Geological field work Carried out in parts of Chittaurgarh District, Rajasthan Field Report 2011-12

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Science In Geology

By

Shivendra Pratap Singh GD-5018

2009-GLB-128 Under the supervision of

Dr. Mahshar Raza Dr. A.H.M. Hasnat Dr. Sarwar Rais Dr. M.E.A. Mondal Dr. Md. Shamim Khan Dr. Abdullah Khan

Department of Geology
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002
1

INTRODUCTION

As part of fulfillment of BSc (Hons.) in Geology, field training was conducted by the Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh from 29th January 2012 to 3rd February 2012. The field training was carried out in and around Chittaurgarh district (Rajasthan) The main objective of the training was to learn certain basic fundamentals of field geology such as (a) Locating oneself in the field with the help of toposheet/toposheet i.e. map reading, (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Identification of lithology, Study of outcrop, Measurement of strike and dip with the help of Brunton compass, Recognition of primary sedimentary structure, Recognition of structural features such as bedding plane, cross- bedding, joints, faults, folds etc. (g) (h) Preparations of geological succession of an area i.e. order of super position. Geological mapping

METHOD OF STUDY Geology is essentially an applied science, best studied and understood through extensive work in the field. A thorough knowledge of the subject therefore demands a good deal of fieldwork and a proper understanding of the rocks and their structures as seen in the field. It is thus desirable that a student of geology should be conversant with the usual procedure of geological fieldwork and the common techniques associated with it. The exercise involves location, map reading, identification of lithology, determination of structural trends, and thus to interpret the geology of the area. For the purpose of fieldwork (geological) a student must equip himself with the following equipments: a) b) c) d) e) f) Topographical map (toposheet) A Brunton/Clinometer compass A geologists hammer A field note book A haversack A few satchels

Topographical map For a beginner, who intends to acquaint himself, in the field, with the geology of the area, it is always desirable to have a geological map or toposheet of the region for his reference. A toposheet shows the size, shape and distribution of features of the earth's surface. A toposheet is on a sufficiently large scale to enable the individual features shown on the map to be identified on the ground by their shape and position. On the other hand, a geographical map is on such a small scale that strict representation of individual features for identification on the ground is not possible. A geographical map is intended to give a picture of the country as a whole. Maps on scales of 1 inch to 4 miles or 1:250,000 and larger are termed as geographical maps.

Features recorded in the toposheet are classified into three groups: 1. 2. Relief including hills, valley, plains, cliffs etc. Drainage or water, including seas, lakes, ponds, streams,

canals, swamps, etc. 3. Culture including many of the works of man such as

towns, cities, roads, railway, boundaries and names, etc. Toposheets are used for a variety of applications ranging from camping, canoeing, hunting and fishing to urban planning, geological mapping, mineral exploration and resource development. This utility of toposheet is possible because they accurately represent earths features on a two dimensional surface, that is to say every feature shown on a map actually is on the earths surface. Toposheets offer detailed information on any particular area. They are an excellent planning tool and guide and at the same time, help to make our outdoor adventures enjoyable and safe. A Brunton/Clinometer Compass Geologists use a special type of compass, invented in 1894 by a Canadian mining engineer D.W. Brunton and hence commonly referred to as a Brunton compass. In the Brunton pocket transit, as it is commonly referred to, three basic instruments are combined-these are a compass, a clinometer and a hand level which together can be used to make a great variety of surveys and to measure the attitudes of various geological structures. The Brunton compass is held by hand for most routine procedures however it can be mounted on a tripod for a more precise measurement. The compass is made up of Brass and Aluminium materials that will not affect the magnetized compass needle. When the compass is open, the compass needle rests on the pivot needle. The compass needle can be braked to stop by pushing the lift pin which is is where it

situated near the rim of the box. When the compass box is closed, the lift pin protects the pivot needle from wear by lifting up the compass needle. The round bulls eye bubble is used to level the compass when the bearing is read and the tube bubble is used to take readings from the clinometer. The clinometer is moved by a small lever on the underside of the compass box. A compass should be checked to ascertain that (1) both the levels have bubbles (2) the hinges are tight enough so that the lid, sighting arm and peep sights do not fold down under their own weight and (3) the point of the sighting arm meets the block axial line of the mirror when the mirror and the sighting arm are tuned together until they touch. Other adjustments that may be required are described below. Taking bearing with the compass A bearing is the compass direction from one point to another. A bearing always has a unidirectional sense for example if the bearing from A to B is N 30W, the bearing

