CT01 Intro
CT01 Intro
CT01 Intro
Casting
11563
Concrete construction
Introduction
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Concrete
Wood
2003
2005
1988
2006
Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
Learning objectives
Knowing about the main components of concrete (and their properties)
Knowing the main chemical components of cement (and some of their properties)
Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
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Concrete
Ca. 10 mm
The cement paste, i.e., cement mixed with water, forms a solid product. The hardened cement paste can be regarded as the glue joining the sand and gravel (stones) together in the concrete. The higher concentration of the paste, i.e., the lower water content in mix, the greater the strength.
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Concrete as a Material
Oil platform Three Gorges Dam
Hydro-electric power dam that spans the Yangtze in Sandouping, China. It is the largest hydro-electric power station in the world.
Ship locks for river traffic to bypass the Three Gorges Dam, May 2004
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The annual consumption of concrete in the US corresponds to covering central Copenhagen with an 80 m thick layer.
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Typical engineering properties of concrete Property Elastic modulus Tensile strain at failure Coefficient of thermal expansion Density Value 28 GPa 0.001 10 106 /C 2300 kg/m3
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Limitations
Concrete is brittle with low tensile strength
Volume stability can be a problem (caused by moisture changes and temperature changes) Creep can be a problem (deformation changes at constant mechanical loads)
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CN Tower i Toronto, 1975 The worlds highest slip mold construction Height = 553.34 m ! Mechanical test of reinforced concrete column
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Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
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Concrete composition
cement + water + sand + stone + (admixtures) cement paste cement mortar aggregates
concrete
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SiO 2
0.5
Sand rich in SiO2
0.5
Al 2O3
0.22
CaO
PC most common cement in use
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Seawater
land Bridge
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Humus
Clay
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Term Singels (shingles) Nddesten (nut stones) rtesten (pea stones) Perlesten (pearl stones)
*Also lime, stone powder, fly ash One distinguishes between smaterialer and bakkematerialer (lake and hill materials, respectively)
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Bakkematerialer
Tunnel element
Winter casting
The new water-reducing agents made it possible to develop the 30 so-called high-strength concrete and self-compacting concrete.
Cement + water + sand + stone + admixtures B MINERAL ADMIXTURES Fly ash and 1.0 0 silica fume
SiO 2
0.58 0.5 Silica fume = by-product from silicon alloys Fly ash = by-product from burning coal
0.30
0.5
Al 2O3
CaO
Fly ash and silica fume give improvements of some properties of concrete
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The spherical shape of the fly ash particles promotes the fluidity of fresh concrete
Hardened concrete with fly ash and silica fume can obtain a compression strength as high as 200 MPa!
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Prestressed cables
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BJO, BYG
The concrete and the reinforcement have the same temperature expansion coefficient. This is a necessary condition for avoiding cracking of reinforced concrete structures
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BJO, BYG
Water
Stone
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possibly: admixtures
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BJO, BYG
The most important mixture parameter is the weight ratio between BJO, water and cement in mix BYG
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BJO, BYG
Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
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BJO, BYG
BJO, BYG
Slump test
Normal concrete
Slump measurement
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Casting - Workability
Casting and vibration of concrete Casting the vibration is performed when the concrete has been placed
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BJO, BYG
Concrete surface
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BJO, BYG
Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
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BJO, BYG
7H
(Water)
C3S2H4 +
(C-S-H)
3Ca(OH)2
(Calcium hydroxide)
~ 100 KJ/mol
BJO, BYG
Belite hydration
2C2S
(Dicalcium silicate)
5H
(Water)
C3S2H4 + Ca(OH)2
(C-S-H) (Calcium hydroxide)
~ 50 KJ/mol
Aluminate hydration
2C3A
(Tricalcium aluminate)
21H
(Water)
C4AH13 + C2AH8
(Calcium aluminate hydrate 1) (Calcium aluminate hydrate 2)
~ 400 KJ/mol
Normally unwanted!
