Disperse Dyes Are The Only Water Insoluble Dyes Dyeing Polyester
Disperse Dyes Are The Only Water Insoluble Dyes Dyeing Polyester
Disperse Dyes Are The Only Water Insoluble Dyes Dyeing Polyester
Disperse dye molecules are the smallest dye molecules among all dyes.[citation needed] A disperse dye molecule is based on an azobenzene (as Disperse Red 1)[2] or anthraquinone (say, Disperse Orange 37[3]) molecule with nitro, amine, hydroxyl, etc. groups attached to it.[1][not in citation given]
or higher. Before you decide to try immersion dyeing polyester, study the directions at ProChem (see below, under "Specific Instructions") to get an idea of how difficult it may be.
Crayons
Crayola, the maker of wax crayons for paper, also makes fabric crayons for use on polyester and other synthetics. These crayons consist of disperse dye, and can be found in most fabric or crafts stores, even in discount department stores such as Target or WalMart. You do not draw directly on the fabric; instead, you draw on paper - or have your children draw on paper! - and then iron the resulting pictures onto the fabric. (Be sure that any writing is backwards on the paper, since it will come out reversed on the fabric.) The crayons are not particularly bright on paper, but become vivid when heat-transferred to the fabric. For an example, see my page Iron-on Fabric Crayons for Synthetic Fibers. Note that, like most dye, disperse dye is transparent. This means that you should transfer it only onto white or pale colors of fabric, so that you can see the results.
If, like most irons, yours has holes in its face plate, you must be sure to move the iron around constantly during the transfer process, to prevent holes from appearing in your design, and yet you must not allow the paper transfer to move on the fabric, or the image will be blurred. A heat transfer press, such as are used in t-shirt shops, would be more desirable, as it not only lacks holes, but, more importantly, reaches a higher temperature. However, at around a thousand dollars, this is far more of an investment than most individuals are prepared to make. For a more modest sum, consider the Dry Iron, without steam holes, at the Vermont Country Store's website.
Immersion Tie-dyeing
Traditional single-color tie-dye can be done by tying the dry garment, then dropping it into a hot immersion bath. See the links for directions for immersion dyeing, below. You can get interesting results by tying and dyeing once, washing out, and retying in a different pattern before dropping in another boiling dye bath of a different color. For example, a first dyeing of turquoise followed by another dyeing with fuschia will produce a purple garment with patterns of turquoise and fuschia where the ties prevented full penetration of one of the dyes. Interesting shiborit-like textures result from boiling tied polyester.
popular cotton tie-dye techniques. After applying a paint that contains special thickener paste, citric acid, dye carrier, and disperse dye, steam or pressure steam for 30 to 60 minutes to set the dye in the fabric.
Solid Shade/Immersion on Polyester Solid Shade/Immersion on Nylon/Acetate Solid Shade/Immersion on Acrylic Painting & Printing/Direct Application on Polyester Painting & Printing/Direct Application on Nylon Transfer Printing
The other US source of disperse dyes, Aljo Dyes, provides a small amount of information, as well:
Batik Oetoro gives instructions for transfer printing and immersion dyeing with disperse dyes, which they sell under the brand name of Polysol Dyes.
Jacquard Products gives one page of instructions for using both their iDye and iDye Poly dyes; the dyes are described as "easy to use washing machine dyes", but the detailed instructions clarify that stovetop heating is required for iDye Poly. (Just plain "iDye" dyes, as distinct from "iDye Poly", are direct dyes, which do not work on polyester, only on cellulose fibers and silk.) (If any of these links ever break, just go directly to the company's web site and look around.)
PRO chem # Name D118 Bright Yellow D225 Clear Orange D333 Fuchsia D350 Flame Scarlet D360 Bright Red D426 Turquoise D450 National Blue D459 Bright Blue D460 Deep Navy D650 Cool Black D770 Meadow D773 Sage D880 Iris D885 Lilac D125 Buttercup
Colour Index Name Disperse Yellow 218 Disperse Orange 25 Disperse Violet 33 Disperse Red 325 Disperse Red 60 Disperse Blue 26 Disperse Blue C-4RA (manufacturer's mix?) Disperse Blue 56 Disperse Navy 35 Disperse Black C-MDA (manufacturer's mix?) In House Mix In House Mix In House Mix In House Mix In House Mix
Acrylic is sold under names such as Orlon, Courtelle, Dralon, Leacryl, and Nitron. It is composed of poly(propenonitrile)(polyacrylonitrile) with small amounts of a comonomer. Acrylic can be dyed to pale or medium shades with disperse dye. Modacrylic is sold under names such as BHS, Creslon, PAN, and Teklan, and also, according to Ingamells, as Lycra (which must have been a misprint). Modacrylic fibers are between 35% and 85% acrylonitrile, and are made from resins that are copolymers (combinations) of acrylonitrile and other materials such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride or vinyl bromide. Modacrylic can probably be dyed just like acrylic. Lycra, a spandex fiber produced by Dupont, is elastic spun polyurethane, a plastic which is also used to construct upholstery foams. It must not be subjected to high heat, and is thus not appropriate for use with disperse dye. Most lycra garments contain a high percentage of cotton, which can be dyed with cool water fiber-reactive dye; often, the undyed lycra does not even show on the outside of the garment. Ingeo is a "natural" polylactate fiber derived from corn. It can be dyed only with disperse dyes, like polyester, but it shows lower washfastness with these dyes than does polyester. Source for names (except for Ingeo): Wilfred Ingamells, Colour for Textiles: A User's Handbook, The Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1993, ISBN 0 901956 56 2.