from B to A can be only S30E. Using the Brunton compass, the correct bearing sense is from the compass to the point sighted when the sighting arm is aimed at the point. The white/red end of the needle gives the bearing directly because the East and West markings are transposed. To read the bearing accurately three things must be done simultaneously (1) the compass must be levelled (2) the point sighted must be exactly in the sight and (3) the needle must be brought nearly to rest. With practice bearings can be read to the nearest provided the needle is steady.

Measuring strike and dip with a Brunton/Clinometer Compass The measurement of strike and dip requires an outcrop that shows at least one bedding surface in three dimensions. If the bedding surface is smooth and planar, no more than a square foot or so of surface needs be apparent, but if it is irregular, several square feet must be visible. Where road-cuts or stream banks truncate beds smoothly, a hammer can be used to expose and to clean off bedding surface. The measurement is made by stepping back ten feet or so from the outcrop to a point from which the bedding surface can be seen clearly. The observer then moves slowly to the right or left until he is in that one position where the bedding surface just disappears and the bedding appears as a straight line. In this position, his eye is in the plane that includes the bedding surface. Using the Brunton compass as the hand level, the pint on the edge of the bedding surface that is level with the eye is found. This horizontal line of sight is the strike of the bed and its bearing is determined and plotted. To measure the dip, clinometer of the Brunton is placed perpendicular to the strike of the bedding plane. The clinometers lever is rotated until the tube bubble is centered and the dip is then read from the graduated scale of the clinometer and recorded to the nearest degree. If the bedding line contains no distinctive feature that marks the point on a level with the observers eye, it is necessary to mark the point with a pebble stick or some other object otherwise the reading will be approximate only. A clinometer compass It is the most useful and essential equipment for geological fieldwork of any type. It is rather a simple instrument made up of a suitably graduated circular dial. At the centre of this dial there exists a suitably graduated circular dial. At the centre of this dial, there exists a suitable pivot on which a magnetic needle can rotate freely and do the work of on ordinary compass. From the base of the compass, a pendulum hangs freely and is provided with a pointer, against which readings in the 0-90 scale can be taken conveniently. The pendulum is used in the determination of dip of rock beds, joints, fault planes schistosity etc. The free movement of the magnetic needle and pendulum can be stopped with the help of an arresting key on the body of the instrument. The instrument is provided a bridge, which can be rotated about the

north south axis of the dial and is kept vertical when the instrument is in use as a compass. Again, when the equipment is used as a clinometer (i.e. for determination of the amount of dip of an inclined surface) the bridge lies in contact with the instrument and is used as the base on which the instrument rests on the inclined surface. Obviously, at this position, the dial lies in the vertical plane-lf the base lies parallel to the direction of maximum slope of the inclined surface. At this position the pendulum can oscillate just freely and its pointer reads the dip amount of there of the plane. For purpose of use as compass, the southern pier of the bridge is provided with a narrow vertical opening while the northern pier contains an opening with a thin vertical strip of metal. In determining the bearing of an object correctly it should be viewed through the slit and is brought in alignment with the vertical wire, it is thus apparent that the clinometer compass is an essential equipment of geological fieldwork.

Geological Hammer A geologist's hammer differs radically from those used by blacksmith, carpenters and other technicians. Geologists hammer has one chisel end and another flat end and are generally provided with wooden handles. The flattened is commonly used for breaking the rock where the chisel end is used for trimming and sizing of the specimen. Hammers of better quality are generally made up of tough steel. Common geological hammer weighs about one kilogram. A field Note book A field notebook is used for keeping a record of observation made in the field. Ordinary or ball pointed pencils are very suitable for asking down notes regarding the observations made in the field. Field notes should be written in such a manner that they may be understood and interpreted conveniently after the field work is over and during the course of the laboratory work which follows the fieldwork. Haversack & Satchels It is used for carrying specimens collected in the field.

