Newton Notebook 2

AP Calculus AB Free Response Notebook
Table of Contents
Area and Volume ................................................................. 1-25 Charts with Riemann Sums, MVT, Ave. Rates/Values ........... 41-53 Analyzing Graph of f ............................................................ 54-59 Slope Fields with differential Equations ............................... 60-70 Related Rates ....................................................................... 71-77 Accumulation Functions....................................................... 78-91 Implicit Differentiation ......................................................... 92-97 Particle Motion .................................................................... 98-108 Charts of f, f, f ................................................................... 109-113 Functions/Misc. ................................................................... 114-128
1998 AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines 1. Let R be the region bounded by the xaxis, the graph of y = x, and the line x = 4. (a) Find the area of the region R. (b) Find the value of h such that the vertical line x = h divides the region R into two regions of equal area. (c) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the xaxis. (d) The vertical line x = k divides the region R into two regions such that when these two regions are revolved about the xaxis, they generate solids with equal volumes. Find the value of k . (a)
3
y y=
2
2 R
1 2 3 4 5
1:
A=
0
x dx
1:
answer
A=
0
x dx =
2 3/2 x 3
=
0
16 or 5.333 3
4 h
(b)
0
x dx =
8 3
x dx =
x dx 2
1: 1:
equation in h answer
or
2 3/2 8 h = 3 3 h= 3
2 3/2 16 2 3/2 h = h 3 3 3
16 or 2.520 or 2.519
4
(c) V =
0
x2 ( x)2 dx = 2
= 8
0
1:
limits and constant integrand answer
1: 1:
or 25.133 or 25.132
(d)
0
( x)2 dx = 4 or
( x)2 dx =
k
( x)2 dx
1: 2 1:
equation in k answer
k2 2
= 4 8 or 2.828
k2 k2 = 8 2 2
k=
Copyright 1998 College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.
AB{2 / BC{2
2. The shaded region, R, is bounded by the graph of y = x2 and the line y = 4, as shown in the gure above. (a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R about the x{axis. (c) There exists a number k, k > 4, such that when R is revolved about the line y = k, the resulting solid has the same volume as the solid in part (b). Write, but do not solve, an equation involving an integral expression that can be used to nd the value of k. (a) Area =
Z 2
1999
y y x2 y 4
;2
0
(4 ; x2 ) dx (4 ; x2 ) dx
3 2 0
=2
Z 2
1: integral 1: answer
= 2 4x ; x 3
= 32 3 = 10:666 or 10:667
(b) Volume = =2
Z 2
;2
Z 2
0
42 ; (x2 )2 dx (16 ; x4 ) dx
5 2 0
1: limits and constant 3 1: integrand > > : 1: answer
8 > > <
= 2 16x ; x 5
= 256 5 = 160:849 or 160:850
(c)
Z 2
;2
(k ; x2 )2 ; (k ; 4)2 dx = 256 5
1: limits and constant 2: integrand 4 < ;1 > each error > > > > : 1: equation
8 > > > > <
!0#ALCULUS!"n"#n
,ET2BETHESHADEDREGIONINTHEFIRSTQUADRANTENCLOSEDBYTHEGRAPHSOF
Y E X Y COS X ANDTHEY AXISASSHOWNINTHEFIGUREABOVE

1.5 y

A B C
&INDTHEAREAOFTHEREGION2 &INDTHEVOLUMEOFTHESOLIDGENERATEDWHENTHEREGION2ISREVOLVED ABOUTTHEX AXIS 4HEREGION2ISTHEBASEOFASOLID&ORTHISSOLIDEACHCROSSSECTION PERPENDICULARTOTHEX AXISISASQUARE&INDTHEVOLUMEOFTHISSOLID
y = ex
0.5
y = 1 cos x
0.5
1.5
2EGION2
E
#ORRECTLIMITSINANINTEGRALIN A B OR C
X
COS X ATX!
!REA
! X E COS X DX
OR
INTEGRAND ANSWER
6OLUME Q
!

E X

COS X
DX
Q OR
INTEGRANDANDCONSTANT EACHERROR ANSWER
6OLUME
! X E COS X
DX

INTEGRAND EACHERROR .OTEIFNOTOFTHEFORM D K F X G X DX C ANSWER
Copyright 2000 by College Entrance Examination Board and Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. 3 AP is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board.
AP CALCULUS AB 2001 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1

Let R and S be the regions in the first quadrant shown in the figure above. The region R is bounded by the x-axis and the graphs of y 2
x 3 and y tan x . The region S is bounded by
x 3 and y tan x .
the y-axis and the graphs of y 2 (a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the area of S.
(c) Find the volume of the solid generated when S is revolved about the x-axis. Point of intersection
2 x 3 tan x at (A, B ) (0.902155,1.265751)
(a) Area R = or Area R = or
tan x dx
32
x 3 dx = 0.729
0
0
(2
y )1/ 3
tan 1 y dy = 0.729
1 : limits 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer
Area R =
32
x 3 dx
x3
tan x dx = 0.729
(b) Area S = or Area S = or Area S =
0 0
x3
tan x dx = 1.160 or 1.161

2
tan 1 y dy
B (2
B
y )1/ 3 dy = 1.160 or 1.161
(2
y )1/ 3 dy
(2
y )1/ 3
tan 1 y dy
= 1.160 or 1.161
(c) Volume = 3
A 0
x3
tan2 x dx
= 2.6523 or 8.331 or 8.332
1 : limits and constant 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer
Copyright 2001 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.
AP CALCULUS AB 2002 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)

Question 1 Let 4 be the region bounded by the O-axis and the graphs of
N! and O " N (a) Find the area of 4. O
N , as shown in the figure above.
(b) Find the volume of the solid generated when 4 is revolved about the N-axis. (c) The region 4 is the base of a solid. For this solid, each cross section perpendicular to the N-axis is a square. Find the volume of this solid.
Region 4
N! " N N at N = 1.487664 = )
1 : Correct limits in an integral in (a), (b), or (c).
(a) Area =
"
N! N
@N
= 3.214 or 3.215
1 : integrand 2 1 : answer
(b) Volume = 3
)
(4
2N )
N! 1 N
@N
= 31.884 or 31.885 or 10.1493
2 : integrand and constant 3 < 1 > each error 1 : answer
(c) Volume =
"
N! N
@N
= 8.997

2: 3 1:
integrand 1 each error

@
note: 0/2 if not of the form k ( f (x )

?
g(x )) dx
answer
AP CALCULUS AB 2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 1
Let B and C be the functions given by B N A N and C (N ) ln N . (a) Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of B and C between N
and N 1.
(b) Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the graphs of B and C between
N
(c)
and N is revolved about the line O 4.
Let D be the function given by D(N ) B (N ) closed interval
C(N ). Find the absolute minimum value of DN on the
1 > N > 1. Show the analysis that leads to your answers. 2

1 > N > 1, and find the absolute maximum value of DN on the closed interval 2
(a) Area =
AN
ln N @N = 1.222 or 1.223
1 : integral 2 1 : answer
(b) Volume = 3
ln N
AN
@N
= 7.5153 or 23.609
1 : limits and constant 2 : integrand 1 each error 4 Note: 0 / 2 if not of the form > k R(x ) r (x ) dx = 1 : answer
(c) D aN B aN

N 0.567143
C aN A N
N
Absolute minimum value and absolute maximum value occur at the critical point or at the endpoints.
D(0.567143) 2.330 D(0.5) 2.3418 D(1) 2.718
1 : considers D a(N ) 0 1 : identifies critical point 3 and endpoints as candidates 1 : answers
Note: Errors in computation come off the third point.
The absolute minimum is 2.330. The absolute maximum is 2.718.
Copyright 2002 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. 6

Question 1
Let R be the shaded region bounded by the graphs of y = the vertical line x = 1, as shown in the figure above. (a) Find the area of R.
and y = e 3x and
(b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the horizontal line y = 1. (c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, each cross section perpendicular to the x-axis is a rectangle whose height is 5 times the length of its base in region R. Find the volume of this solid.
Point of intersection
e
3x
1: Correct limits in an integral in (a), (b), or (c)

1 : integrand 2: 1 : answer
at (T, S) = (0.238734, 0.488604)
(a) Area =
T (
x e 3x )dx
= 0.442 or 0.443
(b) Volume = Q
2 1 e 3x ) ( 1 ( ( T
)dx
= 0.453 Q or 1.423 or 1.424
2: 3: 1:
integrand < 1 > reversal < 1 > error with constant < 1 > omits 1 in one radius < 2 > other errors answer
(c) Length =
x e 3x
Height = 5 ( x e 3x )
Volume =
T 5 (
x e 3x
dx = 1.554
2 : integrand < 1 > incorrect but has x e 3x 3: as a factor 1 : answer
Copyright 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com.

Question 1 Let (a) (b) (c) R be the region enclosed by the graph of y = x 1, the vertical line x = 10, and the x-axis. Find the area of R. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the horizontal line y = 3. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the vertical line x = 10.
(a) Area =
10
x 1 dx = 18
(b) Volume =
10
(9 (3
x 1)
) dx
= 212.057 or 212.058
(c) Volume = 10 y 2 + 1 = 407.150
( 0
3
))
dy
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Question 2 Let f and g be the functions given by f ( x ) = 2 x (1 x ) and
g ( x ) = 3 ( x 1) x for 0 x 1. The graphs of f and g are shown in the figure above.
(a) Find the area of the shaded region enclosed by the graphs of f and g. (b) Find the volume of the solid generated when the shaded region enclosed by the graphs of f and g is revolved about the horizontal line y = 2.
(c) Let h be the function given by h( x ) = k x (1 x ) for 0 x 1. For each k > 0, the region (not shown) enclosed by the graphs of h and g is the base of a solid with square cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis. There is a value of k for which the volume of this solid is equal to 15. Write, but do not solve, an equation involving an integral expression that could be used to find the value of k.
(a) Area =
0 ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx 0 ( 2 x (1 x ) 3( x 1) x ) dx = 1.133
1
2:
1 : integral 1 : answer
(b) Volume =
=
1 0
0 ( ( 2 g ( x ) )
1
2
( 2 f ( x ) )2 dx
(( 2 3( x 1)
x ) ( 2 2 x (1 x ) )2 dx
= 16.179
1 : limits and constant 2 : integrand 1 each error 4: Note: 0 2 if integral not of form b c R 2 ( x ) r 2 ( x ) dx a 1 : answer
(c) Volume =
1
0 ( h( x ) g ( x ) )
dx
3:
2 0 ( k x (1 x ) 3( x 1) x ) dx = 15
2 : integrand 1 : answer

Question 1 Let f and g be the functions given by f ( x ) = 1 + sin ( 2 x ) and
g ( x ) = e x 2 . Let R be the shaded region in the first quadrant enclosed by the graphs of f and g as shown in the figure above. (a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the x-axis. (c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, the cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are semicircles with diameters extending from y = f ( x ) to y = g ( x ) . Find the volume of this solid.
The graphs of f and g intersect in the first quadrant at ( S , T ) = (1.13569, 1.76446 ) .
1 : correct limits in an integral in (a), (b), or (c)
(a) Area =
0 ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx S = (1 + sin ( 2 x ) e x 2 ) dx 0
= 0.429
(b) Volume =
0 ( ( f ( x ) )
S S
( g ( x ) )2 dx
2
= 4.266 or 4.267
((1 + sin ( 2x ))
ex
2 2
) dx
2 : integrand 1 each error Note: 0 2 if integral not of form 3: b c R 2 ( x ) r 2 ( x ) dx a 1 : answer
2 f ( x) g( x) dx (c) Volume = 2 0 2
1 + sin ( 2 x ) e x 2 = dx 2 2 0
2
= 0.077 or 0.078
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Question 1
1 + sin ( x ) and g ( x ) = 4 x. Let 4 R be the shaded region in the first quadrant enclosed by the y-axis and the graphs of f and g, and let S be the shaded region in the first quadrant enclosed by the graphs of f and g, as shown in the figure above.
Let f and g be the functions given by f ( x ) =
(a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the area of S. (c) Find the volume of the solid generated when S is revolved about the horizontal line y = 1.
1 + sin ( x ) = 4 x . 4 f and g intersect when x = 0.178218 and when x = 1. Let a = 0.178218.
f ( x ) = g ( x ) when
(a)
0 ( g ( x ) f ( x ) ) dx = 0.064 or 0.065
(b)
a ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx = 0.410
(c)
( f ( x ) + 1)2 ( g ( x ) + 1)2 dx = 4.558 or 4.559

a
3:
2 : integrand 1 : limits, constant, and answer
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AP CALCULUS AB 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 1
x3 x 2 x + 3cos x. Let R 4 3 2 be the shaded region in the second quadrant bounded by the graph of f, and let S be the shaded region bounded by the graph of f and line l, the line tangent to the graph of f at x = 0, as shown above.
Let f be the function given by f ( x ) =
(a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the horizontal line y = 2.
(c) Write, but do not evaluate, an integral expression that can be used to find the area of S. For x < 0, f ( x ) = 0 when x = 1.37312. Let P = 1.37312.
(a) Area of R =
P f ( x ) dx = 2.903
2:
(b) Volume =
0 P
( ( f ( x ) + 2)2 4) dx = 59.361
(c) The equation of the tangent line l is y = 3
1 x. 2
The graph of f and line l intersect at A = 3.38987.
1 : tangent line 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : limits
Area of S =
x f ( x ) ) dx ((3 1 2 )
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12 2

Question 1 Let R be the shaded region bounded by the graph of y = ln x and the line y = x 2, as shown above. (a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the horizontal line y = 3.
(c) Write, but do not evaluate, an integral expression that can be used to find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the y-axis.
ln ( x ) = x 2 when x = 0.15859 and 3.14619. Let S = 0.15859 and T = 3.14619
(a) Area of R =
S ( ln ( x ) ( x 2 ) ) dx = 1.949
1 : integrand 3 : 1 : limits 1 : answer
(b) Volume =
T S
( ( ln ( x ) + 3)2 ( x 2 + 3)2 ) dx
3:
= 34.198 or 34.199
2 : integrand 1 : limits, constant, and answer
(c) Volume =
T 2
S 2
( ( y + 2)
ey
( )
) dy
3:
2 : integrand 1 : limits and constant
13 2

Question 1
Let R be the region bounded by the graph of y = e2 x x and the horizontal line y = 2, and let S be the region bounded by the graph of
2
y = e2 x x and the horizontal lines y = 1 and y = 2, as shown above. (a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the area of S. (c) Write, but do not evaluate, an integral expression that gives the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the horizontal line y = 1.
e 2 x x = 2 when x = 0.446057, 1.553943 Let P = 0.446057 and Q = 1.553943
2 (a) Area of R = e 2 x x 2 dx = 0.514 P
(b)
e 2 x x = 1 when x = 0, 2
Area of S =
e (
2 0
2 x x2
1 dx Area of R
= 2.06016 Area of R = 1.546 OR
e 2 x x 2 1 dx + ( Q P ) 1 + e2 x x 2 1 dx 0 Q
= 0.219064 + 1.107886 + 0.219064 = 1.546
2 (c) Volume = e 2 x x 1 P
( 2 1)2 dx
3:
2 : integrand 1 : constant and limits
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Question 1
Let R be the region in the first and second quadrants bounded above by the graph of y =
below by the horizontal line y = 2.
20 and 1 + x2
(a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the x-axis. (c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, the cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are semicircles. Find the volume of this solid.
20 = 2 when x = 3 1 + x2
1 : correct limits in an integral in (a), (b), or (c)
20 2 dx = 37.961 or 37.962 (a) Area = 3 1 + x 2
2:
20 2 (b) Volume = 22 dx = 1871.190 2 3 1 + x
3:
1 20 dx (c) Volume = 2 2 2 3 2 1 + x
2
3:
20 2 dx = 174.268 2 8 x 1 + 3
2
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15

