Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.

45~52, 2012


45
Subsequence Action to Eliminate Blackout after Detecting Islanding using
Solid State Transfer Switch Implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC


Nguyen Duc Tuyen

, Goro Fujita*, Toshihisa Funabashi** and Masakatsu Nomura**

Abstract One operation circumstance in Dispersed Generation (DG) concepts, an island, is formed
when one or more DGs and an aggregate of local loads are disconnected from the main grid and then,
remain operational as an islanded entity. This condition of islanding is conventionally undesirable.
Consequently, the customers will suffer the blackout. Recently, this blackout phenomenon has been
eliminating by facilitating islanded operation. This paper presents a passive method in detecting islanding
for DGs by measuring the negative-sequence impedance differences between islanded mode and grid-
connected mode at the line frequency. Subsequently, the islanded entity is connected to a backup system
by Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS) in order to smoothly and quickly keep electricity available to
customers.

Keywords: Islanding detection, DG, SSTS, Blackout, Autonomous operation.



1. Introduction

The currently generalized industrial standard requires
disconnecting all the DG sources from the islanded entity as
fast as possible. For example, under the IEEE 1547
standard, that period is within two seconds [1]. For a
smooth transition from a grid-connected mode to an
islanded mode of operation, fast islanding detection (ID) is
essential to allow DGs to adapt their control strategy to the
new operational one.
The ID methods can be separated into two basic
categories: communication and local one. Local detection
methods can further subdivided into active and passive
detection schemes [2]. In 2008, C.Wrinch developed a
simple control scheme which is easy to accomplish in
software as well as hardware [3]. It presents passive ID by
using negative-sequence impedance measurement.
Information about the step change of actual grid negative-
sequence impedance could be used for detecting an
islanding situation. That method helps detect an islanding in
as fast as a few cycles for the specific settings described
afterwards in the simulation in Section 4. Thus, it facilitates
an islanding's subsequence actions which fall into two
options. The first one is to connect immediately to a backup
system. The second option is to regulate control topology of
DG which is still in operation inside the islanded system.
If subsequent to islanding, the voltage and frequency
remain under the limits (which means the DGs can stiffly
track islanded power demand with enough active and
reactive power), then a proper control topology can
maintain the autonomous operation. Nowadays, research
approaches are focusing on making the control topology of
DG in an islanded entity become perfect. This so-called
autonomous operation needs further refinement due to its
complexity.
Conversely, in this research, a simpler concept is
presented which coincides with the first mentioned option
after islanding. Distribution systems usually work in radial
operation that contains a high number of backup grid
terminals. Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS) conven-
tionally transfers the preferred utility to a backup grid in the
case of fault occurring at the preferred utility [4]. Instead of
mechanical circuit breakers, SSTS can promote the power
quality by its superior advantages. Therefore, the proposed
solution ignores any blackout to consumers.


2. Islanding Detection Based on Negative-Sequence
Impedance Measurement

2.1 Islanding detection methodology

The ID method used in this paper uses the theoretically
accurate concept of impedance measurement when the
negative-sequence components of voltage and current are
available. This idea is shown in Fig. 1. The premise is that
the large impedance difference between an island and a
Corresponding Author: Power System Lab., Shibaura Institute of
Technology, Japan ([email protected])
* Power System Lab., Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan
** Meidensha Corporation, Japan
Received: December 21, 2011; Accepted: December 28, 2011
Subsequence Action to Eliminate Blackout after Detecting Islanding using Solid State Transfer Switch Implemented in ~



46
grid-connected condition supposedly has a very low Non
Detection Zone for radial systems with stiff network
connections, that is Z
utIt
Z
u
+Z
Ioud
. Such a change
in the impedance would allow easier threshold settings for
ID.

utility
Z
DG
Z
load
Z
utility
E
DG
V


Fig. 1. Principle of using impedance ID method.

The unbalanced system might be transformed into the
symmetrical system described in Fig. 2. The system
equivalent voltage source, E
+
ss
remains as the only source
and the current from the Z
0
ss
and Z
+
ss
sequences are
indeed supplied by the E
+
ss
. The E
+
ss
is used because it
is considered that the normal resources generate only
positive-sequence components. Thus, subscript "+"
represents positive-sequence components and subscript "-"
stands for negative-sequence components. From the Fig. 2,
a current source that is produced at the load for negative-
sequence and zero-sequence components is a result of I
+

being divided up at node I
m
. I
m
is the point where three
symmetrical currents join together and m represents
mutual components. From the current and voltage
derivation in symmetrical components, with this
configuration, the current flows out of the unbalanced load
and goes into the system. That allows the use of Ohm's law
for negative-sequence components measurement to get the
negative-sequence impedance of system, Z
-
ss
as stated in
Eq.(1).

sys
E
+
+
I
I

0
I
0 +
I I I

+ +
+
V
V

0
V
load
m
Z
m
V
sys
+
Z
sys
0
Z
sys
Z

load
+
Z
load
Z

load
0
Z


Fig. 2. Symmetrical-component current flow in an unbalanced-
system expanded circuit.

Z
-
ss

v
-
I
-
(1)

This method of impedance measurement lets the
negative-sequence components be used as a real-time anti-
islanding sensor relay by measuring the impedance away
from an unbalanced node (so-called the point of
measurement) and then comparing it with the already
known threshold before and after the islanding state occurs.
The measured negative-sequence current, I
-
and negative-
sequence voltage, I
-
waveforms consist of the real and
imaginary components. The step magnitude change of
negative-sequence impedance is adequate for islanding
alarm signals.

2.2 Implementation strategy for impedance islanding
detection

A typical radial system is depicted in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, the
utility source is connected to a local system on the left side,
and the DG source is connected to the distribution system
on the right side. The ID relay is used by the DG to detect
the opening of circuit breaker C, causing an islanding
phenomenon. The current transformer and voltage
transformer at the breaker B can be used as the point of
measurement's equipment for the ID relay. Also, if the other
current transformer and voltage transformer at feeders 1, 2
and 3 are close to the DG source, which means they have
connections to the ID relay of DG, they could be the point
of measurement for ID.

Utility
Z


Fig. 3. Set up of ID method.


3. Transfer Switch

3.1 Circuit breaker as transfer switch

The conventional way of using circuit breakers (CB)
creates an undesirable problem. CB reliability depends on
mechanical structure in taking action that is sometimes at
low levels. In reality, while using CB, there is a closing
time between the time when the contacts start to close and
when they finally make contact. Somewhere in between, an
arc may strike across the contacts as they are closing.
This is known as "pre-strike" as seen in Fig. 4.
Nguyen Duc Tuyen, Goro Fujita, Toshihisa Funabashi and Masakatsu Nomura



47


Fig. 4. Pre-strike effect in closing CBs [5].

In the open position, the withstand voltage of the CB
will be a per unit value of rated voltage. The time varying
value of voltage across the open contacts is depicted as an
absolute function of the AC voltage across the contacts. As
the contacts close, the withstand voltage reduces as the
separation distance between the contacts reduces. When the
voltage acrossing the contacts exceeds the reducing
withstand voltage of the insulating medium between them,
pre-strike occurs.
A user-defined component has been developed to model
the pre-strike effect of CB closing as shown in Fig. 5. The
trip signal from the ID relay is fed in as seen at the upper
part. A part of a program code for this component written
by Fortran language is shown at the lower part. SWST59
called in the third row is the Fortran file written by
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre. [5].

BREAKER DELAY
Bk
TD
Bka
Bkb
Bkc
Statistical
Breaker
Close
Trip
BKA_backup
BKB_backup
BKC_backup
TripBK_backup
User built component
0:Close
1:Open
SWIT...
16.6667
0
BREAKERD...
10
m
s
e
c


Fig. 5. Pre-strike model in PSCAD.

To ensure there is a random initiation of the CB closing,
the breaker pre-strike component has an input-designated
time delay, TD. That is a time delay (in ms) before the poles
actually commence to close after the Timed Breaker Logic
component (or other signal) has initiated closing. By
randomly changing TD with the Multiple Run component
over a period of one cycle (0 - 16.667 ms) during succe-
ssive runs, line energizing studies can be accomplished.