PROCEDURE IN GEOLOGIC MAPPING INTRODUCTION The geologic mapping requires the following three procedures (i) the examination of the rocks (ii) determination of outcrops or points where observations are made and (iii) plotting of the field data on a map. All three of these procedures are important, but the extent to which each is carried out depends upon the nature of the country, the kind of rocks and the rate at which mapping must be done. Traverse In studying an area a geologist proceeds along the route which he thinks will show him most in the time at his disposal. His course, known as the traverse is a line, or a system of lines, connecting outcrops or stations where observations are taken. The observation at an outcrop involves the measurement of the dip and strike of the particular beds with a Brunton or clinometer compass. Traverses across and along the strike Unless the underground structure of a district on sedimentary rocks is exceptionally complex and irregular, a brief study of two or three outcrops should suffice to show in which direction one should walk in order to follow along or to cross the strike. In a flat country eroded upon folded strata, and in a hilly country where the strata are vertical, the geologist would keep the same bed if he travels, parallel to the strike but if the topography were rugged and beds dipped less than 90, he would come on to a younger strata on climbing the hill and to older strata in descending into the valleys. The object of a traverse along the strike is to assist in determining (i) the distributions of strata, (ii) whether the strike curve and so indicate plunging structure (iii) whether the strata are continuous or have been faulted and (iv) the constancy of the dip of a given stratum. In traverses across the strike in regions of folded sediment whether the topography be flat or rugged, successive strata are met. The objective of this kind of traverse is to ascertain (1) the

breadth of outcrop (2) the nature of folding (3) the position of anticlines and synclines and (4) variation in dip.

FIELD WORK AT CHITTAURGARH

Introduction The term Vindhyan Super group derives its name from the great Vindhyan Mountains, a part of which is found to form the prominent plateau like range of sandstone occurring to the north of Narmada valley, particularly in Bundelkhand and Malwa of Central India. The Vindhayan rocks have been assigned a position between the Cuddapah period and Cambrian system in the Indian Stratigraphy. Extent and Location The Vindhyans cover a large part of the Peninsular India, an area about 1,04,000 sq. km and spreading over in part of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan from Dehri-on-son in Bihar to Choti-Sadri South of Chittaurgarh in Rajasthan. Another 78, 000 sq. of area comprising of the Vindhyan rocks, lie concealed below the lavas of Deccan trap and the area over which the Vindhyans lie hidden under the Gangetic alluvium is possibly of greater order. The Vindhyan Rocks consists of about 4200m thick sedimentaries comprising a sequence of sandstone and shale in almost equal proportion and a subordinate limestone. Vindhyan rocks of Rajasthan have a comparable thickness of about 3200m and form the Western Past of the main Vindhyan basin occupying on area of 24,000 sq. Km, representing, roughly one fourth of the entire exposed area of the Vindhyan basin. The area occupied by Vindhyan rocks fall in Chittaurgarh Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, and Sawai, Madhopur districts of South Eastern Rajasthan.

Geological Set up The basements for the Vindhyan rocks are pre-Aravalli rocks, referred to as the Bhilwara super group which comprises shale, slate and phyllite intercalated with dolomite /limestone and quartzite. The contact between two sequences is that of distinct composite unconformity marked by Khairmalia amygdaloidal Andesite, Khardeola conglomerate or by a mega lineament called the Great Boundary Fault. Lithostratigraphic column The Vindhyan sedimentation started with Khairmalia volcanic activity. The lower part of the Basal Satoia group-Khairmalia andesites and pyroclastics, Khardeola and Kannauj sandstone and shale represent the coastal facies where as the upper part of this group viz. Bhagwanpura limestone with conglomerate represent the tidal flat deposits.

