Ir Music Transmitter and Reciever Project Report
Ir Music Transmitter and Reciever Project Report
Ir Music Transmitter and Reciever Project Report
1.1 MOTIVATION:
An undirected IR free-space communications system is presented which achieves a range in excess of that typically attributed to systems based on diffuse IR radiation. Several papers have described free space optical communications based on diffuse radiation (undirected) techniques and point-to point (directed) techniques. Few have described a compromise system, such as the one discussed here, which achieves coverage over a wide area with an array of line-of-sight IR links, though are examples of papers that discuss this idea. The diffuse IR system described in gives an experimental range of 10-20 meter. The system described here is shown to be capable of a practical range of greater than 10 meter in an indoor environment and greater than 12 meter outdoors in sunlight. The present system is useful in an environment where the ceiling is too high and the walls are too far apart to support practical transmission by diffuse radiation, and where a moderate range and moderate to high data rate are required over a wide coverage area. This type of environment exists, for example, in office buildings, ware houses, shopping malls, airports and at anywhere outdoors.
1.2 OBJECTIVE:
The main idea behind the project is to generate musical notes by infrared radiations. The infrared radiations are transmitted and received by IR LED and Phototransistor respectively. This project emphasizes the way by which music is generated and driven by IR rays. This circuit uses a popular melody generator IC UM66 that can continuously generate musical notes. The melody produced is heard through the receivers loudspeaker. For maximum sound transmission the IR LEDs should be oriented towards IR phototransistor. Using this circuit, audio musical notes can be generated and can be heard up to a distance of 10 meters. The receiver can be placed at a maximum distance of 1 meter from the transmitter without any considerable noise interference. The circuits of transmitter and receiver are quite simple and can be placed and carried any where easily. The small apparatus provided with the infrared communication function is in many cases operated by a battery incorporated inside so that it is convenient when a user carries it during movement, and it is preferable that power consumption be minimized also to lengthen the continuous operation possible time of IR emission is optimized. Here there is no use of any modulation techniques when working with IR rays. Hence there is no necessity of carrier generation. This makes the transmitter and receiver designs much simpler. However the communication distance can be improved by using Far IR LEDs. The range of communication can be increased to about 250 meters by using far IR LEDs. In the apparatus provided with a conventional communication function, however, the infrared
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light with a constant intensity is constantly radiated regardless of the communication distance. This project emphasizes the way by which music is generated and driven by IR rays and gives an explanation to the one of the methods of receiving IR rays without considerable noise interference.
790 THz - 405 THz 1.7 eV - 3.3 eV 405 THz - 300 GHz 1.24 meV - 1.7 eV 300 GHz - 300 MHz 1.24 eV - 1.24 meV 12.4 feV - 1.24 meV
Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 0.74 micrometres (m) to 300 m. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz, and includes most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Infrared light is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotationalvibrational movements. The existence of infrared radiation was first discovered in 1800 by astronomer William Herschel. Much of the energy from the Sun arrives on Earth in the form of infrared radiation. Sunlight at zenith provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on the Earth's climate. Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. In astronomy, imaging at infrared wavelengths allows observation of objects obscured by interstellar dust. Infrared imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
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Nearinfrared
0.751.4 m
0.9-1.7 eV
Shortwavelength infrared
1.4-3 m
0.4-0.9 eV
Midwavelength infrared
150400 meV
Longwavelength infrared
815 m
This is the "thermal imaging" region, in which sensors can obtain a completely passive picture of the outside world based on thermal emissions only and requiring no 80-150 meV external light or thermal source such as the sun, moon or infrared illuminator.Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) systems use this area of the spectrum. This region is also called the "thermal infrared." 1.2-80 meV far-infrared laser)
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Far infrared
FIR
15 1,000 m
Table 1.3: Classification of IR in communication field The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance telecommunication networks. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed.
