1.

THEORY : Ore grindability refers to the ease with which materials can be comminuted and data from the grindability test is used to evaluate crushing and grinding efficiency. It is the one of the basic properties of materials (such as cleavage, hardness, tenacity, elasticity and fracture). The classification of materials is made through the properties hard, friable, tough, soft, fibrous and soapy. The most widely used parameter to measure ore grindability is the Bond work index Wi. Comminution theory is concerned with the relationship between energy input and the product particle size made from a given feed size. All the theories of comminution assume that the material is brittle, so that no energy is absorbed in processes (such as elongation or contraction which is not finally utilized in breakage. The oldest theory is that of Rittinger, which states that the energy consumed in the size reduction is proportional to the new surface are produced. Rittingers law equates to: E = K (1/D2 1/D1) E : Energy input, D1: The initial particle size diameter, D2: the final particle size diameter, K : constant. The second theory is that of Kick. He stated that the work required is proportional to the reduction in volume of the particles concerned. E = log R /log 2 E : Energy required, R: Reduction ratio. Bond developed an equation which is based on the theory that the work input is proportional to the new crack tip length produced in particle breakage, and equals to the work represented by the product minus that represented by the feed. For practical calculations the size in microns which 80 % passes is selected as criterion of particle size. The diameter in microns which 80 % of the product passes is designated as P, the size which 80 % of the feed passes is designated as F, and the work input in kWh per short ton is W : W = 10 Wi (1 / P 1 / F) (where Wi is the work index)

Finally R.J. Charles stated that the energy input to the system as a function of the size reduction. This equation can be calculated from simple experimental tests. The most widely accepted and used test to measure the grindability is Bonds test. 1.1 Grindability Tests: 1.1.a Bond Grindability Test: The Standard Bond test is a locked cycle batch grinding test, which is done till the steady state condition. The used formula at Bond Grindability Test is; For Rod Mill: Wi = 62 / [Pc0.23 * G0.625 * (1/dp 1/df)] For Ball Mill: Wi = 44.5 / [Pc0.23 * G0.82 * (1/dp 1/df)] Where; Wi: Bond work index (kWh/t) Pc: Test sieve mesh size (m) G: Weight of the test sieve fresh undersize per mill revolution (g min-1) dp: Diameter of the product (m) df: Diameter of the feed (m) 1.1.b Hardgrove Grindability: R.M. Hardgrove proposed his grindability method for rapid determination of coal grindabilities. The method is based on Rittingers law, which states that the work done in pulverizing is proportional to the new surface area produced. The used formula for finding the Hardgrove index is; HI = 6.93 * W + 13 And also we can found work index from Hardgrove index; Wi = 435 / HI0.91 (kWh/shton) Where; W: Weight of the ground product passing 200 mesh.

2. OBJECTIVE: The object of this experiment is to determine the grindability of lignite and anthracite by using Hardgrove Grindability Test and to learn the importance of grindability and also to be familiar with the equipments used in the experiment. 3. EXPERIMENTAL: 3.1 Material: 3.1.1 Lignite: Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 66 percent, and very high ash content compared to bituminous coal. It is also a heterogeneous mixture of compounds for which no single structural formula will suffice. The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per short ton (10 to 20 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu/ton (15 MJ/kg), on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). When reacted with quaternary amine, amine treated lignite (ATL) forms. ATL is used in oil well drilling fluids to reduce fluid loss. Because of its low energy density, brown coal is inefficient to transport and is not traded extensively on the world market compared to higher coal grades. It is often burned in power stations constructed very close to any mines, such as in Australia's Latrobe Valley. Carbon dioxide emissions from brown coal fired plants are generally much higher than for comparable black coal plants. The continued operation of brown coal plants, particularly in the absence of emissions-avoiding technology like carbon sequestration, is politically contentious 3.1.2 Anthracite: Anthracite (Greek , literally "a form of coal", from Anthrax [], coal) is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high luster. It has the highest carbon count and contains the fewest impurities of all coals, despite its lower calorific content. Anthracite coal is the highest of the metamorphic rank, in which the carbon content is between 86% and 98%. The term is applied to those varieties of coal which do not give off tarry or other hydrocarbon vapours when heated below their point of ignition. Anthracite ignites with difficulty and burns with a short, blue, and smokeless flame. 3