TABLE-1 Revised Lithostratigraphy of Vindhyan Supergroup

Groups BHANDER (121 5M) Upper (310m) Dholpura (Upper Bhander) Shall Balwan (Upper Bhander) Limestone (Stromatolitic) Maihar (Upper Bhander) Sandstone Lower (905m) Bundi Hill (Lower Bhander) Sandstone (250m) Upper sandstone Upper Shale Middle Sandstone Lower Shale Somria Shale (133 m) Upper Shale **(Lower Bhander) Dolomitic limestone (Feebly Stromatolitic lower Shale) Lakhari (Lower Bhander) Limestone Ganurgarh Shale Rewa (285) m Gvoindgarh (Upper Rewa) Sandstone Jhiri Shale Indargarh (Lower Rewa) Limestone _________ 5-10 40-120 ________ ________ 150 200 15-45 15-5 30-130 15-30 30-40 5-30 60-15 10-20 Sirbu Shale Limestone (Stromatolitic) 5-15 _________ 130 _________ 120 ________ 40-60 Formations Members Thickness (in metre)

Sandstone Panna Shale With limestone in upper part Kaimur (110 m) Akoda Mahadev (Kaimur) Sandstone Badanpur Conglomerate (In Bundi-Indargarh area) Chittaur Fort (Kaimur) Sandstone Khorip (475 m) Suket Shale (In Jhalawar area)

_________ ___________ ___________ ___________

10-60 20 100 8-10

____________ Jhalrapatan Sandstone Limestone (Kotastone)

20-70

+30 50-60 148 45 60 120 250 3-22 75 15 100 20 30 30-60 200 60-160 40-100

Nimbahera Limestone Bari Shale Jiran Sandstone

___________ ___________ ___________ Khori-Malan Conglomerate

LASRAWAN (2/2m) Binota Shale Kalmia Sandstone Sand (210 m) Palri Shale Sawa Sandstone Satola (835 m) Bhagwanpura Limestone (Stromatolitic) ___________ Conglometrate with coarse sandstone Khardeola Sandstone Khairmalia Andesite ___________ Shale ___________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Porcellanite ___________ Conglomerate

Pyroclastics: tuffs

2-15

Unconformity
Pre-Aravalli Bhilwara Supergroup) Bhadesar Formation Berach Granite (Late tectonic) Emplacement Shale, slate & Phyllite with Quartizite and dolornite. (Archaean-II,>2550 m.y)

The Sawa group represents the flood plain deposits with the transgression of the sea and the Lasrawan group represents sedimentation under neritic facies. The Khorip group of rocks was deposited again under near shore conditions with the regression of the sea at the on-set of the deposition of the rocks of this group followed by transgression during the period. The red colour in the sandstone of Kaimur group and the sedimentary structures in them indicate again semi-arid conditions and deposition in continental to intertidal zone. Sawa rocks appear to be deposited in littoral zone where as the Bhander rocks under fluctuating subaquous to slightly deeper water conditions. The Satola group is arenaceous and calcareous. Sand group is arenaceous, Lasrawan group argillaceous and Khorip group is argillaceous and calcareous. The Kaimur group is arenaceous, Rewa group, arenaceous and argillaceous and Bhander group arenaceous, argillaceous and calcareous. The sequence of the Vindhyan super group established is as given below, Satola, Sand, Lasrawan and Kharip groups correspond to the Semri series or lower Vidhyan and Kaimur Rewa and Bhander groups to the upper Vindhyan.

LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE ROCKS EXPOSED IN AND AROUND CHITTAURGARH The following groups of rocks are exposed in and aground Chittaurgarh district from Kharmalia to Chittaurgarh Fort sandstone. TABLE-2
Chittaur Fort (Kaimur) Sandstone (In Chittaur-Jhalrapatan area) KHORIP (475 m) Suket Shale (In Jhalawar area) ___________ Jhalrapatan Sandstone Limestone (Kotastone) Nimbahera Limestone Bari Shale Jiran Sandstone _________ _________ __________ Khori-Malan Conglomerate LASRAWAN (272 M) Kalmia sandstone Sand (210) Palri Shale _________ _________ Porcellanite 3-22 75 15 Binota Shale _________ 120 250 148 45 60 50-60 120 +30 __________ 20-70

Sawa Sandstone

__________ Conglomerate

100 20

Satola (835 m)

Bhagwanpura Limestone (Stromatolitic ) _________ Conglometrate with coarse sandstone Khardeola Sandstone _________ Shale Khairmalia Andesite __________ Pyroclastics: tuffs 200 60-160 40-100 2-15 30 30-60

Unconformity

Pre-Aravalli

(Bhilwara Supergroup)

Berach Granite (Late tectonic) (Emplacement)

(Archaean-II, > 2550 m.y.) Bhadesar Formation

Shale, slate & phyllite with quartzite and dolomite.

Satola group

The rock of this basal group on Western margin occurs overlying Bhilwara metamorphic or Berach Granite with profound unconformity and extends from West of Chittaurgarh to Siakheri.

It consists of Khairmalia andesite, formation.

Khardeola Sandstone and Bhagwanpura limestone

Khairmalia Andesite: The Khairmalia intermediate amygdaloidal andesitic flows including pyroclalstic occur uncomfortably over the Berach granite. The Khairmalia andesitic rock is mainly fine grained and dark purple, pink, greenish and greenish brown in colour. These rocks mark the Western edge of the Vindhyan basin. The rocks have been dated to be 1250 m yrs. by Crowford.

Khardeola Sandstone: Heron (1936) named the formations Khardeola and Kannauj grit after the villages Khardeola and Kannauj in Chittaurgrah district. The sandstone shows considerable variation in grain size varying from siltstone to coarse grained sandstone. The sands stone is also conglomeratic at places. Fine cross bedding is seen at same places. The rocks are pale pinkish, brownish, dark purple and brown in colour. Bhagwanpura limestone: The Bhagwanpura limestone overlies the pre-Aravalli shale or slate or Bhadesar Quartziie in the north and the Khardeola shale in the south.

The formation consists of thin patchy conglomerate and associated coarse sand stone. The Bhagwanpura limestone is impure, mainly dolomitic and siliceous. It is very fine grained, hard and pale white, cream grey, pink and reddish pink in colour. The limestone which is massive is stromatolitic at places.

Sand Group It comprises of sawa sandstone and Palri (Sawa) shale formation associated with conglomerate and Porcellanite members respectively. Sawa sandstone: It occurs from 3 km west of Chittaur to 0.5 Km, West of Balota, and south of Kalmya. It generally overlies conformably the Bhagwanpura rocks. There is a minor erosional unconformity north of Bhujanda and South of Sawa represented by a conglomerate at the base. The coarse to medium grained sandstone is pale and ash grey and is thick to very thin bedded. In general, the grains diminish in size upwards; except for few inter beds of coarser sandstone in higher horizons. The beds show well developed cross bedding indicating younging eastwards and local inversions. At a few places symmetrical and asymmetrical ripple marks are seen. Palri Shale: The porcellanite member of the Palri shale overlies conformably the fine grained Sawa sandstone and occurs in discontinuous hillocks on the eastern side of the low lying ridges of the Sawa sandstone. The porcellanite is thin and even bedded. It thins and thickens along the strike. It is dull white, pale yellow or grayish while. The typical Palri shale

occurs over the porcellanite with a gradational contact and are exposed only at a few places. This shale is generally soft.

Lasrawan Group It comprises Kalmia sandstone and Binota shale. Except where there is a basal sandstone or quartzite of the kalmia Formation, the Binota shale shows a gradational contact with the underlying- Palri shale. Kaimia Sandstone: It overlies unconformably the Bhagwanapura limestone or Palri shale in kalmia arc. It is followed upward by the Binota shale with gradational and conformable relationship. There are also fine grained sandstone siltstone intercalations in the overlying Binota shale. Binota shale: This formation occurs from about five kilometres east of Dholopani upto Berach river about 1 km west of Chittaurgarh and extends north-eastwards upto 2.4 km west of Dollakhera. On the west of Chittaurgarh there is strike swing in Binota shale from N-S to NE-SW. This formation comprises predominantly of shale with intercalatory silt stone and fine grained sandstone. Carbonaceous and calcareous intercalations are observed in the lower beds. The shale is typically olive green and locally brown, pink or purple.