Quantity
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 1 2 1 2
Speaker (8 ohm, 1W) Preset VR1 (1M) & VR2 (10K) 9V battery Table 2.1: List of components used
1 2 2
Transistor as a switch
Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates. In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the base and collector current rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of the collector load resistance (in this example, the resistance of the light bulb). If the collector voltage were zero, the collector current would be limited only by the light bulb resistance and the supply voltage. The transistor is then said to be saturated - it will have a very small voltage from collector to emitter. Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated. In any switching circuit, values of input voltage would be chosen such that the output is either completely off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only "on" and "off" values are relevant.
Transistor as an amplifier
Fig 2.2 Amplifier circuit, common-emitter configuration. The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the transistor's current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout. Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both. From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milli watts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive.
3 0 3 0 5. 0 50 0 -55 to +150
V V V m A C
Table 2.2: Transistor Absolute Maximum Ratings TA=25C NOTES: 1) These ratings are based on a maximum junction temperature of 150 degrees C. 2) These are steady state limits. The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle operations.
Thermal Characteristics
Symbol
Characteristic
PD
R JC
R JA
C/ W
Electrical Characteristics
TA = 25C :-
a. OFF CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Parameter V(BR)C EO V(BR)C BO V(BR)C ES V(BR)E BO ICBO Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage Collector-Base Breakdown Voltage Collector-Base Breakdown Voltage Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage Collector Cutoff Current Test Conditions Min Max Units V V V V nA A
IC = 10 mA, IB = 0 30 IC = 10 A, IE = 0 IC = 10 A, IE = 0 IE = 10 A, IC = 0 30 30 5.0
b. ON CHARACTERISTICS hFE DC Current Gain VCE = 5.0 V, IC = 2.0 110 mA 548 110 548A 200 548B 420 548C IC = 10 mA, IB = 0.5 mA IC = 100 mA, IB = 5.0 mA 800 220 450 800
V V V V
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Electrical Characteristics
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. NOTE 2: For operation at elevated temperatures, these devices must be derated based on thermal resistance, and Tj max. (Listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings). Tj = TA + (jA PD). Note3: For supply voltages less than 15V, the absolute maximum input Voltage is equal to the supply voltage. Note 4: Unless otherwise specified, t
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Features
Battery operation Minimum external parts Wide supply voltage range: 4V12V or 5V18V Low quiescent current drain: 4mA Voltage gains from 20 to 200 Ground referenced input Self-centering output quiescent voltage Low distortion: 0.2% (AV = 20, VS = 6V, RL = 8W, PO = 125mW, f = 1kHz) Available in 8 pin MSOP package
Applications
AM-FM radio amplifiers Portable tape player amplifiers Intercoms TV sound systems Ultrasonic drivers Small servo drivers Power converters
Line drivers
VS = 6V, VIN = 0 VS = 6V, 250 RL=8THD=10% VS = 9V, RL = 8, 500 THD =10%,VS = 16V, RL = 32, 700
mA mW mW mW dB
THD = 10%
VS = 6V, f = 1 kHz 10 F from Pin1to8
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Bandwidth (BW)
VS = 6V, Pins 1 and 8 Open VS = 6V, RL = 8W,POUT=125mW Total HarmonicDistortion(THD) f = 1 kHz, Pins1and 8 Open VS = 6V, f = 1 kHz,CBYPASS=10 F Pins 1 and 8 Power Supply Rejection Open, Referred to Ratio (PSRR) Output Input Resistance (RIN) Input Bias Current (IBIAS) VS = 6V, Pins 2 and 3 Open
300
Khz
0.2
50 dB 50 250
KW nA
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Figure of IC LM 386
2.4.4 RESISTORS
A Resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome). The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.
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Units
The ohm (symbol: ) is a SI-driven unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. Commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the milliohm, kilo-ohm, and mega-ohm.
