Chapter 1. Introduction To Energy: "The Ability To Do Work."
Chapter 1. Introduction To Energy: "The Ability To Do Work."
Chapter 1. Introduction To Energy: "The Ability To Do Work."
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY
Energy is one of the most fundamental parts of our universe. The ability or capacity of a body to do work is called energy. We use energy to do work. Energy lights our cities. Energy powers our vehicles, trains, planes and rockets. Energy warms our homes, cooks our food, plays our music, gives us pictures on television. Energy powers machinery in factories and tractors on a farm. Energy is defined as:
Electricity Biomass Energy - energy from plants Geothermal Energy Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas Hydro Power and Ocean Energy Nuclear Energy Solar Energy Wind Energy Transportation Energy
shadowed by disturbing accounts of harm to the environment and dangerous nuclear waste byproducts. Chernobyl, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki are frightening precedents in the field of fission development and are not to be ignored. 1.1.3 HYDROELECTRIC Man has utilized the power of water for years. Much of the growth of early colonial American industry can be attributed to hydropower. Because fuel such as coal and wood were not readily available to inland cities, American settlers were forced to turn to other alternatives. Falling water was ideal for powering sawmills and grist mills. 1.1.4 BIOMASS Although chances are that you have never heard of "biomass" before, it is one of the oldest and most well-established energy sources in the world. Biomass is simply the conversion of stored energy in plants into energy that we can use. . 1.1.5 SOLAR The name "solar power" is actually a little misleading. In fact, most of the energy known to man is derived in some way from the sun. When we burn wood or other fuels, we are releasing the stored energy of the sun. In fact, there would be no life on earth without the sun, which provides energy needed for the growth of plants, and indirectly, the existence of all animal life. 1.1.6 WIND Mankind has made use of wind power since ancient times. Wind has powered boats and other seacraft for years. Further, the use of windmills to provide power for the accomplishment of agricultural tasks has contributed to the growth of civilization. This important renewable energy source is starting to be looked at again as a possible source of clean, cheap energy for years to come. 1.1.7 GEOTHERMAL The center of the earth can reach 12000 degrees Fahrenheit. Just imagine if we could tap that heat for our own use. Well, geothermal systems do just that. Convection (heat) currents travel quite near the surface in some parts of the world. 1.1.8 FUSION For years now people have been turning to fusion as the "energy of the future." Not only does fusion appear to be an extremely effective source of energy production, it is environmentally friendly and virtually inexhaustible. Too good to be true, you say? Perhaps we should look more closely at fusion, both as a scientific theory and as what may prove to become mankinds energy source for the 21st century and beyond. 2
2.3 HOUSEKEEPING
Energy management is an ongoing process and there should be a continuous focus on energy saving. Conduct Regular Energy Walk-Rounds Check energy saving measures that have been implemented are still being followed. Use a walk-round checklist to help you to identify energy savings and compare one walk-round with another. 3
Check:
Look for new measures that can be introduced. Temperature settings of any heating and cooling equipment are set to the appropriate levels. Occupancy activity levels and the temperature requirements of the process have remained the same. Time settings of any heating and cooling equipment match occupancy or product requirements.
Have an ongoing review which will highlight whether goals have been successfully achieved.
A Policy Should Include: A statement of commitment from senior management - this should be signed by the most senior person in the organisation. A plan of implementation details of how the policy objectives will be met. Details of everyones involvement this should make everyones responsibility and involvement clear. Applicability this defines which parts of the organisation are covered by the policy.
2.6 MONITORING
Metering is a key way of measuring if energy saving measures are successful. Monitoring your energy costs will allow you to see where your main expenditure is, the areas to concentrate on and the results of any energy saving measures. Analyse Your Energy Consumption Read meters at least monthly. This will identify new areas where energy consumption has increased since the last reading and so should be investigated. It will also show how successful the energy management strategy has been over time. Where you have half hourly metering of electricity use, make sure you obtain the data from your energy supplier many provide graphing and analysis tools for you to use. Look for inconsistencies from day to day or week to week. Where possible, use energy consumption data to benchmark your organisation's energy consumption against that of similar organisations. Develop a meter reading sheet to collect the data in a consistent and accurate way, and always record the time and date alongside the meter reading. Consider Sub-Metering This allows closer monitoring of energy intensive equipment by separately recording the energy consumption of individual items of equipment, processes or buildings.
ORIGIN
Fossil fuels are formed by the anaerobic decomposition of remains of organisms including phytoplankton and zooplankton that settled to the sea (or lake) bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions, millions of years ago. Over geological time, this organic matter, mixed with mud, got buried under heavy layers of sediment. The resulting high levels of heat and pressure caused the organic matter to chemically alter, first into a waxy material known as kerogen which is found in oil shales, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis. There is a wide range of organic, or hydrocarbon, compounds in any given fuel mixture. The specific mixture of hydrocarbons gives a fuel its characteristic properties, such as boiling point, melting point, density, viscosity, etc. Some fuels like natural gas, for instance, contain only very low boiling, gaseous components. Others such as gasoline or diesel contain much higher boiling components. Terrestrial plants, on the other hand, tend to form coal. Many of the coal fields date to the Carboniferous period of Earth's history. Terrestrial plants also form type III kerogen, a source of natural gas.