Khorip Group This group consists of Khori-Malan conglomerate member at the base folFowed by Jiran sandstone, Nimbahera shale. Nimbahera Limestone and Suket shale successively overlying Binota sha e of Lasrawan group. Jiran Sandstone: This sandstone overlies the Binota shale conformably The Jiran Sandstone shows at places gradational contact with the Binota shale. It is observed that there is a gradual depositiona! variation from pale slaty shale to siltstone to ferruginous sandstone and finally to grayish and purplish, fine to medium grained quartzitic sandstone. Coarse crossbedding and asymmetrical ripple marks are seen at places indicating easterly current direction. Suncracks are noticed along the upper surface of sandstone beds. Nimbahera shale: They are natnad after the town of Nimbahera in Chittaurgarh district. The name Nimbahera has now been changed to Bari shale after the village Bari in Chittaurgarh district east of which the shale is well developed. The shale is thinly bedded with thin laminations, showing at places colour bandings. It is typically purple or greenish purple. At places it is arenaceous in the lower part and calcareous towards the top. Nimbahera Limestone: The Nimbaharea limestone occurs from one kilometers north of Dallakhera to Nimbahera and to Boman barra on the south conformably overlying the Nimbahera shale. The limestone crops out near Sainti, Sawa, Khorip, Binota etc. It is massive hard, compact and regularly jointed. Nimbahera Limestone is a fairly high grade limestone and CaO content various between 43% and 47% with low MgO content and hence is quite suitable for the manufacturing of cement.

Suket shale : It comprises mainly of shale and bands of limestone and among its lower member hard siliceous and micaceous flagstone and Jhalra par tan sandstone. The suket shale roots conformably on the Nimbahera limestone and is conformably overlain by the Kaimur sandstone. It occurs 25 Km north-west of Chittaurgarh to 6 Km south of Jawad for 40 Kms and extends further east wards. As the shaie is very soft outcrops are scarce. The exposures of suket shale are confined to stream courses viz. Gambhir nadi and flanks of the Kaimur sandstone ridges as seen in Western side of Chittaurgarh Ridge. This shale is generally silicieous, micaceous and calcareous at places towards the base. It is pale green, bluish grey or purple in colour. It is fissile, fragile and often well jointed. Ripple marks are common.

Kaimur Group

The Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander groups have been referred to as the upper Vindhyan but in the south eastern part in Chittaurgarh area the passage from Khorip group to Kaimur Formation of earstwhile upper Vindhyan is conformable and thus the term upper Vindhyan ceases to signify defined stratigraphic ranks. The Kaimurs are best

developed at the eastern part of the Vindhyan area. Kaimur sandstone/Chittaur Fort sandstone: The Chittaur Fort sandstone occurs 6 km southewest of Mandalgarh for 20 km south west ward exposed in the care of Gowta anticline and from Bilor north east of Chittourgarh to Aleda. Isolated exposure of the sandstone occurs just east of Chittaurgarh on which the famous fort is built. Current bedding, ripple marks and mud cracks are seen at places. Chittaur Fort sandstone is grayish or pinkish white, fine to medium grained quartzites sand stone. This sand stone is generally thickly bedded.

DETAILED FIELD WORK AT CHITTAURGARH Day-01 Date- 29.01.2012 (Sunday) Location-1 1 km away from railway Bridge (Berach river) (Danet Kalan) GPS Reading- N2453.436` E7436.625` Accuracy- 20 meters, Elevation 378 MSL Pressure- 1011mb Topography: Huge bodies of granite are exposed as hummocky structure Colour: Generally pink but coarser variety is showing grayish colour Texture: Coarse grained, it has intrusive relation with fine grained or microgranite. Structure: No bedding plane/foliation is visible. The out crop is severely jointed with 2-3 sets of joints no. of dykes ranging in texture from Basalt to dolerite are observed. This rock association is considered as the basement of the Vindhyan Supergroup. This granite is said to syn-kinetic granite and referred as Berach granite. Age- 2.6-2.9 B.Y.

Day-02 30.01.2012 (Monday) Location-2 Rithola GPS data- N2455.166` E7434.324` Accuracy- 12 meter Topography Colour Texture Structure A outcrop of Breccia is exposed as hummocky structure. Grayish red, Angular to sub angular coarse grained, poor sorting Outcrop indicating a fault zone. It is indicated by slicken sides and the orientation of slicken sides is 24 towards NE, indicating the direction of movement of fault

Location-3

Near Rithola School

Topography- An outcrop of sandstone is exposed having high relief. Colour: Texture: Grayish colour Coarse to fine grained

Structure:

Well defined bedding plane has been observed on the basis of colour banding, Trough cross-bedding and graded on the basis of variation of gram size also have been observed. The outcrop shows anticlinal plunging fold having trend N20W and plunge 6 .Breccia indicating a fault zone is shown in following figure.