Examples
47K ohms 47.3K ohms 470K ohms 4.7M ohms Table 2.9: Representation of Resistance units
Sub Unit:
n m K M G = Nano OHMS = Micro OHMS = Milli OHMS = 10-3 = OHMS = Kilo OHMS = 103 = Mega OHMS = Giga OHMS = 109 = 10-9 = 1/1000000000 = 10-6 = 1-1000000 = 1/1000 =1 = 1000 = 106 = 1000000 = 1000000000
Resistor Conversion:
1000 n = 1 1000 = 1 m 1000 m = 1 1000 = 1 K
1000 K = 1 M 1000 M = 1 G
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Construction
Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends and a wiper which moves along the track as you turn the spindle. The track may be made from carbon, cer met (ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of wire (for low resistances). The track is usually rotary but straight track versions, usually called sliders, are also available. Variable resistors may be used as a rheostat with two connections (the wiper and just one end of the track) or as a potentiometer with all three connections in use. Miniature versions called presets are made for setting up circuits which will not require further adjustment.
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Fig 2.8 Variable Resistance Variable resistors are often called potentiometers in books and catalogues. They are specified by their maximum resistance, linear or logarithmic track, and their physical size. The standard spindle diameter is 6mm. The resistance and type of track are marked on the body: 4K7 LIN means 4.7 k linear track. 1M LOG means 1 M logarithmic track. Some variable resistors are designed to be mounted directly on the circuit board, but most are for mounting through a hole drilled in the case containing the circuit with stranded wire connecting their terminals to the circuit board.
Blue, green, and red LEDs; these can be combined to produce most perceptible colors, including white. Infrared and ultraviolet (UVA) LEDs are also available.
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Fig 2.10 LED schematic symbol . A light-emitting-diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an electric current is applied in the forward direction of the device, as in the simple LED circuit. The effect is a form of electroluminescence where incoherent and narrow-spectrum light is emitted from the p-n junction in a solid state material. LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. An LED is usually a small area (less than 1 mm2) light source, often with optics added directly on top of the chip to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.[2][3] The color of the emitted light depends on the composition and condition of the semi conducting material used, and can be infrared, visible, or ultraviolet. Besides lighting, interesting Applications include using UV-LEDs for sterilization of water and disinfection of devices,[4] and as a grow light to enhance photosynthesis in plants.
2.4.7 Photodiode
A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.
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Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fibre connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN junction rather than the typical PN junction.
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SPECIFICATIONS OF UM66
IC UM 66 Datasheet
2.4.9 Loudspeaker
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustical transducer that converts an electrical signal to sound. The speaker pushes the air in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate. The loudspeakers are almost always the limiting element on the fidelity of a reproduced sound in either home or theater. The other stages in sound reproduction are mostly electronic, and the electronic components are highly developed. The loudspeaker involves electromechanical processes where the amplified audio signal must move a cone or other mechanical device to produce sound like the original sound wave. This process involves many difficulties, and usually is the most imperfect of the steps in sound reproduction. Choose your speakers carefully. Some basic ideas about speaker enclosures might help with perspective.
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If a good loudspeaker is chosen from a reputable manufacturer and paid a good price for it, then it will be presumed that good sounds can be reproduction from it. But it is not without a good enclosure. The enclosure is an essential part of sound production because of the following problems with a direct radiating loudspeaker.
Fig 2.12 Layout of a Small Speaker Construction An enormous amount of engineering work has gone into the design of today's dynamic loudspeaker. A light voice coil is mounted so that it can move freely inside the magnetic field of a strong permanent magnet. The speaker cone is attached to the voice coil and attached with a flexible mounting to the outer ring of the speaker support. Because there is a definite "home" or equilibrium position for the speaker cone and there is elasticity of the mounting structure, there is inevitably a free cone resonant frequency like that of a mass on a spring. The frequency can be determined by adjusting the mass and stiffness of the cone and voice coil, and it can be damped and broadened by the nature of the construction, but that natural mechanical frequency of vibration is always there and enhances the frequencies in the frequency range near resonance. Part of the role of a good enclosure is to minimize the impact of this resonant frequency.