IMPORTANCE
Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water), producing significant amounts of energy. The use of coal as a fuel predates recorded history. Coal was used to run furnaces for the melting of metal ore. Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times, but these materials were mostly used for waterproofing and embalming. Commercial exploitation of petroleum, largely as a replacement for oils from animal sources (notably whale oil) for use in oil lamps began in the nineteenth century. Natural gas, once flared-off as an un-needed byproduct of petroleum production, is now considered a very valuable resource. Heavy crude oil, which is much more viscous than conventional crude oil, and tar sands, where bitumen is found mixed with sand and clay, are becoming more important as sources of fossil fuel. Oil shale and similar materials are sedimentary rocks containing kerogen, a complex mixture of highmolecular weight organic compounds, which yield synthetic crude oil when heated (pyrolyzed). These materials have yet to be exploited commercially. These fuels are employed in internal combustion engines, fossil fuel power stations and other uses. Prior to the latter half of the eighteenth century, windmills or watermills provided the energy needed for industry such as milling flour, sawing wood or pumping water, and burning wood or peat provided domestic heat. The wide-scale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines, enabled the Industrial Revolution. At the same time, gas lights using natural gas or coal gas were coming into wide use. The invention of the internal combustion engine and its use in automobiles and trucks greatly increased the demand for gasoline and diesel oil, both made from fossil fuels. Other forms of transportation, railways and aircraft also required fossil fuels. The other major use for fossil fuels is in generating electricity and the petrochemical industry. Tar, a leftover of petroleum extraction, is used in construction of roads.
The production and control of coal, oil, and natural gas is within the constitutional jurisdiction of the central government. Electric power is administered jointly by the central and the state governments. Water and water power are state regulated. This raises coordination issues, particularly in hydropower and the transmission of power. The coal sector needs more private enterprise for more efficient operation, as well as an independent regulator. The oil and gas sector was long controlled by foreign corporations, but was nationalized in the mid-1970s. After liberalization in 1997, the private sector became involved in exploration and production. This has led to the commercialization of a huge offshore gas find in the Bay of Bengal. The marketing and distribution of petroleum products remains in the hands of the three major public-sector companies. Administered retail prices, which have kept private companies away in the past, are now showing signs of being market driven. Demand for petroleum has risen steeply due to phenomenal growth of road transport and higher incomes among Indias population. The share of cargo transported by road increased from 14 percent in 195051 to 61 percent in 200405, and passenger road transport rose from 15 to over 80 percent. In 2004, India had 73 million registered automobiles. The automobile industry expects to continue to grow between 10 and 15 percent in the coming years.
bidding process for a 4,000-MW supercritical thermal plant. Four of the 14 identified projects are already under way. The emphasis for coal-based projects will be on supercritical. India is now becoming a hub for the manufacture of supercritical generating equipment like boilers and turbines and is looking at ultrasupercritical and IGCC thermal technologies for maximizing efficiency gains and controlling emissions. In the field of nuclear power, India was one of the pioneers. Owing to limited domestic sources of natural uranium and abundant thorium resources, a three-stage nuclear power program was envisaged about 50 years ago. The first stage involved pressurized heavy-water and light-water reactors (about 10,00020,000 MW); the second stage, plutonium or fast-breeder reactors; and the third stage, thorium-based breeder reactors. This program would have provided the highest energy security to India. Restrictions on nuclear fuel slowed down the first stage. The decks are now being cleared quickly, and an indigenous 500-MW fast-breeder reactor for the second stage is also nearing completion. This technology demonstrator is a shot in the arm for Indian science and engineering. With an additional 150,000 MW coming up by 2017, a robust and reliable high-voltage transmission system has already evolved through a national grid, although open access through some states is causing problems. The interregional transfer capacity will soon touch 33,000 MW. The entry of the private sector in high-voltage transmission has been slow. It should catch up fast. In the power sector, the state entities, particularly at the distribution end, need vast improvement and an injection of funds. Power exchanges have come up, and power is moving across the country on HVDC, 765-kV, 440-kV, and 220-kV lines. In the distribution segment, a performancebased, IT-controlled 15 billion dollar reform program was introduced in 2008 to bring aggregate transmission and commercial losses down to 15 percent from the presently unacceptable 30 percent. The viability of the Indian power program could hinge on success or failure in this sphere. The state-owned distribution segments of the power business in the states have been running huge losses owing to unremunerative tariffs, outmoded systems, and power theft. Fortunately, with Indias strong IT sector, distribution reform in many states and smart grid initiatives in some pockets are in a reasonably mature state for takeoff under the restructured distribution reform program. The Government of India has launched a 9 billion dollar, 90 percent funded program for connecting the 125,000 unconnected villages and 23 million poor households. This is a stupendous challenge in terms of execution and maintenance. Though the preference is for grid supply, it is obvious that nearly 25,000 villages will have to receive power from decentralized
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sources. For the program to be sustainable, the distribution entities or franchisees will need to recover the cost of power supply.
kept greenhouse gas emissions low. Per capita emissions are among the lowest in the world, only about onefourth of the global average. Fortuitously, the energy intensity in Indias growth has been reduced by half from the early 1970s. Currently, Indians consume 0.16 kgoe per dollar of GDP compared to a global average of 0.21, and 0.22 for the USA, 0.17 for Germany and the OECD, and 0.15 for Japan. Although environmental issues are important to the citizens of India, climate change awareness is not widespread. The greatest public concerns are population growth and eradication of poverty. There is good news, too, though: On World Environment Day, June 5, 2010, a global survey by the National Geographic Society and Globescan consultancy showed that India had not only retained its top position as the greenest consumer from 2009, it even increased its lead. India has to grow, and it must grow prudently and fast. It needs the 5 Es Energy, Equity, Environment, Efficiency, and Enterprise for maximizing the common good.
