Ja'rrUJtXIT a'rrlJ§!&1Is:t> s:616lJl1f) 6lJCb 6'ff161ir (E 6lIJDlu rr L 6a> L (JP JDJDrr Cb $cficfilUJ01.

Cbrru6Iir <!)/@)JGl6llrr 6lTrJl5l6lir ~6I1OfI6l51§l)Jw Mg <!)/§fI!Dj Gl6ll rr 6lJi' p516lJi' ¢161J11f) 6lJ 24 w U5J@ ~@w.

@6UCbs:t>~6Iir <!)/§IBDlGl6llrr6lirJl5l6lir a'fJrra'rfls:t> s:t96l11Jf16>.J(i;@w CI2 a'UJs:ljrr6llfl ~Gl6lmxiJJfi6lTr i>16/J1J5l6l'i6lTr 1/12 ~~w ~6a>LC&u fL6TT6IT Ul6lirtXITW a'rrlJ@)Jd;~6lRJf16lJ ~@w.

Gla'Jl5I6lJ (Efbrr d;Cbd;01cfi@ (EJDfrwrr JJ)J 6l51cfi1fb a'w6lir.

~([!j @6I5ItN <!)/6lICbfr {D(E(Trr 6T6OOr 0l6lRJf1d;6lfJCb Cb6TT ~6IJ6r(B.

l!J,rf/UJrrcfi Cb6lfJIJa'§l»cfi@ a5161J6rw Cb6lfJIJa'tN (Ea'frd;@!b(gurr01Cfi6lfJlJCJ'6l9tNfL6TTorrIJ:J,l151UJrr -6l51tN <!)/6IT6lJ wrrJDlr01.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

102

(51) 0.2 mol dm? NaOH ~6Iir 30 em! m JDCBJ6/6lfJ6UUJrrcfiCbs:t> (E{D6a>6lIUJrrtXIT 0.3 mol dm? ~u516UW ~6lirJl5l6lir CbtXIT6lI6IT6lJ em' ~tN 6Ts:J)I?

(1) 20 (2) 10 (3) 15 (4) 25 (5) 6Ts:J)I6lJWtN6U.

(52) ~<m .!)/(E6Urr Cb 4(EJDrr6lfJWL 1!}.6Iir 0.1 @tN $rf/tN Cb6lfJ1J cfiCfiuuL CB 500 em! Cb6a>1J a' 6Uff'it,CbUULL01. ~d;Cb6a>IJa'6I5I6lTr 50 ern', 0.1 mol dm-' AgN03 ~6Iir 300 em' $frd; tlIfI1)(Ta'6U ~L6Iir WJ61111rWrrCbs:t> fbrrcfiCb(JPJDJD01; @6IJCbwrrtXIT{fJJ A ~tN @Jl5IcfiCbu ULLrrtN 4(EjDrr6lfJWLI!}.6Iir @J$bs:61fJw.

(I) A3Br (2) A2Br6 (3) ABr (4) ABr3 (5) ABr6

,.1) 29.25 g N aCI m 180 g JGrf1tN Cb6a>1J s:t>s:J)Iu GlUJDUULL Cfi6a>fJ a'6I5I§W6TT6IT Cb6lfJIJUJd;~6Iir @tN Ul6lirtXITW 6T01? (Na = 23. CI = 35.5. H = 1. 0= 16)

(I) 1111 (2) 1121 (3) 112 (4) 10 (5) 29.25/180

(.~4) 0.1 mol drn? KCI. 0.1 mol dm? BaCI2 Cb6a>IJa'tNCborf16dr a'WCbtXIT6lI6IT6lJ Cb6UcfiCbu ULLrrtN 6l516a>6IT6lJd; Cb6lfJIJa'6I5ItN ~6TT6IT CI- CfiIili>IJa'6I5Icfi Gla'Jl5I6lJ mol dm? ~tN.

(1) 0.1 (2) 0.15 (3) .0.2 (4) 0.25 (5) 0.3

(") HP2 Ul6lTr6ll([!jw a'w6lirurrLI!}.6Iir @6UW Ulrfl6lfJCbUJ6a>Ltl..JW.

2HP2 (aq) ~ 2Hp(l) + 02(g)

I no ern! HP2 Cb6a>IJa'tN ~6lirJJ)J (JPJDJDrrCbu Ulrfl6lfJCbUJ6a>LJi;s:J)I s.t.p ~tN 2.24 dm! 02 fI1)6lJcfi GlCbrr(Bs:t>fb01. HP2 Cb6lfJIJa'6I5I6Iir Gla'p516lJ mol dm? ~tN 6Ts:J)I?

(1) 20 (2) 1 f' (3) 2 (4) 10 (5) 4.48

(.~I\) I 11101 dm-3ct- Gla'Jl5I6lJ6a>LUJ 50 em' Cfi6lfJfJa'6U {DUJrrrfluu{DMs:t> (E{D6a>6lIUJrrtXIT BaCI2 2111° .0J6lir a516l11Jf16lJ (g) ~tN 6T01? (Ba = 137. CI = 35.5)

(I) 12.2 (2) 24,4 (3) 6.1 (4) 10,4 (5) 20.8

(57) BII(OII)I ~6lfJIJa'6U ~6lTrJl5l6lir 20 em' m (JPJiJJDrrCb JD(B}13l6a>6UUJrrd;Cb 0.04 mol dm? HCI (hGlJ){} t!T.tJtSdr 25 em' (Efb6U>6liJuLL0l. Ba(0H)2 Cb6a>IJa'6196lir Gla'pj6lJ mol dm? ~6U 6Ts:J)I?

(I) 0.100 (2) 0.050 (3) 0.025 (4) 0.064 (5) 0.032

(58) 6.7~ g AI (JPJf:lrxr~ {Drrdxr,W6a>L6lIfb~ (Efb6/1)6lJlJJrrtXIT 1.5 mol dm? H2S04 ~6Ui, 0>67J)f) ff6l5ltSdr u51Cbd; @6a>JDJi;fb CbtXIT6lI6IT 6lJ ern' ~tN 6T 0l?

(AI = 27) ((hrrcfiCbw (JPJDJDrrCb J6/Cfi@W 6TtXlTd; Cb([!j01Cfi.)

(I) 250 (2) 200 (3) 250 (4) 300' (5) 400

"ASIC CHEMISTRY

103

(59) 2.5 mol dm? HlO 4 ~u516Us:bs:516M 50 em' m C!PJDJDrr dl JD(Bp5J~6UUJrr chdl{ij C8s:n61J)6lJ • oilmrrlBsOr
SL(bAlIT
UJrr61JT 1.5 mol dm? Ba(OH)2.@6M dl61JT6ll6JT6lJ em3.@6iJ or([)1? IPUli : ,f5IJUULIT6lftq.6lir Gil'6\)6\)1T J6\.JJi»,f561D6lSIa=.eW ~6lD.m> "6lIUU
(1) 25 (2) 50 (3) 75 (4) 100 (5) 125 ~(9)';;a=.w Gil' 6lSI';; "a»ITQr a»
(60) l dm! Hel JGiTchdl61J)!JCF6iJ ~6MJl)l, s.t.p .@6iJ 11.2dm3 m ~61J)Lch@w NH3 (I) ~() ern' f51LcilCF6M 50 em' ms:D!J CF~L6M dl6l)M ~61J)JD Gl6llW <!9I(!Pchcr; jBl61J)6lJu5i6iJ
6lJrrlLl6llrr6iJ JD(Bp5J 61J)6UUJrr chdluuL L([)1. dl61J)!J CF6l5I6iJ a, 6ir 6JT H + ~UJ6MGlCFp516lJ Cu)611U}. ch dl U U L L ([)1. 6l1I61J) 6JT 6lJchdl 6U61J)6lJ ~ 61J)JD Gl6llU U ~c!pch dl p5l61J) 6I)uJ) 6iJ
moIdm·3.@6iJ ,->lQJ)L ch@w dl61JT6lJ6JTGl6ll6M61JT?
(1) 0.5 (2) 1 (3) 1.12 (4) 2 (5) 2.24 ~ () em 3 NH 3 6llrrlLl dl 61JT6lJ6JT 6lJ wrr JDrr ([)1 .@([!jch@w 6ll61J)!J Gls:nrr LiT Jfi ([)1 Glu rr JJ51sf,
s:tJrrchdl~([)1ch@ fLLU(B~s:nUULL([)1. 98% dl61JT6ll6JT6lJ NH3 ¢lj6l1f) c!p6I)dlr61
dl6JTrr dl Ul rf) 61J) dl ~61J) L Jfi ¢J([!jJfi s:nrr 6iJ 6llrr 1L16l1I6M .@Jl)l¢lch dl61JT 6ll6JT 6lJ ~C8{D
u6i><8§)rT 6lf 6lSl6lJT1T c$ a;61flm 6lSl61S> La;6ir pjl uJA ¢lj QJ)61JT uJ)6iJ or 6M 61JT ?
1 2 1 2 1 2 ( ') f51([!j @p51~ ~6WT16lJ zes tE zeo ~dl wrrJD!J)I6ll¢ljJiJ@ p5J.Gl6ll.~ . .@6iJ 33 dm' 02
(1) 4 5 (21) 4 4 (41) 4 4 C8~61J)6llUULL([)1 . .@Jfijt;luJt,s:n61J)61JTu5i6iJ Gl6ll6lflC8UJ!J)Iw SO 2 .@661 dl61JT6ll6JT6lJ or66r61JT?
(2) 4 2 (22) 1 3 (42) 1 2 (4) .!» QJ) JD Gl6ll U U ~ C!P ch dl fb 52516iJ 50 em 3 N 2 61J) 6llILlW ° 2 61J) 6llILlW Gl dl rr 6lRH L
(3) 4 5 (23) 3 3 (43) 4 2 a'l6\)61J)6lluJ)6iJ 40% dl61JT6ll6JT6lJ 02 fL6lJIir(B . .@([)1 50em3 H2 fLL6M dl6UM
(4) 4 4 (24) 5 5 (44) 4 4 Gl6lJlg.chdluU L (B ~C8¢lj pjluJf,s:n61J)61JT ch@ @6Ifl!J6l1I(BwC8urr([)1 or 6M61JT dl61JT 6ll6JT 6lJ
(5) 5 2 (25) 1 5 (45) 3 1 6lJrrlLl orr§cf1u51([!jch@w? orr§cf1UJ 6llrrlLltill)6iJ H2 {§).6M dl61JT6ll6JT6lJ 6l'Js:vw or6M61JT?
(6) 5 1 (26) 4 3 (46) 4 3
(7) 5 5 (27) 5 2 (47) 2 1 (~) H2CP4' f51LCFrr6l5lchdlu516Usf,61J)¢ljGlCFJJ51 H2S04 ~6iJ JGfr ~dlJbJl)lwC8urr([)1 CFW
(8) 5 4 (28) 1 4 (48) 4 4 tl>61JT6ll6JT6lJ CO fLW CO2 fLW 6fi)61J)6JT6llrr@w . .@chcr;6I)61J)6llu5i66r 100 em', 5Ocm3
(9) 5 5 (29) 5 1 (49) 2 4 f1L cf1CF§RlIL 66r Gl6ll1g. chdluuL L rr6iJ or 66r 61JT dl61JT 6lJ6JT 6lJ 6llrr ILl or r§ cf1u51® ch@w.
(10) 4 4 (30) 2 2 (50) 4 4 18QJ)a'lUJrr61JT KOH ~6iJ fLp51@,CFuuLL t5166r or6M61JT dl61JT6ll6JT6lJ 6llrrlLlor@fow?
(fi) 100 em' y;C8CFrr6ID61JTchGldlrr6lRHL f51Lcf1CF66r ~6IDJDGl6llUU ~chdl~~6iJ or(Bch
(11) 5 1 (31) 1 5 (51) 2 5 (/>,'ILJL(B 400°C {§)6iJ 61J)6lJchdluuL(B t51661 ~6IDJDGl6llUU ~c!pchdl~~Jb@ @6JfI!J
(12) 5 3 (32) 1 1 (52) 5 4 6fiLLC8urr([)1 d)61JT6lJ6JT6lJ 1 fY7 em' ~CBU..1([)1. 25 em' , 03 ' 02 d)6IJ61J)6lJ ~~
(13) 5 2 (33) 5 2 (53) 4 1 sZlIDJA~ 6ID6llchdluuLLrr6iJ dl61JT6ll6JT6lJch@ or6M61JT J£1dl@W?
(14) 3 5 (34) 1 4 (54) 3 2 @JJ5Iu4: (C8s:vuU6M6ID!Ju5I6M 03 m fLp51r§CJiW)
(15) 1 1 (35) 1 5 (55) 5 3
(16) 3 5 (36) 4 4 (56) 4 3 (7) 25 em' lL6Ufr6lJ6JfI1OO ern! Hz ILL6M dl6UJfi([)1 Gl6lJlg.chdluuL(B @6JfI!Jtill)LL C8urr(bl
(17) 1 1 (37) 5 1 (57) 2 3 Gla;rr@(.6Iu5I66r {§)Jl)l~chdl61JT6ll6JT6lJ 11 Ocm' ~@w. or6iJ6Urr ~6JT6l'J(Bdl@JW ~6ID1D
(18) 1 2 (38) 4 5 (58) 2 3 Glru:.LI ~6iJ GlUJl)i.uLL61J)6lJ or61JTchGld;rr6ll6r(B 6lI6If/u5I6iJ 02 {§)66r dl61JT6ll6JT6lJ
(19) 5 5 (39) 5 4 (59) 3 5 6l'J¢ljw or6M61JT?
(20) 1 1 (40) 5 2 (60) 5 1
BASIC CHEMISTRY 104 IASIC CHEMISTRY 105 (8) 25 ml 6lJfftLJ ms~tlgIJffCbffU6IH 200ml 02 ~L6IH Cb6l)cf,CbUUL(B Gl6lJIf)cf,CbUULL~. @orf)IJ6l5IL LlJl6IH 6l5I6?J>6lT 6lJcf, Cb6l)6?J>6lJu1I6IH Cb61Jr 6lJ6lT 6lJ 137.5 m I Cb6l)6?J>6lJ K ° H Cb6lf>IJ Cf 61516lir OOI L ff Cb GlCf~i> ¢lIllCZU rr ~ Cb 61Jr 6lJ6lT6lJ CZ W ~w 100 m I ~ 6i.J @6lf>!DJb {b 01 6T!§ cfllll 6lJ ff tLJ ° 2 ~ @W. m {b CZ IJ n Cb ff U 6lJf) 6lir @Ji>~IJW 6r6IH6IH?

(9) 30m I 6lJ ff tLJJIf/6?J> 61) m s:D CZ IJ ff Cb ff U 6lir 150m I u5J 6?J> Cb III ff 6/JI' IiY L ell Cf 6IJf16iJ Q6lJ1f) ~ Cl)U U L (B @orf)IJ ruL L CZUff l?)l ru6?J>6lT6lJcf,Cb6l)6?J>6lJul16IH Cb6IH 6lJ6lT6lJ 1 05 ml. KO H fLL6IH ~f_l5Ir§!Jcf1Ill(gUffl?)l Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ CZw~/Ib 60ml ~6i.J @6lf>!D.rf,~~. m{bCZIJrT CbffUtiMl6IH @J i>~!I W 6r 61iT6/JI'?

( 10) 11. 5 m I 6lJ ff tLJJIfl6lf> 61) m {b CZ IJ ff Cb ff U 6lir 150m I u5J 6?J> Cb III ff 6/JI' £g L cfI Cf 6lJf) 6iJ

Gl6lJIf)ci.CbUUL(B @orf)IJ ruLLCZUffl?)lCb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ 34.5 ml ~6i.J @6?J>JDJi;~~ • 6l5I6lf>6lT6lJ KOH fljJ6/JI'ff6i.J ~f_l5Ir§!JCfUULLCZUff~ Cb61Jr6lJ6lT6lJ CZw~w 34.5 ml ~6iJ @6?J>JD.rf,~l?)l m~ CZ IJ tr Cbff U 6Ii161ir @Ji> ¢lIJ W sr 6lir 6/JI'? {b Cb6/Jl' fh ¢l JiJ@ CZ ~6lf>6lJ Illff6/Jl' u51Cbcf, @6lf>JDJi;{b £gLcf1CftiMl6IH Cb6/Jl'6lJ6lT6lJ .6r6IH6/JI'?

(11) 20 ml 6lJfftLJ$l6?J>6I) m{bCZIJffCbffutiMl6IH (CnH2n) 150 ml u516lf>CbUJff6/Jl' £gLcf1CftiMl6iJ Gl6lJ1f) cf,CbU U L (B 6l5I6?J>6lT6lJ K ° H fljJ6iJ ~JI5lr§!J CfUU L Ll5l6M 6r r§!J cf1UJ 6lJfftLJ6l5I6IH Cb6/Jl'6lJ6lT6lJ 30 ml m{bCZIJffCbffutiMl6IH @Ji>~IJW 6r6IH6/JI'?

(12)

75 ml Cb6U6?J>6lJ £g1XirJ1)J 30% GlwCZ{b1Xir (CH4) 70% H2 6rlXiru6lJJD6?J>JDcf, Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ 6l'1{brftlCb 6lT ff Cb ci. GI Cb ff 6lJ7ir (B 6ir 6lT l?)l. fljJ ci. Cb 6U 6?J> 6lJ ~ 6?J> JD Gl6lJ LJU JIfl6lf> 6I)u1I6iJ 200m I £gLcf1Cf§lDlL6lir Gl6lJIf)ci.CbUUL(B @orf)IJ 6l5ILuUL Lff6iJ 6rr§!JcflUJ 6lJfftLJ 6l5I6M Cb6/Jl'6lJ6lT6lJ 6r6lir6/Jl'?

(13)

5 ml CxH 6r6M§IDlW m{bCZIJffCbffU6IH 25ml u5J6lf>Cb 02 fljJ6iJ Gl6lJIf)i>~ ~6lJ7irLff6IH Cb6l)6?J>~ KOH OOILffCb GlCf~i>~UJCZUff~ Cb6/Jl'6lJ6lT6lJ 10 ml ~6i.J @6?J>JD.rf,~~. sr r§!J cf1 UJ 6lJfftLJ6l5I6IH Cb 6IH 6lJ6lT 6lJ 7.5 ml . x , y 6r 6MU6lJJD6?J>JDcf, Cbff 6l11ir Cb.

(14)

$l6Uci.CbIfl 6lJfftLJ Ul6lir6lJ®w Cb6/Jl'6lJ6rr6lJ 6l'1{b ~6?J>WULJ6lf>LUJ~. 50% H2 ' 30% CH4, 10% CO, 6%C02, 4% N2. fljJcf,Cb6l)6lf>6lJ ~CZ{b Cb61Jr6lJ6lT6lJ 02 ~L6lir 6r1flcf,@W CZ Uff ~ 6l5I6lf>6lT 6lJci. Cb6l)6lf> 6lJu1I6lir Cb 6IH 6lJ6lT 6lJ Dfl ~ ~6?J> W U 6lf>U 227°C fljJ ~ W 6lJorf)UJ(lPcf,Cbi>~~w Cb6lJ1Jflcf,Cb.

(15)

6r6?J>~6lir (C2H2), 6r~6lir (C2H4)6rlXiru6lJJD6lf>JDcf, GlCbff6l11irL IOeml Cb6l)6lf>6lJ £g6IHiJ)J 30eml 02 ILL6lir Gl6lJIf)ci.CbUuL(B ~6?J>JDGl6lJuu$l6?J>6I)cf,@ @orf)IJ6l5IL(B KOH ~6i.J ILJI5lr§!JCfUULLlJl6lir {bffcf,CbW6lf>LUJff{b 02 2eml m ~6lf>Li>~~ 6r6lJf)6iJ Cb 6U 6lf> 6lJ u1I6lir Cb 6IH 6lJ 6lT 6lJ ~ 6?J> W U s» U ci. Cb 6I1lJf1 ci. Cb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

106

(16) G), ,Jb(3JDff6iJ ~ruUJff61Jr~ 6r~ ~6lT6lJcf,@ {bCb6/Jl'W ~6?J>Lct;1JDl?)l6r6IH CZWffLLfffr 6)'" G!>6IHrftlCf>6Tf16iJ s:DCb61Jrsi>~ff6iJ Gl6lJ6Tf1CZUJJ1)JW CbIf/6lJ 6lJfftLJill16i.J 1L6Tr6lT CO2 fljJ6lir (boor6lJ6lT6lJ 6l'fs:Dsi>~6iJ fljJ®.rf,~ ~UJuu(Btb. 60eml Gl6lJ6Tf1CZUJJ1)JW CbIf/6lJ sunu (CO. CO2 ,N2 6r6MU6lJJD6lf>JD WL(BW GlCbff6l11irlf)®cf,@W)20em3u516?J>Cb£gLcf1Cf§lDlL6IH aJ61J~~cixDi.JJ4B@6111IJof)Li.1JLL(gurr~ Cf>6IH6lJ6lT6lJ70cm3 ~dXi;@6IDJD~. K 0 H CZ Cflf i> ~ (gu ff ~ Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ 35 em- ~ Cbci.@6?J>JD Jb ~~ Cb6l)6?J>6lJu1I1i1ir .'b 6tlT 6lJ6lT 6lJ ~6a>WU 6?J>U Cb 6IJ1Jf1 i> ~ fljJ ¢l6i.J IL 6ir 6lT CO. @6M Cb 6IH 6lJ6lT 6lJ Dfl s:D fb 1fl1>;b tLJ W Cb 6I1lJf1 ci. Cb.

ULL ®lH6lJfftLJ ( 6rrf/6lJfftLJ - Town gas) ~, CO , N 2 6r6IHU6lJJD6lf>JD WL(BW GlCbff6l11irL~. 40 ern? ULL®lH6lJfftLJ ,40eml (u5J6a>Cb) 02 ILL61ir Cb6lJ6IHWffCb Gl6lJIf)ci.CbUUL(B o:9/6IJ)JDGl6lJiJuJtl~ @6If1trill1LiJuLLCZUff~ GI~ff@iiluJ)6M Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ 51 em' ~Cbci.@6?J>JD.rf,s:D~. KOH (gCffri>~CZUff~ Cb61Jr6lJ6lT6lJ41eml ~6tlT~.

( a) 6})/6a>6lT 6lJff ci.CbUUL L CO2 fljJ6lir Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ st 6M 6IH?

(b) ULL6111Jr 6lJfftLJ6})/6iJ CO fljJ6IH Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ 6r6IH6tlT?

(c) Gl6lJlf)fbs:D6Uff6iJ 6JJbULL Glwffi>s:Dcf, Cf>61Jr6lJ6lT6lJci.@6?J>JD6lJ6r6lirQlf?

(d) (i) CO, (ii) H26r6liru6lJJDp516drGl6lJIf)i>s:D6I)ff6iJ 6JJiJU(Bfb~UULL

Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ @6?J>JD6lJCb6Tr 6T6Or6/Jl'?

IR)

(~) H2, CI2 6r6dr§lDlw 6lJfftLJci.Cb6lf>6lT ulll6liru(Bfb~ CZCb~Cfff cf,ctJ6lir 6l5I~6lf>UJ JIf/ ® UI U u~JiJ @ JIfrr ~ uJ 6lJan L i> ¢l6iJ GlCfuJ tLJW ulflCZ Cfff;b 6?J>QIf 6?J)UJ 6})/ Urflcf,Cb. fljJ UUrflCZCfff ~6lf>6IHul16i.J 6JJDUL cf,anlf)llJ 6lJ@cf,Cb6Tr sr 6lf>6lJ?

( 4) (gCf>~Cfff ci. ctJ6dr 6l5I iii, ~6lJCbff {b (gIJff 6l5I6lir Cb®~(gCbff 6Tr st 6lirU6lJJiJ6?J>JDfb ;b®Cb. ms:D IJ Cf6lir FF IJ §i!JDJ6lJfftLJ sr 6lirU6?J>~ $lJl)l6lJ fljJ6iJ6l5I iii Cb6ir st 6iJ6lJff J1)J U UJ 6lir U (B W sr QIf ci. Cb ff L (B Cb. «g W ~6ir6lT U Ifl CZ Cf ff ~ 6?J> 6IH till) QIf ff 6?J> 6lJ Cb®fbiilJiJ GlCbff6TrCb)

(S) fE~IJCf6lir @6I)cf,anp516lir @Ti>¢1IJw H4 ~Cb fljJ®uUl6lir m~IJCf6lir @CZ6lTff 6lf>IJ L If) 6lir @Jfb¢1IJw sr 6lir Qlf6lJff Cb fljJ®cf,@w. ?

(..9/) 2 dm 1 GlCbff 6ir 6lT 6lT 6lJ IL 6lJ) L UJ 6lJfftLJ5 Cffflf) £g 6lir Jl)l,rGIJ ff6i.J Jlf1IJu U U U L (B ,rGfrGlCbff6l11irL ~fflf/tLJ6Tr Cb6l5lWfb(bl ~~6lir 6lJffW,rGfr wLqfi¢1JiJ@cf, cGw fljJ®ds@1i:ulf) Gluff®~i.JJL(B6Tr6lT~. rurtLJ~ Cff11q.uJ1§1Dl6Tr ~6IJ 1 dm' NO 6lJfftLJ GlCF~i>~UUL(B Ul6lir 1 dm! 02 GlCf~s1;,~UULL~.

(i) ~~fftiMlcf,Cf>cf,anIf)UJ (gJ1jffcf,CbrftlCb6lJ)6lJ)6lT Cf>ffIJ611IJrsi>~L6lir ~®Cb. (ii) fljJJ1)J¢1ul16iJ 6lJfftLJ5Cffflf)ul16iJ 6lJfftLJ 6rr§!Jcf1ul1®cf,@Wff? ~w 6rtiMl6iJ

6lJfftLJ6})/6iJ Cb6IH6lJ6lT6lJ 6r6lirQlf? fljJ6iJ6lJ)6I) 6rtiMl6iJ 6J6lir 6rQlf ill16lTcf,@Cb.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

107

(~) C1'W(1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ A, B or6M§1DJW ~® @WITuJ)(1;6Tr 50 em" cCll> (1;ITLLl.lULLrljI (8UIT6iJ ~6i1>6WTd;(1;UULCB6Tr6TT6l1r. r., T2 or6MU6l1r ~® 6lJW'~ s:6I®cfiI(1;6Tr. T3 eJPW'd;JsiI®ct1UJIT@w. @WITW A SLW B SLW c!p6i1>JD(8UJ C1'W(1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ ~, Cl, or6M~w 6lJITll./dx:66i1>6TT ~(8[J QruUu ~c!p~6b Q(1;IT6lJIir(B6Tr6TT6l1r. T3 silJDd;(1;UuLf] H2, Cl2 or6MU6l1r (1;6Ud;(1;611ILUULCB Q~IT@s:6I {§J® JDITL (1;@9d;@ @,rflUJ ~orfluJ)6U 6})1LUULLrljI.

(23) 0.1 g M or6MWlw SL(86\JIT(1;W Ul6M6lJ®W cFW6MUITLI!}.6M 6lJ1f/ ~ITd;(1;C!PJDJJ)l27OC ~~ 600mmHg ~~ 173 ern' (1;6lJr6l.l6TT6i1>6lJ ~~ H, ~ Q(1;IT(B~~rljI.

2M {s) + 6H+ (aq) ~ 2M3+ (aq) + 3H2(g)

M ~6MO.l g iG[JibJD SL6Ufr @(86TTIT6ID[JL ~6})1UJITd;(1;UULL(8UITrljI ~(8~ Q6lJUU ~ 12.05em3(1;6l1r6l.l6TT6i1>6lJ ~~ ~6ii~@C8omr6aYJLI!].6M @,d;Js:6I[J ~6i1>s:Dd; (1;6lmf/d;(1;.

T! i T2 .24)
(50em3) ( 50em3)
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(ii) @WITW ~(1;~u51fr~ c!p6i1>6l1rT! ~T2 (j[J~§!DJ6h ~u5lwd;Js:6Id;J ¢1JDd;(1;UUL L IT6U (8 JOlT d;(1;6U or 6M 6l1r?

( iii) (8w6iJ urfl(8 C1'IT s:D 6i1>61HuJ)6iJ ~[J C1'd;J rljId;@ U s:6I6iJ iGfr UUJ6M uCB~ s:6I ~®UUl6M (8JOIT d;(1;6iJ or 6M6l1r?

(iv) ~uurfl(8C1'IT ~6i1>6l1ruJ)6b {§J®Jf,rljI JGfr or(Bd;@W c!p1!}.6lJ(1;6Tr or 6M6l1r?

(20) Ul6M6lJ@W s:D[J6lJ(1;orfl6b ~®Jf,gj1 A. B. C or6M§!DJW 6lJITtl./d;(1;orfl6M eJP6\Jfr s:6I6IJOf16lJ (1;6i1>6TT . (1;6IJOf1d;@(1;.

(a) J61. Q6lJ • ~ . ~6b 280 em! A ~6M s:6I6IJOf16lJ OAg.

(b) 95°C ~~w, 665 mm Hg ~c!pd;(1;~s:6I~W Ig, E .!:)/6i1>Ld;@W (1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ 0.533 drrr',

(c) ~. Q6lJ • .!:)/. ~6b 640 em" Q6lJJDJJ)ld;@(B6i1>ruu.5l6b F J61[JUUUULL(8UITrljI J616i1>JD ~si/(1;rflu4 0.0571 g.

(21) (a) L 6\JIT 6lJ6Tfl 20% ° 2 80% N 2 or 6lir U 6lJJD 6i1> JD (1; 6l1r 6lJ 6TT 6lJ 6lT s:D ffiJ (1; 6TT IT (1; Q(1;IT6l1Iir(B6I'r6TT0I or6l1rd;Q(1;IT6lJliT(B J61. Q6lJ • ~ • ~6b ~® dm3 6lJorfluJ)6M J616i1>JD6i1>UJd; (1;6lI1JfId;(1;.

(b) 0.8 g N2• 02 or6MU6lJJD6i1>JDd; Q(1;IT6lJliTL ~® (1;6\J6i1>6lJ 250C (j§)2lw 745 mm Hg ~~~w 657 em' (1;6l1r6lJ6TT6i1>6lJ <!)I6i1>L~01. (1;6\J6lJ>ruu.5l6b L6Tr6TJ 5nJJ)l(1;orf)6M (1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ 6l'1s:Dd;J6lJ>~d; (1;6IJOf1d;(1;.

(22) FeCI2• @(86TTITrfl§!DJL6M ~ITd;(1;UuL(B FeCl3 ~(1; WITJDJDUULL0I ~WWITJD JD~¢lJD@ 17°C ~~w 735 mmHg <!)Ic!pci,(1;~¢I~w 97 em? (1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ>6lJ <!)IQJ)Ld;@wq 6lJITtl./ SL}fir§C1'UULL0I. SL®6lJITd;(1;UULL FeCl3 {§J6M si/6IJOf16lJ UJITgjI?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

108

Q6lJI!}.W®Jf,01 WITs:61rfl ~6MJJ)l16g (1;Jf,s:D(1;W 12g (1;ITU6M or6MU6lJJDJJ)lL6M ~6lJJD}fi~ C!PJDJDf[6l1r s:D(1;6l1rdi0ld;@U (8uIT0IWIT6l1r ~6TT6lJ KN03 mtl./w Q(1;IT6IJdr(B6I'r6TT0I • ~(1;6l1r~¢l6M Ul6M 6lJITtl./d; (1;6\J6i1>6lJuJ)6M (1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ J61 ~ Q6lJ • <!)I.~6iJ or6M6l1r? UUJ6Mu(Bd;Js:D (86lJ601HI!}.UJ KN ° 3 ~6MJ616lJ>JD or 6M 6l1r?

(25) 8 g CaO ~6iJ J61. Q6lJ . ~ . ~6iJ SL6Tr6TT 2 dm' CO2 SLp51~C1'ULi$Jb(8UIT0I6})16i1>6TT 6lJITd;(1;UU(BW CaC03 ~6M J616lJ>JD or6M6l1r? or~c1IuJ)®d;@w (1;6\J6lJ>6lJuJ)6iJ CaO ~6M 6l'1s:vw or 6M6l1r?

(26) 1.07 g NHp SLL6M C!PJDJDIT(1;~ s:DITd;(1;C!PJDd;J (8s:D6ID6lJUJIT6l1r NaN02 {§J6M si/6IJOf16lJ or6M6l1r? (1;6\J6i1>6lJ JGrfl6iJ (1;6i1>[J~01 Q6lJUUWITd;@W(8UIT0I 27 °C ~~tb 720 mm Hg <!)Ic!pd;(1;d;s:61~w or6M6l1r (1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ N2 6lJITtl./ Q6lJorfl(8UJJJ)lw?

(27) @,LITd;(1;UULL (1;ITU6M (8w6b JG[JIT6})1 QC1'~d;Js:vuu(Bw(8uIT0I Hp + C ~ CO + H2 rr6MWlw ~ITd;(1;W J61(1;@w. 1200° C ~§l)lW 1 6lJ. W • ~. ~~w 20 dm' iG[JIT6l51 (bITU6l1rIT6iJ Ulrfld;(1;UU(BW (8uIT0I600OC ~~w 1 at m ~~w or6lir6l1r (1;6l1r6lJ6TT6lJ ('0 LW H2 SLW QUJDuu(Bw?

( ') H) I() 8 Glu6M cf6M C6H6 C!PJDJDIT (1; orrfld;enUU(BW(8UIT 01 6})16lJ>6TTtl./W en6\J6lJ>6lJuJ)6M c%J6lir ,."trrQJ)6lJ 127°C ~~w 740 mm Hg ~c!pd;endisi/~w en6lJOf1d;en?

" :\ g 0I61J1ir6WTITW4d;en6U WITsi/rF1 u5lQJ)enUJIT6l1r HCI ~u5l6\Jd;J0IL6M s:DITd;enW6i1>LJf,gj1 2(Y'(' jJ§)2IW 790 mm Hg ~c!pd;endis:6l§l)lw 656 em" SL6UIT CO2 md; QenIT(B~~~ ",,1IJII'IllJOrITW4d;en6iJ6l516M (fJIfW6lJ>W 6l'1~w or6M6l1r?

( .1(') ,'M 1IQJ)6/JT WIT C1'IT end; QenIT6IJdrL (j®W4d;enWUl ~6Mp516M 0.98 g tEs:DIT6l1r H2SO 4 ~6iJ ,'h1llJ1I1 .1,CbUuLL (8UIT0I6})16lJ>6TT6lJITd;enUULL H2, 20°C ~~W 756 mmHg ~c!pd; (~)d>rfi1tWLb 420 em' en6l1r6lJ6TT6i1>6lJ~6lJ>Ldis:D0I. ~®W4ci,enwUluJ)6M (l)ffW6i1>W f»)1~lh "tJdr6l1r?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

109

(31) KCI, KCI036T6lHU6lJJD6lJ>JDd>Gldlff6l16rL 2g Wffsfi/rflljy6lHJJ)l Gl6lJUUWffd>c6JUJ(gUffllJ/ 15°C @~W 747 mmHg ~cf,a;s:bs:fjI~W0.36 em' 02 6lJ>6lJd> Gldlff(B~IlJ/. wffsfi/rflu516iJ a, 6ir6TT K CI ° 3 @6lH sfi/6I1IJf16lj 6l'fs2)W 6T 6lH 6l1f?

(32) Zn 0/f8j Wffsfi/rflljy6drJ]516dr 1.5 g L(g6l)ffdl Zn ml1..lW ZnO mlLJw Gldlff6l16r(B6ir6TTIlJ/. u516lJ>dlUJff6l1f H2S04@6iJ dl6lJ>[JJi;1lJ/ 18°C @~w 745 mmHg ~(!pd>dlfi,sfi/~w 0.36 dm' fL6tJIT H2 6lJ>6lJcf, Gldlff(B~s2)IlJ/. wffsfi/rflu.516iJ fL6ir6TT L(g6l)ffd) Zn @~ JB16lJ>JD 6l'fs2)W 6T 6lH6l1f?

(33) K@6M~JJ)l~6Ilildl6frK39 ,K«>,K41 ~@Lh ~6M~61llldl6ITI6M¢61~6i~ (~.sfi/.~ • ~6iJ) (!P6lJ>JD(gUJ 39.00,39.9, 40.9 ~dl6ljW Cf'ffITLJ6lJ6TT6lir (!p6lJ>JD(gLL" 95% , 1.0% ,4.0% ~@W. K @6dr Cf'ff[J@)J~sfi/6I1IJf16lJ>6lJd> dl61JlJf/d>@dl.

(34) @ UJJD6lJ>dlu.51 ~6ir 6TT dlff u6dr CI2 , C 13 Cf' W~ff 61JfI dl 6lJ>6TT d> Gld)ff 6l16r L 1lJ/. asru 61JfI6lir ~W1~sfi/6l1Of)6lj 12.01112 ~@W Ijy6iJGl6lJff® Cf'w~ff6lJflu516M IlJ/W @®d>6lJ>d)6l'f~w 6T6lH6l1f?

(36) 100mg (gCf's2)6l1f5(gCf'IT6lJ>6lJ X m 02 @6iJ (!PJDJDffdl 6TrfI~s2)(gUffllJ/ 220 mg CO2, 120mg H ° ml1..lW Gldlff(B~s2)IlJ/. X ~6l1f1lJ/ C, H, ° 6T6lirU6lJJD6lJ>JD We. (Bw

2 ,

Gldlff6l16rLIlJ/. 100 mg X m ~6l5lUJffci;c6lUJ (gUffllJ/ 373K @~w latm ~(!pci;

dl~sfi/~W 50Cm3 dl6l1f6lJ6TT6lJ>6lJ ~6lJ>L~s2)IlJ/. X @6lH c!p • ern . JB1., ~~U6lJa= @fi,sfi/[JW c!p • an • @. 6T6lHU6lJJD6lJ>JDd> dl6l1lJf1d>dl.

(37) C , H, ° m Wff(i,¢J[JW Gldlff6l16rL (gCf'~6l1f5(gCf'IT6lJ>6lJ X @6lir 1.5g IJ,[J61Jl1lWffdl '6Trfld>dlUULL (guff0l1.738g CO2 ml1..lW, 0 .714 g Hp 2EI1..IW Gldlff(Bs:h~01 ~f (gCf'1f 6lJ> 6lJ uJl6lir Cf' ff If c!p. ¢l 7 6 ~ uJl6lir c!p . an . @ ~~ U 6lJ'" @ ~ ¢l fJ 6T 6lHU6lJJD6lJ>JDd> dl6l1lJf1d>d).

(38) A 6T6lH~W (gCf's?J6l1fa=(gCf'IT6lJ>6lJu5I6lH Ijy® @JD1UUlLL sfi/6lJ1lf)6lJ>6lJ (!PJDJDffdl ~dll/(JT Wffd>c6JUJ(gUff0l3.52g CO2 LW O.72g rCff ~6l'iI1..lW GlUJDUULUilJr. A @6lH Cf'TIT. c!p • s:6/ 1 04 ~u5I6lH A @6iJ ~fi1DllJ6lJa=@s:bs:fjI[Jw 6T6lH6l1f? c!p .an . @ . 6T6lH6l1f?

(39) C, H,N ~cbllJJ6lJ}ix;l»JDwrr~[JwGldlrr6IJfuL (gcffr6lJ)6lJ1jy66JJ06i> C=57.14%, N =40.00% LW fL6l16r(B . @a=(gCf'IT6lJ>6lJu5I6lH ~~u6lJa=@s:h¢1[Jw UJff0l?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

110

(40) C, H, ° ~c6JUJ ~6lJ>6TT wL(Bw Gldlff6lJliJL w 6T6M~W C3cF~6lJra= (gCf'IT6iJJ6lJlll16M 2.4 g (!PJiJJDffdl s?Jdl6l1fWffd>dlUULL(gUffllJ/ 7.04g C02m11..lW, l.44g iG!Jff6l5l6lJ>UJI1..IW Qdlff(Bs:h~IlJ/. W @6lir Cf'ff.c!p.s:6/ 120 ~u5I6dr W ~6lH c!p .an. @.6T6M6l1f?

(41) C, H, ° 6T6dr~W c!p6I)d)fJ5Jd)6lJ>6TT wL(Bw Gldlff6l16rL X ~6lH ~6l5lu516lH ~LITs:h¢J 439 K @~w latm ~(!pd>d)fi,¢J~w 2.5gdm-3 X @6U d)ffu61JfI6lH ¢J61JOf)6lj 6l'fs?Jw 40. X @6U H, ° 6T6lHU6lJJiJJD16lH p316lJ>JD 6l'f~w 6T6dr6l1f?

'42) C, H, ° Wff s:h$131a-w L 6lJ> L UJ Ijy® (g Cf' ~ 6lJr';: (g Cf'IT 6lJ>6l1 X @6iJ dlff u61JfI61ir ¢J61JIJf/6lj 58.82% ¢J6lJ1lf)6ljuul9 ms?J[JCf'6lH d)ffU61JfI6iJ ~6U Ijy® UfJ5Jdlff@W X @6lH an: c!p. an .s:6/ • 102 ~@w. X @6dr c!p.ern • @ . 6T6lH6l1f?

43) A 6T6lirU0I CxHyOz 61~W c!p. ern. @. L6lJ>LUJ (gCf'~6l1f';:(gCf'IT6lJ>6lJUJff@W.

(a) l00cm3 6lJffu.m316lJ>6I) A @6lir WJ6l1lJr ~6l1fs:bs:fjlJiJ'f!j 250 em' 02 (gs2)6lJ>6lJWLL0I.

(b) 1J,!J6l1IJT ~dl6l1fs:h~6lH(gUff01 A @6lir Cf'wc!p6iJ ~6TT6l5l6iJ CO2 ml1..lW H20 8:Jl1..Iw Gldlff(B~~.

(c) A @6Mlg WJ6l1IJT ~s:bs:fjI6liJ(8Uff@ 2g CO2 fEd:. GlCDrr(B~. @~6lJdl6lfJ 615J([!jJB@ A @6lH C!p • ern. @. dl61JlJf/d>@dl.

(44) X 6Tf!DJW (gCf'IT6lJ>6}} 1jy6lirp516lir C!p • an • @. CnH2nO 1 c!p6iJ X @6Iir y,[J6l1IJT {ljdl6l1f~ s:6/JiJ@ 5.5mol 02 (g~6lJ>6lJUuLL0I. X @6lir C!p • an .@ . 6T6lir6lJr?

(45) (gC1{lj6lJr fLJJ)lULJ';:(gCf'IT6lJ>6lJ M, LJJ)lULJ mc6J~ @p51u1(B C6HIP md> Gldlff6l16rL(l)I S.T.P. ~6U (gCf'IT6lJ>6lJu.516dr ~6l5l2.46 gdrn? ~LIT~¢J6lJ>UJci; Gldlff6l16rI9([!jJi;{lj@. M @6lir c!p6I)ci;anjbJJ)l JB16lJ>JD , c!p6I)ci;ernJDJJ)l';:@~¢J[Jw 6161ir6lJr?

(46) C, H, ° WL(BW L6Tr6TT (gCf'{lj6lJr8{gCf'fr6lJ>6lJ Y @6lH Ijy® c!p6U (!PJDJDff6l1f {ljdl6lJrfi,s:6/6lH (gUff~ 4 c!p6iJ CO2, 4 c!p6U JGfr 616lHU6lJJD6lJ>JDd> Gl~ff(B~~(l)I; Y ~6lir ~6l5lUJLfrfi,¢J 36 ~u5I6lir Y @6lH C!p • an • @ • 616lH6lJr?

47) (gCf'{lj6l1fb'(gCf'fr6lJ>6lJR, C, H, ° 8:J Wffd;¢J!JwGldlff6l16rL@. (!PJDJDffdld:> {ljdl6l1fWffd>@W aUff01 R Cf'wc!p6I)IT 6l5lc6J{ljfi,¢J6iJ CO2 ml1..lw Hp 8:JI1..IW Gldlff(Bd;{lj~ R @6lH 5.8g (!PJDJDff6l1f {ljdl6l1fd;s:6/6U 5Ag JG6lJ>!J d>Gldlff(f3(i;{lj{ljffu516lH R ~6lH ~§DJU6lJ'" @d>¢J[JW 616lH6l1f?

(48) C3cF{lj6lJr8{gCf'fr6lJ>6lJ Ijy6lHJDI C - 41 % H - 4.6% 0- 54.4% md> Gld)ff6lJliJL0I. aCf'fr6lJ'J6lJl.lJ)61ir . c!p.an. ¢J ~6l16r6l1lJr6TT6lJffdl 180 ~@w. (gCf'IT6lJ>6lJu.516lir c!p.an.@. 6T6dr6l1f?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

111

JpQ.i6T6iHU~ C.H.O m wrrdisfil[Jw Qdjrr6l1dr(B6ir6TT (gCJ'$7j6?1T8'(gCJ'fr61f)6lJUJrr@w. A @j6lir 0.610g y,[J6lllJT $7jdj6?1Tdisfil6lir(gulf§jl 1.54g CO2 mc6 Qdjrr(Bdi$7j~. A @j6lir CJ'rr.c!p.an.sfil. 122~uJ/6lir A @j6lir c!p.an.@J. 6T6Or6?1T?

(50) QCJ'6?1T6lir (Xe) L/(g6TTrrrr§IDjL6Or $7jrrc6dj(JjJJDjJJl qy® L/(g6TTrr61f)[JL61f)Ld;, Qdjrr(Bsi'>$7j§jl. @juL/(g6TTrr61f)[JuJ/Ll!J.6lir0.49g wrr sfilrfluJ/6iJ {§j®Jf,~ L/(gmrrrfl6lir .,mdjJDJDUULL (gurr It)J 25°C @jW,l)lW latm .,m(JjJd;,djsi'>sfilil)lw (gCJ'djlfld;,djUULL QCJ'611T6Ofl6Or (Xe) dj61JT6lJ6TT6lj. 48 em? QCJ'6?1T6lir L/(g6TTrr61f)[JLl!J.6lir .,m§IDjU6lJ8'@Jdisfil[Jw 6T6lir6?1T? "

(51) JCfr 6JJDJDUULL u6TfllBl@ X @j6lir @Jdisfil[Jw MgClm nHp @j~ p5161f)JDUU

34.97% @(g6TTrrrr6Or, 53.20% Hp 6T6lirU6lJJD61f)JDc6Qdjri6l1dr(B6ir6TT~. (Mg - 24 , CI 35.5, 0-16, H - 1) m, n 6T6lirU6lJJDp5l6Or QUjJJlwrr6?1Tw 6T6Or6?1T?m {§j6lir QUjJJlwrr6?1Tw JC'rr 6T silfr urrfr dis:D QUjJJlwrr6?1T di~L 6lir @j61f)CJ'6lJrr dj a, 6ir 6TT $7jrr ? 6ll16TT d;,djW $7j®dj ?

(52) A 6T6lir§IDlw (gCJ'fr61f)6lJuJ/6lir .,m61f)WUL/ H - 2.17% ,0 - 57.97% ,S - 23.19%, Na 16.67% ~@w (Na -23 , S - 32, 0 - 16 , H - 1)

(1) A @j6lir .,g)I~u6lJ8'@Jdi¢fil[Jw 6T 60r 6?1T?

(2) A, NaOH (aq) ~L6lir $7jrrc6djW61f)LUJc6anl!J.UJ~ A {§j6lir JCfrc6dj61f)[JCJ'6iJ BaClz<aq) fLL6lir Q6lJ6I1dr6OOfJJD 6>1Wul!J.61f)6lJdi $7j®c£16lirJD~ 6T6Ofl6lir A 61f)UJ @j6?1TlBldj6l1dr(B .!H$7j6lir QUUJ61f)[J 6T@~dj?

(53) (a) X 6T6iir~W Q6lJ6I1dr6OOfJJDdi ¢fiI6I1drwdi¢16lir .,g)I61f)wuL/ N- 35% ,H - 5%, o - 60% X @j6lir .!HW}u6lJ8'@Jdisfil[Jw 6T6lir611T?

(b) X NaOH (aq) fLL6lir NH3 6lJrrlll61f)6lJc6Qdjrr(Bdi$7j~. qy® J61JDWJDJD dj61f)[J CJ'61f)6U 6ll1LL~. @jd;,dj611>[JCJ'61f)61) ~6ll1UJrrd;,c£1 6lJ6lir61f)wUJrrdj Q6lJuuwrrd;,dj qyLcflCJ'6lir wrr d;siI[Jw qy(g[JQUJrr® 6lJrrlll 6ll161f)6TT6lJrr dj QUJDUULL~ 6T6lJf16Or X m @j6?1TlBldjrr6IRHdj.

(54) CJ'rrfr c!p .an.siI. 948 md;, Qdjrr6IRHL JCfr 6JJDJDUULL u6TfllBl@ X {§j6iJ JCIfI6lir J6161f)Jr) 61'1$7jw 45.6 @j$7j6lir JC[JJDJD fLuU16lir sil611Of16lJ JWJDjJJl 6l'1s:D 15.1 % , 1O.5%AI , 24.8% S~ 49.6%0 ~@w. (K - 39, Al - 27, S - 32, 0 - 16)

(a) JC[JJDJD fLuU16lir .,mW}u6lJ8'@Jdi¢fil[Jw 6T6iir6?1T?

(b) JC(g[JJJ51111 fLuU16lir qy® c!p6I5l6iJ fL6'ir6TT u6TfllBl@ JCfr c!p6Uc6anjJJldj6Jfl~ 6T 6I1dr6OOfJd;,61f)dj UJrr ~?

(c) JC(g[JJJ51UJ fLUL/c6@ Qurr®di$7jwrr6?1T qy® @j[JCJ'rrUJ6?1T8' @Jdi¢1[J{h61f)$7jd;, dj611Of1di~ @j6iJ6lJUL/ UJrrQ$7j6?1T ~tiJdis:Dp5/dj.

(d) X @j6iJ AI (§)6lir J6161f)JD6l'!s:Dw 6T 6l1r6?1T?

11:

BASIC CHEMISTRY

(55) X 6T"~ NH/, Fe++ .d!»ll61f)6?1Td;,Qdjrr6?16n_ !DZ[J!D.DWLL IiY® @j[JL611>L fLwrr@j!h.

X ~ 6dr u@uurrtiJ6l1I6iJ @j®Ji,(l)I.,m(l)l Ul6iir 6lJ® W .,g)I6?JJ W U L/ 6l'! s:D1BI dj 61f)6TT d;, GI~rr6IRHl!J.®Ji,s:D(l)I. Fe - 14.29%, S - 16.33%,0 - 57.14%, H - 5.10% N -7.14% oSI;J;~L6lir X @j6lir CJ'rrfr c!p • an . ¢1 392 6T6?1T .,mp5lUJu UL L~. ~uJ16iir X @j6iir oSIlilli U 6lJ 8' @J di ¢1 [J s:h 61f) $7j .,mp5l Ji, (l)I X c6 @ Q U rr ® {h $7j W rr 6?1T @j[JCJ'rrUJ6?1T8' rt!bdisil[Jw qy6lirp5l61f)6?1T ~ tiJdis:Dp5/ dj.

(56) t;>@JCfr 6JJiJJDUULL QUIflc6CJ'6iJ(guibjJJlFe2(S04)3xHP J6161f)JDUUl!J. 19.9% Fe mc6 Qdjrr6l1dr(B6'ir6TT~. X @j6lir QUjJJlwrr6iJT di61f)$7jc6 dj6OOfJd;,dj?

17) fLUL/ B uJ/6?1T(l)I m$7j(g[JJiJp5/6lir JCfrc6dj61f)[JCJ'6iJ qy6lirjJJl Na2C03 JCfrc6dj61f)[JCJ'W,l)lL6iir $7jrrc6dj 6l1ILUULL (gurr(l)l djrru6lJfQ[JrrL611>CJ'L(B Q6lJ6Tfl(gUJJiJJDUULL~. ~uL/ ms:D(g[JJiJp5/6lir .,m6TT6lJp5/ u@UL/ U16lir6lJ®w 6ll161f)6TT6lJdj61f)6TTdi $7jJf,$7j§jl. Na= 10.07%, S = 14.06, H = 5.74%, 0.70.13% m$7j(g[JJiJp5/6lir u6TfllBl@ JCIfI6iir JWJiJjJJl6l'1s:Ddi61f)s:Dd;, dj6l1Df1cbdj. (JC[JibJD ~uL/ B uJ/6lir CJ'rr.c!p.¢fiI = 120)

(58) Z 6T 6iir §l!)lW (g CJ'fr 61f)6lJuJ/6iir ms:D(g[J ib p5l6iir a«. c!p. ¢1 2 72 ~ @w. JC[J JiJ JD (gCJ'fr 61f)6lJ Z .,mfi!DlU6lJ8' @Jsi'>¢fiI[Jw MClP ~dj @j®Jf,s:Drr6iJ (M = 40).

(i) JCrribJD (gCJ'fr61f)6lJ Z @j6lir c!p6Uc6anibjJJl8' @Jdisfil[Jw 6T6lir6?1T?

(ii) Z {§j6lir m$7j (g[JJiJp5/6iir c!p.an.@J 6T 6lir6?1T?

(iii) JBr3[JJiJJDUULL (gCJ'fr61f)6lJu516iJ M @j6lir J6161f)JDuul!J.UJrr6?1T JWJiJjJJl6l'!s:ow 6T61ir6?1T?

(59) U16iir6lJ®w dj61f)[JCJ'6iJdj6Jfl6iJ dj61f)[JUJdisil61ir g .!H6TT6ll16Urr6?1T J6161f)JD 6T61ir6?1T? (H = 1, S = 32, 0 = 16, C = 12, Na = 23)

(i) 500em3 0.05 mol dm? H2S04 (ii) 300em3 0.125 mol dm? tl2CP4

(iii) 3dm3 0,01 moi dm? NaOH

(60) U16iir6lJ®w dj61f)[JCJ'6iJdj6Jfl6lir c!p6Ufr QCJ'p5/6lJ 6T6iir6?1T?

(i) 0.53g Na2C03 Qdjrr6l1drL 100 em- dj61f)[JCJ'6iJ

(ii) Ig NaOH mc6 Qdjrr6l1drL ldm" dj61f)[JCJ'6iJ

(iii) 15.75g RN03 md;, Qdjrr6?J'dn... 250 em' dj61f)[J CJ'6iJ

61) 1.554 g CaCI2 md;, Qdjrr6l1drL ~ JCircbdj61f)[JCJ'615161ir QCJ'p5/6lJ 0.1 mol dm? ~uJ/6iir dj61f)[J CJ'6I5I6iir dj6?1T6lJ6TT6lJ 6T6iir6?1T?

(62) 25°C @j6'b 18 g C6 HIP 6 200 ern' Jif1f16iJ dj61f)[J cbCf:JUUL(B dj61f)[J CJ'6I516lir dj6?1T6lJ6TT6lJ 1 dm3 @jJiJ@ ms:Drrcbdjuu(Bc£1JD01. {§)6iJ Q6lJUUp5I61f)6UuJ16iJ dj61f)[JCJ'6I5l6iir o:9/Urdisil 1.04 g ern? (C=12, H=I,0=16)

IASIC CHEMISTRY

113

(i) dl6l1>lJff6l5ltidr c!p60fr GJffJDl6lJ 6rtidr6lJr?

(ii) dl6lJ)1Jff6l5l6dr c!p606iJ GJffJDl6lJ 6r6dr6lJr?

(iii) dl6lJ)IJUJ~¢b/tidr c!p6U U/tidr6lJrw" sr 6dr6lJr? (i v) dl6lJ)1J ff6l5l6dr oil~ff GJffJDl6lJ sr tidr6lJr?

(63)

6g IlJ,tf1UJIf CO (NH2)2 100 em' iGtf/6i:J dl6lJ)1J d;dluUL(8 dl6lJ)1J ff6l5l6dr dl6lJr6l16Tr6lJ 250em3 ~@ m~1f d;dlUU(8tfilJD(ljI.

(i) c!p60fr GJffJDl6lJ 6itidr6lJr? (c!p.Cfn.¢b/. = 60)

(ii) raJd;dl6lJ)1J ff6l5ltidr 2S ern' 6rCBd;dlUULCBd; dl6lJ)1J ff6i:J 250 ern" ~@ m~lfd;dlU ULLIf6U 6l5I6IJ)6TrtLlW dl6lJ)IJff6l5ltidr c!p6I.JfrGJffJDl6lJ 6rtidr6lJr?

(64)

2Sg NHl m GJdllf6lJ6rL 100g iGfrd;dl6lJ)IJff6i:J ~tidrJDltidr .,!)JLfr~¢/ 0.89g em?

(i) 1 mol dm? NHliGfrd;dl6lJ)IJff6lJ)6I.J 6r6ll6l1IfJl1l ~UJIftf/Ut1fr?

(ii) 1 c!p606i:J NHl iGfrd;dl6lJ)IJff6lJ)6I.J 6r6ll6l1IfJl)l ~UJIftf1Ut1fr?

(65)

109 C6 H.P6 I 100g rGfr 25 °C;raJ6iJ GJdllf6lJlHCB6Tr6Tr(ljl.

(i) @@]Jcf, C8dllfcl161ii' c!p·~:irt GJffpjl6lJ)6l1{b 11Jl6lR1f)6l1~JD@{b C8~6IJ)6l1UJIf6if1 C8W6I.J¢/dl ~1J6lJ 6rtidr6lH?

(ii) raJd;dl6lJ)1J ff6i:J 109 ¢/6IJ11rWd;dl6l1>IJUUlftidr (U6iffld;dlL 19) C8~1f tidr Jl1IW 6l161J)1J @6IfI1J6l5ILUULLIf6U 6l5I6IJ)6TrU-lW dl6lJ)IJff6l5ltidr .,!)JLfr~¢b/1.08g ern? ,gu,u5i6dr raJcf,dl6lJ)IJff6l5l6i:J fL6Tr6Tr @@]Jd;C8dllf#ltidr GJffJDl6lJ 6rtidr6lJr?

(66)

25cml N~ COldl6lJ)l)"8'6Utiil6lir6IJ)jD.u;(8JI3l6lJ)6UlJlfdxDO.OSmol dm" 17.5 crn'H, S04 ~6IOOJiJ ULL(ljI. N~ COldl6lJ)IJff6l5ltidr GJffJDl6lJ

(a) moldm? (b) g.drrr? ~6i:J 6rtidr6lJr?

(67)

2Seml 1 mol dm? HCI dl6lJ)lJff6U 30cml 1 mol dm? NaOH dl6lJ)lJCF§J)JLtidr dl6lJd;d)WLLI1Jl. 6fj6lJ)6Tr6lJ dl6IJ)IJ ff6lJ)6O JD(8;t;/6IJ)6l)UJ1f cixfid; ~6IJ)6lW1f6lJr 0.1 mol dm" H, SO 4 d)6IJ)IJ 8'6l96lir dl6lJr6l16Tr6lJ 6rtidr6lJr?