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3.2 RECEIVER
The IR music receiver uses popular op-amp IC A741 and audio-frequency amplifier IC LM386 along with phototransistor L14F1 and some discrete components(Fig. 2).The melody generated by IC UM66 is transmitted through IR LEDs, received by phototransistor T3 and fed to pin 2 of IC A741 (IC2). Its gain can be varied using pot meter VR1. The output of IC A741 is fed to IC LM386 (IC3) via capacitor C5 and pot meter V- R 2 .The melody produced is heard through the receivers loudspeaker. Pot meter VR2 is used to control the volume of Loudspeaker LS1 (8ohm, 1W).
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b. Receiver:
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3.3 v regulator
Melody Generator
IR LED
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b. Receiver:
Gain Control
Gain Control
Photo Transistor
Loud Speaker
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3.7 WORKING
Using this circuit, audio musical notes can be generated and heard up to a distance of IR MUSIC TRANSMITTER ANDRECEIVER 10 meters .The circuit can be divided into two parts: IR music transmitter and receiver. The IR music transmitter works off a 9V battery, while the IR music receiver works off regulated 9V to12V. It uses popular melody generator IC UM66(IC1) that can continuously generate musical tones. The output of IC1 is fed to the IR driver stage (built across the transistors T1 and T2) to get the maximum range. Here the red LED (LED1) flickers according to the musical tones generated by UM66 IC, indicating modulation.IR LED2 and LED3 are infrared transmitting LEDs. For maximum sound transmission these should be oriented towards IR phototransistor L14F1 (T3).The IR music receiver uses popular op-amp IC A741 and audio-frequency amplifier IC LM386 along with phototransistor L14F1 and some discrete components (Fig. 2).The melody generated by IC UM66is transmitted through IR LEDs, received by phototransistorT3 and fed to pin 2 of IC A741 (IC2). Its gain can be varied using pot meter VR1. The output of IC A741 is fed to IC LM386 (IC3) via capacitorC5 and pot meter VR2.The melody produced is heard through the receivers loudspeaker. Pot meter VR2 is used to control the volume of loudspeaker LS1 (8-ohm,1W). Switching off the power supply stops melody generation.
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b.Receiver:
4.3.2 Double Sided Boards ~ Double sided PCBs can be made with or without plated
through holes. The production of boards with plated through holes is fairly expensive. Therefore plated through hole boards are only chosen where the circuit complexities and density of components does not leave any other choice.
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In practice, the current flowing through it and the maximum temperature rise of the track that can be tolerated will dictate track width. Every track will have a certain amount of resistance, so the track will dissipate heat just like a resistor. The wider the track, the lower is the resistance.
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stabilizers is that excess copper can be removed by simple precipitation, after which, the bath is ready to consume more copper. In addition, during operation, the etch ant is self agitating. The bubbles and heat evolve during etching, so thoroughly stir up the bath the etch ant works almost as well in a simple dip (immersion) tank as it does in a far more expensive spray etcher. Screen printing ink is used according to the type of etch ant used. For acid etching, an acid resistive ink is used, which is soluble in alkaline solution
4.4.5 Drilling
Drilling can be done using a CNC machine or manually. a.Manual Drilling With the laminate stack formatted as detailed above, manual drilling is a straightforward, if somewhat mind-numbing process. Items to consider include: When using a conventional drill press, hole placement accuracy can be improved and drill breakage minimized through the use of a sensitive drilling or finger chuck. Small format, precision high-speed drill presses, ideal for PCB fabrication, is also available from a number of sources. If available, position a work lamp on a flexible mount as close to the work surface as possible. Minimize burr formation, and outlast HSS bits almost 10 to 1. The carbide drills are easier to break and must be handled carefully. Always use drill bits that have been fitted with depth setting rings. This will allow you to set the plunge depth stop on your drill press to a single value that will work for all bit diameters. b. Through-holes Load the largest diameter bit to be used into the drill chuck, making sure that the depth ring is pressed firmly against the ends of the chuck jaws when they are fully tightened. Using a piece of scrap backing materials as a gauge, adjust the spindle travel stop on your drill press to a depth that insures that the entire tip of the drill bit penetrates at least half of the materials thickness. Under no circumstances allow a PCB drill bit to drill into the table of your drill press. PCB bits are specially designed to drill copper clad and will shatter if plunged into cast iron, steel, or aluminum. Starting with largest diameter drill bit, drill all the through holes, stopping periodically to insure that the drill bit has not snapped off and that the spindle travel stop has not slipped.