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consumed 14.03 quadrillion Btu in 2003. This shows that energy consumption increased by 50% in a period of 10 years. Now, you might be feeling the indispensability of this concept of energy management. Let me give you some more stats and facts, this time singularly on electricity consumption. India consumed some 369.8 billions of kilowatt hours in 1993 and comparatively consumed about 519 8 billions of kilowatt hours in 2003. Now let me not spend too much time on facts and figures as we move more closer to the concept of energy management. In India over the industrialization has increased, so has the dependency on power and electricity. The power and electricity factor costs a hefty amount to any commercial organization. So, if the energy management is put in place, then the amount saved can be phenomenal. As I clear one thing on energy management in India, another doubt creeps up. What should we look in a product when we decide to manage our energy resources?. Let me tell you some important features of a good energy management product. First and foremost it should be energy efficient. Your choice of product should be cost effective. Broadly speaking it should provide environmental benefits by the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution by decreasing the reliance on fossil fuels. Try and make sure that your energy manager must enable AMI and Intelligent grid. It should incorporate key features like Data Storage, time of use rates, remote programmability and much more. If real energy management in India needs to be carried out then a proper network of software is a must. Last but not the least the key factor for energy management in India is Demand Response. This is a quite a level of user friendliness that can be achieved in energy management. This a unique feature to say the least. It enables you to keep upbeat information on your electricity usage that will allow you to realign consumption patterns. It helps you keep a track record of you energy consumption. Lower stress on Transmission and Distribution networks, decrease in need to build peaking power plants are some of the attached benefits. By now you must have realized the importance of energy management in India. Hence we can safely assume that energy managed is energy produced. Hence it calls MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY or in other words MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES or ENERGY CONSERVATION. It becomes clear from the above data & statement that Energy needs to be Managed / Resources needs to be managed irrespective of a DEVELOPED NATION or A DEVELOPING NATION. HOW TO MANAGE ? Energy management is not by chance / incident / accident. It is a Mission with a Target. It cant be done single handedly or by sitting on a table. It needs coordinated effort by team of energy conscious people with a milestone to be established. 15
Very concerted efforts in a planned manner to established Energy Management. Strategy needs to be established based on the Target of Energy Conservation. Strategy / Methodology of Energy Management: Having established the need of Energy Management / Conservation. A systematic approach needs to be discussed and concluded. Same of steps to reach to the target of Energy Conservation can be listed as below: 1) Identification of Inefficient areas / Equipments: _ Enlistment or knowledge of type of energy being used. _ Study of machines / Technology employed. _ Process study and identification of major energy consumption areas. _ In depth process study to identify the inefficient use of energy. 2) Identification of Technology / Equipment requirement. 3) Discussion, Brain storming & Conclusion of resources requirement. 4) Management of resources like Manpower, Machine or Technology. 5) Evaluate your actions / efforts to estimate the Rate of Return INEFFICIENT ACTION / EFFORTS CAN NOT GIVE EFFICIENT RESULTS. ONLY EFFICIENT EFFORTS & ECONOMIC IDEAS NEED TO BE TESTED. 6) Implementation of New Process / New Technology / New Machines. 7) Re-evaluate your actions / Your Efforts.
Zero Production = Zero Power consumption. People realized this concept and they started switching off the Auxiliaries during Idling of main machines. B. Later on, we introduced microprocessor-based timer to auto switch off auxiliary equipments during Idle period of machines. 2. Re-engineering and Technology Up gradations: After utilizing the low cost or awareness concept, we need to do in depth study the process / machine. We need to ascertain, the scope & extent of Energy Conservation in the area under consideration. Evaluate the existing situation / employed technology interms of process requirements & production capacity & capability. Sometimes, we do land into a situation of handicap with machine capacity & capability for the sake of Energy Conservation. It must not be done. Once it is established, that there is a potential of energy optimization. We need to start evaluation & reengineering of the process / equipment. It may be terms of layout, motor capacity, types of starters employed, nature of loads etc. 3. Technology Upgradations: After having established the scope of energy conservation in the specified area. The latest technology availability is suitability, sustainability & pricing needs to be studied. Economics needs to be worked out like Pay back period, Return of Investment, Quality of energy savings etc.
maximise returns from the assets already created in the energy sector. initiate measures for reducing technical losses in production, transportation and end-use of all forms of energy. initiate action to reduce the energy intensity of the different consuming sectors of the economy and promote conservation and demand management through appropriate organisational and fiscal measures.
initiate steps for meeting fully the basic energy needs of the rural and urban households, so as to reduce the existing inequities in energy use. maximise satisfaction of demand for energy from indigenous resources. initiate steps towards progressive substitution of petroleum products by coal, lignite, natural gas and electricity so as to restrict the quantum of oil imports to the 1991 level. initiate action for accelerated development of all renewable energy resources, especially the available hydro-electric potential. promote programmes to achieve self-reliance in the energy sector. initiate appropriate organisational changes in the case of different energy sub-sectors consistent with the overall energy strategy.
