Mayank Tandon, R.A. Siddique and Tanuj Ambwani. 2008.

Role of bypass proteins

in Ruminant production. Dairy Planner. Vol.4, Issue 10, (May). pp: 11-14.

ROLE OF BYPASS PROTEINS IN RUMINANT

PRODUCTION
1. Mayank Tandon, M.Sc. (Animal Nutrition), Research Scholar,
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, N.D.R.I., Karnal, 132001, Haryana.
E-mail: [email protected]
2. Dr. R.A. Siddique, M.V.Sc. (Mol. Bio & Biotech.), Research Scholar,
Animal Biochemistry, N.D.R.I., Karnal, 132001, Haryana.
E-mail: [email protected]
3. Dr. Tanuj Ambwani
Associate Professor and Incharge,
Animal Biochemistry Division, C.V.A.Sc., G.B.P.U.A. &.T. Pantnagar, 163145,
Uttarakhand
E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction

The field of Animal Science developed with the domestication of Animals.

Today, the primary importance of domestic animals for people is a source of food and
other products. These animals provide a regular source of income from the sale of milk,
meat, skin, draught power and dung. In the developing countries like India, the feed
inadequacy is the major impediment in the development of livestock industry, especially
dairy. The problem is quit acute in India, where the bovine population is largest; and
increasing at the rate of more than 1 percent annually. This constant increase in the
bovine population dilutes any efforts made towards increasing the feed/ nutrient supply
achieved by nutritionists. More than this, there is a shortage of about 30-32 percent of
energy (feed) availability for livestock in the country.
Crop residues, which form the bulk of feed resources in India, are of inferior
quality. Oil seed cakes are in short supply, partly due to lower production of oil seeds and
partly due to its export to rich countries. We have made remarkable progress in grain
production (through green revolution), but the first preference for their use goes to human
beings. We have to look for alternate ways of increasing the nutrient supply to bovines
from existing as well as newer feeds. This can be achieved by modifying the feeds and
the feeding conditions, and by the manipulating the digestive tract, especially rumen.
Many of these manipulations are aimed at increasing the nutrient utilization within the
ruminant system. In recent years, several feeding technologies have been developed
through the intensive efforts of Animal Nutrition research. In fact several more
technologies are in the process of being developed. By increasing, the efficiency of
nutrient utilization we can thus achieve the twin objective of increasing the production of
dairy and also reduces the cost of production
.

Bypass Nutrient Technology

In the feed
fraction of nutrients, which are low or non-degradable in the rumen by the microbes
and they are digestible and absorbable at lower tract and become available to animal
called as Bypass Nutrient Fraction. Bypass nutrient mean that the essential and more
important nutrient (high BV) should be escape from the rumen or face minimum
fermentation. The reasons for protecting different nutrients are different based on their
mode of utilization in the rumen.

Various Bypass Nutrients

1.
Bypass Proteins
2. Bypass Starch
3. Bypass Fats
4. Bypass/ Chelated Minerals
5. Vitamins can also be protected

BYPASS PROTEINS

RDP (Rumen Degradable Proteins) and

UDP (Undegradable Dietary Proteins)

In India, there is a shortage of both energy as well as proteinacious feeds. Protein

supplements are more expensive and increase the feed cost. By optimizing the use of
protein supplement within the ruminant system, we can either reduce the quantity of
protein in the diet or can enhance the production of the animals.
The protein can be divided in two parts, for the ruminant animals, in most of the feed,
major part is degradable in rumen ‘Rumen Degradable Protein’ (RDP) and a small but
variable amount of dietary protein escape rumen degradation ‘ Un-degradable Dietary
Protein (UDP). UDP which enters the lower tract is absorbed mostly as amino acids
following enzymatic digestion. Of the RDP fraction, substantial part is utilized as the N
source for rumen microbes, for protein synthesis, while the rest is absorbed as ammonia.
Only part of absorbed ammonia is recycled back to rumen as urea via saliva, the rest
excreted out through urine.
The host animal gets amino acids requirement from two sources i.e. microbial protein and
UDP, both flowing to lower tract. Although in the case of low yielder, the microbial
protein synthesized in the rumen is sufficient. In some cases microbial protein and UDP
is sufficient to meet animal’s requirement. In high growing animal and high yielding
animals microbial supply is limited ( Table 1), then the demand of amino acids at the
tissue level, so to support the demand, it is necessary to provide proteins in the form of
UDP or escape proteins or protected proteins. The protection of protein can be achieved
by various methods. Few are following:

Table1. Nutrient Requirement for Lactating Cow of 400kg B. Wt. Producing Milk
with 4% Fat

Milk Yield, kg ME CP CP by Microbes; RDP UDP required

(4%fat) (MJ/d) (g/d) (8.34xME (MJ/d)) CP require-RDP)
0 50.44 318 420.66 Nil
1 55.65 408 464.12 Nil
2 60.86 498 507.57 Nil
3 66.07 588 551.02 36.98
4 71.27 678 594.47 83.61
5 76.48 768 637.84 130.16
6 81.7 858 681.37 176.63
7 86.91 948 724.82 223.18
8 92.12 1038 768.27 269.73
9 97.12 1128 811.72 316.28
10 102.54 1218 855.17 362.83
(NRC, 1989)

Protection can be achieved by Various Methods i.e. Naturally, Physically and chemically

1. Naturally Protected Proteins

The protein of most of the feed resources is bypass to some extent, but some bypass more
than others (Table 2). The natural protection depends upon the following properties of
feeds.

1 Surface Area Available for Microbial Attack

2 Chemical Nature of Proteins
3 Physical Consistency of Proteins
4 Presence of other Dietary Components
5 Passage Rate from Rumen

Table 2. Percentage of UDP in Common Feed and Fodder.

Feed UDP % Feed UDP %

Maize (grain) 65 Blood meal 76 – 82
Barley 21( 11-27) Fish meal 71 – 80
Sorghum 52 Meat meal 53 – 76
Bajra 68 Brewers dried 53
Oat grain 14–20 Corn gluten 53
Wheat grain 20–36 Wheat bread 29
Cotton seed meal 41–50 Corn silage 27
Linseed meal 11–45 Rice straw 63
Ground nut meal 30 Wheat straw 45
Rapeseed meal 23 Para grass 52
Soybean meal 28 ( 15–45) Cow pea 32 – 45
Sunflower meal 24 Berseem 37 – 52
Subabul 51 – 70 Alfa-Alfa 28
(NRC, 1985; Dutta et. al., 1997)

2. Heat Treatment

The drying of forage is known to increase the protection of the proteins. During the
process of manufacturing oil seed meals, they are subjected to different degree of heating
which partly explains differences in the degree of protection. Thorough heating of protein
supplement causes denaturation of protein; it provides effective protection against
microbial fermentation in the rumen. Heat treatment at 125- 1500 C for 2-4 hours could
protect proteins very efficiently. High pressure steam treatment with extrusion has shown
promising results.

3. Esophageal Groove

This is normal function in young one. It is done/ good for liquid proteins. Groove closer
is influenced by various factors such as age, temperature of liquid, posture of animal
while drinking, site of delivery into esophagus, and chemical composition of liquid. More
over commonly used chemical influencing the closer are Salts of Sodium, Copper, Silver
and Zinc.

4. Formaldehyde Treatment

It is most widely used chemical treatment for the protection of protein. Normally we add
3-4 kg of commercial formalin (37-40% HCHO) per 100 kg of CP or 1-1.2 g HCHO/ 100
g CP. The most successful procedure, developed by Ferguson et al. (1967). Generally
there is increased fecal nitrogen and decreased urinary nitrogen which indicates
effectiveness of protection. The use of formaldehyde to protect dietary protein for
ruminants is based on the premise that bound formaldehyde markedly reduces the
solubility of the protein at pH 6.0, thereby rendering it highly resistant to microbial attack
in the rumen, without significantly reducing its digestibility in the small intestine. Other
aldehydes like, acetaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal are also effective but they don’t
possess any advantage over formaldehyde which is comparatively cheaper and easily
available.

5. Post Rumen Infusion (Fistula)

Surgically fitted fistula after the rumen in the lower tract of intestine is an easy method to
avoid rumen microbial degradation of proteins, so proteins/ amino acids are available in
the intestine. This method is only used at research level to generate the data and rumen
degredation pattern.

