E Power
E Power
E Power
Prepared by
Dr. A. Hogetsu (P.E.), Research Commissioner, OECC
Hitachi Naka Thermal Power Station Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc.
MW, Coal Fire
De-SOx
Dust
Oil N. Gas
Power Plant
Disposal, Reuse
Combustion Equipment
Coal
Storage Facilities
Turbine Generator
SOx NOx Dust T. Metals, etc Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni, As, F,
EP
De-SOx Stack
Gypsum Ash
Turbine
Generator
Steam
Boiler
De-NOx
EP
Tanker Ash
Flare Stack
Turbine
Generator
NOx
BOG (CH4)
Water
Steam
Boiler
De-NOx Stack
Dust Control
windshield net
or
windbreak forest
dust v 4~5
or ey nv co
3. Combustion Control
3-1-1 Coal Properties
Effect of Coal Properties on Pulverized Coal Combustion Ignitability & Combustibility optimum range effects in case of off-spec.
Fixed-C / volatile content Volatile content Ignitability Index Button Index (viscosity) 2.5~3.0 20 35 67 increase of non-burn loss unstable ignition hard ignition clogging, adhesion
Grindability
Proper size Dryness 50100m H2O 20 % 1,300 0.5 0.33 2% increase of non-burn loss lowering mill performance
Slagging
Ash Melting Temp. Ash Alkaline Ratio Fe2O3CaO Scoal slagging
fouling on inner furnace, radiation heating surface wear of mill, coal tube,
3. Combustion Control
3-1-2 Coal Combustion
Char
slow mixture air & fuel promotion of unevenness comb. acceleration of flame heat radiation
3. Combustion Control
3-2-1 Oil Combustion Oil Combustion Mechanism
Flame Combustion Evaporation Comb. + Decomposition Comb. oil air high spraying burner vaporized sub. solids
heat
Surface Combustion
N S
0.01~0.6
Air pollution Air pollution, corrosion clogging Dust, carbon adhere Scaling, Vanadium attack, corrosion, mechanical wear, etc.
JIS CHeavy Oil
0.2~3.0
Adherents
3. Combustion Control
3-2-2 Oil - NOx Generation NOx Generation and its Control in Oil Combustion
Generation Thermal NOx (N in Air) Flame temp. O2 concentration Retention time Fuel NOx (N in Fuel) O2 concentration Nitrogen in fuel
Control Measures 2-stage combustion Exhaust gas recycling Low NOx burner Furnace size expansion
3. Combustion Control
3-3 Gas Gas Combustion Mechanism
air gas Short flame No-Luminous flame N S0 Impurity 0
e Th rm
NOx
x NO al
no Dust
no SOx
small
Optical information
Spectral Analysis
4. Dust Collector
4-1 Type of Dust Collectors
Type Applic. Particle (m) 50 10 3 ~0.1 ~0.1 Operating Cutback Level
S S M M M
S S M L M
EP
~0.03
d.p. 400
1020
4. Dust Collector
4-2 Gravitational, Inertial & Centrifugal Dust Collector
Stokes Law
m in.
Gravity
section
V=(g/ 18)(1-) D2 (cm/s) V: settling velocity (cm/sec) g: gravitational acceleration (cm/s2) : gas viscosity (kg/ms) 1: particle density (g/cm3) : gas density (g/cm3) D: particle diameter (cm)
cle rti pa
dust
Centrifugal
4. Dust Collector
4-3 Scrubbing Dust Collector water drop
water film
demister demister packing water spray disc impact disc
demister
fan runner
Reservoir type
Rotary type
4. Dust Collector
4-4 Filter Type Dust Separator Pd P Pi = P + Pth
twisting aperture 50~10 filter cloth dust layer to thin film dust be shaken off
Type: (1) bag filter (2) cartridge filter Filter cloth: (1) woven fabric (2) nonwoven fabric Dust shake-off: (1) intermittent (2) continuous Apparent filtration rate: 0.3~10cm/s
Filtration Mechanism
4. Dust Collector
4-5-1 Electrostatic Precipitator (EP)
discharge electrode
- - -
- - - -
Appropriate
tempering flue gas electric charge control dust removal on (+) electrode selection of gas temp.
4. Dust Collector
versus gas
con duc tion
1012
cm
vol e um
sur
fac e
10
H2O SO3
larger
gas temp.
104
cm
1011
AH
OIL EP EP ash
Boiler
dehydrator
Fine particle Coarse particle Raw particle
Settling T. Water T.
landfill raw material for cement fishery and agriculture industries others
Wet type
Boiler
FGD
EP
GGH
SOx
CaSO3, CaCO3, CaO,CaSO4
absorption tower
Reaction Mechanism SO2 + CaO CaSO3 2CaSO3 + O2 2CaSO4 CaCO3 + SO2 CaSO3 + CO2
useful gypsum Advantages large flue gas high-level removal wastewater treatment Disadvantages anticorrosion material large area high maintenance cost Cost Equipment Operation
100 100
20~30 75~80
Method
NH3, catalyst NH3, Gas temp. 800~ 1,000 catalyst (Pt) + CH4,or CO, or H2 catalyst (Pt,) NOx + SOx removal complicate process wastewater treatment
SCR Process
Ammonia Catalytic Reduction Process
Catalyst 300~400
N2 H 2O
AH
Catalyst support: ceramic (Ti, Al, ) catalyst: metals shape: granule, grid-form honeycomb, plate control: denirification rate catalyst bed draft loss
Fan
to EP
7. Stack
Stack height & Draft force
multi-cylinder
single
concentration
ISO 14000
9. Energy Saving
1990
42~44%
2000
2010
Efficiency improvement = Energy saving = Pollution decreasing 44~46%
Advanced A- FBC
Steam turbine Fluidized bed combustion Gas turbine Coal gasification Direct power generation
Super C
USC
44~46%
A- FBC P- FBC
44%
LNG 1100 Gas Turbine
47%
LNG 1300 Gas Turbine
50%
LNG 1500 Gas Turbine
48~50%
IGCC 1500
50%
MCFC
50%
SOFC
50%
IGFC