SMART MATERIAL

Author: ABHISHEK BAWASKAR (T.E.MECHANICAL) BHAVI PATEL (T.E.MECHANICAL) JAY PATEL (T.E.MECHANICAL) Postal address: G.H.Raisoni collage of engineering, Jalgaon E-Mail: [email protected] MO: 996011269

ABSTRACT

The best way to understand the smart material concept is to look at its uses. Smart materials

Smart materials, which have the functions of actuator, sensor, self-healing and so forth, are expected to be used not only as advanced functional materials but also as key materials to provide structures with smart functions. Smart systems sense changes in structure variations in vibration, noise or temperature, for example process the information and then respond appropriately to automatically correct possibly detrimental problems. They tell the structure to alter its properties to prevent damage, optimize performance, correct malfunctions or alert users to a needed repair. Smart materials technology applies to a huge range of products including buildings, bridges, computers, cameras, aircraft, even skis. Think about the way in which excessive vibration in a machine on the shop floor may result in overheating, or parts that dont meet the manufacturers specifications. Then, imagine the problems that could occur if a similar situation happened on an aircraft and you begin to understand the scope and value of smart material applications.

may work completely on their own or as part of a larger smart system. For example, doctors may use shape memory alloy staples used to set broken bones. In this case, the material works as both a sensor and an actuator as the patients body heat activate the staple to close and thereby clamp the break together. This report deals with the available smart materials, their properties and some of their areas of application and future prospects.

INTRODUCTION
Smart materials are materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields. A "smart material" is one having a molecular structure that responds in a particular and controlled way to influences upon it. These range from magnetically-changed materials, to "memory" molecules that return to their original

form, to materials that generate an electric charge when pressed, twisted, or warped.

These materials can significantly change their mechanical properties (such as shape, stiffness, and viscosity), or their thermal, optical, or electromagnetic properties, in a predictable or controllable manner.

TYPES OF SMART MATERIAL

There are a number of types of smart material, some of which are already common. Some examples are as following: Piezoelectric materials are materials that

produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this effect also applies in the reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress

Demand of Smart Materials Selection

As processes are optimized and pushed to new operating limits, selecting the best materials for an application may require a high level of knowledge and experience. The process to select the most suitable material for your chemical and economical requirements becomes a key-factor for reliability and sustainability. Bayer Technology Services guides you through the entire Materials Selection process. We screen conventional and new alloys for suitability in your application, test and confirm their performance, and make an appropriate recommendation based on total lifetime costs. Our experts can help in making tailor made material for the job, especially with regard to an appropriate corrosion resistance.

within the sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can therefore be made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied. Shape memory alloys and shape memory

polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes (pseudoelasticity). The large deformation results due to martensitic phase change. Magnetostrictive materials exhibit

change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and also exhibit change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress. Magnetic shape memory alloys are

materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field. pH-sensitive polymers are materials that

change in volume when the pH of the surrounding medium changes. Temperature-responsive polymers are

materials which undergo changes upon temperature. Halochromic materials are commonly

An example of a piezoelectric material in everyday life is the airbag sensor in your car. The material senses the force of an impact on the car and sends and electric charge deploying the airbag.

used materials that change their colour as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change colour to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them. Chromogenic systems change colour in

Shape Memory Alloys

The two unique properties described above are made possible through a solid state phase change, that is a molecular rearrangement, which occurs in the shape memory alloy. Typically when one thinks of a phase change a solid to liquid or liquid to gas change is the first idea that comes to mind. A solid state phase change is similar in that a molecular rearrangement is occurring, but the molecules remain closely packed so that the substance remains a solid. In most shape memory alloys, a temperature

response to electrical, optical or thermal changes. These include electrochromic materials, which change their colour or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g. liquid crystal displays), thermochromic materials change in colour depending on their temperature, and photochromic materials, which change colour in response to lightfor example, light sensitive sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight

Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric materials have two unique

change of only about 10C is necessary to initiate this phase change. The two phases, which occur in shape memory alloys, are Martensite, and Austenite.

properties which are interrelated. When a piezoelectric material is deformed, it gives off a small but measurable electrical discharge.

Martensite, is the relatively soft and easily deformed phase of shape memory alloys, which exists at lower temperatures. The molecular structure in this phase is twinned which is the configuration shown in the middle of Figure 2. Upon deformation this phase takes on the second form shown in Figure 2, on the right. Austenite, the stronger phase of shape memory alloys, occurs at higher temperatures. The shape of the Austenite structure is cubic, the structure shown on the left side of Figure 2. The undeformed Martensite phase is the same size and

Alternately, when an electrical current is passed through a piezoelectric material it experiences a significant increase in size (up to a 4% change in volume)

Piezoelectric materials are most widely used as sensors in different environments. They are often used to measure fluid compositions, fluid density, fluid viscosity, or the force of an impact.

shape as the cubic Austenite phase on a macroscopic scale, so that no change in size or shape is visible in shape memory alloys until the Martensite is deformed.

1000 employees to service their 747s with extensive routine, ramp, intermediate and major checks to monitor the health and usage of the fleet. Routine checks involve literally dozens of tasks carried out under approximately 12 pages of densely typed check headings. Ramp checks increase in thoroughness every 10 days to 1 month, hanger checks occur every 3 months, interchecks every 15 months, and major checks every 24000 flying hours. In addition to the manpower resources, hanger checks require the

Some of the main advantages of shape memory alloys include: Bio-compatibility Diverse Fields of Application Good Mechanical Properties (strong,

corrosion resistant)

Applications of Shape Memory Alloys

The unusual properties mentioned above are being applied to a wide variety of applications in a number of different fields. The buttons below are links to pages about some of the most promising applications of SMAs. Each page contains information about the application as well as videos and interactive applets which allow you to become more familiar with the behavior of SMAs.

aircraft to be out of service for 24 hours, interchecks require 10 days and major checks 5 weeks. The overheads of such safety monitoring are enormous. An aircraft constructed from a sensual structure could self-monitor its performance to a level beyond that of current data recording, and provide ground crews with enhanced health and usage monitoring. This would minimise the overheads associated with HUMS and allow such aircraft to fly for more hours before human intervention is required.

Smart Materials in Aerospace

The Future of smart material

Some materials and structures can be termed sensual devices. These are structures that can sense their environment and generate data for use in health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS). To date the most well established application of HUMS are in the field of aerospace, in areas such as aircraft checking. An airline such as British Airways requires over

The development of true smart materials at the atomic scale is still some way off, although the enabling technologies are under development. These require novel aspects of nanotechnology (technologies associated with materials and processes at the nanometre scale, 10-9m) and the newly developing science of shape chemistry. Worldwide, considerable effort is being

deployed to develop smart materials and structures. The technological benefits of such systems have begun to be identified and, demonstrators are under construction for a wide range of applications from space and aerospace, to civil engineering and domestic products. In many of these applications, the cost benefit analyses of such systems have yet to be fully demonstrated. The Office of Science and Technologys Foresight Programme has recognised these systems as a strategic technology for the future, having considerable potential for wealth creation through the development of hitherto unknown products, and performance enhancement of existing products in a broad range of industrial sectors. The concept of engineering materials and structures which respond to their environment, including their human owners, is a somewhat alien concept. It is therefore not only important

that the technological and financial implications of these materials and structures are addressed, but also issues associated with public

understanding and acceptance. The core of Yanagidas philosophy of ken materials is such a concept. This is technodemocracy where the general public understand and own the technology. Techno-democracy can come about only through education and exposure of the general public to these technologies. However, such general acceptance of smart materials and structures may in fact be more difficult than some of the technological hurdles associated with their development

REFRENCES
www.google.co.in www.wikipideia.com www.howstufworks.com www.howautoworks.com