(68)

109 CaC03 ~ 25Ocml1 mol drn? HCI C8fffrclx.6uULLI1Jl. 6l5I6IJ)6Tr6lJ dl6lJ)IJff6l5l6i:J. fL6Tr6Tr u5)6l1>dlUJIf6lJr .,!)J~ JD(Bp9611>6UlJ1fci;d)d; C8~6lJ)6lJUJIf6lJr 2 mol dm" KOH dl6lJ)1J ff6l5ltidr dl6/Jr6l16Tr6lJ 6r6lir6/Jr?

(69)

NaCl, JGtrJhJD N~ COl 6rtidrU6l1.rD6IJ)JDd;GJdlIf6lJ11rL 109 dl6I.J6IJ)6l1GJUJlftidrJl)ll dm! JGfrd; dl6lJ)lJff6U ,gu,d;dlUULLI1Jl. raJd;d;6IJ)IJff6l5l6!ir 25eml m JDCBp961J)60UJIfd;@6l1~.rD@ 20cml 0.2 mol dm? HCI m fLLGJd;1f6lJ11rL11Jl. d;606IJ)6l1u5i6i:J fL6Tr6Tr NaCI raJtidr ¢/6Wf/6lJ 6rtidr6lJr?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

114

(70)

,t5I6IJ)d;UJIf6/Jr Ca (OH)2 .,!)J6IJ)JD GJ6l1uup961J)6I.Ju5i6i:J iG®Ltidr @~d;d;UULCB 6l119d;d;U ULLI1Jl. raJd;dl6lJ)1J ff6l516lir 25emlm JDCBp961J)6I.JUJIf d;dl 12em3 0.1 mol dm? Hel C8~6l1>6l1u U,:"LI1Jl. Ca (OH)2 raJ6lir dl6lJ)1Jd;¢/JDtidr 6rtidr6lJr? (Ca = 40, H = I, ° = 16)

(71)

1. 109 LC860lfdl Na GJW(ljI6l1lfdl !G®L6!ir ~1fd;<!DW6IJ)LUJ roLUULL(ljI. 6l5I6IJ)6Tr6lJd; c!)6IJ)IJff6l51~ lmol dm? 75eml HCI C8fffrci;d)WLL(ljI. dl6l1>lJff6l96lir dl6/Jr6l16Tr6lJ dllfli.Jffci1 6l119~~ JGfrC8fffr~(ljI 250 em' ,gu,d;CbUULL(ljI. @d;dl6l1>lJff6l5ltidr 25 eml&? JD(8 p5161J)60UJIfd;dl27.1emJ 01 mol dm? KOH dl6lJ)lJff6U C8~6l1>6l1UULL(ljI. Na raJ6!ir ~§Jl!DJ{b¢/6Wf/6lJ et 6lir6lJr?

Sg tiilLffIf6l5lci;d)u5)60W H2 C204 . X Hp iGtf16U dl6lJ)1Jd;dl6uL(B 250 em' dl6l1>lJff6I.Jlfd; d'>i.JJLL(ljI. ~dxD6l1>lJff66tidr25em3mJD(8p96l1>6OUJ1fci;d) O.Smol dm? NaOH @6lir 15.9 em' C8~6IJ)6l1UULL(ljI. X @tidr GJUJD1WIf6/Jr~6l1>~d; dl6Wf/d;dl (H = I, C = 12, ° = 16)

(73)

fLC860lfdlW M@6lir fLULJ Y m GJ6l1UUWIfd;dlU U/6dr611®WIfJJ)l U/tf/6IJ)dl .,!)J6l1>LtLlW.

2Y ~ 2Z+ 02

fLUU/6dr 1.7 g C!PJbJDIf dlU U/tf16l1>dlUJ6IJ)LtLlwC8ulf (ljI GJ6l161f16l51 LUUL L 026l11ftLl27OC @§))Jw 1 6l161f1W6IJ11rL60 ~c!Pci;d)~¢b/~w 246 eml,gu,@W.

(a) C8fffr6l1>611 Y @tidr c!p60d;Cfn.rDJJ)I~ ¢/6Wf/6IJ)6l1d; dlmd;c!).

(b) M @tidr fflf.~.¢/. 23 ,gu,dl6lJW Y ,gu,6/Jr(ljl c!p6I.JdlW M raJ6lir 6l1>JD~¢6/C8IJ.rDJD1 ,gu,Cb6lJW @®uu/6lir Y @tidr @J~¢b/IJW UJIf(ljl?

(e) 8.5g Y, 200eml iMI6i:Jdl6lJ)1Jci;d)WLLIf6i:J dl6l1>lJff666i:JGJWIf~ .!)JUJ6lirGJffJDl6lJ 6rtidr6lH?

(74)

(a) 8i6lJlH 61111f1f W LJd; dl 6i:J Wif ¢6/ rf1 tiil 6dr Jl)I a, Wd; @~ ~IJ U U L CB 6Tr6Tr (ljI. @ ~ 61ir (ljI1f us 6IJ) W of! ~ {b ¢/6IJ) 6/Jr {b I1Jlm6l1~JD dllf 6/Jr ¢6/ L L W tiil6lir 6IJ)JD~ ~®Cb.

(b) I g 8i6lJ11r61111fIfWLJd;Cb6i:J IDIf siltf1 tiiltidrJJ51.rD@ 1 mol dm? 20ml u5)6IJ)dlUJ6Tr6lJ HCI C8fffrdxDWLL(ljI. 6fi6l1>6Tr6l}dxD6IJ)IJff6lJ)6O JDCBp961J)6OUJ1fci;d) 0.4 mol dm? NaOH raJtidr 5ml C8~6IJ)6l1UULLI1Jl. 8i6lJ6r61111fIfWLJd;dl6U6I5I6i:J (ljIlfuJ6IJ)W oils:nw 6r61ir6lH?

(C) C8wjbdl61J1Jf)ui5!6i:J JG'1f uUJ6liruCBd;¢b/UJ 6r(BC8dllf6TrCb6Tr 6r6lir6/Jr?

/5)

ff6I.J6IJ) 6l1ffC8 fflf L If, ~U U ff C8 fflf L If sr 61ir U 6lH 6l1JD 6IJ) JDd; GJdllf6lJ6r L Wif ¢6/tf/ tiiltidr JJ)I fLwffi@d; ~lJuULCB6Tr6TrI1Jl. raJtbwlf ¢b/tf/uJI~6Tr6Tr ff6I.J6l1>6l1ff C8ffIfLIf6l'fl6lir (ljIrruJ6IJ)w oil~d;6IJ)~~ 11Jl6Wf/6l1~.rDdllf6/Jr ¢6/LLW tiil6lirJDl6l1>6/Jrd; ~®dl.

(76)

25 em' N~ COl Cb6lJ)IJff~L6lir8 em' 0.75 mol dm? HCI d)6I.J~luCBci16lirJI)qJJ. c!pJiJJDrrc!) JDCBj{;6IJ)6l)UJ1fci;d) C8lD§))Jw 15 em' 0.4 mol dm-lH2 S04 (g~6l1>6l1WCBci1~. Cb6lJ)lJff6'19tidr GJffJDl6lJ 6r 61ir6/Jr?

8ASIC CHEMISTRY

115

(77) ~([!j @)fJ8'ffUl6l1T ~l!9fr 2g (bIff6'fTffd;CfiUULL (!pL61J)Ld;(8Cfiff(blCfi61f>6'fT(ij $lj@J£(D (!pCfi6lf)6lJu5l6b @)L(8 50ml, 2 mol dm? HCI m @/j}ffu5lu5l6lir ~$lj6lllUJff6b (88'fr(ij$ljfffr. U161ir 6I1Tfr (!pCfi61f> 6lJ61f>Ul Gl6lJU U U u(8 (ij ~ 6I1T fffr euttu; Gl6lJorfl (8Ul;iJJDW p§161ir JDUl61ir ~61f>fJCF6&iJ25mlm~.:!)I6'fTdiu5l6lir~(DdiUlff6b1 moldm? NaOH~tITs:t9!JffCfi ~ ~6lJ)i\)lUT~~31 ml l mol dro-3NaOH ~lL(bI.(!/JL.6I»Ld; (8Cfiff siI~ofr 6'fT CaCO 3 @)61ir off(Drh 61f>(Dd; Cfi 61JOf)d; Cfi. @)d;Cfi61JOf)uUl6b [Gfr UUl6lir U(8sf,silUl tIT (8(8Cfiff ofr tIT 6Iir 6I1T 7

6lJ61J)fJ !Gir (88'ir d; CfiU U L L (bI. @)d;Cfi6lf)fJ8'6l5166r 50 ml Cfi 61f>fJ 8'6b 25 ml 6llI6I1Tff c611f) Cfi 61f>fJ 8'6b ~61ir 6lf)JD JD(8!lf16lf)6UUl ff d; cfiI Ul(bl. 1 00 ml 6llI6I1Tff cfiI rfl Cfi 6lf)fJ8'6I5I§l)l6Tr6'fT CH3COOH @66r !lfI61f>JD6lf)Ulc6 Cfiff611MCfi.

(84) lDIJMrrUu6l96irr U8'61J)6'fT6l'16lf)6'fT6lJd'>6fr.mj,l~~m3~6iJ~6I1T(bI.8'T1lilJ6\JIJ)ffs:t91fl ~66rp5/66r 3.45 g 250 ml CfiffLiJ&cfI 6lJ1!)sf,~ !G1f)6b Cfi61f>fJ d;CfiUU L L (8Uff (bI 6llI61f>6'fTJ£~ Cfi 61J)fJ8'61J)6l) JD(8J6!6lf)6l)Ulff c6Cfi 1 00 ml 0.1 mol dm? HCI (8~67J)6lJUULL(bI. 8'fftbU6I5I6b fL6Tr6'fT ~C03@)66r ~ (D([!jCfi. @)~Jilrllil6fuu~UltIT(8(8a;rr6TrCD6htIT6lf)6}J?

(78) 2.86g N~C03' X H20 !Grfl6b Cfi67J)fJd;CfiUUL(8 Cfi6lf)fJ8'6b 100 ml @)Jb@ m(Dffd;CfiU UL L (bI. @)d;Cfi61f>fJ8'6l5161ir lOml m GlW6lf)(Du5l6b Gl8'W wi§ 8'6J'r Cfiff L I!)Ul ff Cfid; Gld;rr6WJ(B JBUltB~ (8Uff (bI 0.1 mol dm? 20ml HQ (8sD61f>61WLL(bI. X@)66rGluiJ)llDff6l1Ttb tIT 6lir6l1T 7

(85) 1.992 g CuS 04 • X Hp uorflffiIcfil66r [Gir d;Cfi 67J)fJ 8'§l)ld;@ @JLff6l1T J6!61f>6lJu5l6iJ tB61f>Cfi NaOH (88'irrh(bl, off!l>UI!)6lJ 6lJI!)CfiL I!) Cfi@6ll1 ~6l)irtbsiltITrflsf,(D(8Uff(bl 0.632g, CuO GlUJDUULL(bItIT6lJf)6b X mc6 Cfiff6WrCfi.

(79) Na2C03 mlLfw NaHC03mlLfW GlCfiff611lirL Cfi67J)fJ8'6l5166r 50ml m U1(8611Tff6btb~6l5I66r CfiffLl!) Uff6l'1~ p3!UltBcf,a; l00ml 0.2 mol dm? HCI (8~6IOOiuLL(bI. ~$ljCfi67J)[J C1'6l966r 25ml m GlW61f>~uJ16i.J Gl8'Wwi§8'6Tr CfiffLI!)UlffCfic6 Gla;rr6WJ(B J6!UltBcf,a; 0.5 mol dm? 70ml HCI (8~67J)6lJUULL(bI. Cfi67J)fJ8'6l516b fL6Tr6'fT N~C03 ,NaHC03 tIT61HU6lJ;iJp5/61ir Gl8'JI516lJCfi61f>6'fT d; Cfi61JOf)d;Cfi.

(86) 6. 7g CaO, CaCO 3 Cfi6l)6lf)6lJ 6lJ61H6lf)WUlff Cfi Gl6lJUUWff d;cfilUl (8Uff (bIl.l g CO2 Gl6lJ6TfI (8Ulp5/Ul(bl. Gl~ffLd;Cfid;Cfi6l)6lf)6lJu516b ~6J'r6TT CaO m Ca(OH)2 ~Cfi WffJDJDrh (8$lj6lf)6lJUlff6l1T u51Cfid;@6lf)JDJ£~ !Grfl61H s:bI6lJ1ffI6lJ tIT61H6I1T7

(80) R tIT6lirJD (j}fr ~(86l)ffCfitb @)Ul6iJL/Cfi6Tfl6b Mg m ~~~~ffCfid; Cfiff61RHUu(8cfi161HJD(bI. .,g)/~§!DJ61f>LUl ~L61f>8'L(8tb m~GlfJffL61f>8'L(8tb (!p61f>JD(8Ul RO, R(OH)2 tIT66rJD @JI51uJ(8Cfi67J)6'fTd; GlCfiff 6i1dr L 6I1T 6lJff Cfid; Cfiff 61RH U U L L 6I1T. R tIT 61ir JD fL (8 6l)ff Cfi(!pW m~ff6l1T HCI, NaOH p§1Ulwd; Cfi67J)fJ8'§l)lW ~fJUuL(86Tr6'fT(bI. R tIT66rJD fL(86l)ff Cfi~66r .,g)/§IlDJ J6!61f>JD67J)Uld; Cfiff611liru~JiJ@ @)6lJf_b67J)JD tIT6iJ6lJff JJ)I uUl66ru(8(i;(b1011r tIT6I1T ulf)(88'ff~61f>6I1T 6llIUfJr5JCfi@JL66r 6llIulf)c6Cfi.

(87) 10 g Zn mrh sfljffd;Cfi (8~6lf)6lJUlff6l1T 10% p§167J)JD&Gl8'p5/6lJ61f>LUl m~ff6l1T HCI ~6l)d;s:bI66r sil6lJ1ffI6lJ tIT6lir6l1T7 (Zn = 65, H=l, 0=16) @)J£J6!CfiW6ll161ir (8uff(bl12°C @§l)Jw 750 mm Hg @)§l)JW tIT61ir6l1T Cfi6l1T6lJ6'fT6lJ H2 Gl6lJ6TfI(8UlJJ)lW 7

(88) 1 g ~ wrrsijlfl ~6irrJJ)l tB6lf)CfiUJff6l1T m;DlT6I1THCI ~Cfi6lfXJ~(8urr(bl20oC @)§l)lW 770 mm Hg .,g)/(!pd; Cfisf, ¢l§l)lw 378 ern! fL6U1f H2 Gl6lJorf)(8UlJI51Ul(bl. @)([!jwL/ totr siI rfl uJl61H (bIffLiJ 61f>woff ~ W tIT 61H 6I1T 7

(81) ~([!j UffL8'ff61f>6l)c6@ 6llIJ6!(8Ulff c61c6CfiuuLL Gl8'JI51Ji;sT, HCI, 1.15 $lj66r6llfiriJLJ fL61f>L Ul~fflLftb 32% J6!61f>JDUl6TT6lJ HCI md; GlCfiff611lirL~fflLftb fL6Tr6'fT(bI. 2mol dm", 2 dm' HCI .,g)/u5I6l)s:hs:bl61H Cfi61f>fJ8'6b ~66rJI5161f>6I1T ~LiJ6lJCFnLd;sil6b tIT6lJ6lJffJJ)l $ljUlffrfludir7

(89) 1.952 g BaCI2. X~O u6Jf)r5Jc{;/66r j§rc6Cfi61f>fJ 8'6btB61f>CfiUlff6l1T ~S04 ~L66r 1.864g L6lJir

BaS04 &?d; GlCfiff(8~~(bI X {§J6Iir GlUJJ)lWff61fftb 5T6irr6l1T7 (Ba= 137, S = 32, 0 = 16.