Strike- N60E/S60W Dip Direction-S20E Dip-25 The Sandstone is referred to as Sawa sand stone.

Day-03 Date-31.01.2012 (Tuesday) Location-4 Bhujanda Near Saras Dairy GPS data- N2450.342` E7435.008` Elevation-413 Topography: An outcrop of Breccia is exposed as hummocky structure. Colour: Texture: Buff coloured Angular to sub angular grains having size ranging from few mm to few cm. Angular fragments of quartzite and dolomite are cemented together by iron which has leached out from the quartzite.

Location-5 Topography: Colour:

500m away from Bhujanda Outcrop of stromatolytic limestones are exposed. Earthy brown

Limestones are hard and compact, massive in nature, stromatolites are of many types including spherical, conical, columnar, elliptical and branching types. Convexity becomes reverse i.e. from E-W. The stromatolytic limestone shows invasion of strata

Location-6:

1.5 km from Bhujanda

A small outcrop of coarse grained sandstone which is gradually passing into calcareous materials and ultimately becoming stromatolitic limestone. The thickness of the squares is about 200 mts. The outcrop show trough type cross-bedding and herringe bone cross bedding. Strike-550 W / N 50E Dip direction 515 E Dip 33 The sandstone referred to khardeota sandstone.

Day-04 Date 01.02.2012 (Wednesday) Location-7: Western side of Chittaurgarh fort (At Padmini Mahal) Topography: The lithology consists of sandstone showing high relief. Colour : Texture Structure : Greyish or pinkish white. Medium to coarse grained sandstone Sedimentary structure in the form of thick and massive bedding planes, ripple marks (mega ripple marks also), small scale to large scale cross bedding (both planar & trough), type mud cracks and joints/sets). Herring bone structures are present which implies shallow water conditions during formation.

The double plunging synclinal fold is observed at the top of Chittaurgarh fort South end: Trend- N15W; Plunge varying from 10-15 North end: Trend-S10E; Plunge varying from 9-14 The formation-Kaimur Sand stone (Chittaurgarh Fort Sandstone) Attitude of bedsN12W/26W

Day-05 Date- 02.02.2012 (Thursday) Location: 8 About 100 kms away from Chittaurgarh Near Khemli Village District (Udaipur) Topography: Banded Gneissic Complex Color: White, Fleshy Pink, Black Texture: Coarse grained mafic rocks and gneissic texture. Structure: Mafic rocks and Granitoids, feldspar(pink) , quartz and TTG exposed.

Day-06 Date- 03.02.2012 (Friday) Location 9: 400m away from railway bridge near railway track

Topography: Colour: Texture:

The outcrop of impure limestone shows low profile topography. Grey Massive & compact with fine grains. Individual minerals are not seen; dark colour accessory minerals have been observed.

Structure: It is thickly bedded and bedding planes are well observed. It has got alternately impure bands particularly of iron (Fe) bearing limestones of Nimbaheda Limestones are repeated which become more thick toward N-E. Strike- N16E / S16W Dip direction- S35E Dip- 16

Conclusion
Chittorgarh area represents rocks of Vindhayan Supergroup having Berach Granites at its base matching with the world wide exposed episode of magmatic intrusion (latest 2.5Ga) Episodes of reducing and oxidizing environment are represented by alternate layers of Banded Iron in the outcrops of the limestone of Berach river. Presence of stomatolites and dolomites represent episodes of tropical and evaporative environment respectively. All the sequences pass from argillaceous to arenaceous as we move upward rock sequences present here are highly folded and faulted and scarp of GBF is often encountered near Rithola village ridge. Mafic intrusion are also present along this fault zone.

ReferencesA Textbook of Geology by P. K Mukherjee Structural Geology by Marland P. Billings Engineering Geology by Parbin Singh Field Project Report of previous year students