6. Encapsulation of Proteins

Encapsulation of Proteins is usually done for good Biological value proteins and for
individual amino acids. Methionine and lysine are limiting amino acids in microbial
proteins on feed intake, plasma amino acids and milk production. So they can be given
the form of capsule with a combination of fats or fatty acids sometimes by addition of
carbonate, kaolin, lecithin, glucose etc.

7. Amino Acids Analogs

Structural manipulation of amino acids to create resistance to ruminal degradation is

another potential method for rumen bypass of amino acids. In addition to being
absorbable from the small intestine, the analog must have biological potency in
metabolism by tissue. Analogs such as Methionine hydroxy, N-acetyl-DL-Metionine, DL-
Homocysteine thiolactone-Hcl, DL-Homocysteine, etc. have given satisfactory results.
Reacting amino acids to produce imides, produced materials which survival ruminal
conditions, yielded free amino acids at abomasal pH, and increased amino acids
concentration in the ruminants.

8. Feed Processing

Normal procedure in the manufacture of feed ingredients can influence the magnitude of
protein degradation in the rumen. Certain grain processing can either increase or decrease
rumen degradation of Proteins. Increased ruminal degradation may be the result of
disruption of the protein matrix, whereas heat applied or generated during grain
processing can decrease ruminal degradation of proteins.

9. Lowering Ruminal Protease Activity

By depressing the proteolysis activity of the rumen microbes (not Urease) we can slow
down the protein degradation within the rumen. Bacteria are the mainly responsible for
proetolytic degradation. So antibiotics can be used to reduce the protein degradation
within the rumen.

10. Metal Amino Acid Complex

Metal complexes commonly available such as Zinc Methionine, Zinc Lysine, Copper
Lysine, Manganese Metionine, Iron Methionine etc. their usefulness lies in the fact to
assume that they must be stable in the rumen environment and abomasum and be
delivered to the small intestine intact, secondly, there is some evidence that mineral
chelates are considerably better absorbed than inorganic forms.

11. Plant Secondary Compounds

These are mainly secondary metabolism compounds these are generally not utilized in
metabolic process these include lignin, tannin, terpenenoids, volatile essential oils,
alkaloids etc. these have potential to be used as protein protectant in the rumen. Tannin
has got good attention, although it is considered as antinutritional factor but as it is a
protein suppresser or decreasing is digestibility so it can be used in the ruminant animal
at lower level; for monogastric it is toxic.

12. Decreasing Retention Time in Rumen

Less stay in rumen environment mean less degradation because feed or protein is getting
less exposure to enzymatic action. Faster pass of feed in the rumen is the explanation.
Factors influencing the rate of passage include food intake, specific gravity, particle size,
Concentrate to roughage ratio, rate of rumen degradation etc.
Additional Benefits of Formaldehyde Treatment over Others.

1. Arrests the growth of mycotoxin forming fungus so can be used as preservatives

2. Protecting from Glucosinolates found in Mustard Cake as it lowers its activity

3. It is Cheap, 1 kg Oil Cake Treatment have a invetment of 0.7 Rs (Walli, 2004)

4. Starch protection can also be achived (Table 3, Mehta and Srivastava, 2001)

5. Fat Protection can also be done at satisfactory level (Table 4, Gulati et al. 2001)

Table3. Nutrient Intake and Performance of Crossbred Calve fed by Bypass starch

Parameter Control Treatment

Nutrient intake ( kg)

DMI/head/day 2.84 2.98

DMI/100kg b.wt./day 2.94 2.89

DCP/head/day 0.33 0.34

DCP/100kg b.wt./day 0.348 0.338

TDNI/head/day 2.02 2.11

TDNI/100kg b.wt./day 2.08 2.04

Body Wt. Changes (kg)

Initial body wt. 69.71 71

Final body wt. 130.57 142.85

B. wt. chang in 150 day 60.86 71.85

Body wt. gain /day 0.406 0.479

The Ground Barley, Treated with Formaldehyde for Bypassing Starch (Metha and
Srivastava, 2001)
Table 4 Nutrient Profile of HCHO Treated Soybean Oil Seeds

Parameter Unprotected ( g/kg) Protected (g/kg)

A. Total Fat 323 323

Rumen Un-degradable Fat 16 255.17

Rumen Degradable Fat 307 67.83

Fatty Acids Available for Absorption at the Aomasum

Oleic 8.4 133.2

Linoleic 4.2 66.3

Linolenic 1.4 21.9

B. Total Protein 285 285

Rumen Un-degradable 57 (20 %) 228 (80 %)