Question 1
Let R be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of y = x and y =
x . 3
(a) Find the area of R. (b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the vertical line x = 1. (c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, the cross sections perpendicular to the y-axis are squares. Find the volume of this solid. x intersect at the points 3
The graphs of y = x and y =
( 0, 0 ) and ( 9, 3) .
(a)
9
0
3
( x 3x ) dx = 4.5
OR
2 0 ( 3 y y ) dy = 4.5
(b) ( 3 y + 1)2 y 2 + 1
0
(
3
207 = 130.061 or 130.062 5
) dy
1 : constant and limits 4 : 2 : integrand 1 : answer
(c)
2 0 (3 y y ) 3
dy = 8.1
2:
1 : integrand 1 : limits and answer
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Question 1
Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of y = sin ( x ) and y = x3 4 x, as shown in the figure above.
(a) Find the area of R. (b) The horizontal line y = 2 splits the region R into two parts. Write, but do not evaluate, an integral expression for the area of the part of R that is below this horizontal line.
(c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, each cross section perpendicular to the x-axis is a square. Find the volume of this solid. (d) The region R models the surface of a small pond. At all points in R at a distance x from the y-axis, the depth of the water is given by h( x ) = 3 x. Find the volume of water in the pond. (a) sin ( x ) = x3 4 x at x = 0 and x = 2 Area =
0 ( sin ( x ) ( x
2
4x
) ) dx = 4
(b) x3 4 x = 2 at r = 0.5391889 and s = 1.6751309
The area of the stated region is
r ( 2 ( x
s
4x
)) dx
2:
{ { {
1 : limits 1 : integrand
(c) Volume =
0 ( sin ( x ) ( x
2
4x
))
dx = 9.978
2:
(d) Volume =
0 ( 3 x ) ( sin ( x ) ( x
2
4x
) ) dx = 8.369 or 8.370
2:
1992 AB4/BC1
Consider the curve defined by the equation y + cos y = x + 1 for 0 y 2 . (a) (b) (c) Find
dy in terms of y . dx
Write an equation for each vertical tangent to the curve. Find
d 2y in terms of y . dx 2
Copyright 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com
18
1992 AB4/BC1 Solution

(a) dy sin y dy = 1 dx dx dy (1 sin y ) = 1 dx 1 dy = dx 1 sin y (b) dy undefined when sin y = 1 dx
y=
+ 0 = x +1
x=
1 d (c) d y = 1 sin y dx 2 dx dy cos y dx = 2 (1 sin y )

2
1 cos y 1 sin y = 2 (1 sin y ) = cos y
(1 sin y )
19
1991 AB2
Let R be the region between the graphs of y = 1 + sin(x ) and y = x from x = 0 to x = 1.
2
(a) (b)
Find the area of R . Set up, but do not integrate an integral expression in terms of a single variable for the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the x-axis. Set up, but do not integrate an integral expression in terms of a single variable for the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the y-axis.
(c)
20
1991 AB2 Solution

(a) A = 1 + sin ( x ) x 2 dx
1 0
1 1 = x cos ( x ) x 3 3 0 1 1 1 = 1 ( 1) 0 0 3 2 2 = + 3 (b) V = (1 + sin ( x )) x 4 dx

1 2 0
or 2 y
1 0 3/ 2
2 dy + 2 y 1 arcsin ( y 1) dy 1
(c) V = 2 x (1 + sin ( x ) x 2 ) dx
1 0
or
y dy + 0 1
1
1 1 1 arcsin ( y 1) arcsin ( y 1) dy
21
1990 AB3
Let R be the region enclosed by the graphs of y = e , y = ( x 1) , and the line x = 1. (a) (b) (c) Find the area of R . Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the x-axis. Set up, but do not integrate, an integral expression in terms of a single variable for the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the y-axis.
x 2
22
1990 AB3 Solution

(a) A = e x ( x 1) dx
1 2 0
= e x x 2 + 2 x 1 dx
1 0
= ex
1 3 1 x 1) ( 0 0 3 1 4 = ( e 1) = e 3 3
1
(b) V = e 2 x ( x 1) dx
1 4 0
e2 x = 2 0
5 1 ( x 1) 5
e 2 1 1 e2 7 = = 2 10 2 2 5
or
V = 2 y 1 1 y dy + 2 y (1 ln y ) dy 1 0
e
2 = 2 y 5 / 2 + 2 5 0 4 = + 2 5
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 y 2 y ln y 4 y 1
e2 7 1 2 3 = e 4 4 2 10
2 (c) V = 2 x e x ( x 1) dx 0 or 1
V = 1 1 y 0
) dy + 1 (ln y ) dy
2 e 2 1
23
1989 AB2 Let R be the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the graph of y = 6 x + 4 , the line y = 2 x , and the y-axis.
(a) Find the area of R . (b) Set up, but do not integrate, an integral expression in terms of a single variable for the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the x-axis. (c) Set up, but do not integrate, an integral expression in terms of a single variable for the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the y-axis.
24
1989 AB2 Solution (a) Area =

2 0
6 x + 4 2 x dx
2
1 2 3/ 2 = (6 x + 4 ) x 2 6 3 64 8 20 = 4 = 9 9 9
(b) Volume about x-axis
V = ( 6 x + 4 ) 4 x 2 dx
2 0
or V = ( 6 x + 4 ) dx
2 0
32 3
(c) Volume about y-axis V = 2 x

2 0
6 x + 4 2 x dx
4 2
or
2 y2 4 y V = dy dy 0 2 2 6 4
25

Question 2
The rate at which people enter an amusement park on a given day is modeled by the function E defined by
E t
15600 . 24t 160 9890 . 38t 370
The rate at which people leave the same amusement park on the same day is modeled by the function L defined by
L t
Both - J the park. and L t
are measured in people per hour and time t is measured in hours after midnight. These
functions are valid for 9 > J > 23, the hours during which the park is open. At time J 9, there are no people in (a) How many people have entered the park by 5:00 P.M. ( J % )? Round answer to the nearest whole number. (b) The price of admission to the park is $15 until 5:00 P.M. ( J % ). After 5:00 P.M., the price of admission to the park is $11. How many dollars are collected from admissions to the park on the given day? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. (c) Let H t
'
E x
Lx dx for 9 > J > 23. The value of 0 % to the nearest whole number is 3725.
Find the value of 0 = % and explain the meaning of 0 % and 0 = % in the context of the park. (d) At what time t, for 9 > J > 23, does the model predict that the number of people in the park is a maximum?
%
(a)
'
- (J ) @J 6004.270
6004 people entered the park by 5 pm. (b) 15 or

%
'
- (J ) @J
11
1 : limits 3 1 : integrand 1 : answer
%
- (J ) @J 104048.165
The amount collected was $104,048.
1 : setup
%
- (J ) @J 1271.283
1271 people entered the park between 5 pm and 11 pm, so the amount collected was
$15 (6004) $11 (1271) $104, 041.
(c) H a(17) E (17)
L(17)
380.281
There were 3725 people in the park at t = 17. The number of people in the park was decreasing at the rate of approximately 380 people/hr at time t = 17. (d) H at E t
Lt
1 : value of 0 a(17) 2 : meanings 1 : meaning of 0 (17) 3 1 : meaning of 0 a(17) 1 if no reference to J 17

1 : E (t ) L(t ) 0 2 1 : answer
t = 15.794 or 15.795
Copyright 2002 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered 26 trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.

Question 2
A tank contains 125 gallons of heating oil at time t = 0. During the time interval 0 b t b 12 hours, heating oil is pumped into the tank at the rate
H (t ) = 2 +
10
( 1 + ln ( t + 1 ) )
gallons per hour.
During the same time interval, heating oil is removed from the tank at the rate
t2 gallons per hour. R ( t ) = 12 sin 47 (a) How many gallons of heating oil are pumped into the tank during the time interval 0 b t b 12 hours? (b) Is the level of heating oil in the tank rising or falling at time t = 6 hours? Give a reason for your answer. (c) How many gallons of heating oil are in the tank at time t = 12 hours? that leads to your conclusion.
12
(d) At what time t, for 0 b t b 12, is the volume of heating oil in the tank the least? Show the analysis
(a)
H (t ) dt = 70.570 or 70.571
1 : integral 2: 1 : answer
(b) H (6) R(6) = 2.924, so the level of heating oil is falling at t = 6. (c) 125 +
1 : answer with reason
12
( H (t ) R(t ) ) dt = 122.025 or 122.026

1 : sets H (t ) R(t ) = 0 1 : volume is least at t = 11.318 3: 1 : analysis for absolute minimum
(d) The absolute minimum occurs at a critical point or an endpoint.

H (t ) R(t ) = 0 when t = 4.790 and t = 11.318.
The volume increases until t = 4.790, then decreases until t = 11.318, then increases, so the absolute minimum will be at t = 0 or at
t = 11.318. 125 +
11.318
( H (t ) R(t ) ) dt = 120.738
Since the volume is 125 at t = 0, the volume is least at t = 11.318.

27
3

Question 2 For 0 t 31, the rate of change of the number of mosquitoes on Tropical Island at time t days is t mosquitoes per day. There are 1000 mosquitoes on Tropical Island at modeled by R( t ) = 5 t cos 5 time t = 0. (a) Show that the number of mosquitoes is increasing at time t = 6. (b) At time t = 6, is the number of mosquitoes increasing at an increasing rate, or is the number of mosquitoes increasing at a decreasing rate? Give a reason for your answer. (c) According to the model, how many mosquitoes will be on the island at time t = 31? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. (d) To the nearest whole number, what is the maximum number of mosquitoes for 0 t 31? Show the analysis that leads to your conclusion.
()
(a) Since R( 6 ) = 4.438 > 0, the number of mosquitoes is increasing at t = 6.
1 : shows that R( 6 ) > 0
(b)
R( 6 ) = 1.913 Since R( 6 ) < 0, the number of mosquitoes is increasing at a decreasing rate at t = 6.
1 : considers R( 6 ) 2: 1 : answer with reason
(c) 1000 +
31
R ( t ) dt = 964.335
To the nearest whole number, there are 964 mosquitoes.
(d)
R( t ) = 0 when t = 0 , t = 2.5 , or t = 7.5 R( t ) > 0 on 0 < t < 2.5 R( t ) < 0 on 2.5 < t < 7.5 R( t ) > 0 on 7.5 < t < 31 The absolute maximum number of mosquitoes occurs at t = 2.5 or at t = 31. 1000 +
2.5
R( t ) dt = 1039.357,
2 : absolute maximum value 1 : integral 1 : answer 4 : 2 : analysis 1 : computes interior critical points 1 : completes analysis
There are 964 mosquitoes at t = 31, so the maximum number of mosquitoes is 1039, to the nearest whole number.
28
3

Question 1 Traffic flow is defined as the rate at which cars pass through an intersection, measured in cars per minute. The traffic flow at a particular intersection is modeled by the function F defined by
F ( t ) = 82 + 4sin
( 2t ) for 0 t 30,
where F ( t ) is measured in cars per minute and t is measured in minutes. (a) To the nearest whole number, how many cars pass through the intersection over the 30-minute period? (b) Is the traffic flow increasing or decreasing at t = 7 ? Give a reason for your answer.
(c) What is the average value of the traffic flow over the time interval 10 t 15 ? Indicate units of measure. (d) What is the average rate of change of the traffic flow over the time interval 10 t 15 ? Indicate units of measure.
(a)
30
F ( t ) dt = 2474 cars
(b)
F ( 7 ) = 1.872 or 1.873 Since F ( 7 ) < 0, the traffic flow is decreasing at t = 7.
(c)
1 15 F ( t ) dt = 81.899 cars min 5 10
(d)
F (15 ) F (10 ) = 1.517 or 1.518 cars min 2 15 10
1 : answer
Units of cars min in (c) and cars min 2 in (d)
1 : units in (c) and (d)
29
2

Question 2
A water tank at Camp Newton holds 1200 gallons of water at time t = 0. During the time interval 0 t 18 hours, water is pumped into the tank at the rate
W ( t ) = 95 t sin 2
( 6t ) gallons per hour.
During the same time interval, water is removed from the tank at the rate R( t ) = 275sin 2
( 3t ) gallons per hour.
(a) Is the amount of water in the tank increasing at time t = 15 ? Why or why not? (b) To the nearest whole number, how many gallons of water are in the tank at time t = 18 ? (c) At what time t, for 0 t 18, is the amount of water in the tank at an absolute minimum? Show the work that leads to your conclusion. (d) For t > 18, no water is pumped into the tank, but water continues to be removed at the rate R( t ) until the tank becomes empty. Let k be the time at which the tank becomes empty. Write, but do not solve, an equation involving an integral expression that can be used to find the value of k.
(a) No; the amount of water is not increasing at t = 15 since W (15 ) R (15 ) = 121.09 < 0. 1 : answer with reason
(b) 1200 +
18
(W ( t ) R( t ) ) dt = 1309.788
1310 gallons
(c)
W ( t ) R( t ) = 0 t = 0, 6.4948, 12.9748 t (hours) gallons of water
0 6.495 12.975 18
1200 525 1697 1310
1 : interior critical points 1 : amount of water is least at 3: t = 6.494 or 6.495 1 : analysis for absolute minimum
The values at the endpoints and the critical points show that the absolute minimum occurs when t = 6.494 or 6.495.
(d)
18 R( t ) dt = 1310
1 : limits 2: 1 : equation

Question 2
The tide removes sand from Sandy Point Beach at a rate modeled by the function R, given by
R( t ) = 2 + 5sin
t ( 425 ).
A pumping station adds sand to the beach at a rate modeled by the function S, given by
S (t ) =
15t . 1 + 3t
Both R( t ) and S ( t ) have units of cubic yards per hour and t is measured in hours for 0 t 6. At time t = 0, the beach contains 2500 cubic yards of sand. (a) How much sand will the tide remove from the beach during this 6-hour period? Indicate units of measure. (b) Write an expression for Y ( t ) , the total number of cubic yards of sand on the beach at time t.
(c) Find the rate at which the total amount of sand on the beach is changing at time t = 4. (d) For 0 t 6, at what time t is the amount of sand on the beach a minimum? What is the minimum value? Justify your answers.
(a)
0 R( t ) dt = 31.815 or 31.816 yd
t
2:
1 : integral 1 : answer with units
(b) Y ( t ) = 2500 +
0 ( S ( x ) R( x ) ) dx
(c)
Y (t ) = S (t ) R (t ) Y ( 4 ) = S ( 4 ) R( 4 ) = 1.908 or 1.909 yd
3
1 : answer hr
1 : sets Y ( t ) = 0 3 : 1 : critical t -value 1 : answer with justification
(d) Y ( t ) = 0 when S ( t ) R ( t ) = 0. The only value in [ 0, 6] to satisfy S ( t ) = R( t ) is a = 5.117865.

t Y (t )
0
a
2500 2492.3694 2493.2766
The amount of sand is a minimum when t = 5.117 or 5.118 hours. The minimum value is 2492.369 cubic yards.

Question 2
At an intersection in Thomasville, Oregon, cars turn t cars per hour left at the rate L( t ) = 60 t sin 2 3 over the time interval 0 t 18 hours. The graph of y = L( t ) is shown above. (a) To the nearest whole number, find the total number of cars turning left at the intersection over the time interval 0 t 18 hours. (b) Traffic engineers will consider turn restrictions when L( t ) 150 cars per hour. Find all values of t for which L( t ) 150 and compute the average value of L over this time interval. Indicate units of measure. (c) Traffic engineers will install a signal if there is any two-hour time interval during which the product of the total number of cars turning left and the total number of oncoming cars traveling straight through the intersection is greater than 200,000. In every two-hour time interval, 500 oncoming cars travel straight through the intersection. Does this intersection require a traffic signal? Explain the reasoning that leads to your conclusion.
()
(a)
18
L ( t ) dt 1658 cars
2:
1 : setup 1 : answer
(b)
L ( t ) = 150 when t = 12.42831, 16.12166 Let R = 12.42831 and S = 16.12166 L ( t ) 150 for t in the interval [ R, S ] S 1 L ( t ) dt = 199.426 cars per hour SR R
1 : t -interval when L ( t ) 150 3 : 1 : average value integral 1 : answer with units
(c) For the product to exceed 200,000, the number of cars turning left in a two-hour interval must be greater than 400.
13 L ( t ) dt = 431.931 > 400

OR The number of cars turning left will be greater than 400 on a two-hour interval if L( t ) 200 on that interval. L( t ) 200 on any two-hour subinterval of [13.25304, 15.32386]. Yes, a traffic signal is required.
15
1 : considers 400 cars 1 : valid interval [ h, h + 2] h+2 4: 1 : value of h L ( t ) dt 1 : answer and explanation
OR
1 : considers 200 cars per hour 1 : solves L( t ) 200 4: 1 : discusses 2 hour interval 1 : answer and explanation
32 3

Question 2
The amount of water in a storage tank, in gallons, is modeled by a continuous function on the time interval 0 t 7, where t is measured in hours. In this model, rates are given as follows: (i) The rate at which water enters the tank is f ( t ) = 100t 2 sin ( t ) gallons per hour for 0 t 7. (ii) The rate at which water leaves the tank is 250 for 0 t < 3 gallons per hour. g (t ) = 2000 for 3 < t 7 The graphs of f and g, which intersect at t = 1.617 and t = 5.076, are shown in the figure above. At time t = 0, the amount of water in the tank is 5000 gallons.
(a) How many gallons of water enter the tank during the time interval 0 t 7 ? Round your answer to the nearest gallon. (b) For 0 t 7, find the time intervals during which the amount of water in the tank is decreasing. Give a reason for each answer. (c) For 0 t 7, at what time t is the amount of water in the tank greatest? To the nearest gallon, compute the amount of water at this time. Justify your answer.
(a)
0 f ( t ) dt 8264 gallons
2:
{ {
1 : integral 1 : answer 1 : intervals 1 : reason
(b) The amount of water in the tank is decreasing on the intervals 0 t 1.617 and 3 t 5.076 because f ( t ) < g ( t ) for 0 t < 1.617 and 3 < t < 5.076. (c) Since f ( t ) g ( t ) changes sign from positive to negative only at t = 3, the candidates for the absolute maximum are at t = 0, 3, and 7. t (hours) gallons of water 0 3 5000
2:
1 : identifies t = 3 as a candidate 1 : integrand 5 : 1 : amount of water at t = 3 1 : amount of water at t = 7 1 : conclusion
5000 +
0 f ( t ) dt 250 ( 3) = 5126.591 3
7
5126.591 +
f ( t ) dt 2000 ( 4 ) = 4513.807
The amount of water in the tank is greatest at 3 hours. At that time, the amount of water in the tank, rounded to the nearest gallon, is 5127 gallons.

Question 2
For time t 0 hours, let r ( t ) = 120 1 e10t
) represent the speed, in kilometers per hour, at which a
car travels along a straight road. The number of liters of gasoline used by the car to travel x kilometers is modeled by g ( x ) = 0.05 x 1 e x 2 .
(a) How many kilometers does the car travel during the first 2 hours? (b) Find the rate of change with respect to time of the number of liters of gasoline used by the car when t = 2 hours. Indicate units of measure.
(c) How many liters of gasoline have been used by the car when it reaches a speed of 80 kilometers per hour?
2
(a)
0 r ( t ) dt = 206.370 kilometers
2:
(b)
dg dg dx dx = r(t ) = ; dt dt dx dt dg dg = r( 2) dt t = 2 dx x = 206.370
= ( 0.050 )(120 ) = 6 liters hour
3:
2 : uses chain rule 1 : answer with units
(c) Let T be the time at which the cars speed reaches 80 kilometers per hour. Then, r (T ) = 80 or T = 0.331453 hours. At time T, the car has gone x( T ) =
1 : equation r ( t ) = 80 4 : 2 : distance integral 1 : answer
0 r ( t ) dt = 10.794097 kilometers
and has consumed g ( x(T ) ) = 0.537 liters of gasoline.

Question 3
Oil is leaking from a pipeline on the surface of a lake and forms an oil slick whose volume increases at a constant rate of 2000 cubic centimeters per minute. The oil slick takes the form of a right circular cylinder with both its radius and height changing with time. (Note: The volume V of a right circular cylinder with radius r and height h is given by V = r 2 h. ) (a) At the instant when the radius of the oil slick is 100 centimeters and the height is 0.5 centimeter, the radius is increasing at the rate of 2.5 centimeters per minute. At this instant, what is the rate of change of the height of the oil slick with respect to time, in centimeters per minute? (b) A recovery device arrives on the scene and begins removing oil. The rate at which oil is removed is R( t ) = 400 t cubic centimeters per minute, where t is the time in minutes since the device began working. Oil continues to leak at the rate of 2000 cubic centimeters per minute. Find the time t when the oil slick reaches its maximum volume. Justify your answer.
(c) By the time the recovery device began removing oil, 60,000 cubic centimeters of oil had already leaked. Write, but do not evaluate, an expression involving an integral that gives the volume of oil at the time found in part (b). dV = 2000 cm3 min dt
(a) When r = 100 cm and h = 0.5 cm, and dr = 2.5 cm min. dt
1 : dV = 2000 and dr = 2.5 dt dt 4: dV 2 : expression for dt 1 : answer
dV dr dh = 2 r h + r 2 dt dt dt 2000 = 2 (100 )( 2.5 )( 0.5 ) + (100 )2 dh = 0.038 or 0.039 cm min dt dh dt
(b)
dV dV = 2000 R( t ) , so = 0 when R( t ) = 2000. dt dt This occurs when t = 25 minutes. dV dV Since > 0 for 0 < t < 25 and < 0 for t > 25, dt dt the oil slick reaches its maximum volume 25 minutes after the device begins working.
1 : R( t ) = 2000 3 : 1 : answer 1 : justification
(c) The volume of oil, in cm3 , in the slick at time t = 25 minutes is given by 60,000 +
25
( 2000 R( t ) ) dt.
2:
1 : limits and initial condition 1 : integrand
1989 AB6
Oil is being pumped continuously from a certain oil well at a rate proportional to the dy amount of oil left in the well; that is, = ky , where y is the amount of oil left in the dt well at any time t . Initially there were 1,000,000 gallons of oil in the well, and 6 years later there were 500,000 gallons remaining. It will no longer be profitable to pump oil when there are fewer than 50,000 gallons remaining.
(a) Write an equation for y , the amount of oil remaining in the well at any time t . (b) At what rate is the amount of oil in the well decreasing when there are 600,000 gallons of oil remaining? (c) In order not to lose money, at what time t should oil no longer be pumped from the well?
36
1989 AB6 Solution

dy y = k dt ln y = kt + C1 kt + C1 y = e
dy = ky (a) dt y = Ce kt
or
t = 0 C = 106 , C1 = ln 106 y = 106 e kt 1 = e6 k 2 ln 2 k = 6 t =6 y = 106 e 6

t ln 2
= 106 2 6
(b)
ln 2 dy = ky = 6 105 6 dt = 105 ln 2 Decreasing at 105 ln 2 gal/year
(c) 5 104 = 106 e kt kt = ln 20 t = ln 20 ln 2 6 ln 20 =6 = 6 log 2 20 ln 2 ln 20 6 years after starting ln 2
37
1998 Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines

5. The temperature outside a house during a 24-hour period is given by F (t) = 80 10 cos t , 0 t 24, 12
where F (t) is measured in degrees Fahrenheit and t is measured in hours. (a) Sketch the graph of F on the grid below. (b) Find the average temperature, to the nearest degree Fahrenheit, between t = 6 and t = 14. (c) An air conditioner cooled the house whenever the outside temperature was at or above 78 degrees Fahrenheit. For what values of t was the air conditioner cooling the house? (d) The cost of cooling the house accumulates at the rate of 60.05 per hour for each degree the outside temperature exceeds 78 degrees Fahrenheit. What was the total cost, to the nearest cent, to cool the house for this 24hour period?
(a)
Degrees Fahrenheit
100
1:
90 80
bellshaped graph minimum 70 at t = 0, t = 24 only maximum 90 at t = 12 only
70
60
12 Time in Hours
18
24
1 (b) Avg. = 14 6
14 6
t 80 10 cos 12
dt
1 = (697.2957795) 8 = 87.162 or 87.161 87 F (c) 80 10 cos 2 10 cos
2:
integral 1: limits and 1/(14 6) 1: integrand answer 0/1 if integral not of the form b 1 F (t) dt ba a inequality or equation solutions with interval
t 12
1: 1:
78 0 2 0
t 12
1:
18.769 5.230 or or t 18.770 5.231

18.770
or
(d) C = 0.05
18.769 5.231
or
t 80 10 cos 12
78
dt 3
5.230
2:
integral 1: limits and 0.05 1: integrand answer 0/1 if integral not of the form
b
= 0.05(101.92741) = 5.096 $5.10
Copyright 1998 College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. 38 Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.
1:
k
a
(F (t) 78) dt
!0#ALCULUS!"n

7ATERISPUMPEDINTOANUNDERGROUNDTANKATACONSTANTRATEOFGALLONSPERMINUTE7ATERLEAKSOUT OFTHETANKATTHERATEOF T GALLONSPERMINUTEFORbTbMINUTES!TTIMETTHETANK CONTAINSGALLONSOFWATER A B C D (OWMANYGALLONSOFWATERLEAKOUTOFTHETANKFROMTIMETTOTMINUTES (OWMANYGALLONSOFWATERAREINTHETANKATTIMETMINUTES 7RITEANEXPRESSIONFOR ! T THETOTALNUMBEROFGALLONSOFWATERINTHETANKATTIMET !TWHATTIMETFORbTbISTHEAMOUNTOFWATERINTHETANKAMAXIMUM*USTIFYYOUR ANSWER A -ETHOD nORn -ETHOD, T GALLONSLEAKEDINFIRSTTMINUTES D, T , T T # DT , # , , T T B C -ETHOD
! T T

T DT
T

-ETHOD DEFINITEINTEGRAL LIMITS INTEGRAND ANSWER nORn -ETHOD ANTIDERIVATIVEWITH# SOLVESFOR# USING, ANSWER ANSWER
X
DX
T
X DX
-ETHOD T T X DX nORn -ETHOD ANTIDERIVATIVEWITH# ANSWER

#
nORn -ETHOD D! T DT ! T T T
# # ! T T T
D
!a T T WHENT !a T ISPOSITIVEFORTANDNEGATIVEFOR
T4HEREFORETHEREISAMAXIMUM ATT
SETS!a T SOLVESFORT JUSTIFICATION
Copyright 2000 by College Entrance Examination Board and Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. AP is a registered trademark of the 39 College Entrance Examination Board.

Question 2 The number of gallons, 2 J , of a pollutant in a lake changes at the rate 2 aJ
!A
0.2 J
gallons per day, where J is measured in days. There are 50 gallons of the pollutant in the lake at time J = 0. The lake is considered to be safe when it contains 40 gallons or less of pollutant. (a) Is the amount of pollutant increasing at time J = 9 ? Why or why not? (b) For what value of J will the number of gallons of pollutant be at its minimum? Justify your answer. (c) Is the lake safe when the number of gallons of pollutant is at its minimum? Justify your answer. (d) An investigator uses the tangent line approximation to 2 J at J = 0 as a model for the amount of pollutant in the lake. At what time J does this model predict that the lake becomes safe?
(a) 2 a(9) 1
3A
0.6
0.646 < 0
so the amount is not increasing at this time.
(b) 2 aJ J = 5 ln 3
!A
0.2 J

= 30.174 and positive
2 =J is negative for 0 < J < 5 ln 3
for J > 5 ln 3 . Therefore there is a minimum at J = 5 ln 3 .
1 : sets 2 a(J ) 0 3 1 : solves for J 1 : justification
(c) 2 (30.174) 50
30.174
3A
0.2 J
@J
= 35.104 < 40, so the lake is safe.
1 : integrand 1 : limits 3 1 : conclusion with reason based on integral of 2 a(J )

1 : slope of tangent line 2 1 : answer
(d) 2 a
!
. The lake will become safe
when the amount decreases by 10. A linear model predicts this will happen when J = 5.
40
3
AB{3 / BC{3
3. The rate at which water ows out of a pipe, in gallons per hour, is given by a di erentiable function of time . The table above shows the rate as measured every 3 hours for a 24{hour period. (a) Use a midpoint Riemann sum with 4 subdivisions of equal Z 24 length to approximate ( ) . Using correct units, explain 0 the meaning of your answer in terms of water ow. (b) Is there some time , 0 24, such that ( ) = 0? Justify your answer. (c) The rate of water ow ( ) can be approximated by 1 ;768 + 23 ; 2 . Use ( ) to approximate the ( ) = 79 average rate of water ow during the 24{hour time period. Indicate units of measure.
R t R t dt t < t < R
0
1999
() (hours) (gallons per hour) 0 9.6 10.4 3 10.8 6 11.2 9 11.4 12 11.3 15 10.7 18 10.2 21 24 9.6
t R t
R t t
Q t
Q t
(a)
Z 24
6 (3) + (9) + (15) + (21)] 0 = 6 10 4 + 11 2 + 11 3 + 10 2] = 258.6 gallons This is an approximation to the total ow in gallons of water from the pipe in the 24{hour period.
R t dt R R R R : : : :
()
(3) + (9) + (15) + (21) 3 1: answer > > : 1: explanation

R R R R
8 1: > > <
(b) Yes Since (0) = (24) = 9 6, the Mean Value Theorem guarantees that there is a , 0 24, such that ( ) = 0.
R R : t < t < R
0
1: answer 1: MVT or equivalent
(c) Average rate of ow average value of ( )

Q t
1 = 24
:
Z 24
0
1 (768 + 23 ; 2 ) 79
t t
dt
limits and average value constant 3 1: ( ) as integrand > > : 1: answer

Q t
8 1: > > <
= 10 785 gal/hr or 10.784 gal/hr (units) Gallons in part (a) and gallons/hr in part (c), or equivalent.
1: units
41
1998 Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines

v (t)
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
t (seconds) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
v (t) (feet per second) 0 12 20 30 55 70 78 81 75 60 72
Time (seconds) 3. The graph of the velocity v (t), in ft/sec, of a car traveling on a straight road, for 0 t 50, is shown above. A table of values for v (t), at 5 second intervals of time t, is shown to the right of the graph. (a) During what intervals of time is the acceleration of the car positive? Give a reason for your answer. (b) Find the average acceleration of the car, in ft/sec2 , over the interval 0 t 50. (c) Find one approximation for the acceleration of the car, in ft/sec2 , at t = 40. Show the computations you used to arrive at your answer.
50
(d) Approximate
0
Velocity (feet per second)
v (t) dt with a Riemann sum, using the midpoints of ve subintervals of equal length.
Using correct units, explain the meaning of this integral.
(a) Acceleration is positive on (0, 35) and (45, 50) because the velocity v (t) is increasing on [0, 35] and [45, 50]
1: 1: 3 1:
(0, 35) (45, 50) reason
Note: ignore inclusion of endpoints (b) Avg. Acc. = or 72 0 72 v (50) v (0) = = 50 0 50 50 1.44 ft/sec2 1: 2 1: answer Note: 0/2 if rst point not earned or method 1: answer
(c) Dierence quotient; e.g. v (45) v (40) 60 75 = = 3 ft/sec2 or 5 5 v (40) v (35) 75 81 6 = = ft/sec2 5 5 5
v (45) v (35) 60 81 21 = = ft/sec2 10 10 10 or Slope of tangent line, e.g. 90 75 through (35, 90) and (40, 75): = 3 ft/sec2 35 40
50
(d)
0
v (t) dt 10[v (5) + v (15) + v (25) + v (35) + v (45)] = 10(12 + 30 + 70 + 81 + 60) = 2530 feet This integral is the total distance traveled in feet over the time 0 to 50 seconds.
1: 1: 3 1:
midpoint Riemann sum answer meaning of integral
Copyright 1998 College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. 42 Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.

The temperature, in degrees Celsius (C), of the water in a pond is a differentiable function W of time t. The table above shows the water temperature as recorded every 3 days over a 15-day period. (a) Use data from the table to find an approximation for W =(12) . Show the computations that lead to your answer. Indicate units of measure. (b) Approximate the average temperature, in degrees Celsius, of the water over the time interval 0 > t > 15 days by using a trapezoidal approximation with subintervals of length %t 3 days. (c) A student proposes the function P, given by P (t ) 20
10te (
t / 3)
t (days) 0 3 6 9 12 15
W (t )
(C) 20 31 28 24 22 21
, as a model for the
temperature of the water in the pond at time t, where t is measured in days and P (t ) is measured in degrees Celsius. Find P =(12) . Using appropriate units, explain the meaning of your answer in terms of water temperature. (d) Use the function P defined in part (c) to find the average value, in degrees Celsius, of P (t ) over the time interval 0 > t > 15 days. (a) Difference quotient; e.g.
W a(12) x W a(12) x W a(12) x W (15) 15 W (12) 12 W (15) 15 W (12) 12 W (9) 9 W (9) 9 1 C/day or 3 2 C/day or 3 1 C/day 2
1 : difference quotient 2: 1 : answer (with units)
(b)
3 20 2
2(31)
2(28)
2(24)
2(22)
21 376.5
Average temperature x (c) P a(12) 10e

t /3
1 (376.5) 25.1 C 15
t/3 t 12
1 : trapezoidal method 2: 1 : answer
10 te 3
30e
0.549 C/day
1 : P a(12) (with or without units) 2: 1 : interpretation
This means that the temperature is decreasing at the rate of 0.549 C/day when t = 12 days. (d)
1 15 20 15 0 10te
t /3
dt 25.757 C
1 : integrand 1 : limits and 3: average value constant 1 : answer
43
3

Question 3
A blood vessel is 360 millimeters (mm) long with circular cross sections of varying diameter. The table above gives the measurements of the diameter of the blood vessel at selected points along the length of the blood vessel, where x represents the distance from one end of the blood vessel and
Distance x (mm) Diameter B(x) (mm)
0 24
60 30
120 28
180 30
240 26
300 24
360 26
B(x ) is a twice-differentiable function that represents the diameter at that point.

(a) Write an integral expression in terms of B(x ) that represents the average radius, in mm, of the blood vessel between x = 0 and x = 360. (b) Approximate the value of your answer from part (a) using the data from the table and a midpoint Riemann sum with three subintervals of equal length. Show the computations that lead to your answer. (c) Using correct units, explain the meaning of Q
275 125
B(x ) 2 dx in terms of the blood vessel. 2
(d) Explain why there must be at least one value x, for 0 < x < 360, such that B aa(x ) = 0.
(a)
360 B(x ) 1 dx 360 0 2
1 : limits and constant 2: 1 : integrand
(b)
1 B(60) B(180) B(300) + + 120 = 2 360 2 2 1 [ 60 ( 30 + 30 + 24 ) ] = 14 360

2 B(x ) B(x ) is the radius, so Q is the area of 2 2
1 : B(60) + B(180) + B(300) 2: 1 : answer
(c)
the cross section at x. The expression is the volume in mm3 of the blood vessel between 125 mm and 275 mm from the end of the vessel. (d) By the MVT, B a(c 1 ) = 0 for some c1 in (60, 180) and B a(c 2 ) = 0 for some c2 in (240, 360). The MVT applied to B a(x ) shows that B aa(x ) = 0 for some x in the interval
1 : volume in mm 3 2 : 1 : between x = 125 and x = 275
(c 1, c 2 ) .
2 : explains why there are two values of x where B a(x ) has 3: the same value 1 : explains why that means B aa(x ) = 0 for 0 < x < 360
Note: max 1/3 if only explains why

B a(x ) = 0 at some x in (0, 360).
44
4

Question 3
The rate of fuel consumption, in gallons per minute, recorded during an airplane flight is given by a twice-differentiable and strictly increasing function R of time t. The graph of R and a table of selected values of R ( t ), for the time interval 0 b t b 90 minutes, are shown above. (a) Use data from the table to find an approximation for R a( 45 ) . Show the computations that lead to
your answer. Indicate units of measure. (b) The rate of fuel consumption is increasing fastest at time t = 45 minutes. What is the value of
R aa( 45 ) ? Explain your reasoning. (c) Approximate the value of
90
R(t )dt using a left Riemann sum with the five subintervals indicated
by the data in the table. Is this numerical approximation less than the value of Explain your reasoning. (d) For 0 < b b 90 minutes, explain the meaning of
plane. Explain the meaning of
90
R(t )dt ?
R ( t )dt in terms of fuel consumption for the
1 b R ( t )dt in terms of fuel consumption for the plane. Indicate b 0 units of measure in both answers.
(a) R a(45) x
R(50) R(40) 55 40 = 50 40 10 2 = 1.5 gal/min
1 : a difference quotient using numbers from table and 2: interval that contains 45 1 : 1.5 gal/min2
(b) R aa(45) = 0 since R a(t ) has a maximum at

t = 45 .
1 : R aa(45) = 0 2: 1 : reason
1 : value of left Riemann sum 2: 1 : less with reason
(c)
90
R(t ) dt x (30)(20) + (10)(30) + (10)(40)

+(20)(55) + (20)(65) = 3700
Yes, this approximation is less because the graph of R is increasing on the interval. (d)
0 R(t )dt
is the total amount of fuel in
gallons consumed for the first b minutes. 1 b R(t ) dt is the average value of the rate of b 0 fuel consumption in gallons/min during the first b minutes.
2 : meanings b R(t ) dt 1 : meaning of 0 1 b 3: 1 : meaning of R(t ) dt b 0 < 1 > if no reference to time b 1 : units in both answers
Copyright 2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. 45 Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com.

Question 3 A test plane flies in a straight line with t (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 positive velocity v ( t ) , in miles per v( t ) (mpm) 7.0 9.2 9.5 7.0 4.5 2.4 2.4 4.3 7.3 minute at time t minutes, where v is a differentiable function of t. Selected values of v ( t ) for 0 t 40 are shown in the table above. (a) Use a midpoint Riemann sum with four subintervals of equal length and values from the table to
approximate
40
v( t ) dt. Show the computations that lead to your answer. Using correct units,
explain the meaning of
40
v( t ) dt in terms of the planes flight.
(b) Based on the values in the table, what is the smallest number of instances at which the acceleration of the plane could equal zero on the open interval 0 < t < 40? Justify your answer. t 7t + 3sin , is used to model the velocity of the (c) The function f, defined by f ( t ) = 6 + cos 10 40 plane, in miles per minute, for 0 t 40. According to this model, what is the acceleration of the plane at t = 23 ? Indicates units of measure. (d) According to the model f, given in part (c), what is the average velocity of the plane, in miles per minute, over the time interval 0 t 40?
( )
( )
(a) Midpoint Riemann sum is 10 [ v( 5 ) + v(15 ) + v( 25 ) + v( 35 )] = 10 [9.2 + 7.0 + 2.4 + 4.3] = 229 The integral gives the total distance in miles that the plane flies during the 40 minutes.
1 : v( 5 ) + v(15 ) + v( 25 ) + v( 35 ) 3 : 1 : answer 1 : meaning with units
(b) By the Mean Value Theorem, v( t ) = 0 somewhere in the interval ( 0, 15 ) and somewhere in the interval ( 25, 30 ) . Therefore the acceleration will equal 0 for at least two values of t.
1 : two instances 2: 1 : justification
(c)
f ( 23) = 0.407 or 0.408 miles per minute2
1 : answer with units
(d) Average velocity =
1 40 f ( t ) dt 40 0 = 5.916 miles per minute
46
4

Question 3
Distance x (cm) Temperature T ( x ) ( C ) 0 100 1 93 5 70 6 62 8 55
A metal wire of length 8 centimeters (cm) is heated at one end. The table above gives selected values of the temperature T ( x ) , in degrees Celsius ( C ) , of the wire x cm from the heated end. The function T is decreasing and twice differentiable. (a) Estimate T ( 7 ) . Show the work that leads to your answer. Indicate units of measure. (b) Write an integral expression in terms of T ( x ) for the average temperature of the wire. Estimate the average temperature of the wire using a trapezoidal sum with the four subintervals indicated by the data in the table. Indicate units of measure. (c) Find wire. (d) Are the data in the table consistent with the assertion that T ( x ) > 0 for every x in the interval 0 < x < 8 ? Explain your answer.
0 T ( x ) dx, and indicate units of measure. Explain the meaning of 0 T ( x ) dx
in terms of the temperature of the
(a) (b)
T (8) T ( 6) 55 62 7 = = C cm 86 2 2
1 : answer
1 : 1 8 T ( x ) dx 8 0 3: 1 : trapezoidal sum 1 : answer
1 8 T ( x ) dx 8 0 Trapezoidal approximation for

A=
0 T ( x ) dx :
100 + 93 93 + 70 70 + 62 62 + 55 1 + 4 + 1 + 2 2 2 2 2 1 Average temperature A = 75.6875C 8

(c)
0 T ( x ) dx = T (8) T ( 0 ) = 55 100 = 45C

The temperature drops 45C from the heated end of the wire to the other end of the wire. 70 93 = 5.75. 5 1 62 70 Average rate of change of temperature on [ 5, 6] is = 8. 65 No. By the MVT, T ( c1 ) = 5.75 for some c1 in the interval (1, 5) and T ( c2 ) = 8 for some c2 in the interval ( 5, 6) . It follows that T must decrease somewhere in the interval ( c1 , c2 ) . Therefore T
2:
{ {
1 : value 1 : meaning
(d) Average rate of change of temperature on [1, 5] is
2:
1 : two slopes of secant lines 1 : answer with explanation
is not positive for every x in [ 0, 8] .
Units of C cm in (a), and C in (b) and (c)
1 : units in (a), (b), and (c)
t (sec) v( t ) ( ft sec)
0 20
15 30
25 20
30 14
35 10
50 0
60 10
( ft
a( t )
sec 2
A car travels on a straight track. During the time interval 0 t 60 seconds, the cars velocity v, measured in feet per second, and acceleration a, measured in feet per second per second, are continuous functions. The table above shows selected values of these functions. (a) Using appropriate units, explain the meaning of
30
60
v( t ) dt in terms of the cars motion. Approximate
30
of
60
v( t ) dt using a trapezoidal approximation with the three subintervals determined by the table.
(b) Using appropriate units, explain the meaning of
30
a( t ) dt in terms of the cars motion. Find the exact value
30
a( t ) dt.
(c) For 0 < t < 60, must there be a time t when v( t ) = 5 ? Justify your answer. (d) For 0 < t < 60, must there be a time t when a( t ) = 0 ? Justify your answer. (a)
30
60
v( t ) dt is the distance in feet that the car travels
2:
from t = 30 sec to t = 60 sec. Trapezoidal approximation for

A=
{ {
1 : explanation 1 : value
30
60
v( t ) dt :
1 1 1 (14 + 10 ) 5 + (10 )(15 ) + (10 )(10 ) = 185 ft 2 2 2

2: 1 : explanation 1 : value
(b)
30
a( t ) dt is the cars change in velocity in ft/sec from

a( t ) dt =
t = 0 sec to t = 30 sec.
30
30
v( t ) dt = v ( 30 ) v ( 0 )
= 14 ( 20 ) = 6 ft/sec (c) Yes. Since v( 35 ) = 10 < 5 < 0 = v( 50 ) , the IVT guarantees a t in ( 35, 50 ) so that v( t ) = 5. (d) Yes. Since v( 0 ) = v( 25 ) , the MVT guarantees a t in ( 0, 25 ) so that a( t ) = v( t ) = 0. Units of ft in (a) and ft/sec in (b)
1 : v( 35 ) < 5 < v( 50 ) 2: 1 : Yes; refers to IVT or hypotheses
1 : v( 0 ) = v( 25 ) 2: 1 : Yes; refers to MVT or hypotheses
1 : units in (a) and (b)
48 7

Question 4
t (seconds)
0 5
10 14
20 22
30 29
40 35
50 40
60 44
70 47
80 49
v( t ) (feet per second)
Rocket A has positive velocity v( t ) after being launched upward from an initial height of 0 feet at time t = 0 seconds. The velocity of the rocket is recorded for selected values of t over the interval 0 t 80 seconds, as shown in the table above. (a) Find the average acceleration of rocket A over the time interval 0 t 80 seconds. Indicate units of measure. (b) Using correct units, explain the meaning of
10 v( t ) dt
70
in terms of the rockets flight. Use a midpoint
Riemann sum with 3 subintervals of equal length to approximate (c) Rocket B is launched upward with an acceleration of a( t ) =
10 v( t ) dt.
70
3 feet per second per second. At time t +1 t = 0 seconds, the initial height of the rocket is 0 feet, and the initial velocity is 2 feet per second. Which of the two rockets is traveling faster at time t = 80 seconds? Explain your answer. 1 : answer
(a) Average acceleration of rocket A is v( 80 ) v( 0 ) 49 5 11 = = ft sec 2 80 0 80 20 (b) Since the velocity is positive,
10 v( t ) dt
70
represents the
distance, in feet, traveled by rocket A from t = 10 seconds to t = 70 seconds. A midpoint Riemann sum is 20 [ v( 20 ) + v( 40 ) + v( 60 )] = 20 [ 22 + 35 + 44] = 2020 ft (c) Let vB ( t ) be the velocity of rocket B at time t. 3 dt = 6 t + 1 + C vB ( t ) = t +1 2 = vB ( 0 ) = 6 + C
vB ( t ) = 6 t + 1 4 vB ( 80 ) = 50 > 49 = v( 80 )
1 : explanation 3 : 1 : uses v( 20 ) , v( 40 ) , v( 60 ) 1 : value
1: 6 t +1 1 : constant of integration 4 : 1 : uses initial condition 1 : finds v ( 80 ) , compares to v( 80 ) , B and draws a conclusion
Rocket B is traveling faster at time t = 80 seconds. Units of ft sec2 in (a) and ft in (b) 1 : units in (a) and (b)
49 5

Question 5
t (minutes) r ( t ) (feet per minute) 0 5.7 2 4.0 5 2.0 7 1.2 11 0.6 12 0.5
The volume of a spherical hot air balloon expands as the air inside the balloon is heated. The radius of the balloon, in feet, is modeled by a twice-differentiable function r of time t, where t is measured in minutes. For 0 < t < 12, the graph of r is concave down. The table above gives selected values of the rate of change, r ( t ) , of the radius of the balloon over the time interval 0 t 12. The radius of the balloon is 30 feet when 4 t = 5. (Note: The volume of a sphere of radius r is given by V = r 3 . ) 3 (a) Estimate the radius of the balloon when t = 5.4 using the tangent line approximation at t = 5. Is your estimate greater than or less than the true value? Give a reason for your answer. (b) Find the rate of change of the volume of the balloon with respect to time when t = 5. Indicate units of measure. (c) Use a right Riemann sum with the five subintervals indicated by the data in the table to approximate
12
r ( t ) dt. Using correct units, explain the meaning of
12
r ( t ) dt in terms of the radius of the
balloon. (d) Is your approximation in part (c) greater than or less than (a) r ( 5.4 ) r ( 5 ) + r ( 5 ) t = 30 + 2 ( 0.4 ) = 30.8 ft Since the graph of r is concave down on the interval 5 < t < 5.4, this estimate is greater than r ( 5.4 ) . (b) dV 4 dr =3 r2 dt 3 dt dV = 4 ( 30 )2 2 = 7200 ft 3 min dt t = 5
12
r ( t ) dt ? Give a reason for your answer.
2:
1 : estimate 1 : conclusion with reason
()
dV 2: 3: dt 1 : answer
(c)
0
0
12
r ( t ) dt 2 ( 4.0 ) + 3 ( 2.0 ) + 2 (1.2 ) + 4 ( 0.6 ) + 1( 0.5 ) r ( t ) dt is the change in the radius, in feet, from
2:
= 19.3 ft
12
1 : approximation 1 : explanation
t = 0 to t = 12 minutes.
(d) Since r is concave down, r is decreasing on 0 < t < 12. Therefore, this approximation, 19.3 ft, is less than 1 : conclusion with reason
12
r ( t ) dt.
1 : units in (b) and (c)
Units of ft 3 min in part (b) and ft in part (c)
50

Question 3
Distance from the rivers edge (feet) Depth of the water (feet) 0 0 8 7 14 8 22 2 24 0
A scientist measures the depth of the Doe River at Picnic Point. The river is 24 feet wide at this location. The measurements are taken in a straight line perpendicular to the edge of the river. The data are shown in the table above. The velocity of the water at Picnic Point, in feet per minute, is modeled by v( t ) = 16 + 2sin ( t + 10 ) for 0 t 120 minutes. (a) Use a trapezoidal sum with the four subintervals indicated by the data in the table to approximate the area of the cross section of the river at Picnic Point, in square feet. Show the computations that lead to your answer. (b) The volumetric flow at a location along the river is the product of the cross-sectional area and the velocity of the water at that location. Use your approximation from part (a) to estimate the average value of the volumetric flow at Picnic Point, in cubic feet per minute, from t = 0 to t = 120 minutes. (c) The scientist proposes the function f, given by f ( x ) = 8sin
( 24x ) , as a model for the depth of the
water, in feet, at Picnic Point x feet from the rivers edge. Find the area of the cross section of the river at Picnic Point based on this model. (d) Recall that the volumetric flow is the product of the cross-sectional area and the velocity of the water at a location. To prevent flooding, water must be diverted if the average value of the volumetric flow at Picnic Point exceeds 2100 cubic feet per minute for a 20-minute period. Using your answer from part (c), find the average value of the volumetric flow during the time interval 40 t 60 minutes. Does this value indicate that the water must be diverted? (a)
(0 + 7)
8 + 2 = 115 ft 2
( 7 + 8)
2
6+
(8 + 2 )
2
8 +
( 2 + 0)
2
1 : trapezoidal approximation
(b)
1 120 115v ( t ) dt 120 0 = 1807.169 or 1807.170 ft 3 min
1 : limits and average value constant 3: 1 : integrand 1 : answer

2
(c)
24
8sin
( 24x ) dx = 122.230 or 122.231 ft
2:
1 : integra1 1 : answer
(d) Let C be the cross-sectional area approximation from part (c). The average volumetric flow is 1 60 C v ( t ) dt = 2181.912 or 2181.913 ft 3 min. 20 40
1 : volumetric flow integral 3 : 1 : average volumetric flow 1 : answer with reason
Yes, water must be diverted since the average volumetric flow for this 20-minute period exceeds 2100 ft 3 min.

Question 2
t (hours) L( t ) (people)
0 120 1 156 3 176 4 126 7 150 8 80 9 0
Concert tickets went on sale at noon ( t = 0 ) and were sold out within 9 hours. The number of people waiting in line to purchase tickets at time t is modeled by a twice-differentiable function L for 0 t 9. Values of L( t ) at various times t are shown in the table above. (a) Use the data in the table to estimate the rate at which the number of people waiting in line was changing at 5:30 P.M. ( t = 5.5 ) . Show the computations that lead to your answer. Indicate units of measure. (b) Use a trapezoidal sum with three subintervals to estimate the average number of people waiting in line during the first 4 hours that tickets were on sale. (c) For 0 t 9, what is the fewest number of times at which L( t ) must equal 0 ? Give a reason for your answer. (d) The rate at which tickets were sold for 0 t 9 is modeled by r ( t ) = 550tet 2 tickets per hour. Based on the model, how many tickets were sold by 3 P.M. ( t = 3) , to the nearest whole number?
(a) L( 5.5 )
L( 7 ) L( 4 ) 150 126 = = 8 people per hour 74 3
2: 2:
(b) The average number of people waiting in line during the first 4 hours is approximately L(1) + L( 3) L( 3) + L( 4 ) 1 L( 0 ) + L(1) (3 1) + (1 0 ) + ( 4 3) 4 2 2 2 = 155.25 people (c) L is differentiable on [ 0, 9] so the Mean Value Theorem implies L( t ) > 0 for some t in (1, 3) and some t in ( 4, 7 ) . Similarly, L( t ) < 0 for some t in ( 3, 4 ) and some t in ( 7, 8 ) . Then, since L is continuous on [ 0, 9] , the Intermediate Value Theorem implies that L( t ) = 0 for at least three values of t in [ 0, 9]. OR The continuity of L on [1, 4] implies that L attains a maximum value there. Since L( 3) > L(1) and L( 3) > L( 4 ) , this maximum occurs on (1, 4 ) . Similarly, L attains a minimum on ( 3, 7 ) and a maximum on ( 4, 8 ) . L is differentiable, so L( t ) = 0 at each relative extreme point on ( 0, 9 ) . Therefore L( t ) = 0 for at least three values of t in [ 0, 9]. [Note: There is a function L that satisfies the given conditions with L( t ) = 0 for exactly three values of t.]
(d)
{ {
1 : estimate 1 : units 1 : trapezoidal sum 1 : answer
1 : considers change in sign of L 3: 1 : analysis 1 : conclusion
OR
1 : considers relative extrema of L on ( 0, 9 ) 3: 1 : analysis 1 : conclusion
0 r ( t ) dt = 972.784
There were approximately 973 tickets sold by 3 P.M.
2:
1 : integrand 1 : limits and answer
!0#ALCULUS!"n
4HEFIGUREABOVESHOWSTHEGRAPHOF F a THEDERIVATIVEOF THEFUNCTIONFFORnbXb4HEGRAPHOF F a HAS HORIZONTALTANGENTLINESATXnXANDXAND AVERTICALTANGENTLINEATX A B C D &INDALLVALUESOFXFORnXATWHICHF ATTAINSARELATIVEMINIMUM*USTIFYYOURANSWER
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4 y

y = f '(x)
&INDALLVALUESOFXFORnXATWHICHFATTAINSARELATIVEMAXIMUM*USTIFYYOURANSWER &INDALLVALUESOFXFORnXATWHICH F aa X !TWHATVALUEOFXFORnbXbDOESFATTAINITSABSOLUTEMAXIMUM*USTIFYYOURANSWER
A Xn
F a X CHANGESFROMNEGATIVETOPOSITIVEATXn
ANSWER JUSTIFICATION
B Xn
F a X CHANGESFROMPOSITIVETONEGATIVEATXn
ANSWER JUSTIFICATION
F aa X EXISTSAND F a ISDECREASINGONTHEINTERVALS

AND

D X 4HEABSOLUTEMAXIMUMMUSTOCCURATXnORATAN ENDPOINT

F F BECAUSEFISINCREASINGON nn
4HEGRAPHOF F a SHOWSTHATTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHE NEGATIVECHANGEINFFROM X TO X ISSMALLER THANTHEPOSITIVECHANGEINFFROM X TO X 4HEREFORETHENETCHANGEINFISPOSITIVEFROM X TO

X AND F F 3O F ISTHEABSOLUTE
ANSWER IDENTIFIESX ANDX ASCANDIDATES OR INDICATESTHATTHEGRAPHOFF INCREASESDECREASESTHENINCREASES JUSTIFIESF F
MAXIMUM

Question 4 The figure above shows the graph of f , the derivative of the function f, on the closed interval 1 x 5. The graph of f has horizontal tangent lines at x = 1 and x = 3. The function f is twice differentiable with f ( 2 ) = 6. (a) Find the x-coordinate of each of the points of inflection of the graph of f. Give a reason for your answer. (b) At what value of x does f attain its absolute minimum value on the closed interval 1 x 5 ? At what value of x does f attain its absolute maximum value on the closed interval 1 x 5 ? Show the analysis that leads to your answers. (c) Let g be the function defined by g ( x ) = x f ( x ) . Find an equation for the line tangent to the graph of g at x = 2.
(a)
x = 1 and x = 3 because the graph of f changes from increasing to decreasing at x = 1, and changes from decreasing to increasing at x = 3.
1 : x = 1, x = 3 2: 1 : reason
(b) The function f decreases from x = 1 to x = 4, then increases from x = 4 to x = 5. Therefore, the absolute minimum value for f is at x = 4. The absolute maximum value must occur at x = 1 or at x = 5.
1 : indicates f decreases then increases 1 : eliminates x = 5 for maximum 4: 1 : absolute minimum at x = 4 1 : absolute maximum at x = 1
f ( 5 ) f ( 1) =
1 f ( t ) dt < 0
Since f ( 5 ) < f ( 1) , the absolute maximum value occurs at x = 1.
(c)
g ( x ) = f ( x ) + x f ( x ) g ( 2 ) = f ( 2 ) + 2 f ( 2 ) = 6 + 2 ( 1) = 4 g ( 2 ) = 2 f ( 2 ) = 12 Tangent line is y = 4 ( x 2 ) + 12
2 : g ( x ) 3: 1 : tangent line
54 5
Let f be the function defined for x 0 with f ( 0 ) = 5 and f , the first derivative of f, given by f ( x ) = e( x 4 ) sin x 2 . The graph of y = f ( x ) is shown above. (a) Use the graph of f to determine whether the graph of f is concave up, concave down, or neither on the interval 1.7 < x < 1.9. Explain your reasoning. (b) On the interval 0 x 3, find the value of x at which f has an absolute maximum. Justify your answer. (c) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at x = 2. (a) On the interval 1.7 < x < 1.9, f is decreasing and thus f is concave down on this interval.
( )
2:
1 : answer 1 : reason
(b)
f ( x ) = 0 when x = 0, , 2 , 3 , K On [0, 3] f changes from positive to negative

only at . The absolute maximum must occur at x = or at an endpoint.
f ( 0) = 5 f ( ) = f (0) + f ( 3) = f ( 0 ) +
0
3
1 : identifies and 3 as candidates - or indicates that the graph of f 3: increases, decreases, then increases 1 : justifies f ( ) > f ( 3) 1 : answer
f ( x ) dx = 5.67911
0 f ( x ) dx = 5.57893
This shows that f has an absolute maximum at x = .
(c)
f ( 2) = f ( 0) +
0 f ( x ) dx = 5.62342
f ( 2 ) = e0.5 sin ( 4 ) = 0.45902
y 5.623 = ( 0.459 )( x 2 )
2 : f ( 2 ) expression 1 : integral 1 : including f ( 0 ) term 4: 1 : f ( 2 ) 1 : equation
55 3

Question 4
A particle moves along the x-axis so that its velocity at time t, for 0 t 6, is given by a differentiable function v whose graph is shown above. The velocity is 0 at t = 0, t = 3, and t = 5, and the graph has horizontal tangents at t = 1 and t = 4. The areas of the regions bounded by the t-axis and the graph of v on the intervals [ 0, 3] , [3, 5] , and [5, 6] are 8, 3, and 2, respectively. At time t = 0, the particle is at x = 2.
(a) For 0 t 6, find both the time and the position of the particle when the particle is farthest to the left. Justify your answer. (b) For how many values of t, where 0 t 6, is the particle at x = 8 ? Explain your reasoning. (c) On the interval 2 < t < 3, is the speed of the particle increasing or decreasing? Give a reason for your answer. (d) During what time intervals, if any, is the acceleration of the particle negative? Justify your answer. (a) Since v( t ) < 0 for 0 < t < 3 and 5 < t < 6, and v( t ) > 0 for 3 < t < 5, we consider t = 3 and t = 6. x( 3) = 2 + x( 6 ) = 2 +
0 v( t ) dt = 2 8 = 10
0 v( t ) dt = 2 8 + 3 2 = 9
6
1 : identifies t = 3 as a candidate 6 3 : 1 : considers v( t ) dt 0 1 : conclusion
Therefore, the particle is farthest left at time t = 3 when its position is x( 3) = 10.
(b) The particle moves continuously and monotonically from x( 0 ) = 2 to x( 3) = 10. Similarly, the particle moves continuously and monotonically from x( 3) = 10 to x( 5 ) = 7 and also from x( 5 ) = 7 to x( 6 ) = 9. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there are three values of t for which the particle is at x( t ) = 8. (c) The speed is decreasing on the interval 2 < t < 3 since on this interval v < 0 and v is increasing. (d) The acceleration is negative on the intervals 0 < t < 1 and 4 < t < 6 since velocity is decreasing on these intervals.
1 : positions at t = 3, t = 5, and t = 6 3: 1 : description of motion 1 : conclusion
2:
1 : answer 1 : justification
1989 AB5
The figure above shows the graph of f , the derivative of a function f . The domain of f is the set of all real numbers x such that 10 x 10 . (a) For what values of x does the graph of f have a horizontal tangent? (b) For what values of x in the interval (10,10) does f have a relative maximum? Justify your answer. (c) For value of x is the graph of f concave downward?
57
1989 AB5 Solution

(a) horizontal tangent f ( x ) = 0
x = 7, 1, 4, 8 (b) Relative maxima at x = 1, 8 because f changes from positive to negative at these points (c) f concave downward f decreasing
( 3, 2 ) , (6,10 )
58

Question 5 Consider the differential equation
dy = x4 ( y 2). dx
(a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the twelve points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the test booklet.) (b) While the slope field in part (a) is drawn at only twelve points, it is defined at every point in the xy-plane. Describe all points in the xy-plane for which the slopes are negative. (c) Find the particular solution y = f ( x ) to the given differential equation with the initial condition f ( 0 ) = 0.
(a)
1 : zero slope at each point ( x, y ) where x = 0 or y = 2 positive slope at each point ( x, y ) 2: where x 0 and y > 2 1: negative slope at each point ( x, y ) where x 0 and y < 2
(b) Slopes are negative at points ( x, y ) where x 0 and y < 2.
1 : description
(c)
1 dy = x 4 dx y2 1 ln y 2 = x5 + C 5 y 2 = eC e 5
1 5 x 1 5 x
y 2 = Ke 5 , K = eC 2 = Ke0 = K y = 2 2e 5
1 5 x
1 : separates variables 2 : antiderivatives 1 : constant of integration 6: 1 : uses initial condition 1 : solves for y 0 1 if y is not exponential Note: max 3 6 [1-2-0-0-0] if no constant of integration Note: 0 6 if no separation of variables
59
6

dy = x 2 ( y 1) . dx
(a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the twelve points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the pink test booklet.) (b) While the slope field in part (a) is drawn at only twelve points, it is defined at every point in the xy-plane. Describe all points in the xy-plane for which the slopes are positive. (c) Find the particular solution y = f ( x ) to the given differential equation with the initial condition f ( 0 ) = 3.
(a)
1 : zero slope at each point ( x, y ) where x = 0 or y = 1 positive slope at each point ( x, y ) 2: where x 0 and y > 1 1: negative slope at each point ( x, y ) where x 0 and y < 1
(b) Slopes are positive at points ( x, y ) where x 0 and y > 1.
1 : description
(c)
1 dy = x 2 dx y 1 1 ln y 1 = x3 + C 3 y 1 =
1 3 C 3x e e 1 3 x
y 1 = Ke 3 , K = eC 2 = Ke0 = K y =1+
1 3 x 2e 3
1 : separates variables 2 : antiderivatives 1 : constant of integration 6: 1 : uses initial condition 1 : solves for y 0 1 if y is not exponential
Note: max 3 6 [1-2-0-0-0] if no constant of integration Note: 0 6 if no separation of variables
60
7

Question 6
Consider the differential equation
dy xy 2 = . Let dx 2 y = f ( x ) be the particular solution to this differential equation with the initial condition f ( 1) = 2.
(a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the twelve points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the test booklet.) (b) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at x = 1. (c) Find the solution y = f ( x ) to the given differential equation with the initial condition f ( 1) = 2. (a)
1 : zero slopes 2: 1 : nonzero slopes
(b) Slope =
( 1) 4 =2 2 y 2 = 2 ( x + 1) 1 x dy = dx 2 2 y
1 : equation
(c)
1 x2 = +C y 4 1 1 1 = + C; C = 2 4 4 1 4 y= 2 = 2 x x +1 1 + 4 4
1 : separates variables 2 : antiderivatives 6 : 1 : constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition 1 : solves for y

Question 6
dy 2x = . dx y
(a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the twelve points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the pink test booklet.) (b) Let y = f ( x ) be the particular solution to the differential equation with the initial condition f (1) = 1. Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at (1, 1) and use it to approximate f (1.1) . (c) Find the particular solution y = f ( x ) to the given differential equation with the initial condition f (1) = 1. (a)
2:
1 : zero slopes 1 : nonzero slopes
(b) The line tangent to f at (1, 1) is y + 1 = 2 ( x 1) . Thus, f (1.1) is approximately 0.8.

dy 2x = dx y y dy = 2 x dx
y2 = x2 + C 2 1 3 = 1 + C ; C = 2 2 2 2 y = 2 x + 3 Since the particular solution goes through (1, 1) , y must be negative. Thus the particular solution is y = 3 2 x 2 .
1 : equation of the tangent line 2: 1 : approximation for f (1.1)
(c)
1 : separates variables 1 : antiderivatives 5 : 1 : constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition 1 : solves for y
dy = ( y 1) 2 cos ( x ) . dx
(a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the nine points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the exam booklet.)
(b) There is a horizontal line with equation y = c that satisfies this differential equation. Find the value of c. (c) Find the particular solution y = f ( x ) to the differential equation with the initial condition f (1) = 0. (a) 2:
1 : zero slopes 1 : all other slopes
(b) The line y = 1 satisfies the differential equation, so c = 1. (c) 1 dy = cos ( x ) dx ( y 1)2 ( y 1)1 =
1: c =1
sin ( x ) + C
1 1 = sin ( x ) + C 1 y 1 1 = sin ( ) + C = C
1 : separates variables 2 : antiderivatives 6 : 1 : constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition 1 : answer
1 1 = sin ( x ) + 1 1 y 1 y
= sin ( x ) +
y =1
for < x < sin ( x ) +
63 6

Question 5
dy 1 + y = , where x 0. dx x (a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the eight points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the pink exam booklet.)
(b) Find the particular solution y = f ( x ) to the differential equation with the initial condition f ( 1) = 1 and state its domain. (a) 2 : sign of slope at each point and relative steepness of slope lines in rows and columns
(b)
1 1 dy = dx 1+ y x ln 1 + y = ln x + K
1 + y = eln x + K 1+ y = C x 2=C 1+ y = 2 x y = 2 x 1 and x < 0 or y = 2 x 1 and x < 0
1 : separates variables 2 : antiderivatives 6 : 1 : constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition 1 : solves for y 7: Note: max 3 6 [1-2-0-0-0] if no constant of integration Note: 0 6 if no separation of variables 1 : domain
64 6

Question 5
dy 1 = x + y 1. dx 2
(a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the nine points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the exam booklet.) (b) Find
d2y in terms of x and y. Describe the region in the xy-plane in dx 2 which all solution curves to the differential equation are concave up. (c) Let y = f ( x ) be a particular solution to the differential equation with the initial condition f ( 0 ) = 1. Does f have a relative minimum, a relative maximum, or neither at x = 0 ? Justify your answer.
(d) Find the values of the constants m and b, for which y = mx + b is a solution to the differential equation. (a) 2 : Sign of slope at each point and relative steepness of slope lines in rows and columns.
(b)
d 2 y 1 dy 1 1 = + = x+ y 2 2 dx 2 2 dx Solution curves will be concave up on the half-plane above the line 1 1 y= x+ . 2 2

d2y dy 1 = 0 +1 > 0 = 0 + 1 1 = 0 and 2 2 dx ( 0, 1) dx ( 0, 1) Thus, f has a relative minimum at ( 0, 1) .
d2y 2: 3: dx 2 1 : description
(c)
2:
{
{
1 : answer 1 : justification
(d) Substituting y = mx + b into the differential equation: 1 1 m = x + ( mx + b ) 1 = m + x + ( b 1) 2 2 1 1 1 Then 0 = m + and m = b 1: m = and b = . 2 2 2
2:
1 : value for m 1 : value for b

Question 5
dy y 1 = 2 , where x 0. dx x
(a) On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation at the nine points indicated. (Note: Use the axes provided in the exam booklet.) (b) Find the particular solution y = f ( x ) to the differential equation with the initial condition f ( 2 ) = 0. (c) For the particular solution y = f ( x ) described in part (b), find lim f ( x ) .
x
(a)
2:
1 : zero slopes 1 : all other slopes
(b)
1 1 dy = 2 dx y 1 x 1 ln y 1 = + C x y 1 = e
1 +C x 1 x
1 : separates variables 2 : antidifferentiates 6 : 1 : includes constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition 1 : solves for y Note: max 3 6 [1-2-0-0-0] if no constant of integration Note: 0 6 if no separation of variables
y 1 = eC e y 1 = ke 1 = ke
1 2
1 x,
where k = eC
k = e 2
1 1 ) ( f ( x) = 1 e 2 x , x > 0
(c) lim 1 e
x
1 (1 2 x) =1
1 : limit
1998 AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines 4. Let f be a function with f (1) = 4 such that for all points (x, y ) on the graph of f the slope is 3x2 + 1 given by . 2y (a) Find the slope of the graph of f at the point where x = 1. (b) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at x = 1 and use it to approximate f (1.2). dy 3x2 + 1 (c) Find f (x) by solving the separable dierential equation = with the initial dx 2y condition f (1) = 4. (d) Use your solution from part (c) to nd f (1.2). (a) 3x2 + 1 dy = dx 2y dy dx x = 1
y=4
1: answer 3+1 4 1 = = 24 8 2 1: 2 1: uses equation to approximate f (1.2) equation of tangent line
1 (b) y 4 = (x 1) 2 1 f (1.2) 4 (1.2 1) 2 f (1.2) 0.1 + 4 = 4.1 (c) 2y dy = (3x2 + 1) dx 2y dy = (3x2 + 1) dx
y 2 = x3 + x + C 42 = 1 + 1 + C 14 = C y 2 = x3 + x + 14 y= x3 + x + 14 is branch with point (1, 4) x3 + x + 14
1: 1: 1:
separates variables antiderivative of dy term antiderivative of dx term uses y = 4 when x = 1 to pick one function out of a family of functions solves for y 0/1 if solving a linear equation in y 0/1 if no constant of integration
1:
1:
f (x) =
Note: max 0/5 if no separation of variables Note: max 1/5 [1-0-0-0-0] if substitutes value(s) for x, y , or dy/dx before antidierentiation 1: answer, from students solution to the given dierential equation in (c)
(d) f (1.2) =
1.23 + 1.2 + 14 4.114
67
!0#ALCULUS!"n
#ONSIDERTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUATION A B
DY X Y DX E

&INDASOLUTION Y F X TOTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSATISFYING F &INDTHEDOMAINANDRANGEOFTHEFUNCTIONFFOUNDINPART A

A E Y DY X DX
Y E X # E Y X # Y LN X #

LN # # E Y LN X E
SEPARATESVARIABLES ANTIDERIVATIVEOFDY TERM ANTIDERIVATIVEOFDX TERM CONSTANTOFINTEGRATION USESINITIALCONDITIONF SOLVESFORY .OTEIFY ISNOTALOGARITHMICFUNCTIONOFX
.OTEMAX; =IFNOCONSTANTOF INTEGRATION .OTEIFNOSEPARATIONOFVARIABLES
$OMAIN X E X E X E E

X E DOMAIN .OTEIFISNOTINTHEDOMAIN RANGE
2ANGE d Y d
.OTEIFYISNOTALOGARITHMICFUNCTIONOFX

@O ! N . @N O
(a) Let O B N be the particular solution to the given differential equation for N # such that the line O point. Justify your answer. (b) Let O CN be the particular solution to the given differential equation for with the initial condition C $
" . Find O CN .
N &,
is tangent to the graph of B. Find the N-coordinate of the point of
tangency, and determine whether B has a local maximum, local minimum, or neither at this
(a)
@O when N = 3 @N @ 2O O O a! 2 @N (3, 2) O2
N
(3, 2)
so B has a local minimum at this point. or Because B is continuous for N # , there is an interval containing N = 3 on which O< 0. On this interval, the left of N = 3 and
@O is positive to the @N @O is negative to @N
1:N 3 3 1 : local minimum 1 : justification
right of N = 3. Therefore B has a local minimum at N = 3. (b)

O @O ! N @N
O !N
&
& &
+;+=8
O $N
O $N
N
N
$
$
1 1 1 6 1 1 1 Note:
: separates variables : antiderivative of @O term : antiderivative of @N term : constant of integration : uses initial condition C (6) : solves for O 4
max 3/6 [1-1-1-0-0-0] if no constant of integration
Note: 0/6 if no separation of variables
69
6

Question 6 Ship ) is traveling due west toward Lighthouse Rock at a speed of 15 kilometers per hour (km/hr). Ship * is traveling due north away from Lighthouse Rock at a speed of 10 km/hr. Let N be the distance between Ship ) and Lighthouse Rock at time J, and let O be the distance between Ship * and Lighthouse Rock at time J, as shown in the figure above. (a) Find the distance, in kilometers, between Ship ) and Ship * when N = 4 km and O = 3 km. (b) Find the rate of change, in km/hr, of the distance between the two ships when N = 4 km and O = 3 km. (c) Let 4 be the angle shown in the figure. Find the rate of change of 4 , in radians per hour, when N = 4 km and O = 3 km. 1 : answer
(a) Distance = (b) H N

O
"
= 5 km
@H @N H N @J @J or explicitly:
H N O
@O O @J
@H @J
N O
@N @J
@O @J
1 : expression for distance 2 : differentiation with respect to J 4 2 chain rule error 1 : evaluation
At N = 4, O = 3,
@H " # ! @J # $ km/hr
(c) tan 4
@O @N N O @4 @J IA? 4 @J @J N
O N
At N = 4 and O = 3, IA? 4
@4 $ " #! @J # $ &# % = radians/hr # #
# "
1 : expression for 4 in terms of N and O 2 : differentiation with respect to J 2 chain rule, quotient rule, or 4 transcendental function error note: 0/2 if no trig or inverse trig function 1 : evaluation
70
7

Question 5

A container has the shape of an open right circular cone, as shown in the figure above. The height of the container is 10 cm and the diameter of the opening is 10 cm. Water in the container is evaporating so that its depth D is changing at the constant rate of
! cm/hr.
1 (The volume of a cone of height D and radius H is given by 8 3H D. ) 3

(a) Find the volume 8 of water in the container when D # cm. Indicate units of measure. (b) Find the rate of change of the volume of water in the container, with respect to time, when D # cm. Indicate units of measure. (c)

Show that the rate of change of the volume of water in the container due to evaporation is directly proportional to the exposed surface area of the water. What is the constant of proportionality?
(a) When D = 5, H (b)
; 8 (5)
1 5 3 3 2
5
125 3 cm ! 12
1 : 8 when D = 5
5 1: H 1 D in (a) or (b) 2
H # 1 , so H D 2 D @8 @D 3D 8 3 D D 3D ! ; @J " @J ! " ! @8 ! # 3 # 3 cm hr @J D # " &
OR
@8 @D 3 H @J ! @J @8 1 3 5 @J D 5,H 3
2
@H @D @H ; HD @J @J @J 25 3 5 2 5 4 10 2
8 as a function of one variable in (a) or (b) 1: OR @H @J 2: @8 @J 2 chain rule or product rule error
3 20
15 cm 3 3 hr 8
1 : evaluation at D 5
(c)
! =HA= 3 . The constant of proportionality is 10

!
@8 @D ! 3D 3D @J " @J " ! ! 3 H 3H "
dV 1 : shows k area dt 2 1 : identifies constant of proportionality
units of cm in (a) and cm hr in (b)

1 : correct units in (a) and (b)

Question 5
A coffeepot has the shape of a cylinder with radius 5 inches, as shown in the figure above. Let h be the depth of the coffee in the pot, measured in inches, where h is a function of time t, measured in seconds. The volume V of coffee in the pot is changing at the rate of 5Q h cubic inches per second. (The volume V of a cylinder
with radius r and height h is V = Qr 2h. ) (a) Show that
dh h = . dt 5
(b) Given that h = 17 at time t = 0, solve the differential equation
dh h = for dt 5
h as a function of t. (c) At what time t is the coffeepot empty?
(a) V = 25Qh
dV dh = 25Q = 5Q h dt dt
dh 5Q h h = = dt 25Q 5
dV 1: = 5Q h dt 3: 1 : computes dV dt 1 : shows result
(b)
dh h = dt 5 1 1 dh = dt 5 h 1 2 h = t +C 5
2 17 = 0 + C h =
5:
1 : separates variables 1 : antiderivatives 1 : constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition h = 17 when t = 0 1 : solves for h
Note: max 2/5 [1-1-0-0-0] if no constant
1 t + 17 10
of integration Note: 0/5 if no separation of variables
(c)
1 t + 17 10
=0
1 : answer
t = 10 17
72
6
1992 AB6
At time t , t 0 , the volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate proportional to the reciprocal of its radius. At t = 0 , the radius of the sphere is 1 and at t = 15 , the radius is 4 2. (The volume V of a sphere with a radius r is V = r 3 .) 3 (a) (b) Find the radius of the sphere as a function of t . At what time t will the volume of the sphere be 27 times its volume at t = 0 ?
73
1992 AB6 Solution

(a)
dV k = dt r dV dr = 4 r 2 dt dt k dr = 4 r 2 r dt k dt = 4 r 3 dr kt + C = r 4 At t = 0, r = 1, so C = At t = 15, r = 2, so 15k + = 16 , k =
r4 = t +
r = 4 t +1
4 (b) At t = 0, r = 1, so V ( 0 ) = 3 4 27 V ( 0 ) = 27 = 36 3 4 36 = r 3 3 r =3
4
t +1 = 3
t = 80
74
1990 AB4
The radius r of a sphere is increasing at a constant rate of 0.04 centimeters per second. 4 (Note: The volume of a sphere with radius r is V = r 3 .) 3 (a) At the time when the radius of the sphere is 10 centimeters, what is the rate of increase of its volume? At the time when the volume of the sphere is 36 cubic centimeters, what is the rate of increase of the area of a cross section through the center of the sphere? At the time when the volume and the radius of the sphere are increasing at the same numerical rate, what is the radius?
(b)
(c)
75
1990 AB4 Solution

dV 4 dr = 3 r 2 dt 3 dt
Therefore when r = 10,
(a)
dr = 0.04 dt
dV = 4 102 ( 0.04 ) = 16 cm 3 /sec dt

(b) V = 36 36 =
4 3 r r 3 = 27 r = 3 3
A = r2 dA dr = 2 r dt dt Therefore when V = 36 , dr = 0.04 dt
dA 6 = 2 3 ( 0.04 ) = = 0.24 cm 2 /sec dt 25
(c)
dV dr = dt dt dr dr 4 r 2 = 4 r 2 = 1 dt dt 1 1 Therefore r 2 = cm r= 4 2
76
AB{5 / BC{5
5. The graph of the function Z x, consisting of three line segments, is () . given above. Let ( ) = 1 (a) Compute (4) and (;2). (b) Find the instantaneous rate of change of , with respect to , at = 1. (c) Find the absolute minimum value of on the closed interval ;2 4]. Justify your answer. (d) The second derivative of is not de ned at = 1 and = 2. How many of these values are {coordinates of points of in ection of the graph of ? Justify your answer.
f g x f t dt g g g x x g g x x x g
1999
4 3 2 1 2 1 O 1 2 1 2 (2, 1) 3 4 (4, 1) (1, 4)
(a) (4) =
g g
Z4
1
f t
(;2) =
Z ;2
1
1;1=5 () =3 + 1 + 2 2 2 2
dt f t dt
(
2
( ) = ;1 2 (12) = ;6
1: (4) 1: (;2)
g g
(b) 0 (1) = (1) = 4

g f
1: answer
(c)
is increasing on ;2 3] and decreasing on 3 4]. Therefore, has absolute minimum at an endpoint of ;2 4]. 5, Since (;2) = ;6 and (4) = 2 the absolute minimum value is ;6.
g g g g
8 > < 1: interior analysis 3 1: endpoint analysis > : 1: answer
(d) One = 1 On (;2 1), 00 ( ) = 0 ( ) 0 On (1 2), 00 ( ) = 0 ( ) 0 On (2 4), 00 ( ) = 0 ( ) 0

x g x f x > g g x x f f x x < <
8 > < 1: choice of = 1 only 3 1: show (1 (1)) is a point of in ection > : 1: show (2 (2)) is not a point of in ection
x g g
Therefore (1 (1)) is a point of in ection and (2 (2)) is not.