Safety
While the immersion dyeing with disperse dyes is difficult and somewhat dangerous, due to the temperatures required and the carrier chemicals, the disperse dye itself is considered non-toxic. Even children can engage in these crafts, if an adult is available to do the ironing step for them. All powdered dyes are dangerous to breathe, like most powdered substances. Even many foods can be quite damaging when inhaled in powdered form. Avoid breathing dye powder. Wear a dust mask while measuring any dye powder, and wipe up spilled dye, of any dye class, as it may turn back into powder when it dries. Another safety issue is allergenicity. It seems that disperse dyes on fabric are more likely to cause allergies than other textiles dyes. Fiber reactive dyes are known for their ability to cause serious allergies to those who carelessly breathe the dye powder while measuring it out, but, once they are chemically bonded to the fiber and excess dye has been fully washed out, they are suitable for even the chemically sensitive. Disperse dye, in contrast, may cause allergic reactions in susceptible people, just by their wearing clothing dyed with it. This may be due to some dye molecules rubbing off of the fiber. This problem, though not at all common, may be seen with commercially dyed fabric as well as home-dyed fabric, and may be partially responsible for the preference for natural fiber clothing among the chemically sensitive. (Reference: J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995 Apr;32(4):631-9.)
Since no disperse dyes (and few other textile dyes) have been shown by safety testing to be harmless when consumed by humans or animals, the cooking pot used to boil the dye with the fiber should not be reused for food preparation.
Further Reading
Kate Wells' Fabric Dyeing and Printing, from Interweave Press, 1997, shows photographs of the process of transfer printing on polyester with disperse dyes. Illustrations and instructions include simple transfer printing, printing with leaves that have been coated with disperse dye, simple resists of disperse dye transfer, and pressure steaming after direct application. Ann Milner's Ashford Book of Dyeing, from Shoal Bay Press, 1998, includes a three-page chapter with detailed clear recipes for using disperse dyes in a dye bath, by direct application, and by heat transfer. Holly Brackmann's The Surface Designer's Handbook: Dyeing, Printing, Painting, and Creating Resists on Fabric, from Interweave Press, 2006, is the best book I've seen on disperse dyes for hand dyers, with an eight-page chapter on them. She includes separate recipes for disperse immersion dyeing of nylon, acetate and acrylic; disperse immersion dyeing of polyester; direct application of disperse dyes on nylon, rayon acetate, and polyester; and transfer printing, plus a number of variations for transfer printing, including combining transfer printing and permanently pleating polyester in a single step. http://www.pburch.net/dyeing/dispersedye.shtml A class of slightly water-soluble dyes originally introduced for dyeing acetate and usually applied from fine aqueous suspensions. Disperse dyes are widely used for dyeing most of the manufactured fibers. Dyes are colored, unsaturated organic chemical compounds capable of giving colour to a substrate (a textile), i.e. colouring or dyeing it. The term disperse dye have been applied to the organic colouring substances which are free from ionizing groups, are of low water solubility and are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibres. The dye has derived its name for its insoluble aqueous properties and the need to apply it from an aqueous dispersion. Of all the dyes, they are of the smallest molecular size. Disperse dyes have substantivity for one or more hydrophobic fibres e.g. cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester, acrylic and other synthetic fibres. The negative charge on the surface of hydrophobic fibres like polyester can not be reduced by any means, so non-ionic dyes like disperse dyes are used which are not influenced by that surface charge.