6.1.2 MEDIUM-TERM
6.1.3 LONG-TERM
promote an energy supply system based largely on renewable sources of energy promote technologies of production, transportation and end-use of energy that are environmentally benign and cost effective.
These policy elements were built on the hypothesis that foreign and private investments would be forthcoming at desired levels. As lack of procedures to fulfill accountability norms have resulted in poor response from investors, the performance is not in conformity with the laid down policy.
Unit 1991-92 1996-97 2009-10 2020-21* TWH 231 336 725 1300 (1745)** 2. Coal mt 229 311 690@ 1345 3. Petroleum Products mt 57 81.2 165 335 4. Natural Gas bcum 18.6 30.2 65 130 Ref: Planning Commission, Government of India - September 1995 & September 1996 Projections to 2020-21 made on the basis of `business as usual'. J.N. Maggo - R&D Needs for Energy Sector - September, 1996 ** Electricity generation capacity of 1745 TWH will be required to take care of T&D losses and Plant Load Factor. Corresponding installed generation capacity will be 378,000 MW at present day PLF and T&D loss level. Efficiency improvement is likely to make a substantial difference. Efficiency in generation and improvement in PLF will mean higher energy supply for the same primary input; and efficiency in use will reduce the demand of final energy. The combined effect in these--supply side and demand side-through proper management can be close to 1.5 to 2 per cent per year or about 25 to 30 per cent by the year 2020. The ultimate demand for installed power generation capacity can come down to the range of 275,000 MW to 300,000 MW; requiring additional capacities at an average rate of 10,000 MW per year up to year 2020. Projections up to year 2020 have been made as the present trend of primary energy dominance will be replaced by a shift towards `Bio-Nuc' era. Nuclear energy is expected to have installed capacity up to 20,000 MW and biomass consumption in terms of fuelwood will be about 200 mt per year..
Source 1. Electricity
notify energy intensive industries, other establishments, and commercial buildings as designated consumers, establish and prescribe energy consumption norms and standards for designated consumers, direct designated consumers to designate or appoint certified energy manager in charge of activities for efficient use of energy and its conservation, prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy and its conservation in commercial buildings (State governments to amend the energy conservation building codes to suit regional and local climatic conditions),
direct owners or occupiers of commercial buildings to comply with the provisions of energy conservation building codes, direct mandatory display of label on notified equipment and appliances, specify energy consumption standards for notified equipment and appliances, and prohibit manufacture, sale, purchase and import of notified equipment and appliances not conforming to standards.
The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is to institutionalise energy efficiency services, promote energy efficiency delivery mechanisms, and provide leadership to improvement of energy efficiency in all sector of the economy. The primary objective of BEE is to reduce energy intensity in the Indian economy. The broad objectives are:
To assume leadership and provide policy framework and direction to national energy efficiency and conservation efforts and programmes, To coordinate policies and programmes on efficient use of energy and its conservation with the involvement of stakeholders, To establish systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency results in individual sectors as well as at national level, To leverage multi-lateral, bi-lateral and private sector support in implementation of the Energy Conservation Act and programmes for efficient use of and its conservation, To demonstrate energy efficiency delivery mechanisms, as envisaged in the energy conservation Act, through private- public partnerships, To plan, manage and implement energy conservation programmes as envisaged in the Energy Conservation Act.
CHAPTER 7: STRATEGIES FOR THE TARGETED SECTORS AND SUPERIOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT
7.1 TARGETED SECTORS
7.1.1 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
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Nearly 50% of the total conventional energy available is consumed in the Indian industries. The large and medium scale industries have taken up many programmes in past to conserve energy. To maintain the tempo, the current awareness programme will focus on this sector through the organisation of sector specific workshops on energy conservation.
In order to enable the programme of National Campaign 2006 for Energy Conservation a great success, it would be prudent to chalk out the appropriate strategy to interact with various target groups. Selective media are planned to be utilized to reach people all over the country rapidly and effectively. Combined communication strategies will be applied to effectively penetrate specific target groups, which have proved to be highly successful in many projects.
7.2.1 MAKE COMMITMENT Organizations seeing the financial returns from superior energy management continuously strive to improve their energy performance. Their success is based on regularly assessing energy performance and implementing steps to increase energy efficiency. No matter the size or type of organization, the common element of successful energy management is commitment. Organizations make a commitment to allocate staff and funding to achieve continuous improvement. To establish their energy program, leading organizations form a dedicated energy team and institute an energy policy. Form A Dedicated Team 22
Appoint an Energy Director - Sets goals, tracks progress, and promotes the energy management Establish an Energy Team - Executes energy management activities across different parts of
program.
the organization and ensures integration of best practices. 7.2.2 INSTITUTE AN ENERGY POLICY
Institute an Energy Policy - Provides the foundation for setting performance goals and
integrating energy management into an organization's culture and operations. Asses Performance Understanding current and past energy use is how many organizations identify opportunities to improve energy performance and gain financial benefits. Assessing performance is the periodic process of evaluating energy use for all major facilities and functions in the organization and establishing a baseline for measuring future results of efficiency efforts. Key aspects include: 7.2.3 DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT
Gather and track data - Collect energy use information and document data over time. Establish baselines - Determine the starting point from which to measure progress. Benchmark - Compare the energy performance of your facilities to each other, peers and
competitors, and over time to prioritize which facilities to focus on for improvements. 5.2.4 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
Analyze - Understand your energy use patterns and trends. Technical assessments and audits - Evaluate the operating performance of facility systems and
equipment to determine improvement potential. Assessing your energy performance helps you to:
Categorize current energy use by fuel type, operating division, facility, product line, etc. Identify high performing facilities for recognition and replicable practices. Prioritize poor performing facilities for immediate improvement. Understand the contribution of energy expenditures to operating costs. Develop a historical perspective and context for future actions and decisions. Establish reference points for measuring and rewarding good performance.