g g
77

A car is traveling on a straight road with velocity 55 ft/sec at time t = 0. For 0 > t > 18 seconds, the cars acceleration a(t ) , in ft/sec2, is the piecewise linear function defined by the graph above. (a) Is the velocity of the car increasing at t = 2 seconds? Why or why not? (b) At what time in the interval 0 > t > 18 , other than t = 0, is the velocity of the car 55 ft/sec? Why? (c) On the time interval 0 > t > 18 , what is the cars absolute maximum velocity, in ft/sec, and at what time does it occur? Justify your answer. (d) At what times in the interval 0 > t > 18 , if any, is the cars velocity equal to zero? Justify your answer.
(a) Since v a(2) a(2) and a(2) 15 0 , the velocity is increasing at t = 2. (b) At time t = 12 because
v(12) v(0)
1 : answer and reason
12
a(t ) dt 0 .
1 : t 12 2: 1 : reason
(c) The absolute maximum velocity is 115 ft/sec at t = 6. The absolute maximum must occur at t = 6 or at an endpoint.
v(6) 55
0 a(t )dt
2(15) 1 (4)(15) 115 v(0) 2
55
18
a(t ) dt 0 so v(18) v(6)
4:
1:t 6 1 : absolute maximum velocity 1 : identifies t 6 and

t 18 as candidates or
indicates that v increases, decreases, then increases 1 : eliminates t 18
(d) The cars velocity is never equal to 0. The absolute minimum occurs at t = 16 where
v(16) 115
16
a(t ) dt 115
105 10 0 .
1 : answer 2: 1 : reason
78
4

Question 4 The graph of a differentiable function B on the closed interval < 3,15 > is shown in the figure above. The graph of B has a horizontal tangent line at N = 6. Let
CN #
B J @J for
! > N > # .
(a) Find C$ , C =$ , and C aa$ . (b) On what intervals is C decreasing? Justify your answer. (c) On what intervals is the graph of C concave down? Justify your answer. (d) Find a trapezoidal approximation of
$
# !
B J @J using six subintervals of length %J ! .
(a) C $ #
B J @J #
C $ = B $ = ! C $ = B $ =
1 : C (6) 3 1 : C a(6) 1 : C aa(6)
(b) C is decreasing on < 3, 0 > and < 12,15 > since C aN B N for N and N 12.
1 : < 3, 0 > 3 1 : < 12,15 > 1 : justification
(c) The graph of C is concave down on (6,15) since

C = B is decreasing on this interval.
1 : interval 2 1 : justification
(d)

1 : trapezoidal method
= 12
79
5

Question 4

The graph of the function B shown above consists of two line segments. Let C be the function given by C (N ) (a) Find C
B J @J.
1 . 2,2 is C increasing? Explain your 2,2 is the graph of C concave
1 , C=
1 , and C ==
(b) For what values of N in the open interval reasoning. (c) For what values of N in the open interval down? Explain your reasoning.
(d) On the axes provided, sketch the graph of C on the closed interval 2,2 .

(a) C
B J @J

B J @J
C a B C aa B a !
1 : C ( 1) 3 1 : C a( 1) 1 : C aa( 1)
(b) C is increasing on
N because
C aN B N on this interval.
1 : interval 2 1 : reason
(c) The graph of C is concave down on N because C aaN B aN on this interval. or because C aN B N is decreasing on this interval. (d)
1 : interval 2 1 : reason
1 : C ( 2) C (0) C(2) 0 1 : appropriate increasing/decreasing 2 and concavity behavior 1 vertical asymptote

Question 5
Let f be a function defined on the closed interval [0, 7]. The graph of f, consisting of four line segments, is shown above. Let g be the
function given by g (x ) =
f (t )dt.
(a) Find g ( 3 ), g a( 3 ), and g aa( 3 ) .

(b) Find the average rate of change of g on the interval 0 b x b 3. (c) For how many values c, where 0 < c < 3, is g a(c ) equal to the average rate found in part (b)? Explain your reasoning. (d) Find the x-coordinate of each point of inflection of the graph of
g on the interval 0 < x < 7. Justify your answer.
(a) g(3) =
f (t ) dt =
1 (4 + 2) = 3 2
g a(3) = f (3) = 2 g aa(3) = f a(3) = 04 = 2 42
1 : g (3) 3: 1 : g a(3) 1 : g aa(3)
(b)
g (3) g (0) 1 3 = f (t ) dt 3 3 0 1 1 1 7 = (2)(4) + (4 + 2) = 3 2 2 3
1 : g(3) g(0) = 2: 1 : answer
f (t ) dt
(c) There are two values of c. 7 We need = g a(c) = f (c) 3 The graph of f intersects the line y = places between 0 and 3. (d) x = 2 and x = 5 because g a = f changes from increasing to decreasing at x = 2, and from decreasing to increasing at x = 5.
7 at two 3
1 : answer of 2 2: 1 : reason
Note: 1/2 if answer is 1 by MVT
1 : x = 2 and x = 5 only 2 : 1 : justification (ignore discussion at x = 4)
81
6

Question 4
Let f be a function defined on the closed interval 3 b x b 4 with
f ( 0 ) = 3. The graph of f a, the derivative of f, consists of one line
segment and a semicircle, as shown above. (a) On what intervals, if any, is f increasing? Justify your answer. (b) Find the x-coordinate of each point of inflection of the graph of f on the open interval 3 < x < 4. Justify your answer. (c) Find an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at the point ( 0, 3 ) . (d) Find f ( 3 ) and f ( 4 ) . Show the work that leads to your answers.
(a) The function f is increasing on [3, 2] since

f a > 0 for 3 b x < 2 .
1 : interval 2: 1 : reason
(b) x = 0 and x = 2
f a changes from decreasing to increasing at x = 0 and from increasing to decreasing at x =2 1 : x = 0 and x = 2 only 2: 1 : justification
(c)
f a(0) = 2
1 : equation
Tangent line is y = 2x + 3. (d) f (0) f (3) =
3 f a(t )dt
1 1 3 = (1)(1) (2)(2) = 2 2 2 f (3) = f (0) + 3 9 = 2 2

4
f (4) f (0) =
f a(t )dt
1 = 8 (2)2 Q = 8 + 2Q 2
f (4) = f (0) 8 + 2Q = 5 + 2Q
4:
1:
1 2) (2
(difference of areas of triangles) 1 : answer for f (3) using FTC 1 1 : 8 (2)2 Q 2 (area of rectangle area of semicircle) 1 : answer for f (4) using FTC
82
5

Question 5 The graph of the function f shown above consists of a semicircle and three line segments. Let g be the function given by g ( x ) =
3 f ( t ) dt.
(a) Find g ( 0 ) and g ( 0 ) .
(b) Find all values of x in the open interval ( 5, 4 ) at which g attains a relative maximum. Justify your answer. (c) Find the absolute minimum value of g on the closed interval [ 5, 4]. Justify your answer. (d) Find all values of x in the open interval ( 5, 4 ) at which the graph of g has a point of inflection.
1 : g ( 0) 2: 1 : g ( 0 )
(a)
g ( 0) =
3 f ( t ) dt = 2 ( 3)( 2 + 1) = 2
g ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = 1
(b) g has a relative maximum at x = 3. This is the only x-value where g = f changes from positive to negative.
1:x = 3 2: 1 : justification
(c) The only x-value where f changes from negative to positive is x = 4. The other candidates for the location of the absolute minimum value are the endpoints.
g ( 5 ) = 0 g ( 4) = g ( 4) =
4
1 : identifies x = 4 as a candidate 3 : 1 : g ( 4 ) = 1 1 : justification and answer
f ( t ) dt = 1
9 13 + 2 = 2 2 2
So the absolute minimum value of g is 1.
(d)
x = 3, 1, 2
2 : correct values 1 each missing or extra value
83
6

Question 4
The graph of the function f above consists of three line segments. (a) Let g be the function given by g ( x ) =
4 f ( t ) dt.
For each of g ( 1) , g ( 1) , and g ( 1) , find the value or state that it does not exist. (b) For the function g defined in part (a), find the x-coordinate of each point of inflection of the graph of g on the open interval 4 < x < 3. Explain your reasoning. (c) Let h be the function given by h( x ) = 4 x 3 for which h( x ) = 0. (d) For the function h defined in part (c), find all intervals on which h is decreasing. Explain your reasoning.
1
x f ( t ) dt. Find all values of x in the closed interval
(a)
g ( 1) =
4 f ( t ) dt = 2 ( 3)( 5) = 2
15
g ( 1) = f ( 1) = 2 g ( 1) does not exist because f is not differentiable at x = 1.
1 : g ( 1) 3 : 1 : g ( 1) 1 : g ( 1)
(b)
x =1 g = f changes from increasing to decreasing at x = 1.
1 : x = 1 (only) 2: 1 : reason
(c)
x = 1, 1, 3
2 : correct values 1 each missing or extra value
(d)
h is decreasing on [ 0, 2] h = f < 0 when f > 0
1 : interval 2: 1 : reason

Question 5
A car is traveling on a straight road. For 0 t 24 seconds, the cars velocity v( t ) , in meters per second, is modeled by the piecewise-linear function defined by the graph above. (a) Find
24
v( t ) dt. Using correct units, explain the meaning of
24
v( t ) dt.
(b) For each of v ( 4) and v ( 20) , find the value or explain why it does not exist. Indicate units of measure. (c) Let a( t ) be the cars acceleration at time t, in meters per second per second. For 0 < t < 24, write a piecewise-defined function for a( t ) . (d) Find the average rate of change of v over the interval 8 t 20. Does the Mean Value Theorem guarantee a value of c, for 8 < c < 20, such that v ( c ) is equal to this average rate of change? Why or why not? 1 1 ( 4 )( 20 ) + (12 )( 20 ) + ( 8 )( 20 ) = 360 2 2 The car travels 360 meters in these 24 seconds.
(a)
24
v( t ) dt =
2:
1 : value 1 : meaning with units
(b)
v ( 4) does not exist because v( t ) v( 4 ) v( t ) v( 4 ) lim = 5 0 = lim+ t 4 . t 4 t 4 t 4 20 0 5 v( 20 ) = = m sec 2 16 24 2
1 : v( 4 ) does not exist, with explanation 3 : 1 : v( 20 ) 1 : units
(c)
5 if 0 < t < 4 a( t ) = 0 if 4 < t < 16 5 if 16 < t < 24 2 a( t ) does not exist at t = 4 and t = 16.
5 1 : finds the values 5, 0, 2: 2 1 : identifies constants with correct intervals
(d) The average rate of change of v on [8, 20] is v( 20 ) v( 8 ) 5 = m sec 2 . 20 8 6 No, the Mean Value Theorem does not apply to v on [8, 20] because v is not differentiable at t = 16.
1 : average rate of change of v on [8, 20] 2: 1 : answer with explanation
The rate, in calories per minute, at which a person using an exercise machine burns calories is modeled by the function 1 3 f. In the figure above, f ( t ) = t 3 + t 2 + 1 for 4 2 0 t 4 and f is piecewise linear for 4 t 24.
(a) Find f ( 22) . Indicate units of measure. (b) For the time interval 0 t 24, at what time t is f increasing at its greatest rate? Show the reasoning that supports your answer. (c) Find the total number of calories burned over the time interval 6 t 18 minutes. (d) The setting on the machine is now changed so that the person burns f ( t ) + c calories per minute. For this setting, find c so that an average of 15 calories per minute is burned during the time interval 6 t 18. (a) f ( 22 ) = 15 3 = 3 calories/min/min 20 24 1 : f ( 22 ) and units
(b) f is increasing on [ 0, 4] and on [12, 16]. 15 9 3 = since f has On (12, 16 ) , f ( t ) = 16 12 2 constant slope on this interval. 3 On ( 0, 4 ) , f ( t ) = t 2 + 3t and 4 3 f ( t ) = t + 3 = 0 when t = 2. This is where f 2 has a maximum on [ 0, 4] since f > 0 on ( 0, 2 ) and f < 0 on ( 2, 4 ) . On [ 0, 24] , f is increasing at its greatest rate when 3 t = 2 because f ( 2 ) = 3 > . 2 (c)
1 : f on ( 0, 4 ) 1 : shows f has a max at t = 2 on ( 0, 4 ) 4: 1 : shows for 12 < t < 16, f ( t ) < f ( 2 ) 1 : answer
18
f ( t ) dt = 6 ( 9 ) +
1 ( 4 )( 9 + 15 ) + 2 (15 ) 2 = 132 calories
2:
1 : method 1 : answer 1 : setup 1 : value of c
(d) We want
1 18 ( f ( t ) + c ) dt = 15. 12 6 This means 132 + 12c = 15(12). So, c = 4.
2:
OR 132 = 11 calories/min. 12 Adding c to f ( t ) will shift the average by c. So c = 4 to get an average of 15 calories/min. Currently, the average is
86 5

Question 3
The graph of the function f shown above consists of six line segments. Let g be the function given by g( x) =
f ( t ) dt.
(a) Find g ( 4 ) , g ( 4 ) , and g ( 4 ) . (b) Does g have a relative minimum, a relative maximum, or neither at x = 1 ? Justify your answer.
(c) Suppose that f is defined for all real numbers x and is periodic with a period of length 5. The graph above shows two periods of f. Given that g ( 5 ) = 2, find g (10 ) and write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of g at x = 108.
(a)
g ( 4) =
0 f ( t ) dt = 3
g ( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) = 0
g ( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) = 2
1 : g ( 4) 3 : 1 : g ( 4 ) 1 : g ( 4 )
(b) g has a relative minimum at x = 1 because g = f changes from negative to positive at x = 1.
2:
1 : answer 1 : reason
(c)
g ( 0 ) = 0 and the function values of g increase by 2 for every increase of 5 in x. g (10 ) = 2 g ( 5 ) = 4
g (108 ) =
105
f ( t ) dt +
105 f ( t ) dt
108
1 : g (10 ) 4: 1 : g (108 ) 3: 1 : g (108 ) 1 : equation of tangent line
= 21g ( 5 ) + g ( 3) = 44 g (108 ) = f (108 ) = f ( 3) = 2 An equation for the line tangent to the graph of g at x = 108 is y 44 = 2 ( x 108 ) .
87 4

