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    A Synchronous Data Transfer

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    smadi13
    This document discusses asynchronous data transfer and two common methods: strobe control and handshaking. Strobe control uses a single control line to time each transfer but cannot confirm the receiving unit has received data. Handshaking introduces a second control line so the initiating unit receives confirmation, providing reliability. It allows transfers between units operating at different speeds. Asynchronous serial transfer encodes each character with start and stop bits to allow detection at the receiver. A UART chip is commonly used to implement asynchronous communication with transmitter and receiver registers and control of parameters like baud rate and parity.

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    A Synchronous Data Transfer

    Uploaded by

    smadi13
    1K views10 pages
    This document discusses asynchronous data transfer and two common methods: strobe control and handshaking. Strobe control uses a single control line to time each transfer but cannot confirm the receiving unit has received data. Handshaking introduces a second control line so the initiating unit receives confirmation, providing reliability. It allows transfers between units operating at different speeds. Asynchronous serial transfer encodes each character with start and stop bits to allow detection at the receiver. A UART chip is commonly used to implement asynchronous communication with transmitter and receiver registers and control of parameters like baud rate and parity.

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    This document discusses asynchronous data transfer and two common methods: strobe control and handshaking. Strobe control uses a single control line to time each transfer but cannot confirm the receiving unit has received data. Handshaking introduces a second control line so the initiating unit receives confirmation, providing reliability. It allows transfers between units operating at different speeds. Asynchronous serial transfer encodes each character with start and stop bits to allow detection at the receiver. A UART chip is commonly used to implement asynchronous communication with transmitter and receiver registers and control of parameters like baud rate and parity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views10 pages

    A Synchronous Data Transfer

    Uploaded by

    smadi13
    This document discusses asynchronous data transfer and two common methods: strobe control and handshaking. Strobe control uses a single control line to time each transfer but cannot confirm the receiving unit has received data. Handshaking introduces a second control line so the initiating unit receives confirmation, providing reliability. It allows transfers between units operating at different speeds. Asynchronous serial transfer encodes each character with start and stop bits to allow detection at the receiver. A UART chip is commonly used to implement asynchronous communication with transmitter and receiver registers and control of parameters like baud rate and parity.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Al-albayt University

    Advanced Computer Architecture

    Asynchronous Data Transfer


    Presented by: Motasem Smadi
    Fall 2011

    Asynchronous Data Transfer


    There are two types of data transfer :
    Synchronous Data Transfer
    All data transfers occur simultaneously during the occurrence of a clock pulse Registers in the interface share a common clock with CPU registers

    Asynchronous Data Transfer


    Internal timing in each unit (CPU and Interface) is independent Each unit uses its own private clock for internal registers

    Asynchronous Data Transfer Methods


    There are two asynchronous data transfer methods
    Strobe control
    A strobe control is supplied by one unit to indicate the other unit when the transfer has to occur

    Handshaking
    A control signal is accompanied with each data being transmitted to indicate the presence of data The receiving unit responds with another control signal to acknowledge receipt of the data

    STROBE CONTROL
    Employs a single control line to time each transfer. The strobe may be activated by either the source or the destination unit.
    Da ta b us S o urc e unit S tro b e (a ) Blo c k d ia g ra m De s tina tio n unit S o urc e unit Da ta b us S tro b e (a ) Blo c k d ia g ra m De s tina tio n unit

    Da ta

    Va lid d a ta

    Da ta

    Va lid d a ta

    S tro b e (b ) Tim ing d ia g ra m

    S tro b e (b ) Tim ing d ia g ra m

    1- Source-initiated strobe

    2- Destination-initiated strobe

    Disadvantage of strobe method


    Strobe methods
    Source-Initiated The source unit that initiates the transfer has no way of knowing whether the destination unit has actually received data Destination-Initiated The destination unit that initiates the transfer no way of knowing whether the source has actually placed the data on the bus

    To solve this problem, the HANDSHAKE method introduces a second control signal to provide a Reply to the unit that initiates the transfer

    Handshake: 1- Source-initiated
    Da ta b us S o urc e un it Da ta va lid Da ta a c c e p te d (a ) Blo c k d ia g ra m De s tin a tio n un it

    Allows arbitrary delays from


    one state to the next unit to Permits each transferrespond at its own data rate

    Da ta

    Va lid d a ta

    The rate of transfer is unit determined by the slower

    Da ta va lid

    Da ta a c c e p te d (b ) Tim ing d ia g ra m

    S o urc e un it Pla c e d a ta o n b us Ena b le d a ta va lid .

    De s tin a tio n unit

    Ac c e p t d a ta fro m b u s Ena b le d a ta a c c e p te d

    Dis a b le d a ta va lid In va lid a te d a ta o n b us

    Dis a b le d a ta a c c e p te d Re a d y to a c c e p t d a ta (in itia l s ta te ) (c ) S e q ue n c e o f e ve nts

    Handshake: 2- Destination-initiated
    Da ta b us

    a high  Handshaking providesreliability degree of flexibility and because the successful completion of a data transfer relies on active participation by both units

    S o urc e unit

    Da ta va lid Re a d y fo r d a ta (a ) Blo c k d ia g ra m

    De s tina tio n unit

    Re a d y fo r d a ta

    one unit is faulty,  If not be completed .data transfer will

    Da ta va lid

    Can be detected by means of a timeout mechanism.


    : If  Timeout not the return handshake signal does respond within a given time period, the unit assumes that an error has occurred

    Va lid d a ta Da ta b us (b ) Timing d ia g ra m

    S o urc e unit

    De s tina tio n unit Re a d y to a c c e p t d a ta . Ena b le re a d y fo r d a ta

    Pla c e d a ta o n b us Ena b le d a ta va lid .

    Dis a b le d a ta va lid Inva lid a te d a ta o n b us (initia l s ta te )

    Ac c e p t d a ta fro m b us Dis a b le re d a y fo r d a ta

    (c ) S e q ue nc e o f e ve nts

    ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL TRANSFER


    Four Different Types of Transfer :- Asynchronous serial transfer Synchronous serial transfer Asynchronous parallel transfer Synchronous parallel transfer

    Asynchronous Serial Transfer


    Employs special bits which are inserted at both ends of the character code Each character consists of three parts; Start bit; Data bits; Stop bits.
    1 Start 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Stop bits

    Character bits

    A character can be detected by the receiver from the knowledge of 4 rules; - When data are not being sent, the line is kept in the 1-state (idle state) - The initiation of a character transmission is detected by a Start Bit , which is always a 0 - The character bits always follow the Start Bit - After the last character , a Stop Bit is detected when the line returns to the 1-state for at least 1 bit time The receiver knows in advance the transfer rate of the bits and the number of information bits to expect

    UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER - UART A typical asynchronous communication interface available as an IC

    Transmitter Register

    - Accepts a data byte(from CPU) through the data bus - Transferred to a shift register for serial transmission Receiver - Receives serial information into another shift register - Complete data byte is sent to the receiver register Status Register Bits - Used for I/O flags and for recording errors Control Register Bits - Define baud rate, no. of bits in each character, whether to generate and check parity, and no. of stop bits

    References
     Mano. M. Morris, Computer System Architecture/ M.
    Morris Mano-- 3rd Edition.

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