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Performance goals drive energy management activities and promote continuous improvement. Setting clear and measurable goals is critical for understanding intended results, developing effective strategies, and reaping financial gains. Well-stated goals guide daily decision-making and are the basis for tracking and measuring progress. Communicating and posting goals can motivate staff to support energy management efforts throughout the organization. The Energy Director in conjunction with the Energy Team typically develops goals. To develop effective performance goals:
Determine scope - Identify organizational and time parameters for goals. Estimate potential for improvement - Review baselines, benchmark to determine the potential Establish goals - Create and express clear, measurable goals, with target dates, for the entire
organization, facilities, and other units. Setting goals helps the Energy Director:
Set the tone for improvement throughout the organization Measure the success of the energy management program Help the Energy Team to identify progress and setbacks at a facility level Foster ownership of energy management, create a sense of purpose, and motivate staff Demonstrate commitment to reducing environmental impacts Create schedules for upgrade activities and identify milestones
SUGGESTIONS When setting goals, be sure to use the Energy Team's wide range of knowledge to help set aggressive, yet realistic goals. Have management review your goals to enlist their feedback and support. 7.2.6 CREATE ACTION PLAN With goals in place, your organization is now poised to develop a roadmap to improve energy performance. Successful organizations use a detailed action plan to ensure a systematic process to implement energy performance measures. Unlike the energy policy, the action plan is regularly updated, most often on an annual basis, to reflect recent achievements, changes in performance, and shifting priorities. While the scope and scale of the action plan is often dependent on the organization, the steps below outline a basic starting point for creating a plan.
Get buy-in from management and all organizational areas affected by the action plan before finalizing it. Work with the Energy Team to communicate the action plan to all areas of the organization. 7.2.7 IMPLEMENT ACTION PLAN People can make or break an energy program. Gaining the support and cooperation of key people at different levels within the organization is an important factor for successful implementation of the action plan in many organizations. Reaching your goals frequently depends on the awareness, commitment, and capability of the people who will implement the projects defined in your action plan. In addition to implementing the technical aspects of your action plan, consider the following:
Create a communication plan - Develop targeted information for key audiences about your Raise awareness - Build support all levels of your organization for energy management Build capacity - Through training, access to information, and transfer of successful practices, Motivate - Create incentives that encourage staff to improve energy performance to achieve Track and monitor - Using the tracking system developed as part of the action plan to track and
procedures, and technologies, you can expand the capacity of your staff.
goals.
monitor progress regularly. 7.2.8 EVALUATE PROGRESS Evaluating progress includes formal review of both energy use data and the activities carried out as part of the action plan as compared to your performance goals. Evaluation results and information gathered during the formal review process is used by many organizations to create new action plans, identify best practices, and set new performance goals. Key steps involved include:
Measure results - Compare current performance to established goals. Review action plan - Understand what worked well and what didn't in order to identify best
practices. Regular evaluation of energy performance and the effectiveness of energy management initiatives also allows energy managers to: Measure the effectiveness of projects and programs implemented Make informed decisions about future energy projects Reward individuals and teams for accomplishments
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Document additional savings opportunities as well as non-quantifiable benefits that can be leveraged for future initiatives.
