RFQ Principle and Design
RFQ Principle and Design
RFQ Principle and Design
Alessandra Lombardi
RFQ
Contents
Motivation and historical introduction What is a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) ? Designing a RFQ Frequently asked questions
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RFQ history
1970 Kapchinskij and Teplyakov propose the idea of the radiofrequency quadrupole ( I. M. Kapchinskii and V. A. Teplvakov, Prib.Tekh. Eksp. No. 2, 19 (1970)). 1974 experimental test of K&T idea at USSR Institute for High Energy Physics in Protvino. A 148.5-MHz RFQ accelerated 100-KeV protons to 620 KeV with an efficiency of 50%. 1977 RFQ concept is published in the western world. Strong interest in Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA). Decision to test the RFQ principle for possible application in development of highcurrent low-emittance beams. Developments of computer codes for rfq design. 1979 Start of P.O.P. (Proof-of-principle experiment) at Los Alamos . 425 MHz RFQ accelerates a 100-keV proton beam to 640 keV with an efficiency of 90%, as predicted by the codes. (14 Feb. 1980 ) Nowadays hundreds of RFQ accelerator are operating in the world
POWERFUL SOURCE :
POWERFUL ACCELERATOR
50%
90%
r r E // = 0 r r B = 0
TE or TM modes
TE (=transverse electric) : the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. in a cylindrical cavity n : azimuthal,
TE nml
TM nml
TM (=transverse magnetic) : the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of propagation n : azimuthal,
m : radial l longitudinal component
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TE modes
dipole mode
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RFQ Structures
four-vane
four-rod
four vane-structure
1. capacitance between vanetips, inductance in the intervane space 2. each vane is a resonator 3. frequency depends on cylinder dimensions (good at freq. of the order of 200MHz, at lower frequency the diameter of the tank becomes too big) 4. vane tip are machined by a computer controlled milling machine. 5. need stabilization (problem of mixing with dipole modeTE110)
vane
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four rod-structure
capacitance between rods, inductance with holding bars each cell is a resonator cavity dimensions are independent from the frequency, easy to machine (lathe) problems with end cells, less efficient than 4-vane due to strong current in the holding bars
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RF signal
time
ion beam
animation!!!!!
+
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acceleration in RFQ
acceleration in an RFQ
(1 ) 2 2
longitudinal radius of curvature
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focusing efficiency
accelerating efficiency
a=bore radius, ,=relativistic parameters, c=speed of light, f= rf frequency, I0,1=zero,first order Bessel function, k=wave number, =wavelength, m=electrode modulation, m0=rest q=charge, r= average transverse beam dimension, r0=average bore, V=vane voltage
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Electrode structure
(1 ) 2 2
longitudinal radius of curvature
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Transverse plane-focusing
quadrupole focusing (1) RF defocusing ( modulation ) (2) space charge defocusing (3)
< 90 deg
Longitudinal plane-bunching
RF signal
time
Smootly change the velocity profile of the beam without changing its average energy
continous beam
bunched beam
S = 90 deg
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Longitudinal plane-acceleration
late part. synchr. part.
use the rising part of the RF : receive less acceleration, late particles more (PHASE FOCUSING)
early part.
RFQ sections
Radial matching to adapt the beam to a time-varying focusing system aperture smoothly brought to the average value to give the beam a longitudinal structure start modulation aperture such that focusing is constant shaping
to bunch and begin acceleration modulation to max aperture such that focusing is constant
acceleration to bring the beam to the final energy. Constant phase output matching Constant modulation Constant aperture to adapt the beam to the downstream users need.
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SHAPER
GENTLE BUNCHER
ACCELERATOR
EXIT MATCHER
LOW INTENSITY RFQS CAN BE MADE SHORTER LOW INTENSITY RFQS CAN BE MADE SHORTER THAN THE CORRESPONDING HIGH INTENSITY THAN THE CORRESPONDING HIGH INTENSITY ONES ONES
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1.8
-10
1.6
-20
1.4
1.2
-30
modulation
-40
modulation
-50
synchronous phase
0.4 -80
0.2
-90
-100 180
z (cm)
phi (deg)
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modulation
1.8 -10
-20
1.4
-30
-40
modulation
boosting
-50
0.8
-60
0.6
-70
0.4
fast bunching
-80
0.2
-90
-100 180
z (cm)
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phi (deg)
Why is the RFQ such a good focusing channel for low energy ions
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DTL can't accept low velocity particles, there is a minimum injection energy in a DTL due to mechanical constraints
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Discrete bunching
CERN RFQ2
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RFQ-summary
The resonating mode of the cavity is a focusing mode Alternating the voltage on the electrodes produces an alternating focusing channel A longitudinal modulation of the electrodes produces a field in the direction of propagation of the beam which bunches and accelerates the beam Both the focusing as well as the bunching and acceleration are performed by the RF field The RFQ is the only linear accelerator that can accept a low energy CONTINOUS beam of particles
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RFQ-highlights
electric focusing : accept low energy beam adiabatic bunching : preserve beam quality, high capture (~90%) vs. 50% of discrete bunching one button machine, easy to operate (the transverse and longitudinal dynamics are machined in the electrode microstructure)
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Further reading
T.P.WANGLER, Space charge limits in linear accelerator,LA-8388 (Los Alamos) R.H.STOKES and T.P.WANGLER, Radio Frequency Quadrupole and their applications,Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science , 1989 K.R. CRANDALL,R.H.STOKES and T.P.WANGLER, RF Quadrupole Beam dynamics Design study,1979 Linear Accelerator Conference M.WEISS, Radio Frequency Quadrupole , CERN-PS/87-51 (CAS Aarhus,1986)
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Some Codes
PARMTEQM-Los Alamos TOUTATIS- CEA Saclay LIDOS-MRTI Moscow DYNAMION-ITEP Moscow
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