History
of
Disperse
Dye
In 1922, Green and Saunders made one type of coloured azo compound, in which a solubilizing group (for example- methyl sulphate, -CH2-SO3H) is attached to amino group. In dye bath, they are slowly hydrolyzed and produce azo compound and formaldehyde bi sulphate. This free azo compound was capable of dyeing cellulose acetate fibres. This dye was named ionamine. But this ion amine did not give satisfactory result in dyeing. Later in 1924, Baddiley and Ellis produced sulpho ricinoleic acid (SRA) for dyeing acetate fibres. This SRA was used as dispersing agent. Later it was seen that SRA was capable of dyeing Nylon, polyester, acrylic etc. In 1953 this dye was named as Disperse Dye.
Properties
of
Disperse
Dyes
Disperse dyes are nonionic dyes. So they are free from ionizing group. They are ready made dyes and are insoluble in water or have very low water solubility. They are organic colouring substances which are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibres. Disperse dyes are used for dyeing man made cellulose ester and synthetic fibres specially acetate and polyester fibres and sometimes nylon and acrylic fibres. Carrier or dispersing agents are required for dyeing with disperse dyes. Disperse dyes have fair to good light fastness with rating about 4-5. The wash fastness of these dyes is moderate to good with rating about 3-4. Of all dyestuffs disperse dyes are of smallest molecular size. Generally disperse dyes are derivatives of azo, anthroquinone, nitro and quinine groups. They do not undergo any chemical change during dyeing. In presence of nitrous oxide, textile materials dyed with certain blue and violet disperse dyes with an anthraquinone structure will fade. This is called gas fading of disperse dyes which is a defect of this dye. http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/01/disperse-dye-history-of-disperse-dye.html A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and requires a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. Both dyes and pigments appear to be colored because they absorb some wavelengths of light more than others. In contrast with a dye, a pigment generally is insoluble, and has no affinity for the substrate. Some dyes can be precipitated with an inert salt to produce a lake pigment, and based on the salt used they could be aluminum lake, calcium lake or barium lake pigments. Dyed flax fibers have been found in the Republic of Georgia dated back in a prehistoric cave to 36,000 BP.[1][2] Archaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and Phoenicia, dyeing has been widely carried out for over 5000 years. The dyes were obtained from animal, vegetable or mineral origin, with no or very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been
from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.
Contents
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1 Natural dye 2 Synthetic dye 3 Dye types 4 Food dyes 5 Other important dyes 6 Chemical classification 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links
The majority of natural dyes are from plant sources roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood, fungi, and lichens. Textile dyeing date back to the Neolithic period. Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson kermes were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo, saffron, and madder were raised commercially and were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe. Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the New World such as cochineal and logwood were brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets, and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.[citation
needed]
The discovery of man-made synthetic dyes late in the 19th century ended the large-scale market for natural dyes.
Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper. Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains. Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them. Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the original vat dye. Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fibre substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio. Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are water insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester but they can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibres. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 C is required, and a pressurised dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fibre. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding. Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble azo dye is produced directly onto or within the fibre. This is achieved by treating a fibre with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic nature of the chemicals used.
Sulfur dyes are two part "developed" dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. The initial bath imparts a yellow or pale chartreuse color, This is aftertreated with a sulfur compound in place to produce the dark black we are familiar with in socks for instance. Sulfur Black 1 is the largest selling dye by volume.
Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur Laser dyes: see, for example, rhodamine 6G and coumarin dyes.[6] Leather dyes, for leather Fluorescent brighteners, for textile fibres and paper Solvent dyes, for wood staining and producing colored lacquers, solvent inks, coloring oils, waxes. Carbene dyes, a recently developed method for coloring multiple substrates Contrast dyes, injected for magnetic resonance imaging, are essentially the same as clothing dye except they are coupled to an agent that has strong paramagnetic properties.[7]
Category:Acridine dyes, derivates of acridine Category:Anthraquinone dyes, derivates of anthraquinone Arylmethane dyes o Category:Diarylmethane dyes, based on diphenyl methane o Category:Triarylmethane dyes, derivates of triphenyl methane Category:Azo dyes, based on -N=N- azo structure Diazonium dyes, based on diazonium salts Nitro dyes, based on a -NO2 nitro functional group Nitroso dyes, based on a -N=O nitroso functional group Phthalocyanine dyes, derivatives of phthalocyanine Quinone-imine dyes, derivativees of quinone o Category:Azin dyes Category:Eurhodin dyes
Category:Safranin dyes, derivates of safranin Indamins Category:Indophenol dyes, derivates of indophenol Category:Oxazin dyes, derivates of oxazin Oxazone dyes, derivates of oxazone Category:Thiazin dyes, derivatives of thiazin Category:Thiazole dyes, derivatives of thiazole Xanthene dyes, derived from xanthene o Fluorene dyes, derivatives of fluorene Pyronin dyes o Category:Fluorone dyes, based on fluorone Category:Rhodamine dyes, derivatives of rhodamine o o o o o
1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye