Digital Communication

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
Matunga, Mumbai
Digital Communication
Chapter 1
Introduction of Digital Communication
Prepared By,
Jyoti Gondane,
What is Communication?
• Communication is transferring data reliably
from one point to another
– Data could be: voice, video, codes etc.

• It is important to receive the same information that
was sent from the transmitter.
• Communication system
– A system that allows transfer of information reliably
• Information Source
– The source of data
• Data could be: human voice, data storage device CD,
video etc..
– Data types:
• Discrete: Finite set of outcomes “Digital”
• Continuous : Infinite set of outcomes “Analog”
• Transmitter
– Converts the source data into a suitable form for
transmission through signal processing
– Data form depends on the channel

• Input source and input transducer
The source of information can be analog or digital, e.g. analog:
audio or video signal, digital: like teletype signal.
• Source Encoder
The signal produced by source is converted into digital signal
consists of 1ʹs and 0ʹs. For this we need source encoder. We
should use as few binary digits as possible to represent the
signal. In such a way this efficient representation of the source
output results in little or no redundancy. This sequence of
binary digits is called information sequence.
• Source Encoding or Data Compression

The process of efficiently converting the output of analog or
digital source into a sequence of binary digits is known as
source encoding.
• Source encoder
– Represent the transmitted data more efficiently
and remove redundant information
• How? “write Vs. rite”
• Speech signals frequency and human ear “20 kHz”
– Two types of encoding:

– Lossless data compression (encoding)
• Data can be recovered without any missing information
– Lossy data compression (encoding)
• Smaller size of data
• Data removed in encoding can not be recovered again
• Channel:
– The physical medium used to send the signal
– The medium where the signal propagates till
arriving to the receiver
– Physical Mediums (Channels):
• Wired : twisted pairs, coaxial cable, fiber optics
• Wireless: Air, vacuum and water
– Each physical channel has a certain limited range
of frequencies, ( fmin fmax ), that is called the
channel bandwidth
– Physical channels have another important limitation
which is the NOISE
• Channel Encoder:
The information sequence is passed through the channel
encoder. The purpose of the channel encoder is to
introduced, in controlled manner, some redundancy in
the binary information sequence that can be used at the
receiver to overcome the effects of noise and
interference encountered in the transmission on the
signal through the channel.
− E.g. take k bits of the information sequence and map

that k bits to unique n bit sequence called code word.
The amount of redundancy introduced is measured by
the ratio n/k and the reciprocal of this ratio (k/n) is
known as rate of code or code rate.
• Channel:
• Noise is undesired random signal that corrupts the original
signal and degrades it
• Noise sources:
» Electronic equipments in the communication system
» Thermal noise
» Atmospheric electromagnetic noise (Interference with another signals
that are being transmitted at the same channel)
– Another Limitation of noise is the attenuation

• Weakens the signal strength as it travels over the transmission
medium
• Attenuation increases as frequency increases
– One Last important limitation is the delay distortion
• Mainly in the wired transmission
• Delays the transmitted signals Violates the reliability of
the communication system
• Digital Modulator:
The binary sequence is passed to digital modulator which
in turns convert the sequence into electric signals so that
we can transmit them on channel. The digital modulator
maps the binary sequences into signal wave forms , for
example if we represent 1 by sin x and 0 by cos x then we
will transmit sin x for 1 and cos x for 0.
• Channel:
The communication channel is the physical medium that
is used for transmitting signals from transmitter to
receiver.
• Digital Demodulator:
The digital demodulator processes the channel corrupted
transmitted waveform and reduces the waveform to the
sequence of numbers that represents estimates of the
transmitted data symbols.
Effect of Noise On a transmitted signal
• Channel Decoder:
This sequence of numbers then passed through the channel decoder
which attempts to reconstruct the original information sequence
from the knowledge of the code used by the channel encoder and
the redundancy contained in the received data.
• The average probability of a bit error at the output of the

decoder is a measure of the performance of the demodulator –
decoder combination
• Source Decoder:
Source decoder tries to decode the sequence from the knowledge of
the encoding algorithm. And which results in the approximate replica
of the input at the transmitter end.
• Output Transducer:
Finally we get the desired signal in desired format analog or digital.
• Receiver
– Extracting the message/code in the received
signal
• Example
– Speech signal at transmitter is converted into electromagnetic
waves to travel over the channel
– Once the electromagnetic waves are received properly, the
receiver converts it back to a speech form
– Information Sink
• The final stage
• The user
• The modulation and coding used in a digital
communication system depend on the characteristics of
the channel. The two main characteristics of the channel
are BANDWIDTH and POWER. In addition the other
characteristics are whether the channel is linear or
nonlinear, and how the channel is free from the external
interference.
• Five channels are considered in the digital

communication, namely:
Telephone channels
Coaxial cables
Optical fibers
Microwave radio, and satellite channels.
The main factors of degradation of signal in Digital
Communication are:
Loss in Signal to Noise ratio.
Signal Distortion Caused By ISI.
Distance.
Causes of signal Loss
• Loss in Signal to Noise Ratio:

The SNR can be degrade into two ways.
Through Decrease of desired signal power.
Through the increase of noise power.
• Band limiting Loss:
The use of filters in the transmitter to avoid interfering with other
channel reduces the amount of energy, result in signal loss.
• Intersymbol Interference (ISI):
Filtering through the system the received pulses overlap one
another; the tail of one pulse smears in to the adjacent symbol
interval causing the loss of data in digital communication.
• DISTANCE:
The large distance provide a great chance for signal distortion. As
when the distance is large we use repeaters to amplify the signal, it
amplifies the noise.
Why should we use digital
communication?
• Ease of regeneration
– Pulses “ 0 , 1”
– Easy to use repeaters
• Noise immunity
– Better noise handling when using repeaters that repeats
the original signal
– Easy to differentiate between the values “either 0 or 1”
• Ease of Transmission
– Less errors
– Faster !
– Better productivity
Why should we use digital
communication?
• Ease of multiplexing
– Transmitting several signals simultaneously
• Use of modern technology
– Less cost !
• Ease of encryption
– Security and privacy guarantee
– Handles most of the encryption techniques
Comparison of Digital and Analog
Communication Systems

Digital Communication

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Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute

– Data could be: voice, video, codes etc.

– Data form depends on the channel

• Source Encoding or Data Compression

– Two types of encoding:

− E.g. take k bits of the information sequence and map

– Another Limitation of noise is the attenuation

• The average probability of a bit error at the output of the

• Five channels are considered in the digital

Signal Distortion Caused By ISI.

• Loss in Signal to Noise Ratio:

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