H = 1)

(82) tITrfl(88'ff L ff 6ll16b @)([!jfi;(bI N aHS 0 4' N a2 S 04 u6TfIffiI@Cfi61f>6'fT 5T 6lJ6lJff JDl ~ LiJ 6lJ CFnLs:hs:bl6b ~d;@offfr 5T66rU67J)$ljU UIf)(88'ff$lj61f>6I1T tID1U[Jr5JCfi@JL66r $lj([!jCfi.

(90) AICI3(aq), N~C03(aq) ~L66r U166r6lJ([!jWffJJ)l ~ffd;Cfi(!pJDlcb166rJD(bI.

2AICI3(aq) + 3NaC03 + 3H2 0 ~ 2 AI(OH)3 + 6NaCI + 3C02 50cm3, 0.2 mol dm? AICI3(aq) LW 50em3, 0.3 moldro-3Na2COlaq) ~W (88'ird;CfiUUL(8 6ll167J)6'fT6lJd; Cfi61f>!J 8'6b L6\¥r J6!~ .,g)/6llIUlff c6cb1 WffJDff ~6l1DT16lJ 6lJ([!jtbtill61f>fJ 6lJ6irr61f>WUlff Cfi Gl6lJU U Wff d; CfiU U L L (bI. GluJDuu(8tb sil6WrW LBs:bluJI66r s616l1lIfI61f>6lJd; Cfiff 611lir Cfi.

(83) 250 ml .,g)/6'fT6lJ (8CfiffI!)LUULL @(861f>6lJ Cfiffril&ci16ll!}s:h(:D $fI6I1Tff6i.J CD(!g6lJUULL(bI. ~([!j @/j}ffu5l66r fL~tID1u5l6l1Tff6b, 25 ml 3.3 mol dm" NaOH@)d;@(861J)6lJd;@ WfftbJDU U L L (bI. U161ir 6I1T ir @ (8 61f> 6lJ uf) §l)l6J'r 6'fT Cfi 61f>!J 8'6l5161ir W L L W 25 Om I ~ @w

BASIC CHEMISTRY

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117

116

urfJ(8cFfr $'lj61f)6lJI' ~6Ud;coW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 9
1 mol dm? BaCl2 (ml) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 mol dm? Na2S04(ml) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
~L6Ik GiuJDJD 6l'JWUI!}.6ll161k
~Ul[JW (mm) 2.1 4.5 6.3 8.3 10.2 8.3 6.3 4.5 2.1
UWJBlOTTG1.JiJJ~LU.QJi:(nm) 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 4 2 (i) urfJ(8crrr$'lj61f)6lJI' Gia'W$'lj6lJL61H orCBfhs:D 6'i1WUI!}.6lJ ~Ul[J~61f>$'D 6ll1L' wlIJIJ5rrtm 6l'JWul!}.6lJ ~Ul[Jlb @/mJD6lJrrco ~®Ji;s:ij~. corr[J6I1l1Tw Ulrr~?

(ii) s:ijrrd;c$lco6lT161k co6lJl'6lJ6TT6lJd;Gico~(8[J or6iJ6i1WUI!}.6lJ ~UlirdJ~d;@ 6lJ61f)[JLf 6lJ61f)[J s:ij6iJ (86lJr;mjrCBw?

(iii) JCfr G1ug}Jw 6lJ61f)!TU/6I51®Ji;~ <!)I~I1.JUlfr 6l'JWUI!}.6lJ ~®6lJrr@w co61JT6lJ6TT6lJ tillIc$ls:ijw or 61H61JT?

(iv) ~~6I51®Ji;~ s:ijrrd;cosi>~61H C!a'wrr6lJl'w corrr;mjrco?

(v) 1 rnoldm? BaCl2 ~@u u~6Urrco 2 moldm? BaCl2 UUl61HuCBd>~u5I®Ji;a;rr6U .!)I~I1.JUlfr onwU196lJ ~®6lJrr@w co6lJl'6lJ6TT6lJ 6ll1c$ls:ijw Ulrr~?

(vi) 6l'JWUI!}.6lJ c!p61f)JDuul!}. C!a'wrJ'61JTW ~6l1lIfI11.Jw (8urr~ G1urr~6lJrrd;lmol dm? co61f)!Ta'6iJco(86TT uUl6druCBsi>$'ljuuCBLb. 6J6dr 0.1 mol drn? Gia'p5J6lJ/mLUl co61f)!T a'6U UUl61HuCB~s:ijuuCB6lJ~6iJ61f)6I)?

(92) 0.05 mol drrr', 100 em) H2S04 fijI® p51UlWd; @CB61f)6lJu5I6Ik orCBci;a;uULCB dlp51Ul.!)I6TT6lJ Na2COl (JCfr .!)IJDJD~) (8a'frd;coUULL~. 6ll1/m6TT6lJ6lJrrl1.J G16lJ6lT1(8UlJDJDW ~DJlU (8urr@w 6lJ61f)!T Gi6lJuuwrrd;couu':"CB @6lT1!T6ll1LCB corrwr!Fcf16lJl!}.dJa; JCfr (8a'frsi>~ l00em3d;@ ms:ijrrd;coUuLL~. ~d; co61f)!Ta'6I5161k 25eml m /DCB p5161f)6I)Ulrrd;co 18eml 0.1 mol dm? NaOH co/m[Ja'6iJ (8s:ij61f)6lJUULL(fJI. (8a'frci;a;UULLN~COl ~6lir ~6lJDfl6lJ or 61H 61JT?

(93) . (a)

5.72g Na2COl.I0Hp, 3.26g NaHCOlor6lkU6lJJD61f)JDd; GicorrlilRh'L co6\)61f)6lJ wrrJDrr si>~61J7Jf)6lJ 6lJ®W6lJ61f)[J Gi6lJuuwrr d;c$l61JTrr6U 6JJDuCBw ~61JIlfI6lJ ~W~ or61H61JT? (Na =23, C = 12, ° = 16, H = 1)

Gi6lJUU(8WJDp5IUl U/61H or<®dlUl w~ JCrfJ6iJ co/m!Td;coUULCB 250eml co61f)!Ta'6U ~d;coUULL~. ~d;co61f)!Ta'6I5161H 25eml m C!PJDJDrrco /DCBp3I61f)6I)Ulrr~CD (8s:ij61f)6lJUlrr6lJl' 0.4 mol dm? HCl ~6dr co61JT6lJ6TT6lJ or6lk61JT?

(b)

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(94) fiji (8 !T a, 6ir 6111 L L C!p 61f) L Ul (8 a'rr $'lj 61f)61JT d;@WrrliJco6lT16i:> U/6dr 6lJ® ib co6lJl'6lJ6TT6lJ 6l'1cf,)~6lT16i:J, ~[J (!P6\ir.!F Gla'Jfj6lJ61f>LUl KCl, Pb(NO)2(aq) ~c$lUl/m6lJ /D61HJDrr cod; co6l)d;coUUL CB 6l'Jwul96lJco6ir .!)I61f)L UlfmiLuULL61JT.

KCl(aq)eml 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ~O
Pb(NOlMaq)eml 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 6l'JWUI9 6ll16dr ~Ul[JW or 6lJ6lJrr g}J co 6lJI'6lJ6TT6lJL 6dr wrr g}Julor 6dr U61f)(ljd;CDlTLL fijI® U®WL L rr 61JT 6lJ61f)!Tl/ 6lJ/m[J co.

(95) 0.2 mol dm? NiS04 (aq), 0.1 mol dm? Ba(OH)2 (aq) or61HU6lJI' U/61H6lJ®W co61JT6lJ6TT6lJ 6l'1c$ls:ijrfiffi6lT16iJ co6l)d;a;wLCB 6'ifj,u196l761H ~Ul[Jm6'ir .!)I6TT6l'iLWLL6lJI'. NiSO 4 ~61H co61JT 6lJ6TT 6lJd; Gico$23l[Jrr co 6l'JWUI9 6ll161ir ~ Ul[JrFuco61f)6TT 6lJ/m[Jurr ci;@co. C!a'wrr 61JT s:h $'ljrrd;cow cCr3W s:ij!TuuLCB6ir6TT~.

0.2 mol dm? NiS04 em' 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 H 20
O.lmol dm? NiS04cml 20 20 20 2C 2C 20 2( 20 2C 20 (96) 3.mol dm? H2S04, 2 mol dm? NaOH 6r'6DrWJw co/m[Ja'6iJco6ir Giwrrs:h$'ljd; co61JT6lJ6TT6lJ 24eml ~co ~co~,mm6lJ!1S6l'i16iJ~~MQill_uJf}61f)6\) ~6ir .!)I6TTd;coUULL61JT.

(1) sT>fTci;cBdXi'ITI6Ik or6M61JT co6lJl'6lJ6TT~6iJ ~MGl6lJi.JJJf}61f)6\) G1uJLiuCBlb?

(2) $'Dfrd;cf,)co6lT1,or co61JT6lJ6TT6lJd;GICf>s29[Jrrco .!)I6TT6fiLWLL G16lJi.up5161f)6\) ~Ulfr6lJ co/m6TTd; @p5Isi>~ci; corrLCBco.

(3) 3 mol dm? H2S04 d;@U u$23l6iJ 3 mol dm? HCl uUl6lkuCBsi>$23l ~®Ji;$'ljrr6iJ 6lJ61f)[JU/6IH (8corr6Us:i;61f)s:ij .!)I(8$'lj 6lJ61f)[JU/6i:> @JJ5Is:h~d; corrLCBco.

(97) MPl or6IHWJw @Js:hs:fjl[J~61f)~ ~61f)LUl ~(861)rrco fijlL61f)a'LI96IH 4g, 1 mol dm? 250 ern' HCl ~6i:> co61f)[Jd;coUULL~. ~d;co61f)[Ja'6I5161k 25em3 m JDCBp3I61f)6I)Ulrrci;co 0.5 mol drn", 20eml NaOH (8~61f)6lJUULL~. M ~6IH a'rrfr .!)IWIs:h$23l6lmf)6lJ or6IH61JT?

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119

(98) 0.25 mol drn? AgN03 ' 0.25 mol dm? Baq 6T6lRu6l1JbJD!6lir Q6lJ6iiZ6l1JI)l Cf>61JT6l16TT6lJC66ir ~jJJrGJLfr6lirJI)l ~LCB QlIff~ Cf>6lJr6l16TT6lJ 30 em' .@~~. lIffjDSiJ (!p6lJ)}JJiR6iJ UfFl(BCfff s'b6lJ)6lJr fiY6lirJDl GffliwWLL(bI.

(100) (a) CuS04(aq), NHpH(aq) s'blfci;Cf>i>~6lJr rJ8'Wlf6lJr(i,6lJ)s:D(l, (bI6lJOf)6l1s'bJD@ 6f1l1>UI!}.6lJwlf 6lJf (!p6lJ)JDuJ16lJ)6lJruuUl6liruCBi>s:D (!pl!}.ll4WIf? ollI6TT ci;Cf>w s'b([!jCf>.

(b) 1mol dm? Cu S04(aq),L-W 1 mol dm? NHPH(aq) L-W c:6W Cf>IfLLilULL <:916TT6lJ Cf>6lfI6lir fiY(B!J WIf~rFlUllf6lJr (B8'lfs'b6lJ)6lJrd; @lJ}lftiJCf>orf1JD Cf>6I)d;Cf>UULL(bI.

(99) (a)

Qs'blf@s'b/ A B C D E F G H I
CuSO/cm3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
NH4OH(cm3) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 @lJ}lftiJ A B C D E
AgN03cm3 5 10 15 20 25
BaCI2cm3 25 20 15 10 5 .@uurFI(B8'lfs:D6lJ)6lJruJ16lir <:9I6l1s:D1f 6llf1ULJd;Cf>6lJ)6TTll4W <:9Is:DJDCf>1f 6lJr Cf>1f!J6Dl1Trf.JJ Cf>6lJ)6TTll4W ollIUrFld;Cf>.

(a) QujDwCBw 6l'tj;u1!}.~6lir L-Ul!JffiJd;6ir Cf>6lJ)!J 8'6UCf>6lTl6lir Cf>6lJf6ll6TT6lJci;QCf>s'b/!J1f Cf> 6T 6iJ 611 If JDl W If JDl U CB W 6T 6lJr fiY ([Ij 6l16lJ)!J Ul6lJr If 6U @JDl(i,s:tJId;Cf>IfLCBCf>.

(b) (B8'lfs'b6lJ)6lJrd;@lJ}lftiJ C, D, E 6T6OrUJiJJDl6lir 6f1l1>ul!}.6lJCf>6Tr i5lrFI(i,Qs'bCBd;Cf>U uLCB 6l11!}.d;@ i5l6Or6l1([1j6l16lJf (Bcrfrd;Cf>uuCBw (BUIf(bl.

(i) (BJIjlfd;Cf>6U 6T6Or6lJf? (ii) (!p1!}.6lJ 6T6Or6lJr?

(c) @lJ}lftiJ D .@6U L-6Tr6TT CI', N03 ' ~cfilUl6llJiJJDl6lir Q8'JDl6lJCf>6lJ)6TT d; Cf>6lJOf)d;Cf>.

(d) (BW6U UrfI(B8'lfs'b6lJ)6lJruJ16iJ BaCI2(aq) .@6lir Q8'JDl6lJ 0.5 mol dm? ~Cf> .@([Ijui5l6lir .@6lJ6l16lJ)!JLJ 6T6lJ6lllfJJ)J <:9I6lJ)Wll4W 6T6lJr <:9I(Bs:D 6l16lJ)!Ji5l6U LJ6ir6lfl.@LL (BCf>lfCB Cf>6TTlf6U 6l16lJ)!JJE(bI Cf>lfLCBCf>.