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As you drill each hole size check off that diameter on the drilling chart. This is a good bookkeeping technique that will help you keep track of your progress and insure that no holes size is missed. Hold the stack up to the light for visual inspection. Ascertain that all of the holes have been drilled through and that none are blocked by drill debris. If some debris is seen, remove by carefully pushing a smaller diameter bit through the hole.
4.4.7 Soldering
This is the operation of joining the components with PCB after this operation the circuit will be ready to use to avoid any damage or fault during this operation following care must be taken. A longer duration contact between soldering iron bit and components lead can exceed the temperature rating of the device and cause partial or total damage of the device. Hence, before soldering we must read the maximum soldering temperature and soldering time for device. The wattage of soldering iron should be selected as maximum as permissible for that soldering place. To protect the device by leakage current of iron its bit should be earthed properly.We should select soldering wire with proper ratio of Pb and Tn to provide the suitable melting temperature. roper amount of good quality flux must be applied on the soldering point to avoid dry soldering.
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5.1.3 CC Cameras
IR ray transmission can be employed in microphones that can be used in cc cameras. This reduces the complexity to a great extent. The audio systems that are employed today for security purposes in cc cameras can be replaced with IR transmission systems which are quite simple and easy to handle
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5.1.5 Communication
Infrared LED and Laser Product Overview -The Next Generation of Wireless IR Links Connecting high-speed LAN systems while maintaining full network speeds can be accomplished by using high-performance infrared (IR) optical LED/laser technology. Flight Transport systems offer a complete series of next generation wireless line-of-sight IR communication solutions. The Flight Transport systems result from 30 aggregate years of research and development in the field of IR communications. Using the right combination of LED/VCSEL/LASER transmit/receive boards, IR systems can be tailored for your specific speed and distance requirements.
5.2.2 DISADVANTAGES
Receivers are required for all users. The receivers and transmitters must be in direct line of sight of each other. This reduces the amount of flexibility you have in movement within the room without interrupting the signal. Unlike FM, you cannot cover the receiver or put it anywhere where the direct line of sight will be blocked (like clipping it to your belt and sitting in a class). Quality varies with the company, here, too. Only purchase systems from dealers with trial periods and return policies, and who offer troubleshooting on the phone or in person. Large areas require multiple emitter panels, which will increase the cost of the system.
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The disadvantages are: 1. Not for long distance. 2. Work in fixed range. 3. Noise if object between transmitter and receiver. 4. Receivers are required for every device. 5. Must have line of sight. 6. Indoor or evening use 7. High intensity or fluorescent lights cause interference. 8. Large areas require multiple emitter panels.
5.3 CONCLUSION
IR ray communication is very easy to understand and simple to implement. It finds various applications in short distance field of communications. It is one of the best ways of building wireless gadgets. In future there is scope of building virtual environment using the principles of IR ray transmission and reception. Virtual gaming which also employs IR reception techniques is still in research process which is soon going to rule the world of gaming.
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REFERENCES Electronics for you (jan 2007) www.fairchild.com www.national.com www.scridb.com www.wineyardtechnologies.com
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