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    AP Chemistry - Hess's Law Lab

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    Jonathan Chen
    The purpose of this lab was to calculate the ∆H of the reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride using Hess's law and calorimetry. Thermochemistry studies the energy changes in chemical reactions. Calorimetry measures heat of reactions by determining the temperature change of a reaction using the equation Q = mC∆T. The student performed three reactions - mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ammonia, and hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride - and calculated the ∆H of each using a homemade calorimeter and temperature probe. Applying Hess's law, the ∆H of forming ammonium chloride from its reactants

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    AP Chemistry - Hess's Law Lab

    Uploaded by

    Jonathan Chen
    34K views3 pages
    The purpose of this lab was to calculate the ∆H of the reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride using Hess's law and calorimetry. Thermochemistry studies the energy changes in chemical reactions. Calorimetry measures heat of reactions by determining the temperature change of a reaction using the equation Q = mC∆T. The student performed three reactions - mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ammonia, and hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride - and calculated the ∆H of each using a homemade calorimeter and temperature probe. Applying Hess's law, the ∆H of forming ammonium chloride from its reactants

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    The purpose of this lab was to calculate the ∆H of the reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride using Hess's law and calorimetry. Thermochemistry studies the energy changes in chemical reactions. Calorimetry measures heat of reactions by determining the temperature change of a reaction using the equation Q = mC∆T. The student performed three reactions - mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ammonia, and hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride - and calculated the ∆H of each using a homemade calorimeter and temperature probe. Applying Hess's law, the ∆H of forming ammonium chloride from its reactants

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    34K views3 pages

    AP Chemistry - Hess's Law Lab

    Uploaded by

    Jonathan Chen
    The purpose of this lab was to calculate the ∆H of the reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride using Hess's law and calorimetry. Thermochemistry studies the energy changes in chemical reactions. Calorimetry measures heat of reactions by determining the temperature change of a reaction using the equation Q = mC∆T. The student performed three reactions - mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ammonia, and hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride - and calculated the ∆H of each using a homemade calorimeter and temperature probe. Applying Hess's law, the ∆H of forming ammonium chloride from its reactants

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
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    This lab uses calorimetry and Hess's Law to determine the enthalpy change of the reaction between ammonia and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride.

    The purpose of this lab is to calculate the ∆H of the reaction of ammonia (NH3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form ammonium chloride (NH4CL) using the principals of Hess’s law applied to calorimetry.

    The lab measures the temperature change of the reactions between hydrochloric acid and ammonia, and hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride using a calorimeter and temperature probe. It then uses the temperature change and heat capacity to calculate the enthalpy change of each reaction.

    Purpose:

    The purpose of this lab is to calculate the ∆H of the reaction of


    ammonia (NH3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form ammonium chloride
    (NH4CL) using the principals of Hess’s law applied to calorimetry.

    Background:
    Thermochemistry is the study of the energy change associated with
    chemical reactions. Every substance contains stored energy, or enthalpy. As a
    chemical reaction occurs, there is a quantitative relationship between the
    reaction and the heat that is either released or absorbed during the reaction. In
    an exothermic reaction where heat is released, the resulting products contain
    less heat than the starting reactants. Conversely, in an endothermic reaction
    where heat is absorbed, the change in enthalpy will be positive.
    While there is no way to directly measure the gain or loss of heat
    during a reaction, the change in heat can be calculated based on mass,
    temperature change, and the specific heat of the substance that is either gaining
    or losing heat. The equation used to calculate the heat lost or gained is:
    Q = mC∆T

    Materials:
    • 2 Molar HCL • Temperature probe
    • 2 Molar NaOH • (2) 50mL graduated
    • 2 Molar NH3 cylinders
    • 2 Molar NH4CL • Distilled water bottle
    • 3 Styrofoam cups • Magnetic stirrers
    • CBL 2 • Hot plate

    Procedure:
    1) Measure 25mL of HCl and 25ml of NaOH, and record initial
    temperatures of the solutions.
    2) Set up Datamate application on graphing calculator so that a data
    sample is taken every 10 seconds 18 times for a total time of 180
    seconds or 3 min.
    3) Make calorimeter by cutting off a little more than half of a Styrofoam
    cup and inserting it in another so that it fits snugly.
    4) Calculate specific heat of calorimeter.
    5) Mix HCL and NaOH in calorimeter and turn the stirrer on.
    6) Immediately press the “START” button on the calculator so that data
    samples of the change in temperature of the solution are taken and
    graphed.
    7) Sync CBL 2 to a computer, title the graph, and print the graph.
    8) Pour the solution down the sink and calculate ∆T of the reaction.
    9) Repeat Steps 1-7, excluding Step 3, using HCL and NH3.
    10) Repeat Steps 1-7, excluding Steps 3 and 4, using HCL and NH4CL.
    Post Lab Questions:
    1. What is meant by calorimetry?
    Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat of chemical
    reactions or physical changes.
    2. How does the graphical temperature analysis improve the accuracy of
    your data?
    Graphical temperature analysis’ linear regression capabilities
    means that the data will be more accurate as well as precise because it
    makes collecting the numerous data samples needed for a good graph
    feasible and quick at the same time.
    3. How could you modify the method to achieve greater accuracy?
    Greater accuracy in lab can be achieved by using a better
    calorimeter rather than one constructed from styrofoam, as the
    homemade calorimeter was not a perfect closed system by any means.
    4. The equation used to find the heat evolved in each reaction is
    Q = mC∆T. What does the negative sign mean?
    The negative sign means that the reaction is exothermic, so
    water is the surrounding for the reaction and gains heat because heat
    lost by the system = heat gain by the surroundings.

    Conclusion:
    The ∆Hrxn of ammonia (NH3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form
    ammonium chloride (NH4CL) is kJ/mol was -15.6 kJ/mol. The ∆H of the first
    and second reactions were -23.3kJ/mol and -7.7kJ/mol, respectively. Since the
    reaction of NH3 and HCl to form NH4Cl was carried out in a series of steps and
    no external work was done, the principals of Hess’s Law, which states that ∆H
    or the heat energy involved in a chemical reaction will be equal to the sum of
    the enthalpy changes for the individual steps and is the same whether the
    reaction occurs in one or several steps, can be employed to find the enthalpy
    change. In other words, regardless of how the reaction occurs, enthalpy change
    is only dependent on the start and end states of the reaction.

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