Protein
Rumen degradable protein 228 57
Amino Acids Available for Absorption at the Abomasum

Cysteine 0.27 2.09

Methionine 0.25 0.98

Isoleucine 0.71 2.85

Leucine 1.21 4.86

Phenylalanine 0.74 2.96

Lysine 0.78 3.12

Histidine 0.46 1.85

Arginine 1.12 4.47

(Gulati et al.2000; Gulati et al. 2001)

Effects of Bypass Proteins on Animal Performance

Biochemical and nutritional basis by which bypass protein show its effect on animal
performance.
• Additional supply of amino acids at intestinal and tissue level
• Lower ammonia production in the rumen because proteins are fermented to
ammonia and low degradation of protein will lower ammonia
• Lower urea synthesis in liver as ammonia is being absorbed at lower level
• Energy saving process as urea synthesis is at lower level
• Excess amino acids go for Gluconeogenesis

Best Utilization of Protein Resources

Total Protein Available from Concentrate in India is estimated to be around 8.5-9 million
tones which can Support production of only 0.45 million tones of Milk Proteins by the
present mode of its Utilization. Studies showed that when Protein Degradation in
Rumen is controlled and it is made to Bypass, the same can support the production of
1.72 million of Milk Proteins.

Beneficial Effects of Bypass Proteins

1 Growth Performance

Feeding of bypass protein meals generally increase the growth rate of animals and the
increase is often significant. A series of experiments conducted at NDRI, Karnal have
shown significant increase in growth rates in calves, buffalo calves, and goat kids on
feeding bypass protein. These experiments were on HCHO treated GNC and Mustard
cake. The increase in growth rate of these animals was registered to the tune of 30 -40 %.
Feeding of Bypass protein to growing stock, not only increases growth rate, but also
improve feed conversion efficiency feed required per kg gain and feed cost per kg gain.
Infact, it not only results in reduction in the cost of rearing, but due to higher growth rate,
it also results in attaining early maturity by male or female animals. This is definitely a
bigger boon in terms of improvement in reproductive efficiencies of these animals.

2 Lactating Performance

Most of feeding trails resulted in significant increase in m milk yield and FCM yield. The
increase in milk yield varied in the range of 8 – 10 percent. The studies conducted on
medium producing animals, proved that bypass protein feeding can be beneficial to the
animals, producing 8-10 liters of milk per day. Significantly increase in milk yield and
FCM yield in cross bred cattle in murrah buffaloes and in Goats.

3 Reproductive efficiency

Because of high growth rate caused through protein feeding, the young stock can attain
early maturity to start the reproductive life at an earlier age. It has been shown that
bypass protein feeding can improve the reproductive efficiency of breeding buffalo bulls
and cross bred bucks, both with respect to sexual behavior, including libido score as well
as the seminal attributes like ejaculate volume, mass activity and sperm count per ml,
similar positive results were obtained in females, where the number of service per
conception decreased after feeding of bypass proteins.

CONCLUSION

1 No Need of Bypass Proteins for Maintenance.

2 Required over Production of 3 l/ d.
3 3-5 l/ d Milking Animal; Naturally Bypass is Sufficient.
4 Medium and High Lactating and Growing Animals Need it.
5 It Increases DM intakes.
6 Increase in Milk production by 10-15 %.
7 Good increase in live weight gain.
8 Essential and Limiting Amino Acids reach to Intestine.
9 HCHO treatment is good over other treatments.
10 Reduces Milk Production cost.

Suggestions by Different Scientists

1 Advantage should be taking of Ruminants Ability to Synthesize Microbial Protein.

2 Microbial Protein Synthesis is Energy Dependent Process so Try to Increase Energy
intake.
3 Use of NPN should be Optimized.
4 Indian Conditions Need Naturally Protected Proteins Sources.
5 Need of On-farm Research.
6 Provide Bypass Proteins in Area Low Protein Resources.
7 Use of Protein Banks (Fodder Bank).
8 Potential of Tree Leaves, Seeds and Pods to be utilized.
9 Possibilities of Using Plant-Biotechnology.
10 Possibilities of Using Rumen Manipulation.
11 Commercial Dairy Sector Need to Adopt bypass Protein Manufacturing Tecnology.

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