3.2 Solid state transfer switch

It is well-known that the SSTS can be used very
effectively to protect sensitive loads against voltage sags,
swells and other electrical disturbances, within a time scale
of milliseconds which is sufficiently fast to preserve the
operation of even the most sensitive customer equipment
loads. The basic configuration of this device consists of two
three-phase AC solid-state switches, one for the main feeder
and one for the backup feeder. These switches have an
arrangement of back-to-back connected thyristors, as
illustrated in the schematic diagram of Fig. 6.



Fig. 6. Schematic representation of the SSTS as a link-device.

While an islanding scene is detected by the ID relay, the
control system swaps the firing signals to the thyristors in
the link switches, i.e., the backup feeder is activated. Since
the static transfer switch will transfer upon an under-voltage
condition within one quarter of a 60 Hz cycle (4.167 ms),
the customer's load will not be interrupted and the sensitive
load will not suffer a low power quality.


4. Islanding Detection and SSTS Combination
Control System

The ID system is illustrated in Fig. 7. Voltages (u
(u,b,c)
PoM
)
and currents (i
(u,b,c)
PoM
) at the point of measurement (PoM) are
extracted to make the fundamental components by applying
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Then, these components
(u
1(u,b,c)
PoM
, i
1(u,b,c)
PoM
) are transformed into positive-, negative-
Subsequence Action to Eliminate Blackout after Detecting Islanding using Solid State Transfer Switch Implemented in ~



48
and zero-sequence quantities by using symmetrical
transformation ( obc to u + ). However, only the
negative-sequence components (u
(-)
PoM
, i
(-)
PoM
)) are utilized
for the ID purpose. In order to remove high-frequency parts,
the obtained Z
-
ss
is being processed by the low pass
filter. Since then, the instant negative-sequence impedance
(Z
-
ss
(t)) is compared to the tolerance level (Z
-
toIcuncc
) to
determine whether the islanding has been occurring or not.
If the measured Z
-
ss
(t) is higher than the tolerance level,
this first islanding signal (1
st
IS) is established. In order to
make the ID scheme more reliable, after a few-cycle delay
(60Hz system) of this 1
st
IS (4-cycle delay in this study),
the negative-sequence impedance of the system, (Z
-
ss
(t +
Jcloy))) is checked again to build the second islanding
signal (2
nd
IS). Then, if it's value is once more higher than
the tolerance level, the islanding takes place and the trip
signal is generated.
After receiving the ID trip signal, the relay starts
monitoring the voltage at the connection point (CP) where
the backup system is going to connect with. This CP is
located inside the islanded entity. At that same instance,
voltages at the backup system's terminal is observed.
Whenever the difference voltages of each phase reach zero
at the first cycle, the thyristors control gate of respective
phases is then fired to turn ON. This synchronization
technique makes the transient current through thyristors
reasonably small. Owing to only the first zero cross
instance of difference voltages should make the firing
signals of the thyristors gate, the control SSTS system has
been made to distinguish the first zero cross with the others.
That means, after each thyristor has been turned ON to
transfer the load to a healthy feeder, the firing signals of
gate are then locked.

1( , , )
u
PoM
a b c
1( , , )
i
PoM
a b c
( )
u
PoM

sys
( ) Z t

tolerence
Z

sys
( ) Z t delay

+
a-CP
v
b-CP
v
c-CP
v
a
SSTS
b
SSTS
c
SSTS
( )
i
PoM

( , , )
u
PoM
a b c
( , , )
i
PoM
a b c
0 +
a-Backup Terminal
v
b-Backup Terminal
v
c-Backup Terminal
v


Fig. 7. Islanding detection and SSTS control system.
5. Wind Power and Typical IEEE 13-bus

The entire validated model is the wind generators con-
necting to IEEE 13-bus. The authors used this perspective
to test the considered subsequence action after islanding.

5.1 Wind power generator

For modeling the induction generator, models of the
wind speed, and the wind turbine, model blocks provided
by the EMTDC program are hence used. The wind turbine
model consists of three components: wind model, wind
turbine and induction machine. A wind model in PSCAD
library is a four-component model, which can be described
in [5] and [6]. The wind turbine model is described in [5]
and [7]. This test system simulates two similar wind
generators which generate about 1MVA power demand for
each one. Two wind generators of a wind farm are
connected together through the transmission lines before
coupling to IEEE 13-bus grid.

line
Z
line
Z


Fig. 8. Wind generator connects to IEEE 13-bus scheme.

5.2 IEEE 13-bus includes DG

646 645 632 633 634
611 684
671
692 675
680 652
Utility Bus
650
Wind Generators
PoM
CP


Fig. 9. IEEE 13-bus.
Nguyen Duc Tuyen, Goro Fujita, Toshihisa Funabashi and Masakatsu Nomura



49
The proposed ID technique was tested on IEEE 13-bus
system as shown in Fig. 9 [10]. This system involves multi-
phase distribution line segments including three-phase-,
two-phase-, and single-phase-line. Modification of this grid
was conducted in order to be suitable for this test. One DG
is inserted at node 680. The point of measurement is settled
at node 634. In this simulation, the connection point, CP,
locates at node 632.


6. Evaluation of Results from Simulation

6.1 Islanding detection

This section shows the ID ability of the proposed system
and how fast the control system makes a backup feeder
connection to the islanded IEEE 13-bus by using the SSTS
against a mechanical CB. The islanding intentionally occurs
at 3[s]-instance by opening utility CB at node 650.
At first, in order to evaluate the ID, the function of SSTS
is locked. Fig. 10 shows the step shift system negative-
sequence impedance subsequent to an islanding. From
Fig.10, under grid-connected mode, the system impedance
is about u.1|]. However, when an islanding occurs, this
parameter increases to u.42|]. Thus, the tolerance level of
IEEE 13-bus system is pre-determined at a u.2|]. Another
result derived from the lower part of this figure illustrates
the role of the impedance filter. As shown in the Fig. 10
which is subsequent to the islanding, the transient makes
the impedance value Z
-
ss
oscillate and then violate the
given tolerance level during the short beginning period
which is right after islanding. Nevertheless, while using the
filter, the impedance value, Z
-
ss
(iltcr) keeps stably
increasing during the transient. The point is that the
detection time (i.e. the duration from islanding occurrence
until impedance values stably get higher the tolerance level)
takes longer. Despite this minor disadvantage, the detection
time keeps within a few cycles under using filters that still
facilitates the subsequence action after islanding is detected.

b) Systemnegative-sequenceimpedance

2.925 2.950 2.975 3.000 3.025 3.050 3.075 3.100 3.125
0.0
1.20
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
O
h
m
)
Z2 Z2filter


Fig. 10. System negative-sequence impedance.
6.2 SSTS control

Fig. 11 shows all control signals of ID and SSTS con-
nection. At the top part, islanding signal generates at 3[s]-
instance. The first round ID signal appears at 3.0145[s]-
instance. The delay time to activate the second round
measurement is about 4 cycles and this time is controllable
in PSCAD simulation. Thus, after about 0.0667[s] (at
3.08125 [s]-instance), this second ID signal appears. Both
signals have shown that islanding phenomenon had
definitely happened. Then almost immediately right after
the second ID signal, the trip signal appears to initiate the
SSTS system (at 3.08125[s]-instance).

DetectionandSSTSControl Signals
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Islanding
firstround
Detected
Trip
SSTSa
SSTSb
SSTSc


Fig. 11. All control signals.

Fig. 12 shows the impact of the ID trip signal on SSTS
closing signals and then to the voltages at connection points
and backup terminals. After the trip signals appear, the
SSTSs in each phase then waits until the instance when the
voltage at backup terminal is exactly equal to the voltage at
connection point of islanded entity in order to send the
activating signals to firing gates (at 3.08275[s]-instance for
phase A, 3.0885[s]-instance for phase B, and 3.08525[s]-
instance for phase C). The thyristor control gate of
respective phases is then fired to turn ON. Consequently,
voltages at connection points coincide with those at backup
terminals. It is also pointed out from this figure that after a
few cycle, the trip signal reset to beginning status (all three
phases A, B and C at 3.1195[s]-instance) because of
negative-sequence impedance of system reduces. After that,
this reset ID relay waits for other detections. Monitoring
voltage action therefore, at the same time, is deactivated. In
short, the proposal system spends 0.08125[s] (4.875 cycles)
to detect islanding, 0.0885[s] (5.31 cycles) to close islanded
entity to backup system, and 0.1195[s] (7.17 cycles) to reset
the ID relay. If the delay time of the second round ID
checking is set at two or three cycles instead of four cycles,
those periods are even further shortened. Even though
results are just from simulation, the time periods are fast
enough to facilitate the islanding's subsequence action.
Besides eliminating the blackout phenomenon, they
hopefully mitigate low power quality made by islanding to
sensitive loads of the islanded entity.
Subsequence Action to Eliminate Blackout after Detecting Islanding using Solid State Transfer Switch Implemented in ~



50

Fig. 13. Voltages at connection point.

b) Systemnegative-sequenceimpedance
2.950 2.975 3.000 3.025 3.050 3.075 3.100 3.125 3.150 3.175
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
O
h
m
)
Z2 Z2filter

Fig. 14. Negative-sequence impedance with SSTS operation.


Fig. 15. Currents through SSTSs.


Fig. 16. Reclosing fails while using a mechanical CB.
a)Voltageat ConnectionPoint at Backup Feeder Side
2.90 3.00 3.10
-5.0
5.0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
Vbackup-b Vbackup-c Vbackup-a
b) Voltages ofConnectionPoint at Load Side
2.90 3.00 3.10
-4.0
4.0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
Vload-a Vload-b Vload-c
Currents throughSSTSs
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-1.00
1.25
i

[
k
A
]
Ia Ib Ic
Voltages of theConnectionPoint at LoadSide
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-5.0
5.0
V
o
lt
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
Vload-a Vload-b Vload-c
Systemnegative-sequenceImpedance
time
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

M
a
g
n
it
u
d
e

(
O
h
m
)
Z2 Z2filter
The voltages of connection point at backup feeder side
and those at load side are shown by two diagrams
respectively in Fig. 13. In the upper part of Fig. 13, at the
instance when SSTSs link to the islanded entity with the
backup source, the rms voltages at the backup system side
drop to smaller values. This is due to the increasing of
entire loads which are connected to the backup system. As
shown in the lower portion of Fig. 13, the rms voltages at
load side recover to the previous values. Then again, in
islanded entity, the wind generators still keep running.
However, its power quality expression is quite poor in not
only voltage magnitude but also in the voltage balance
problem.

Firing Gate Signal and Voltages at Connection Points of Phase A

-40
4.0
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Trip SSTSa LoadVa BackupVa
Firing Gate Signal and Voltages at Connection Points of Phase B

3.070 3.080 3.090 3.100 3.110 3.120 3.130
-50
4.0
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Trip SSTSb LoadVb BackupVb
Firing Gate Signal and Voltages at Connection Points of Phase C

3.070 3.080 3.090 3.100 3.110 3.120 3.130
-40
4.0
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Trip SSTSc LoadVc BackupVc

Fig. 12. SSTS closing based on zero difference between voltages
at the backup terminal and connection point.

The negative-sequence impedance of simulation network
during the utility-disconnected state remains as high as
u.42|], and after the SSTS takes action, this impedance
value returns to the previous small one with stability. This
phenomenon can be seen in Fig. 14. The transient currents
flowing through SSTSs of three phases based on the closing
instance have been kept within acceptable level. Those
currents are illustrated in Fig. 15.
In contrast with the successful reclosing of the islanded
entity to the backup system, while using the mechanical CB
without the proposed control system as in Fig. 7, the
reclosing effort failed to take effect as seen in Fig. 16.
Those reclosers unsuccessfully switch the backup system to
the islanded entity over and over again. Both the voltages at
the connection point and system negative-impedance under
the impact of reclosers oscillates time after time.
The powers exchange among the wind farm, the backup
source, and the utility during islanding and SSTS
connection period is shown in Fig. 17. Adead of an
islanding, both the wind farm in the role as a DG and utility
grid supply IEEE 13-bus loads with adequate power
demands. It is clear that the wind generators do not
themselves supply the whole power consuming of IEEE 13-
bus and the shortage power are compensated by the utility
grid through node 650. Via the deficiency of active and
reactive power control tools of simulated wind generators,
the islanded entity cannot operate the IEEE 13-bus by itself
and the SSTS device has been turned on to avoid a blackout.
Nguyen Duc Tuyen, Goro Fujita, Toshihisa Funabashi and Masakatsu Nomura



51
During islanding, the generated wind power reduces to
approximately zero until the SSTS connects islanded entity
to the backup system. After connecting to backup feeder,
instead of the previous utility source, the shortage power is
supplied by the backup source appropriately.



Fig. 17. Power exchange among three systems.

a) Power fromtheDGs

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-0.60
1.20
P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
,

M
V
A
r
)
Qwind Pwind
b) Power fromUtility

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-0.50
3.50
P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
,

M
V
A
r
)
PUti QUti


Fig. 18. Wind generators stop supplying power.

Also from the simulation results, it should be understood
that if there is neither backup power grid nor changing
control topology of DG, i.e., the wind turbines in this case
study, the islanded entity will going to be involved in a
blackout rapidly. This phenomenon is shown in Fig. 18. The
wind generator's output powers gradually reduce to zero.
The consumers in this case cannot avoid a blackout.


7. Conclusion

This paper introduces a new method to remove blackout
phenomenon in the case of islanding occurrence. The SSTS,
a fast switch, instead of a mechanical CB is used for the
first time for subsequence action after islanding. Before
appearing new superior approaches on DG control topology
to deal with islanded entity, the backup system in the
distribution network can be utilized to keep power available
to customers. Although the results are from a simulation,
the ideas manifest themselves as a potential application in
practice. More experiments should be conducted to
determine how well the proposed system can perform.


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a) Power fromWind Farm

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
P
o
w
e
r
Pwind Qwind
b) Power fromUtility

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-0.50
3.50
P
o
w
e
r
PUti QUti
c) Power fromBackupFeeder

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-0.50
4.00
P
o
w
e
r
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[10] http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders.html


Nguyen Duc Tuyen received a B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from
Hanoi University of Technology,
Vietnam in 2006 and an M.S degree
from Shibaura Institute of Technology,
in 2009. He is now a Ph.D Candidate at
Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan.
From September 2006 to September 2007, he was an
Engineer of Electricity of Vietnam. Since October 2007, he
has been a Faculty Member in the Department of Electrical
Power System, Hanoi University of Technology. His
current research interests include modeling and control of
distribution power systems and dispersed power generation
systems.


Goro Fujita was born in January 1970.
He received B.E., M.E. and Ph.D
degrees in electrical engineering from
Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan in 1992,
1994 and 1997, respectively. In 1997,
he was a research student at Tokyo
Metropolitan University. Since 1998,
he has been serving at Shibaura Institute of Technology in
Tokyo, Japan as an associate professor. He is interested in
power system control. He is a member of the Society of
Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE) of Japan, the IEE
of Japan, and IEEE.


Toshihisa Funabashi graduated in
March 1975 from the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Nagoya Univer-
sity, Japan. He received, in March 2000,
a Doctor degree from Doshisha
University, Kyoto, Japan. He joined
Meidensha Corporation in April 1975
and has engaged in research and development on power
system simulations and integration of distributed energy
resources in the power network. Currently, he is a Senior
Fellow of the Power Systems Solutions Engineering
Division. Dr. Funabashi is a chartered engineer in UK, a
senior member of IEEE, a member of IET.





Masakatsu Nomura received a B.E.
degree in electronics engineering and
the M.S. degree in electrical enginee-
ring from Nagoya University, Nagoya,
Japan, and the Ph.D. degree from Meiji
University, Tokyo, Japan in 1975, 1977
and 2009 respectively. Since 1977, he
has been with Meidensha Corporation, where he is
currently working in the New Product Development Group,
Tokyo, Japan. His interests are power electronics, control
and factory automation. Dr. Nomura is a member of IEEE,
IEEJ and Japan Society for Simulation Technology.