(101) L18'Wlf6lJrW 6T6lirjDlf6U 6T6lir6lJr? .@s'b6lir (!pd;cfilUl L-U(BUlIf Cf>W 6T6lir6lJr? urfI(Bcrlf s'b6lJ)61JT ~LiIDJfiY6liri1J1ds@ ~LLs:bs'bLL 2x 10-1 mol drn? Q8'Jfj6lj6ir6TT ~6lJflf6Us:b®s:bs'bwrrCf>5 QcrJI5l6lJ ~Ul U U L L N aO H Cf> 6lJ)!J 8'6U (B s'b 6lJ) 6l1U uCB cfil60r jD(bI. .@d;Cf>6lJ)!J8'6lJ)6I) L-w(bI UlfL8'lf6lJ)6I) ~tiJ6lj~LW fiY6lirJDl6iJ 6T6iJ6l1lfJDl s'bUllfrflU[J'lf6T6lJr ollIurflci;cn6lJ(n L-Wd;@ rffIr ~JD (bIlfUl Na2C03 <:9I6lJ)jD Q6l1UU J6/6lJ)6l)uJ16iJ <:9ILfri>s'b/l.87g em? L6Tr 6TT 98 % JBl6lJ)jD5 Q8'JI5l6lJ6lJ)L Ul H2SO 46T 6lir U6lJr s'b!Ju U L CB 6Tr 6TT 6lJr. (LW(bI UlfL8'lf6lJ)6I) ~tiJ6lJ~LW 6l18's'b/ L-6Tr6TT(bI 6T6lJrd; Cf>([Ij(blCf»

Cuso4.@6lir JGfr d;Cf>6lJ)!J 8'6U fiY6lir JDl N aOH .@6lirJGfrd;Cf>6lJ)!J8'6U fiY6lir JDlL6lir s:D1f d;Cf>(!pJD JDl Q8'U 6lJ)Us'b Q!JlfL 6lJ)8'L CB 6l'1l1>ul!}. Q6ll1f 6lir 6lJ)jDU i5l61ir 6ll([1jW 8'W6lirUlfL I!}.JDCf>6lJ)WUl(i, s'b([lj~ jD(bI.

CuS04(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ~ CU(OH)2 (s) + N~S04 (aq)

0.5 mol dm? CuS04, 0.5 mol dm? NaOH Cf>6lJ)!J8'6UCf>6Tr s'b!JUUI!}.6lir .@i>s:Dlfd; Cf>~6lir L'1cFWlf6lJri>6lJ)$'b 6T6lJ6lllfJDl (bI6lJOf)6f1fr 6T6lirU6lJ)s'b ollIUrFld;Cf>.

(102) 1.818g em? <:9ILfr i>s'b/ll4W 98 % J6/6lJ)JD5 Q8'JDl6lJw L-6lJ)LUl H2S04 <:9Iu5161)W L-Wd;@ 6ll1J}rf.JJCf>UULCB6Tr6TT(bI. H~S04' AI L-L6lir i5l6lir6ll([1jW 8'W6lirUlfLI!}.6Iir 6ll1:ff/ s'blfd;Cf> W6lJ)L cfil6lirJD(bI.

(i) 27.0 g AI m (!PJDjDlfCf>ci; Cf>6lJ)!Ju us:DJD@ UUl6M uCB(i, s:D (B6l16lRirI!}.Ul (Bw<86u ~JDi_uLL ~6lir Cf>6lJr6l16TT6lJ 6T6lir6lJr?(AI = 27, S = 32, ° = 16. H =

(b)

Wlf6l1iJT6l16lir fiY([Ij6ll6lir 0.5 mol dm" CuS04 ,0.1 mol dm? Ba(OH)2 Cf>6lJ)!J8'6iJ Cf>6lJ)6TTU uUl6liruCBi>s'b/ 6ll1J}61f>WUllf6lJr (!p61f>jDuJ16U Q8'ULJ 8'6U(BUJDJDI JGk ffi Cf> 6lJ)!J 8'6U (BUrFlUl6lJ)Ws'b Q!J1f L 6lJ)crL CB JCfr ci; Cf> 6lJ)!J 8'6U ~ cfilUl6llJiJcfil6lJ)L (BUlll46Tr 6TT i5l6lir6ll([1jW s:D1f d;Cf>i>s'b/6lir L18'WIf 6lJr i> 6lJ)s'b s:tJI6lJOf)Uli> s'b/L L u51CB cfiI jDlf 6lir.

CuS04 (aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) ~ BaS0is) + Cu(OHVs) Wlf6l1iJT6l16llf16lir .@W (!pUlJDcf1 Q6l1JiJJI5lUlorf1ffi@WIf? l!Lw(bI ollI6lJ)LffiCf>IfG Cf>1f!J6Dl1T~s'b ollI6TT d;@Cf>.

(ii) (BW6U s:D1fd;Cf>i>~6lir (Bulf(bll atm .@§l)Iw 300 K .@W1W QUjDuuCBw L6I)ir H2 6lllfl14oll16lir Cf>6lJr6l16TT6lJ 6T 6lir6lJr?

(iii) {jjJ6lJ6l1u5161)i>s'b/6U {jjJ([IjJE(bI 1 moldm? Q8'JI5l6lJ6Tr6TT H2S04 fijJ6lir fiY([Ij dm' m 6T6lJ6lllfJDl s:DUllfrFIUL1ir?

(iv) (8w(861)Jflr~~6UIb~6TT6l1lfCf>(86)J 1 moldm" ~Cf>.@([Ijd:@;lb. fijJ(bI ~ 6lir 6T 6lJr ollI6TT fficfil .@s'b6lir s'b/([Iji>s:DWIf 6lJr Q8'JDl6lJ)6l1 ~6lls:DJiJCf>1f 61JT *&([Ij s'b/LLi>s'b/6lJ)6lJrll4W @JDlui5lCBCf>.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

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!:lASIC CHEMISTRY

121

(103) NH4I, NaI ~cBIw6lJ.rDp5l61k ~6I)frd)6U61I)6lJ IfY61kJDl JGrfl6iJ d)61I)!Jcbd)uULCB Wsfjff611l' HN03 81lLlw AgN03 pfrf 81lLlw (gffrfs:f,s:l)J <!9I6TT6lJJIflU@U'-I c!p61I)JDWffd) u@si>s:fjn-WUULLs:l)J.d)6l)61I)6'}Jll]l6fuO.88g~611I's:l)JI.410gAgI~6lOO'YuL9rur~~. d)6U6ll)6lll])6i.J@®cb@w NaCI ~61k (YJJ.iJcrs!D6l'1¢Dsi>61I)s:fjcb d)67J1lfIcbd). [ Na = 23, N = 14, H= 1,1= 127, Ag= 108]

(104) @w~d)@J1ffi@ w®Ji;s!Drr d)U uw~CBWb wcb6rffcf1wu urr6iJ, Mg(OH)2 81 Gls:fjffr5.r d)6Urrd)cb Gld)rr6l11HL 1fY® JGfrcb d)61I)!Jff6Urr@w. d)61I)ul516i; 6lJrrr5.rd)UULL 100 ern? wcb6Ofcflwuurr6iJ Qd)rr6l11HL (gurrsi>s!D6iJ IfY61kJDl ~wcb@ 6lJWr5.rcbUULCB6Tr6TTs:l)J. (gw~w <!9I6OOr6ImT6TT6lJrrd) 0.lmoldm-3 Glffp5l6lJ6Tr6TT HCl <!9Iu516Ucb d)61J)!Jff~W, s:l)Jrrw JG!J.rDJ1J Na2C03 ~W ~wcb@ 6lJwr5.rd)UULCB6Tr6TT611I'. ~6lJ.rDJDlL61k ~uJ6lJ crnL ffrrs:fj611l' 6lJff~d)@!)W ~6OOrCB- ~!E $I611)6I)61J)Wd)6Tfi6i; wcb6Ofcf1wuurr6l516i; ~6Tr6TT Mg(OH)2 ~61k <!9I6TT61J)6lJsi> s:l)J67J1lfI6lJs!Dtbffirr6IJT 1fY® (!p61J)JD61I)Wcb CTnJDld). (6filU!Jr5.rd)6Tr, d)67J1lfIU'-Icbd)6Tr (g6lJ6l11HL UUL 6fil6iJ61J)61).)

(105) ~6Urr d)6u61l)6lJGlwrr61kJDl s:l)Jfw KHC03, CaC03 or61kU6lJ.rD61J)JD ffW(YJ6iJ <!916TT6l516i; Gld)rr6l11HCB6Tr 6TT s:l)J. ~ till ~6OOr61J)W61l)W ~6lJsfjJDd)rr 6IJT ~ L L W 1fY61kp5l61l)6IJT si> s:D®d). ~s!D,ID:orr cb <!91u516Utb ors:fj61l)6lJTlLIW Jf}r uw61kuCB~ ~W~ffid'>i.uL 6l'J6UxooJ. (jG61J)!Jcb crnL JGfr uw61kuCBsi>s:fj (!PL9wrrs:l)J.)

(106) N aCI wrr ¢1rfl 1fY6dr JDl wrr ffrr d)ff cflJIflsfj6TT6lJ N a2 C03 81cfi Gld)ff6lJdrCB6Tr 6TT s:l)J. ~rDwrr~rflu5I61k 2 g6lJL9 JGrfl6i; d)61J)!J~ U1(g611l'rr~61k d)rrLL9 Gld)rr6l1GJ(B OJmol dm? HCl~L61k JJ3lwu51si>s:fj (gurrs:l)J $IJDWff.rDJDs:h~.rD@ ~till <!9Iu5161)s:fj~61k lOem3 (gs!D61J)6lJUULLs:l)J or61lfl6iJ wrr~rflu5I6i; L6Tr6TT NaCI ~61k s:l)JrruJ61J)w 6l'1sfjrD or61k6IJT? [Na =23, C = 12, ° = 16, 0= 35.5]

(107) 25°C u516i.J0_1 moldm? H2CP4 d)61I)!Jff6l5l~6Tr6TTW,C20/- <!9IW61kGlffp5l6lJd)6Tr(!p61J)JD(gw 0.038, 0_004 moldrn? ~@w. d)61J)!Jff6l51~6Tr6TT HCP4-' H2CP4 or6drU611I'6lJ.rDp5l6dr Glffp5l6lJd)61J)6TT cb d)rr6l11H d).

(108) Q:Drr6U6IruDJbJDlwrr~rflQuff6iJrJDlCaC03,MgC03WffWCYJ6i.l<!9/6TTofj6UGJcoo-6OO(B6h6rr$Dffd) ~WUUL CB6Tr6TT s:l)J. ~s:fj61J)6IJT LJJ]l~uuCBs1>s:l)J6lJs:fjJDd)rr611l' ~®(!p61J)JDd)61J)6TTdi s:fj®d). (Gls:fjrr6l)61J)wJDJDl = CaC03• MgC03)

(109) 1.84g Gls!Drr6U61J)wJDJDl wff~rflcb@ 50 em" 0_97 rnoldm? HCl<!9lu516l)rD (8fffrcfid)u ULLs:l)J. ore§cf1w <!9Iu516Us1J6I1)s:fj JDCB$l61J)6UWrr cbd) 17em3 0.5 moldm? NaOH (gs:fj61J)6lJU ULLs:l)J. d)6U61J)6lJu5I~6Tr6TT CaC03 ~6dr $I61J)JD6l'1s:fjW wrrs:l)J?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

122

S_8Sg NaCI u5/6I1)d) Glffp5l~ ~S04' Mn02 LL61k Gl6lJuuwrrffic6lw (gurrs:l)JtL6lRirLrr6IJT ucflw Wc§ff6Tr 6lJrrlLl u516I1)d) H2 LL6lir Gl6lJL9cbd)UUL CB 6l5161J)6TT6lJ JGrfl6Ud)61J)!Jcb d)UuLL0I. ~ffid'>61J)!Jff~ u5161J)d)wrr6IJT Zn (gfffrcbd)UULLrr6iJ stp u516iJ or6lir6IJT d)6IJT6lJ6TT6lJ H2 Gl6lJ6Tfi(gWJJ]lW?

(111) Sg Cu05OOcm3 0_25 moldm? H2S04 ~6Ud)61D!J cbd'>WLCB ofj61J)6TT6lJ d)61D!J C1'QJ)6\)JDCBp961D6U wrrffid'> 247em3, O.S moldrn? NaOH (gs!D61J)6lJUULL0I. GlffUr5I61k <!9Iw$l61J)JD wrr0l?

(110)

NaCI WlLIW, KCl WlLIrD Gld)ff6lJdrL 1fY® d)6I)61J)6lJu5I61k 5.5g JGrfl6i; d)61J)!Jcbd)UULCB u5161J)d) AgN03 LL61k s:fjrrcbd)(!PJD 6l51LUULL(gUff0l12.7g 6l'1WUL96lJ (gsfjff61kp5lW0l. d)6I)61J)6lJu5I~6Tr6TT NaCI ~6lir ~6OOfl6lJ 6l'1s:fjrD or61k6IJT?

(113) Na CO • KHCO or61kU6lJ.rDIj1)JDcb Gld;ff6l11HL d)6I1)!Jff6l5161k 5Ocm3 r51(g~ff6iJd;sfJ6\161k d)~L;61J)Wcb GI~rr6lJdrCB JBlwu5Icbd) 100cm3 0.2moldm-3 HCI (gs:fj61J)6lJUULL0I. '-I¢Jw d)61J)!J ff6l5161k 25cm3 Glw61J)s:fju516iJ GlffrDWe§ff6Tr d)rrLL961J)wcb Gld)rr6lJdrCB JBlwu51cbd) 35cm3 0.5moldm-3 H2S04 (gs:fj61J)6lJUULLs:l)J. d)61J)!Jff6l516iJ fL6Tr6TT N~C03' KHC03 or6lirU6lJ.rDp5l61k Glffp5l6lJd)6I1)6TTcb d)6OOflcbd).

(112)

(114)

N a CO • N aO H Gld)ff6lJdr L d)61J)!J ff6l516lir 50ml r51(g6IJTrr6iJ:[J sfj6l16lir d)rrL L9 Gld)~6IJdr0 JBlwu51cbd) 0.3moldm-3 50ml HCI (gs:fj61J)6lJUULL0I. d)61J)!Jff6l516i; '-I¢lw 50ml GlW61J)s:fjuil6iJ GlffW W@Jff6l1 d)rrL L9 Gld)rr6lJdrCB JIflwu51cfi d) 0.25moIdm-3 HCI 100mI (gs:fj61J)6lJUULL0I. Na2C03• Na2C03 Glffp5l6lJd) 61J)6TT c6 d)6OOflcbd).

(115)

-JGC8!JJDJJ5Iw ff6i;(gUJD M2S04 • xHP 6iJ 8g @Lrrcfid)uULL (gUfflfJl JG!JJDJD ff6i;(8UJD61J)JDlLIW 3.75g JG61J)!JlLIW Gld)rrCBdisfJ0I·

(i) x ~6lir w¢JU61J)Ucb d)6OOflcbd). (M=23. S=32. 0=16)

(ii) (gWJDcrnJJ51w JGC8!JJDJDUULL ff6iJ(gU.rDJJ5I6lir 6.7g JGrfl6iJ d)61J)!Jcbd)uULCB d) 61J)!J ff 6I5l6lir d) 6IJT 6lJ 6TT 6lJ 20 Oc m 3 JD @rJ, GI d) rr 61Jdr CB 6lJ!J U U L9 6lir d)61J)!Jff6l51§l.»6Tr6TT M+ ~61k Glffp5l6lJ moldm? ~6iJ Wff0l?