Other terms which refer to anthracite are blue coal, hard coal, stone coal (not to be confused with the German Steinkohle), blind coal (in Scotland), Kilkenny coal (in Ireland), and black diamond. The imperfect anthracite of north Devon and north Cornwall (around Bude), used as a pigment, is known as culm. Culm is also the term used in geological classification to distinguish the strata in which it is found and similar strata in the Rhenish hill countries are known as the Culm Measures. In America, culm is used as an equivalent for waste or slack in anthracite mining. Anthracite is similar in appearance to the mineraloid jet and is sometimes used as a jet imitation. Physically, anthracite differs from ordinary bituminous coal by its greater hardness, its higher relative density of 1.3-1.4, and lustre, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly brown reflection. It contains a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. It is also free from included soft or fibrous notches and does not soil the fingers when rubbed. Anthracitization is the transformation of bituminous coal into anthracite coal. The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per short ton (26 to 33 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu/ton (29 MJ/kg), on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note: Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for steam electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of 15 million Btu/ton (17 MJ/kg) or less. Anthracite may be considered to be a transition stage between ordinary bituminous coal and graphite, produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former; and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable earth-movements, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges. Anthracite coal is a product of metamorphism and is associated with metamorphic rocks, just as bituminous coal is associated with sedimentary rocks. For example, the compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded (metamorphic) Appalachian Mountains of the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania are extensions of the layers of bituminous coal that are strip mined on the (sedimentary) Allegheny Plateau of Kentucky and West Virginia, and Eastern Pennsylvania. In the same way the anthracite region of South Wales is confined to the contorted portion west of Swansea and Llanelli, the central and eastern portions producing steam, coking and house coals. 4

Structurally it shows some alteration by the development of secondary divisional planes and fissures so that the original stratification lines are not always easily seen. The thermal conductivity is also higher, a lump of anthracite feeling perceptibly colder when held in the warm hand than a similar lump of bituminous coal at the same temperature. The chemical composition of some typical anthracites is given in the article coal.

3.2 Equipment: 50 g of prepared -14 +28 mesh lignite and anthracite. Hardgrove mill: It consists of a stationary grinding bowl of polished steel

balls, each 1 inc in diameter. The balls are driven by an upper grinding ring which rotates at 20 rpm and exerts a total pressure of 29 kg. 200 mesh sieve and its pan. 3.3 Procedure: A prepared sample (50 g lignite and anthracite) put into the Hardgrove mill which contains steel balls. The grinding balls are spaced evenly in the lower grinding element and the prepared lignite and anthracite sample is evenly distributed. The upper grinding element is replaced on top of the grinding balls and the counter is set to zero and the machine is switched on. The ground lignite and anthracite placed in the grinding chamber is subjected to a grinding action by means of the steel balls under the required load of 29kg for exactly 60 revolutions. Then the resultant powder is measured and put into the vibrating screen for 15 minutes. After the 15 minutes the amount of lignite and anthracite is measured and calculated in Hardgrove Grindability Index.

Figure 1: Hardgrove Mill 5

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 4.1.a Grindability refers to the ease with which materials can be comminuted and data from the grindability test is used to evaluate crushing and grinding efficiency. 4.1.b The Hardgrove Grindability Index Standard Reference Sample (HGI-SRS) is a sample of coal used to calibrate instruments that are designed to determine the ease with which coal can be pulverized. The HGI value provides information for determining grinding power consumption and pulverizer capacities. 4.2.) For lignite; HI = 6.93 * W + 13 W = 4.42 gr.

So, HI = (6.93 * 4.42) + 13 HI = 43.63. Wi = 435 / HI0.91 Wi = 435 / (43.63)0.91 Wi = 14 kW/shton

For anthracite; HI = 6.93 * W + 13 W = 2.64 gr.

So, HI = (6.93 * 2.64) + 13 HI = 31.29. Wi = 435 / HI0.91 Wi = 435 / (31.29)0.91 Wi = 18.95 kW/shton

As we expected work index of anthracite is greater than the lignite. Therefore, resistance of breakage of anthracite is greater than the lignite. 4.3 Energy Consumption for 60 tph: For lignite; W = 10 * Wi * (1 / P 1 / F) P = 0.149 mm = 149 m & F = 6.35 mm = 6350 m W = 10 * 14 * [( 1 / 149) (1 / 6350 )] W = 9.7 kW/shton W = 13 HP E=W*C E = 13 * 60 * 0.95 E = 741 HP For anthracite; W = 10 * Wi * (1 / P 1 / F) P = 0.149 mm = 149 m & F = 6.35 mm = 6350 m W = 10 * 18.95 * [( 1 / 149) (1 / 6350 )] W = 13.1 kW/shton W = 17.6 HP E=W*C E = 17.6 * 60 * 0.95 E = 1003 HP 7 C: Capacity C: Capacity

5. Conclusion: From this experiment we learn the basis of grindability term. Grinding and crushing steps are important for mineral processing. After doing this experiment we can know the several grindability methods and especially Hardgrove Grindability Test in this experiment we can use HGI for trona but after that we use it all of the materials easily by calculating Wi. Furthermore, we learn if the breakage characteristics of a material remain constant over all size ranges, then the calculated Wi would be expected to remain since it expresses the resistance of material to breakage. However, for most naturally occurring raw materials, differences exist in the breakage characteristics depending on particle size, which can result in variations in the Wi. For instance, when a mineral break easily at the boundaries but individual grains is tough, then grindability increases with fineness of grind. Consequently, Wi values are generally obtained for some specified grind size which typifies the comminution operation being evaluated. 6.) References: Mineral Processing Technology, Pergamon Press, 1985, pp. 137-141 Mineral Processing Lab manual http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite