Buckling of Laminated Composite Construction
Buckling of Laminated Composite Construction
Buckling of Laminated Composite Construction
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Buckling: definition
Eulers formula for isotropic column under compression
U=NRJ>Uo
Pcr
Uo stable
Uo
2 2 n EI Pcr = --------------2 L
U=NRJ<Uo
-The maximum axial load that a structural component (a.k.a., column) can support when it is on the verge of buckling is called the critical load, Pcr. -Any additional load greater than Pcr will cause the column to buckle and therefore deflect laterally.
Buckling is a geometric instability and is related to material stiffness, column length, and the crosssectional dimensions of the column. Strength does not play a role in buckling. Structure wants to move from one previous state of equilibrium to another one which at Pcr corresponds to less energy.
Mca Composite Training Page 2/20
Overview: Post-buckling
If P/Pc (buckling) happens, it does not necessarily mean critical failure
-Structure is in a post-buckling state, -When load returns to zero, the structure could return to its initial state or enter another state.
Figure 1 - Example (thin plate with stiffeners)
before buckling F
buckling
post-buckling
U axial displacement
Post-buckling is the ability of a structure to carry loads well in excess of the initial buckling load.
-Post-buckling is often associated with a change in load sharing, because buckled plate has a lower equivalent modulus than straight initial plate.
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Buckling is heavily dependant upon boundary conditions: free edge, simply supported, clamped
-in real structures, boundary conditions are a mix of several ideal conditions, -use a coefficient K for semi-clamped (mean value of simply supported and clamped), -choose most pessimistic conditions.
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Other structures as well as intact plane should be analysed using buckling or stability analysis
-parts with holes -damaged structures (delamination, loss of mechanical properties) -parts with initial imperfections (curvature) -thickness variations, curved structure -environmental effects
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U x0 = x y0 = xy0 = V y
V U + x y
2 w x = 2 x 2 w y = 2 y xy = 2 w ( ) x y
3 coupled governing differential equations in U,V and w: -derivation order 4 and 3 for normal displacement w -derivation order 3 and 2 for in-plane displacements U and V
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P<Pc
P<Pc
P=Pc
P=Pc
Closed form solution of laminates is only valid for orthotropic plates (symmetrical and balanced):
-D16=D26=0, A16=A26=0 and B=0
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2 2 Mx + My + 2 ( Mxy) + Nx w + Ny w + 2Nxy ( w) = 0 x y x y xx yy 2 2 x y
-where denotes a variation of force, moment or displacement in pre-buckled state (membrane behaviour) -N load is applied in a plane -membrane state: simplified equation
D 4 2 2 4 2 2 w w w w = Nx + Ny + 2Nxy (w) + 2(D + 2D ) w + D 12 66 22 4 11 4 2 2 x y 2 2 y y x x x y
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Nx b a
Nx
solution :
Nx = k= b
2 2
D 11 D 22 k D 11 D 22 m
2
2 D 12 + 2 D 66 D 11 D 22
The value of m (number of half wavelength in x direction) depends upon aspect ratio:
D 11 D 22 D 11 D 22
m m-1
< <
m m+1
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Nx
= a/b
simplified complete formula
= a/b
It is usual to take a conservative approach using least possible value of the series which is:
(2)
Nx = 2
2 D 66 + D 12 + b
2
D 22 D 11
where kn is a series which converges to 1 (1.025 for m=4) l'quation (2) is also valid for clamped loaded edges
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D 22 D 11
Uniaxial loading : three sides simply supported and one unloaded edge free
long plate only a/b>4
Nxmil = 12 D 66 b
2
D 11 a
2
D 11 m
b a
+ 2 D 12 + 2 D 66 m
2
m n
2
b a
+ D 22 n
Nxmil =
b a
+ N n
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angle +-
formula for buckling of simply supported long plate subjected to compressive flow
2 2 b
2
Nx =
12
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Curved structures
Special case of the ends of a cylinder under external pressure
-dished end is equivalent to a square plate under pressure -curved ends are very sensitive to buckling when sujected to external pressure -internal pressure creates positive membrane flow in the curved end critical external pressure
rf. 1
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Damaged structures
Damaged plane structure due to manufacturing, in service manipulation or impact
-can create delamination for monolithic laminate or skin debonding for sandwich structures -when delamination dimension (length or width) reaches a critical value-> local buckling of the laminate delamination in a monolithic laminate
critical value of the defect -Analytical formula (laminate buckling), FEM calculation, more difficult to calculate delamination development Mca Composite Training Page 16/20
Non-linear buckling
-perform a non-linear analysis to take into account material non-linearity or geometric non-linearities -global stiffness matrix will be recalculated for each step.
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crit 1 = B 1 Ef 3 Ec 3
Ef: Young modulus of the skin Ec Young modulus of the core normal to the skin or z thickness direction B1 is a function of Poissons ratio of the core
1 3
B 1 = 3 12 3 - c
1 + c
2 -
c = 0.95
-With Young modulus Ef = 12394 Mpa and Ec = 139 Mpa There is a criticial buckling stress of about 320 Mpa.
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where -ef: thickness of the skin 0.95mm -ec: thickness of the core Nida 38.5mm We find m = 191 MPa
NASA CR1457
m = 0.5
3
Gc Ec Ef
where -Gc: shear modulus of the core 25 MPa We find m = 190 MPa
where -l = 1 -s: diameter of the cell 9mm We find ib = 276 MPa Mca Composite Training Page 19/20
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