7.2.9 RECOGNIZE ACHIEVEMENTS Providing and seeking recognition for energy management achievements is a proven step for sustaining momentum and support for your program. Providing recognition to those who helped the organization achieve these results motivates staff and employees and brings positive exposure to the energy management program. Receiving recognition from outside sources validates the importance of the energy management program to both internal and external stakeholders, and provides positive exposure for the organization as a whole. Key steps in providing and gaining recognition include:
Providing internal recognition - to individuals, teams, and facilities within your organization. Receiving external recognition - from government agencies, the media, and other third party
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country has a well-established comparative advantage. And there should be an element of reciprocity during negotiations at the WTO. The opening up of the energy services industry should, however, be done with caution. This is because, though regulation in the industry has been changing, the basic need for government intervention to address problems of market failures has not disappeared altogether. There is no gainsaying the need for regulatory policy to reduce systemic risks while enhancing competition. Hence, undue haste in transiting to a competitive environment should be avoided. Besides, as the country started opening up of the energy segment only recently, there is enough room for negotiations in the manner and form in which the trade should take place. Also, a longer transition period for opening up of the sector further must be bargained for. A major difficulty during negotiations could be about the definition of energy services. This is because the industry itself has traditionally not drawn a distinction between energy goods and service activities. The energy sector is dominated by state-owned, vertically integrated utilities in production, distribution and related activities. At the same time, the segment is subject to restrictive and discriminatory regulatory systems which pose a serious barrier to market entry. Besides, the sectoral classification list of GATS does not include energy services as a comprehensive category. India would do well to recognise the complex and highly regulatory nature of this sector and structure its arguments at the WTO in such a way that the scope of negotiations is limited to energy services and not extended to ownership or operation of energy systems, as this would have implications on energy security. Care should be taken to protect national interests in the areas of energy security, supply reliability, environmental preservation and public safety. Gains from opening up would accrue only with the strengthening of the domestic sector through reforms. In this context, though, post-liberalisation, private sector participation has been extended from generation to transmission and distribution, much more attention should go to improving the efficiency of the distribution system. At the same time, competitive conditions should be created to attract more foreign funds, particularly in long-term equity. This deserves special consideration at the policy and implementation levels. The sector will have to gear itself for the post-WTO situation, which would be characterised by increased competition from the global players. In the near-term, industrial economies will have the competitive edge and, hence, are likely to remain the major suppliers of energy services globally. Reforms in the energy sector have to be carried out with the objective of facilitating the emergence of major domestic players. To reap the benefits of globalisation, the country should enter into strategic alliances with select global players and, based on our comparative advantage, increase exports of identified energy services to select developing markets. 28
700km passing through Pakistani territory. Pakistan stands to benefit with gas to meet its own energy needs and $500 million in transit fees. The international community has also shown growing interest in the Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline, with the World Bank and Japan's Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation willing to finance the project. Russia also supports the project although the U.S. opposes it, instead pushing for the competing trans-Afghan pipeline project.
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building HVAC and lighting control systems, building simulation and modeling, carbon and sustainability reporting, IT equipment management, and energy audits.
Some of the well known companies in this field are: Hara: Hara is led by a talented team of seasoned leaders with a unique combination of expertise in enterprise software, cleantech, energy, sustainability, and regulatory compliance. Haras environmental and energy management software tracks about 1,000 objects with an accompanying 26,000 lines of data on things like time the item is used, and the fuel source used etc. Haras Environmental and Energy Management software tracks about 1,000 objects (like a truck or a machine) with an accompanying 26,000 lines of data on things like time the item is used, and the fuel source used, etc. The pricing of the software is based on how many objects are tracked, and the software is supposed to deliver a customer a return on investment in three to 12 months via savings from cutting energy, fuel and other resources. http://www.hara.com/
EnergyCAP: EnergyCAP is the result of over thirty years of development experience providing industry leading utility bill and energy efficiency software to government, education, and business organizations. Energy Caps many innovative features provide powerful ways to save. Powerful enterprise energy management software for utility bill processing and energy reporting. Fully online energy efficiency software for managing utility bills and energy data.http://www.energycap.com/products
eComponents: eComponents Technology has a completely integrated enterprise energy management platform that includes energy meters, data acquisition systems, communication protocols, and enterprise class energy management software. eComponents software is highly adaptable that is
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designed to meet an organizations needs and it easily integrates into all levels of an organization used by CEOs, facility managers, engineers and accountants .http://ecomponentstech.com/
Pulse energy: Pulse Energy develops energy management software that saves building owners and occupants money by bringing intelligence to the demand for energy. A finalist for the BC Technology Industry Association's Most Promising Start Up Award and winner of a New Ventures BC prize, they've been recognized by Berkeley's Center for the Built Environment as a hot company to watch one of the top three energy visualization software companies in the market.http://tbe.taleo.net/NA5/ats/careers/jobSearch.jsp?org=PULSEENERGY&cws=1
Team: TEAM is the UKs leading supplier of Energy Monitoring & Targeting software, bureau and consultancy services. TEAM offers an integrated suite of energy and carbon management software for monitoring & targeting, CRC data management, reporting and risk arrangement, production and management of Display Energy Certificates, tenant billing, management of EDI utility invoices, utility bill query management etc.http://www.teamenergy.com/
NECPL (NAAC Energy Control Pvt Ltd): Offers the most advanced and best in World Power Quality Solutions with thrust in the key areas of energy audit India, energy saving and Power Quality Management India.http://www.naacenergy.com/index.html
PlotWatt: PlotWatt, founded in 2008 is a North Carolina based developer of home energy management software. PlotWatt offers a free application that features cloud-based algorithms to analyze home energy data and provide appliance-level insight, feedback, and recommendations to help save as much as 20 percent off electric bills. PlotWatt hopes to make its money from the service providers and vendors who would sell their wares to Energy Dashboard customers.
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Project Aims
The project objective was to provide a two-week workshop on energy awareness and energy efficiency involving technical issues such as industrial fuel conversions and advanced energy and environmental technologies. The workshop included theory and practical sessions in Advantica laboratories and at client sites.
Benefits to Customer
The workshop provided GAIL with valuable insight and in-depth knowledge, as well as practical experience in all aspects of energy technologies, energy management, energy efficiency and energy conversion of Industrial sites. GAIL is now better placed to provide quality assessment and sales and marketing proposals for industrial customers. Their success will lead to significant gas sales and better energy environment/utilization in India. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) has been created with GAIL for future co-operations. 34
Frito-Lay. This leading snack food manufacturers energy management features aggressive energy reduction goals with a focus on results. This demands a high degree of monitoring, measurement, and communications. Frito-Lay organized the required engineering talent as its Resource Conservation Group. While surpassing intermediate targets on the way to even larger savings, Frito-Lays efficiency initiatives have returned over 30 percent on investment. Notable feature: Large and challenging energy reduction goals were used to rally and motivate staff to generate results. Shaw Industries. Concerted efforts to manage energy at Shaw Industries got underway in mid-2004. By primarily using the U.S. Department of Energys plant audit methods and BestPractices reference materials, a newly-hired demand-side engineer documented potential energy savings at a rate of $1 million per month for the first six months of his tenure. Notable feature: U.S. DOE resources were effectively adopted by in-house personnel to drive their energy auditing and remediation activities. Unilever HPC. Unilevers Health and Personal Care Divisions energy management program coordinates 12 facilities by combining energy-use targets with an energy service outsourcing strategy. A simple budget-to-actual spreadsheet compares energy performance at 14 facilities. Notable feature: Because its use resulted in a saving $4 million on energy and another $4 million in avoided costs, the spreadsheet has captured the attention of individual facility managers as well as Unilevers Board of Directors. A comparison of the 10 case studies presented here suggests that industrial energy management is not prescriptive in nature. It is tempting to argue that some companies approaches are stronger than others. Upon further thought, it is useless to suggest that Company A is somehow better at energy management because it achieved greater relative energy reductions than Company B. After all, one company may have already been somewhat more efficient to begin with. The structure of authorities within companies is a major factor. So too are market conditions and asset management strategies. Is energy management helped or hindered by corporate policies regarding investment, human resource development, and outsourcing? The answers are unique for every company.
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Project Background Increasingly irregular monsoon rains, growing populations, and rising energy tariffs, leave municipal officials with the ever greater challenge of meeting urban water demand in a cost effective manner. Often options are limited, and many Indian municipalities must pump water over long distances, requiring the costly conveyance infrastructure and elevated energy costs associated with these systems. Municipalities without the means to make these investments are forced into the difficult situation of simply not meeting user needs, often supplying water just a few days each week. This work seeks to develop the capacity of local officials charged with managing water systems to improve the efficiency of these systems in order to make use of existing water resources currently being wasted due to leaks and other system inefficiencies. Development Objective The effect of unreliable water supply impacts urban populations in multiple ways, resulting in detrimental health impacts, as well as significant social and economic costs. More efficient delivery systems translate into measurable energy savings due to reduced pumping requirements. Reduced pumping means lower energy costs and reduced environmental impacts, with the improved service customers want. By reducing rates of unaccounted-for water, as well as through other water efficiency and water conservation efforts, significant energy savings can also be realized. Systems operating at higher efficiency levels deliver higher quality water to consumers, as these systems are less prone to cross contamination resulting from the multiple points of entry found in systems with high rates of leakage. Better quality water for consumers leads to improved living and health conditions and the associated benefits that accompany them. Approach The widespread water and energy challenges faced by Indian municipalities led the Alliance to focus efforts upon an outreach and capacity building effort in Karnataka, and more recently in Andhra Pradesh, both are states with high rates of urban development in southern India. This work is designed to develop municipal efficiency models suitable to local needs, and to spread the word on how 37
municipal efficiency measures can be implemented. This phase of work seeks to go beyond Indias largest cities, reaching out to the countrys small and medium sized municipalities. USAID Role in Project While water provision is the immediate concern of water utilities, energy for water pumping and treatment is one of the main elements affecting a water utilitys total costs. In India, this basic service often represents over 70 percent of a municipalitys total energy expenditure. The fact that a large number of Indians still lack sufficient access to water places increasing pressure upon decision makers to develop sustainable energy and water management strategies to bridge this gap. USAID in partnership with the Alliance to Save Energy seeks to provide municipalities as well as the senior state officials overseeing the states municipal operations with a framework for addressing the states long-term water needs. Project Partners To effectively target this effort, the Alliance initiated partnerships with local institutions in the southern state of Karnataka and is working closely with Karnatakas Urban Development Department, Directorate of Municipal Administration, the Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation (KUIDFC), the Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS&DB), and The Energy and Resources Institute / Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI). Project Activities The capacity building aspect of this project works to build the energy efficiency expertise of state urban management organizations, those groups focused upon the development of urban service infrastructure. To this end, KUIDFC, with USAID and Alliance support, established an Energy Management Cell (EMC) within its operational structure. This partnership stems from KUIDFCs established role as a leading state authority in the all areas of municipal infrastructure development. TERI is working with the Alliance to perform the water-energy audit phase of the project. The audits are establishing the current status of the municipal water infrastructure in four select municipalities, and have laid out the no and low-cost options available to local officials. As the initial audits are completed, findings and recommendations are being shared through a series of workshops with other municipalities throughout the state. As these audits are conducted and efficiency measures identified, KUIDFCs efficiency cell has become increasingly involved and integrated in promoting water and energy efficiency within the state. As the work of the efficiency cell has expanded, KUIDFC has become more active as an advocate for efficiency, pursuing implementation of more costly infrastructure upgrades within water and street
