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    Yacomine - Essential Biology 3.4 & 7.2 DNA Replication (HL Only) - 3211

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    DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and copies all of the DNA in chromosomes so that each new daughter cell has a full set. It results in 23 pairs of sister chromatids in human somatic cells. DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning the parental strands act as templates for the new complementary strands, so each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.

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    Yacomine - Essential Biology 3.4 & 7.2 DNA Replication (HL Only) - 3211

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    joeyacomine
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    DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and copies all of the DNA in chromosomes so that each new daughter cell has a full set. It results in 23 pairs of sister chromatids in human somatic cells. DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning the parental strands act as templates for the new complementary strands, so each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.

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    DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and copies all of the DNA in chromosomes so that each new daughter cell has a full set. It results in 23 pairs of sister chromatids in human somatic cells. DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning the parental strands act as templates for the new complementary strands, so each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.

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    4K views5 pages

    Yacomine - Essential Biology 3.4 & 7.2 DNA Replication (HL Only) - 3211

    Uploaded by

    joeyacomine
    DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and copies all of the DNA in chromosomes so that each new daughter cell has a full set. It results in 23 pairs of sister chromatids in human somatic cells. DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning the parental strands act as templates for the new complementary strands, so each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.

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    Essential Biology 03.4 & 7.

    2: DNA Replication (Core and AHL)

    Resources: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/bis-ib-diploma-programme-biology/02-the-double-helix/dna-
    replication/

    1. State during which phase of the cell cycle DNA replication occurs.
    DNA replication occurs in the S-phase of interphase.

    2. State the function of DNA replication.


    DNA replication copies all of the DNA in all of the chromosomes so each daughter cell made
    through mitosis has a full set of DNA

    3. Which of the following is the end product of DNA replication in a human somatic cell?
    A. 23 chromosomes
    B. 46 chromosomes
    C. 23 pairs of chromosomes
    D. 23 pairs of sister chromatids

    Answer: C

    4. Describe how mitosis ensures that each new daughter cell is identical (mitosis review).
    Mitosis ensures that each new daughter cell is identical by aligning at the equator during
    metaphase and using spindle fibers to separate chromatids during anaphase.

    5. Distinguish between initiation of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with regard to
    origin of initiation and direction of replication:

    Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
    Initiation Single origin, Many points of origin

    Direction Bi-directional, around the DNA loop. One direction, along the strand

    6. Explain ‘DNA replication occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction’.

    Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com


    Essential Biology 03.4 & 7.2: DNA Replication (Core and AHL)

    This means that the DNA replication starts at the 5’ end of the strand and the 3’ attaches to the
    next 5’ part of the strand, and the process continues.

    Work through some of the animations on the presentation and blog before completing the following
    questions.

    7. Explain the process of DNA Replication (focusing on prokaryotes):

    i. DNA Helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix:


    DNA Polymerase creates complimentary strands.

    ii. Distinguish between the lead strand and the lagging strand.
    The lead strand’s replication is continuous and simpler. The lagging strand’s replication
    ‘leapfrogs’, and is more complex because it is moving in the opposite direction as the
    DNA Helicase. RNA primers mark positions.

    iii. Explain the role of DNA polymerase on lead strand replication:


    DNA polymerase puts nucleotides at the end of the complementary strands.

    Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com


    Essential Biology 03.4 & 7.2: DNA Replication (Core and AHL)

    iv. Explain the importance of complementary base pairing in conserving the base-sequence
    during DNA Replication.
    The importance of complementary base pairing is that if there is a single mistake, there
    will either be a mutation, which could strengthen the cell (or cause cancer) or kill the
    cell.

    v. Explain the process of DNA replication on the lagging strand, with reference to RNA
    primase, primers, DNA polymerase III, Okazaki fragments, DNA polymerase I and DNA
    ligase.
    RNA primase places RNA primers, which marks the initiation of DNA polymerase, which
    attaches to an RNA primer and replicates the DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction. When it
    approaches another RNA primer, the DNA polymerase will detach itself from the
    previous primer and leap over to the new one, and start replicating again. DNA
    polymerase I then removes the RNA primers. Finally, the Okazaki fragments (the
    fragments of the DNA strand which the DNA is replicated onto) are joined together with
    the help of DNA Ligase.

    Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com


    Essential Biology 03.4 & 7.2: DNA Replication (Core and AHL)

    vi. Summarize the roles of the enzymes of DNA Replication:

    Enzyme Function
    Unzips and unwinds the DNA double helix and breaks the hydrogen bonds that
    DNA Helicase
    connect the nitrogenous bases.

    DNA Polymerase III Attaches nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

    RNA Primase Leaves RNA Primase on the lag strand.

    DNA Polymerase I Removes RNA primers.

    DNA Ligase Puts Okazaki fragments together.

    8. Some biochemists are making a mixture of enzymes for DNA replication in the lab. In each of
    these cases, something was missing from the mixture. For each situation, deduce which one
    enzyme was missing, with a reason:
    a. The DNA produced came out as lots of short sections of DNA, a few hundred base-pairs
    long, rather than one continuous strand.
    The DNA Ligase was missing, as it puts the Okazaki fragments together to form a continuous
    strand.

    b. Only the lead strand was replicated.

    Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com


    Essential Biology 03.4 & 7.2: DNA Replication (Core and AHL)

    RNA Primase was missing because it needs to put the RNA primers on the strand to tell the
    DNA Polymerase to put DNA on the strand.

    c. No DNA was replicated. The original DNA remained untouched.


    The DNA Helicase was missing because it unzips the DNA double helix so that DNA
    replication can occur.

    9. Explain why DNA replication is considered ‘semi-conservative’.

    Unwind Unzip Replicate New strands

    New strands contain the original


    Parental strand and one

    Copied (complementary) strands

    Complementary strand

    Parental strand

    Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com

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