C = CaO; S = SiO 2 ;
A = Al2 O 3 ;
F = Fe 2 O 3 ; H = H 2 O
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21H
(Water)
C4AH13 + C2AH8
(Calcium aluminate hydrate 1) (Calcium aluminate hydrate 2)
~ 400 KJ/mol
+ 26H
(Water)
* C6AS3H32
(Ettringite)
Gypsum
(Tricalcium aluminate)
CaSO 4 2H 2 O
C = CaO; S = SiO 2 ;
A = Al2 O 3 ;
46 F = Fe 2 O 3 ; H = H 2 O; S* = SO 3
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BJO, BYG
The concrete in the resund Link contains both fly ash and silica fume
STEP 1
Alite hydration
2C3S
(Tricalcium silicate)
7H
(Water)
C3S2H4 +
(C-S-H)
3Ca(OH)2
(Calcium Hydroxide) Silica fume Fly ash
STEP 2
puzzolan
Ca(OH)2
(Calciumhydroxid from the normal cement reaction)
SiO2
C-S-H
New formed (C-S-H) due to the puzzolan
OBSERVE: SiO2 present as sand (as quartz) is not the same as SiO2 present as silica. Sand is inert with respect to cement while silica is not (it reacts with CH)
The silica fume has a so-called micro-filler effect. The silica fume particles are about 100 nm in diameter (same size as cigarette smoke particles) 48
Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
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BJO, BYG
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BJO, BYG
Bleeding (a special form of segregation) may be defined as the upward movement of water after concrete has been consolidated but before it has set (undesirable phenomena). Can be avoided using cement with high fineness.
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Plastic shrinkage
BJO, BYG
When the evaporation rate exceeds the rate of bleeding and the free settlement period is ended, a hydrostatic tension begins to develop throughout the mass owing to the formation of menisci at the water surfaces in the capillaries. This results in vertical as well as lateral compressive forces and may be manifested in a slab (thick plate) by pattern cracking. It is called plastic shrinkage cracking. 52
Approximate method of calculating the rate of evaporation from a fresh concrete surface
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Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
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BJO, BYG
Concrete durability
Chlorides from seawater cause reinforcement corrosion Water (with very few ions) - leaching
BJO, BYG
Process of carbonation
Lowers the pH-value in concrete pore solution INCREASING RISK OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION
STEP 1
Alite hydration
2C3S
(Tricalcium silicate)
7H
(Water)
C3S2H4 +
(C-S-H)
3Ca(OH)2
(Calcium hydroxide) Silica fume Fly ash
STEP 2
Ca(OH)2
(Calciumhydroxid in the hardened cement)
CO2
Carbone dioxide In the air
CaCO3 + H2O
Calcium carbonate Water
Not wanted
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Outline
Basic properties of concrete Composition of concrete mixes Workability of fresh concrete Hydration mechanisms (hardening) Treatment after casting Concrete durability
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BJO, BYG
Lectures 1 - 7
Table 1: Schedule part I, Concrete Technology 11563, fall 2012, Aud. 306/34. Lecture Date Time Title 1 05-09-2012 8:00-10:00 Introduction, Repetition 2 12-09-2012 8:00-10:00 History of concrete, General practice 3 19-09-2012 8:00-10:00 Raw materials of concrete 26-09-2012 8:00-10:00 Concrete mix design, Hydration 4 5 03-10-2012 8:00-10:00 Chemical equilibrium 1 basics 10-10-2012 8:00-10:00 Chemical equilibrium 2 application 6 Vacation 7 24-10-2012 8:00-10:00 Pore structure development
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Lectures 8 - 13
Table 2: Schedule part II, Concrete Technology 11563, fall 2012, aud. 306/34. Lecture Date Time Title 8 31-10-2012 8:00-10:00 Moisture fixation 07-11-2012 8:00-10:00 Moisture transport 9 10 14-11-2012 8:00-10:00 Corrosion 11 21-11-2012 8:00-10:00 Mechanical properties 12 28-11-2012 8:00-10:00 Durability 13 05-12-2012 8:00-10:00 Repetition
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Exercises After each lecture it is time to exercise! Time set aside: from after lecture until 12:00
ROOMS: 116/025
116/44
116/45
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Literature:
Notes provided (250 DKK) Powerpoint slides provided
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Exam:
Written exam 20-12-2012.
E5A
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