NaOH @p5l{iJs:l)J 1.0 moldm? ~d)6lJ6Tr6TT d)ff!],cbd)6I1)!Jff6iJ lfY61kiIJllb, Zno s:l)JfW fL W fL ffiJ d) orfl L W 6lJW ffiJ d)U U L CB 611 6TT 01. pfffiJ d) 6ir (g 6lJjJJI (j!J ffffW 6IJT U Glurr®Ld)61J)6TTU uw61kuCBs:hs:fj (!PL9wrr0l. or61lfl§!DlrD wJiJJDW ~uJ6lJcrnL. ffffs:fj6IJT 6lJff¢1 d) 61J)6TT U U W 6lir U CB:[J s:fj 6I)ffW . ~Jfi JIfl61J)6I)61J) Wd) orfl6iJ Zn 0. N a ° H sfjffcfid)di¢J6lir (!p6I)rf 6l51cB1sfjw 1:2 or6IJT orffiJffil6IJTrD d)ffLCBoM or6IJT:[J Glsfj6Tfi6lJffd) 6l516lJrflcbd).

(116)

BASIC CHEMISTRY

123

(117)

(118)

(119)

(120)

(121)

(a) s:6!6IJlJfI6lJUUIf}. 70% HN03 Cb6lJ)!J8'6iJ Ifj)61irJI5l66r <:9/Lrtdis:6!1.54gem-3 ~ uJl61ir (§Jd;Cb6lJ)!J 8'615161ir CJj)6lJrt Gi8'JI5l6lJ or 61ir6M?

(b) 1.8g em? <:9/LrtdJs:6! ~6l'r6lT ~SO 4 {§J6iJ (§J([!jJf,01 1dm30.05moldm- 3 H2S04 m or6iJ6lJffJDl s:t>WffrflULJrt?

(e) 0.1 mol K + <:9/W6lJ)6M d; GiCbff 6I1lH L Ifj)® JJfrt d; Cb 6lJ)!J 8'61516iJ a, 6l'r 6TT K2SO 4 {§J61ir Gi8'JI5l6lJ 0.1 moldm' ~uJl61ir Cb6lJ)!J8'615161ir Cb6M6lJ6TT6lJ or61ir6M?

(124)

Zmoldm", Smoldm" HCI <:9/W16Ud;Cb6lJ)!J 8'6iJCD6l'r fLWd;@s:b s:DfIUUL(B6l'r6TT01. {§J6lJJD6lJ)JD uw61iru(BdJs:6! Smoldm" 100em3 HCI <:9/W16lJs:b6lJ)s:D or6iJ6lJffJDl s:DwirfluLJrt ?

3A2g AI2(SO 4)3 m 250em3 JGrtd;Cb6lJ)!J8'6iJ GiCbff6l1lH(B6l'r6TT0l.

(i) AI2(S04)3 8'ffrtUffCb Cb6lJ)!J8'615161ir CJj)6i:Jrt Gi8'JI5l6lJ or61ir6M?

(ii) Cb6lJ)!J8'6I5I~6l'r6TT SO/ {§J66r Gi8'JI5l6lJ or61ir6M?

(iii) Cb6lJ)!J8'6l51~6l'r6TT GiWffs:bs:D <:9/w61ir Gi8'JI5l6lJ or61ir6M?

(125)

X or61ir2!DJw Cb6lJ)!JWs:bs:tf!61ir 19 JJfrf16iJ Cb6lJ)!Jd;CbUULL Cb6lJ)!J8'6iJ 250em3 ~d;CbUULL (8uff01 Cb6lJ)!J8'6I5I6iJ X {§J61ir Gi8'JI5l6lJ 0.025mol dm? ~uJl61ir Cb6lJ)!JWdJs:6!61ir CJj)6Urt s:6!6IJlJfI6lJ or61ir6M?

KN03, Ba(NO)2 ~ctIW6lJJD6lJ)JDd; GiCbff6WrL Cb6U6lJ)6lJuJ161ir 0.564g m Gi6lJUUU Ulrfl6lJ)Cb <:9/6lJ)LWff Gi8'ti.Js:v(8Uff01 OA08g s:6!6IJlJfI6lJ6l'r6TT KN02, BaO ~$)w 6lJJD6lJ)JDd; GiCbff6WrL Cb6U6lJ)6lJ $)6lJ)LdJs:Dl1J1. Cb6lJ6lJ)6lJuJl6i3 KNO 3 {§J61ir J616lJ)JD·6l'1s:DdJ6lJ)s:Dd; Cb6lJlJf)d;Cb. (Ba = 137)

(122) Ifj)([!j Cb6UULj(86Uff CbWff6Ml1J1 wd;6iff ci1wsiJ6lJ)s:tJLLJw Cb6iJci1ws:b6lJ)s:DLLJw GiCbff6Wr(B 6l'r6TTl1J1. 1.000g J15l6lJ)JDLLJ6l'r6TT {§Jd;Cb6lJULj(86UffCbWff6M tEs:t>ff6M HCI fLL61ir S:Vffd;Cb QPJDJDl tfil.Gi6lJ.<:9/6})l6iJ 0.784dm-3 tEs:t>!J8'61ir 6lJffLLJ6lJ)6lJd; GiCbff(Bd;@W. J15l. Gi6lJ. <:9/ 6})l6iJ tE~!J ¢F6IJf16dr CJj)6lJrt Cb 6M 6lJ6JT 6lJ 22 Al or 6IJf161ir {§J d; Cb6UU Lj (86Uff Cbs:bs:6!6iJ fL 6l'r6TT Wd;6iff cf1ws:bs:6!61ir ifJIfJDJDl6l'1s:t> Jt16lJ)JD6lJ)Wd;Cb6lJlJf)d;Cb ? (Mg = 24.00, Ca = 40.00)

(123) lmoldm? Ba(OH)2 Cb6lJ)!J8'Gi6lJff66rJDlIb Imoldm" HCI Cb6lJ)!J8'Gi6Uff61irDW· fLWd;@s:b s:t>!JUUL (B6l'r 6TT 6M. ( H + <:9/w61ir cf,6lJ)6rrLLJW OR <:9/w66r Cb6lJ)6TTLLJW Cb6Wr(BUllf}.uus:vJD@ <:9/6iJ6Ul1J1. <:9/6TTUU~JD@ fLu(8Wff CbUU(Bs:bs:Dd; CTnIf}.IU pH

Wff 6IJf1 Cb6l'r , Cb L d;J 0li> s:6! JD66r Cb6U6dr Cb6l'r (8Uff 66r JD W166r fLUCb!J 6mJTr5J Cb(8 6TTff <:9/W16U CJj)6Ud; CbffLIf}.Cb(86TTff fLWd;@i> ~!JUUL6})l6iJ6lJ)6U) Ba(OH)2' HCI ~$)W6lJJDJDld;$)6lJ)L(8w ~6l'r6TT s:t>ffd;CbdJs:tf!61ir LJ8'Wff6Md;J6lJ)s:D ~ti.J6lJanLdJ s:tf!~6l'r6TT {§J$]616lJ)6U6lJ)WCb6'lfl66r cCw Urfl(88'ffs:t>61J>6M rFs:6!WffCb ]61rtWff6lJf1U us:t>JD@ or6iJ6lJiT JDl or dJs:v6lJf1uLJrt or61irU6lJ)s:Dff C1i([!jd;CbWff Cb @JI5lUUI(BCb.

HCI @JI5ls:bl1J1 0.5mol drn' ~Cb6lJW H2SO 4@{J5IdJ(l)1 0.25mol dm? ~Cb6lJ1b fL6l'r6TT <:9/W16Ud; Cb6lJ)!J8'6iJ Ifj)6drJDl ~r5JCb6TflLIb ~!JuuL(B6l'r6TT01. wd;6iffci1ww Ifj)L 6lJ)8'L (Bib fLr5JCb6TflL W 6lJWr5JCbUUL (B6l'r6TT (l)1. (JGrilICb6l'r (86lJiJ)l {§J!J 8'ffW6MU GiUff®L Cb6lJ)6TTU uw61iru(B d;JsT> QPIf}.Wff l1J1. or 6IJf12!DJW JJfrilleb6l'r 8'ff S:Vff!J 6l1/JT ~ ti.J6lJ an L 8' ff ~ 6M W , Cb 60lir 6l1/JT ff If}. ci, eb 6U 6lJ 6lJ) Cb 6lJ 8' s:tf! eb 6ir ~ ctIw 6lJJD 6lJ) JD U uW61irU(Bs:bsT>6UriW) {§JJf,J15l6lJ)6U6lJ)Web6'lfl6iJ MgO 6})lJD@w HCI {§JJb@w (§J6lJ)L(8W a, 6ir 6TT s:D ff ci, eb i> s:tf!6dr CJj) 6U rt 6111 ctI sT>W 1 : 2 or 6dr U 6lJ) s:t> or r5J ffjJ 6M W CbffL (B6l'1Gi!J61irU61J>s:t> Gi~6Tfl6lJff eb 6})l6lJrfld;Cb.

{§J!J 8'dJ6lJ)s:Dci, eb(8s:t>ffLLff ebU uw66ru(BdJs:6! Ul6lJ)JD6dr eb61J>!J 8'6iJ u516drU@d;CbU uLL(8Uffl1J1 eb(8~ffLIf}.6iJ (88'ffIf}.WW <:9/w6iJebw(Na/Hg) GiUJDUULL01. {§J6iJ <:9/w6iJebs:bs:6!66r @JI5ls:bs:D s:tf!61JIJf16lJ W161J>ebW6TT6lJ JG([!jL66r (88'rts:bs:D(8Uffl1J1 27°C (§J~w 0.987atm <:9/QP5,Cbsh¢1~w 0.624dm3 fL6Urt H2 6lJw 400em3 NaOH Cb6lJ)!J8'§J)lW GiUJDUULL6M.

a) NaOH eb61J>!J8'6I5I66r Gi8'{J5I6lJ or6dr6M?

b) (8w6iJ 6})l6lJ)6TTJf,sT> N aO H eb61J>!J 8'61516dr 2Ocm3 JD(BJ6I6lJ)6UWff d;Cb H2S04 Cb6lJ)!J 8'615161ir 3 2e m 3 (8s:v 61J> 6lJU U L L (l)1 or 6IJf16iJ H2 SO 4 {§J 61ir 6l'1s:Dff Gi8'{J5I6lJ or61ir6M?

124

125

BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY

(1) (3) (5) (7) (9) (11) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)

(18) (20) (21) (22) (24) (26) (28) (30) (32) (34) (35) (37) (39) (41) (43) (45) (47) (49)

9gem3

40 em', 25%

3.5 em' @6lJ)JDILIW C4HIO

C3Hs' 57.5ml 151.25ml

(51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (65) (66) (67) (69) (71) (73) (74) (76) (78) (83) (85) (87) (89) (91) (92) (96) (98) (102) (106) (107) (109) (111) (113)

C2H6

C4HS

2,6

tCiJrr6lll64.7%, 27.1% CO2, 5.9% 02' 2.3%N2 C2H2 = 4em3 , C2H4 = 6em3

CO = 20em3, CO2 = 15em3, N2 = 25em3, 25% CO2

(b) lOem3 (c) 10em3 (d) 2gem3 (e) (i) Scm' (ii)24cm3

(f) H2 = 16em3, N2 = 14em3

(~) H2CI .

(a) 32 gmol:' (b) 64 g mot! (c) 2 gmol:'

(a) 1.29g (b) 02 59 %

1.281g (23)

33.6 l, 303g (25)

1.38g, 516em3 (27)

77.8dm3 (29)

99.3% (31)

64% (33)

C12 = 98.89% , C13; 1.109% 36

BASIC CHEMISTRY

25 em' 22em3

125 em', 25 em' 20%

(2) (4) (6) (8) (10) (12)

C4HS06 CSH3N3

H = 6.67% , 0 = 53.33%

C2H40

55.8, C6HIP C3HsO

C.fIP2

(36) (38) (40) (42) (44) (46) (48) (50)

M2CI6

8.93g, 25.15% 23.7 dm'

94.5%

57.1% 39.08

61.2, C3HP, C3HsO CH, CsHs

CgHSO

CSHI002

C4HgO

C4HgO

C6Hg06

XeF6

m=2,n=6

(i) NaH3SOS (ii) NaHS04.Hp

(a) N2HP3 (b) NH4N03

(a) K AISps (b) 24 (c) K2S04.AI2(S04)3' 24 H20 FeS2 ° 14 H20N2, (NH4)2S04 . FeS04 . 6Hp

9 (57) 47.3%

(i) M2Cl402 (ii) MCI2. M(CIO)2' Hp

(i) 2.45 (ii) 3.375

(i) 0.05moldm-3 (ii) 0.025moldm·3

140 em'

(i) 0.lmoldm-3 (i) 0.4moldm-3 (i) .!JILIfd;¢6I (a) 0.035

(d) 5.69%

(iii) 29.4% (iii) 1.2

(iii) Ymoldm:'

(ii) 0.098moldm-3 (iii) 0.001758 (ii) 0.04moldm-3

(ii) 0.6moldm-3

(b) 3.71

(68) 25cm3

(70) 1.78gdm-3

(72) 2

(c) imoldm:'

(iv) 1.8%, 1.73%

25em3 1.52g 23

(a) 85 (b) 90%

0.36moldm-3 (77) 95%

10 (79) 0.4moldm-3, 0.6moldm-3

3.96g (84) 20%

5 (86) 1.35g

112g , 3.64dm3 (88) 89.2%

2 (90) 2.265g

(iii) 1:1 (iv) 1:1 (v) VBaq: VNa2S04 = 1:2

0.148g (93) (a) 4.84g (b) 2Ocm3

(i) VH2S04 = 6cm3 (97) 56

[CI-] = 0, [N03-] = 0.167moldm-3

(i) 82.5cm3 (ii) 36.9dm3 (103) 33.33%

94.7%

[H2CP4] = 0.066moldm3, [HCP4-] = 0.34moldm-3

54% (110) 1. 12dm3

63.03 (112) 72.32%

O.4moldm-3, 0.6moldm-3 (114) 0.2moldm-3, 0.1moldm-3

126

127

BASIC CHEMISTRY

(115) 7,0.25moldm-3

(117) (a) 17. l lrnoldm" (b)2.7cm3 (c)0.5dm3

(118) @® Cfi6lJ>!TCF6UCfi6'ff19l)1"; 50cm3 Cfi6IJd;CfiuuCBIb.

(119) (i) 0.04mol· (ii) 0.12moldm-3 (iii) 0.2moldm-3

(120) 160gmol-1 (121) 53.72%

(122) 60%

(125) (a)0.125moldm-3 (b)0.3828%(w/v)

BASI<: CHEMISTRY

128

<=}I5F1iilj' ~'rr'~

./""

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