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lighting systems. While the costly measures are more difficult to enact, they have rapid paybacks, very often in the range of one to one and a half years. Project Results To date capacity building efforts in Karnataka have concentrated upon the work with KUIDFCs EMC, which has been instrumental in the development of two technical trainings reaching over 522 individuals and 125 institutions. Upon the completion of this component of the project, all of the states 208 urban local bodies will have received this training. As part of this work KUIDFC has committed funds from their budget to implement an additional eight audits and is currently seeking to implement efficiency measures outlined in two of the Alliance funded audits. The first of the outreach seminars was held in the municipality of Hubli in December 2002. Over 200 state and municipal officials attended to hear the results of the first round of audits. Some of the efficiency opportunities available to Hubli include the potential for US$325,000 of energy savings, with an investment of US$87,000. The identified annual energy cost savings potential works out to 14.5 percent of annual energy costs. As of result of these findings KUIDFC and TERI have established an MOU focused upon continuing the water and energy auditing work with state funding for interested municipalities. Through this MOU TERI has already completed six water and energy audits for interested municipalities. Development Impact The work of this activity is helping to address the desire of many Indian states to provide high quality affordable water service to residents. Water scarcity will continue to present major challenges tothese states; however, through the development of applicable efficiency models suitable to local conditions, major strides can be made in meeting these challenges. Not only can these models assist in meeting the water needs of local populations, but they will provide effective alternatives that preserve resources while reducing negative environmental impacts such as over extraction of ground and surface water, and poor air quality by reducing reliance upon fossil fuels for energy powering pumping and treatment equipment. Lessons Learned Focusing efforts at the state level allows for much greater interaction with relevant decision makers, while still presenting opportunities for leveraging infrastructure funding from other donor institutions. While the state level provides many interesting opportunities, it continues to be important to have well defined and mutually agreed upon milestones for accomplishing efficiency objectives.
CONCLUSION
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Although the processes and motives leading to--or not leading to--the creation of comprehensive energy management programs in different sectors are not well understood, and the cost effectiveness of various approaches needs to be investigated further, this lack of information does not seem to be a motive for a no-action strategy. We have showed that there are several major gains to be made for a nation by activating different sectors to move towards increased energy efficiency. Even in nations with very limited financial and personal resources, there are measures that could be taken which appears to pay off well. The Energy Policy in India lays emphasis on maximising returns from the systems already created in the energy sector. This includes reducing technical losses in production, transportation and end use of all forms of energy and to reduce the energy intensity of the different consuming sectors of the economy and to promote conservation and demand management through appropriate organisational and fiscal measures. In India, the focus is on large energy consumers, like data centres, but there is a catch-22 situation because of the need for more energy, while trying to reduce the consumption. Land prices are shooting up, especially when you look at expanding your centre for large operations. So, there is no room for additional generators and coolers, when the capacity is within/inside the building. Automation is adopted in the country, where, according to a recent study, there is 16 per cent power deficit. The cost of electricity will double in the next five years. Next, energy dilemma is coming and very quickly, it is going to hit homes, offices and elsewhere. Energy has always been a vital resource in the development of any nation. The prosperity of a nation is measured in terms of per capita energy consumption besides GDP, GNP, etc. While the world has seen hectic industrial activity in the past century it has also come face to face with serious problems arising out of haphazard utilization of the energy resources. The concept was More the resources (energy), more the development. Low fuel costs did not encouraged efficient utilization of energy. During the intensive process of industrialization the world observed consumption of majority stock of its energy resources and deterioration of the global environment. Energy made up a very small component of the total production cost and monopolized business enabled recovery of high cost of energy. The world is moving towards a sustainable energy future with an emphasis on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. A finite planet cannot support infinitely increasing consumption of resources and hence the motto of present times must be to "REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE".
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Library Resources
Muzumdar. B., A Text Book of Energy Technology : Both Conventional & Renewable Source of Energy, APH, 1999, v, 208 p, tables, figs, ISBN : 81-7648-101-7 Wayne C. Turner (Author), Steve Doty (Author), Wayne C. Truner (Author), Energy Management Handbook, 7th Edition (Hardcover) John Wiley and Sons - Wayne C. Turner, Energy management handbook Cape Hart, Turner and Kennedy, Guide to Energy Management Tripathy, S. C., Electric Energy Utilization and Conservation, Tata McGraw hill publishing company ltd. New Delhi John C.Andreas, Energy efficient electric motors selection and application Tyagi, Amit kumar, Hand book on Energy Audit and Management published by TERI(Tata energy research Institute) Paul W.O Callaghan, Energy management by McGraw hill book company Begamudre, Rakosh Das, Energy conversion systems, New age international publishers Murphy, W.R. & Butterworths, G.Mckey, Energy Management.
Internet Resources
www.eco-web.com/register/05871.html www.ntpc.co.in/otherlinks/awards.shtml www.asci.org.in/annual_report.asp http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/104288ab.html http://www.geda.org.in/e_conserv/ec_overview.htm http://www.energymanagertraining.com/Journal/Books/EnergyAuditingMadeSimple_PBalasubra manian.pdf http://www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/energy-management-in-india-705626.html http://www.arcweb.com/research/strategy-reports/2011/07/energy-management-imperatives-andinitiatives-in-india.aspx http://www.energymanagertraining.com/performance/BhushanEnergyManagementCell.pdf http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/pool/hq/energy-topics/living-energy/issue3/Living_Energy_Issue3_Essay.pdf http://www.eai.in/club/users/aathmika/blogs/1380 41