Question 4
Let f be a function defined on the closed interval 5 x 5 with f (1) = 3. The graph of f , the derivative of f, consists of two semicircles and two line segments, as shown above. (a) For 5 < x < 5, find all values x at which f has a relative maximum. Justify your answer. (b) For 5 < x < 5, find all values x at which the graph of f has a point of inflection. Justify your answer. (c) Find all intervals on which the graph of f is concave up and also has positive slope. Explain your reasoning. (d) Find the absolute minimum value of f ( x ) over the closed interval 5 x 5. Explain your reasoning.
f ( x ) = 0 at x = 3, 1, 4 f changes from positive to negative at 3 and 4. Thus, f has a relative maximum at x = 3 and at x = 4.
(a)
2:
{
{
1 : x-values 1 : justification
(b)
f changes from increasing to decreasing, or vice versa, at x = 4, 1, and 2. Thus, the graph of f has points of inflection when x = 4, 1, and 2.
2:
(c) The graph of f is concave up with positive slope where f is increasing and positive: 5 < x < 4 and 1 < x < 2.
2:
1 : intervals 1 : explanation
(d) Candidates for the absolute minimum are where f changes from negative to positive (at x = 1 ) and at the endpoints ( x = 5, 5 ). 5 f ( 5 ) = 3 + f ( x ) dx = 3 + 2 > 3 1 2 f (1) = 3 5 32 1 f ( 5 ) = 3 + f ( x ) dx = 3 + >3 1 2 2 The absolute minimum value of f on [ 5, 5] is f (1) = 3.
1 : identifies x = 1 as a candidate 3 : 1 : considers endpoints 1 : value and explanation
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Question 5
Let g be a continuous function with g ( 2 ) = 5. The graph of the piecewise-linear function g , the derivative of g, is shown above for 3 x 7. (a) Find the x-coordinate of all points of inflection of the graph of y = g ( x ) for 3 < x < 7. Justify your answer. (b) Find the absolute maximum value of g on the interval 3 x 7. Justify your answer. (c) Find the average rate of change of g ( x ) on the interval 3 x 7. (d) Find the average rate of change of g ( x ) on the interval 3 x 7. Does the Mean Value Theorem applied on the interval 3 x 7 guarantee a value of c, for 3 < c < 7, such that g ( c ) is equal to this average rate of change? Why or why not?
(a) g changes from increasing to decreasing at x = 1; g changes from decreasing to increasing at x = 4. Points of inflection for the graph of y = g ( x ) occur at x = 1 and x = 4. (b) The only sign change of g from positive to negative in the interval is at x = 2. 2:
g ( 3) = 5 + g ( 2) = 5 g(7) = 5 +
g ( x ) dx = 5 +
15 +4= (3 2) 2 1 3
1 : identifies x = 2 as a candidate 3 : 1 : considers endpoints 1 : maximum value and justification
2 g ( x ) dx = 5 + ( 4 ) + 2 = 2
15 . 2
The maximum value of g for 3 x 7 is
3 15 g ( 7 ) g ( 3) 2 = 3 (c) = 2 10 5 7 ( 3) g ( 7 ) g ( 3) 1 ( 4 ) 1 = = 7 ( 3) 10 2 No, the MVT does not guarantee the existence of a value c with the stated properties because g is not differentiable for at least one point in 3 < x < 7.
2:
1 : difference quotient 1 : answer
(d)
1 : average value of g ( x ) 2: 1 : answer No with reason
1998 AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines 6. Consider the curve dened by 2y 3 + 6x2 y 12x2 + 6y = 1. dy 4x 2xy (a) Show that = 2 . dx x + y2 + 1 (b) Write an equation of each horizontal tangent line to the curve. (c) The line through the origin with slope 1 is tangent to the curve at point P . Find the x and y coordinates of point P . (a) 6y 2 dy dy dy + 6x2 + 12xy 24x + 6 =0 dx dx dx
1: 1:
implicit dierentiation veries expression for dy dx
dy (6y 2 + 6x2 + 6) = 24x 12xy dx 4x 2xy dy 24x 12xy = 2 = 2 2 dx 6x + 6y + 6 x + y2 + 1 dy =0 dx 4x 2xy = 2x(2 y ) = 0 x = 0 or y = 2 When x = 0, 2y 3 + 6y = 1 ; y = 0.165 There is no point on the curve with y coordinate of 2. y = 0.165 is the equation of the only horizontal tangent line. 4
(b)
1: 1: 1: 1:
dy =0 dx dy =0 solves dx uses solutions for x to nd equations of horizontal tangent lines sets veries which solutions for y yield equations of horizontal tangent lines
Note: max 1/4 [1-0-0-0] if dy/dx = 0 is not of the form g (x, y )/h(x, y ) = 0 with solutions for both x and y
1: 1:
(c)
y = x is equation of the line. 2(x)3 + 6x2 (x) 12x2 + 6(x) = 1 8x3 12x2 6x 1 = 0 x = 1/2 , or dy = 1 dx 4x 2xy = x2 y 2 1 4x + 2x2 = x2 x2 1 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 x = 1/2 , y = 1/2 3 y = 1/2 3
y = x substitutes y = x into equation of curve solves for x and y
1:
or
1:
sets
dy = 1 dx dy dx
1: 1:
substitutes y = x into solves for x and y
Note: max 2/3 [1-1-0] if importing incorrect derivative from part (a)
91
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The function f is differentiable for all real numbers. The point 3,
y f (x ) , and
1 is on the graph of 4 dy the slope at each point x , y on the graph is given by y 2 6 2x . dx 1 and evaluate it at the point 3, . 4 dy f (x ) by solving the differential equation y 2 6 2x with the initial dx 1 f (3) . 4
(a) Find
d 2y dx 2
(b) Find y condition
(a)
d 2y dy 2y (6 2x ) 2y 2 2 dx dx = 2y 3 (6 2x )2 2y 2 d 2y dx 2
1 4
2
3,
1 4
0
1 8
2: 3: 1:
d 2y dx 2 < 2 > product rule or chain rule error value at 3, 1 4
(b)
1 dy (6 y2 1 6x y 4 18 C y 13 1 6x
2x ) dx
x2
C 9
6:
1 : separates variables 1 : antiderivative of dy term 1 : antiderivative of dx term 1 : constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition f (3) 1 : solves for y 1 4
13
Note: max 3/6 [1-1-1-0-0-0] if no constant of integration Note: 0/6 if no separation of variables
93
7

Question 4 Consider the curve given by x 2 + 4 y 2 = 7 + 3x y.
(a) Show that
dy 3 y 2 x = . dx 8 y 3 x
(b) Show that there is a point P with x-coordinate 3 at which the line tangent to the curve at P is horizontal. Find the y-coordinate of P. (c) Find the value of
d2y at the point P found in part (b). Does the curve have a local maximum, a dx 2 local minimum, or neither at the point P ? Justify your answer.
2 x + 8 y y = 3 y + 3x y (8 y 3x ) y = 3 y 2 x 3y 2x y = 8 y 3x
(a)
1 : implicit differentiation 2: 1 : solves for y
(b)
3y 2x = 0; 3 y 2 x = 0 8 y 3x When x = 3, 3 y = 6 y=2
32 + 422 = 25 and 7 + 332 = 25 Therefore, P = ( 3, 2 ) is on the curve and the slope is 0 at this point.
1 : dy = 0 dx 3: 1 : shows slope is 0 at ( 3, 2 ) 1 : shows ( 3, 2 ) lies on curve
(c)
d 2 y ( 8 y 3x )( 3 y 2 ) ( 3 y 2 x )( 8 y 3) = dx 2 ( 8 y 3 x )2 At P = ( 3, 2 ) , d 2 y (16 9 )( 2 ) 2 = = . 2 2 7 dx (16 9 ) Since y = 0 and y < 0 at P, the curve has a local maximum at P.
d2y 2: dx 2 4: d2y at ( 3, 2 ) 1 : value of dx 2 1 : conclusion with justification
94
5

Question 5
Consider the curve given by y 2 = 2 + xy. (a) Show that

dy y . = dx 2 y x
(b) Find all points ( x, y ) on the curve where the line tangent to the curve has slope
1 . 2
(c) Show that there are no points ( x, y ) on the curve where the line tangent to the curve is horizontal. (d) Let x and y be functions of time t that are related by the equation y 2 = 2 + xy. At time t = 5, the dy dx value of y is 3 and at time t = 5. = 6. Find the value of dt dt 2 y y = y + x y ( 2 y x ) y = y y y = 2y x
(a)
1 : implicit differentiation 2: 1 : solves for y
(b)
( 0,
(c)
y 1 = 2y x 2 2y = 2y x x=0 y= 2
y 1 1: = 2y x 2 2: 1 : answer
2 ) , ( 0, 2 )
y =0 2y x y=0 The curve has no horizontal tangent since
1: y = 0 2: 1 : explanation
02 2 + x 0 for any x. 7 . 3
(d) When y = 3, 32 = 2 + 3 x so x =
dy dy dx y dx = = dt dx dt 2 y x dt 3 dx 9 dx = At t = 5, 6 = 7 dt 11 dt 6 3 dx 22 = dt t = 5 3
1 : solves for x 3 : 1 : chain rule 1 : answer
AB{1
1. A particle moves along the y{axis with velocity given by v(t) = t sin( ) for t 0. (a) In which direction (up or down) is the particle moving at time t = 1:5? Why? (b) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 1:5. Is the velocity of the particle increasing at t = 1:5? Why or why not? (c) Given that y(t) is the position of the particle at time t and that y(0) = 3, nd y(2). (d) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from t = 0 to t = 2.
t2
1999
(a) v(1:5) = 1:5 sin(1:52) = 1:167 Up, because v(1:5) > 0 (b) a(t) = v (t) = sin t2 + 2t2 cos t2 a(1:5) = v (1:5) = ;2:048 or ;2:049 No v is decreasing at 1.5 because v (1:5) < 0
0 0 0
1: answer and reason
( 1: a(1:5)
1: conclusion and reason
(c) y(t) = =
Z Z
v (t) dt t sin t2 dt = ;
cos t2 + C 2
y (0) = 3 = ;
1 + C =) C = 7 2 2 1 7 y (t) = ; cos t2 + 2 2 1 7 y (2) = ; cos 4 + = 3:826 or 3:827 2 2
Z 8 > 1: y ( t ) = v (t) dt > > < 3 1: y (t) = ; 1 cos t2 + C > 2 > > : 1: y(2)
(d) distance =
Z2
0
jv(t)j dt = 1:173
or v (t) = t sin t2 = 0 p 1:772 t = 0 or t = p y (0) = 3 y ( ) = 4 y (2) = 3:826 or 3:827

y(
= 1:173 or 1:174
p ) ; y(0)] + y(p ) ; y(2)]
8 1: limits of 0 and 2 on an integral of > > v (t) or jv (t)j > > > or > > < uses y(0) and y(2) to compute distance 3 > 1: handles change of direction at student's > > turning point > > > : 1: answer 0/1 if incorrect turning point
96

Question 3 A particle moves along the N-axis so that its velocity L at any time J, for b J b $ , is given by
LJ A 2 sin J . At time J = 0, the particle is at the origin.
(a) On the axes provided, sketch the graph of LJ for b J b $ . (b) During what intervals of time is the particle moving to the left? Give a reason for your answer. (c) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from J = 0 to J = 4. (d) Is there any time J, J b $ , at which the particle returns to the origin? Justify your answer.
(a) L(J)
1 : graph three humps J periodic behavior starts at origin reasonable relative max and min values
(b) Particle is moving to the left when

LJ , i.e. A 2 sin J . (3, 23) , (33, 43) and (53,16]
2 : intervals 1 each missing or incorrect interval 3 1 : reason

1 : limits of 0 and 4 on an integral of L(J ) or L(J ) or uses N (0) and N (4) to compute distance 3 1 : handles change of direction at students turning point 1 : answer note: 0/1 if incorrect turning point
(c)

or
"
LJ @J = 10.542
LJ A 2 sin J

J = 0 or J 3
N 3
LJ @J = 10.10656
N "
N (3)
LJ @J
N (0)
"
= 9.67066
N (3)
N (4)
= 10.542 (d) There is no such time because

6
LJ @J > 0 for all 6 .
1 : no such time 2 1 : reason
97
4

Question 3
An object moves along the N-axis with initial position N 0 2. The velocity of the object at time J F is given 3 by L J sin J . 3 (a) What is the acceleration of the object at time J 4 ? (b) Consider the following two statements. Statement I: Statement II: correct. (c)

For 3 J 4.5, the velocity of the object is decreasing. For 3 J 4.5, the speed of the object is increasing.
Are either or both of these statements correct? For each statement provide a reason why it is correct or not What is the total distance traveled by the object over the time interval 0 > J > 4 ?
(d) What is the position of the object at time J 4 ?
(a) =(4) L a(4) =

3 43 cos 3 3 3 or 0.523 or $
1 : answer
0.524

(b) On 3 J 4.5 : 3 3 =(J ) L a(J ) cos J 0 3 3 Statement I is correct since =(J ) 0. Statement II is correct since LJ and =(J ) 0. (c) Distance =
N (J )
N
1 : I correct, with reason 3 1 : II correct 1 : reason for II

3 2

OR 3 3 3 cos J 3 3 3
"
L(J ) @J 2.387 2
9 3.43239 23 LJ when J = 3 6 N (3) 2 3.90986 3 N (4) 2 N !

limits of 0 and 4 on an integral of L(J ) or L(J ) 1: or uses N (0) and N (4) to compute distance 1 : handles change of direction at students turning point 1 : answer 0/1 if incorrect turning point or no turning point
N
N "
"
N !
# = 2.387 3
(d) N (4) N (0)

L(J )@J 3.432

2
OR 3 3 3 N (J ) cos J 3 3 3 9 N (4) 2 3.432 23
OR 3 3 + 1 : N (J ) cos J 3 3 2 1 : answer 0/1 if no constant of integration

Question 4
A particle moves along the x-axis with velocity at time t p 0 given by v ( t ) = 1 + e1t .
(a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 3. (b) Is the speed of the particle increasing at time t = 3 ? Give a reason for your answer. (c) Find all values of t at which the particle changes direction. Justify your answer.
(d) Find the total distance traveled by the particle over the time interval 0 b t b 3.
(a) a(t ) = v a(t ) = e1t

a(3) = e2
1 : v a(t ) 2: 1 : a(3)
(b) a(3) < 0

v(3) = 1 + e 2 < 0
Speed is increasing since v(3) < 0 and a(3) < 0 . (c) v(t ) = 0 when 1 = e 1t , so t = 1.
v(t ) > 0 for t < 1 and v(t ) < 0 for t > 1 .
Therefore, the particle changes direction at t = 1.

3
1 : solves v(t ) = 0 to get t = 1 2: 1 : justifies change in direction at t = 1
(d) Distance = =
v(t ) dt
= t e1t
( 1 + e1t )dt +
1 0
) + ( t + e1t 13 )
( 1 e1t )dt
4:
1 : limits 1 : integrand 1 : antidifferentiation 1 : evaluation
= ( 1 1 + e ) + ( 3 + e 2 1 1 ) = e + e 2 1 OR
x (t ) = t e1t x (0) = e x (1) = 2 x (3) = e 2 3
OR
4: 1 : any antiderivative 1 : evaluates x (t ) when t = 0, 1, 3 1 : evaluates distance between points 1 : evaluates total distance
Distance = ( x (1) x (0) ) + ( x (1) x (3) ) = (2 + e ) + ( 1 + e = e +e

2
2
1
99
5

Question 2
A particle moves along the x-axis so that its velocity at time t is given by
t2 v ( t ) = ( t + 1 ) sin . 2 At time t = 0, the particle is at position x = 1. (a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 2. Is the speed of the particle increasing at t = 2 ? Why or why not? (b) Find all times t in the open interval 0 < t < 3 when the particle changes direction. Justify your
answer. (c) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from time t = 0 until time t = 3. origin? Show the work that leads to your answer. (d) During the time interval 0 b t b 3, what is the greatest distance between the particle and the
(a) a(2) = v a(2) = 1.587 or 1.588

v(2) = 3 sin(2) < 0
Speed is decreasing since a(2) > 0 and v(2) < 0 .

t2 =Q 2 2Q or 2.506 or 2.507
2Q and v(t ) > 0 for
1 : a(2) 2: 1 : speed decreasing with reason
(b) v(t ) = 0 when

t =
1 : t = 2Q only 2: 1 : justification
Since v(t ) < 0 for 0 < t <

t = 2Q .
3
2Q < t < 3 , the particle changes directions at
(c) Distance =
v(t ) dt = 4.333 or 4.334

1 : (distance particle travels 2: while velocity is negative) 1 : answer
(d)
2Q
v(t ) dt = 3.265
x ( 2Q ) = x (0) +
2Q
v(t )dt = 2.265
Since the total distance from t = 0 to t = 3 is 4.334, the particle is still to the left of the origin at t = 3. Hence the greatest distance from the origin is 2.265.
100
3

Question 3 A particle moves along the y-axis so that its velocity v at time t 0 is given by v( t ) = 1 tan 1 et .
( )
At time t = 0, the particle is at y = 1. (Note: tan 1 x = arctan x )

(a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 2. (b) Is the speed of the particle increasing or decreasing at time t = 2 ? Give a reason for your answer. (c) Find the time t 0 at which the particle reaches its highest point. Justify your answer. (d) Find the position of the particle at time t = 2. Is the particle moving toward the origin or away from the origin at time t = 2 ? Justify your answer.
(a)
a( 2 ) = v( 2 ) = 0.132 or 0.133
1 : answer
(b)
v( 2 ) = 0.436 Speed is increasing since a( 2 ) < 0 and v( 2 ) < 0.
(c)
v( t ) = 0 when tan 1 et = 1 t = ln ( tan (1) ) = 0.443 is the only critical value for y. v( t ) > 0 for 0 < t < ln ( tan (1) ) v( t ) < 0 for t > ln ( tan (1) ) y ( t ) has an absolute maximum at t = 0.443.
( )
1 : sets v ( t ) = 0 3 : 1 : identifies t = 0.443 as a candidate 1 : justifies absolute maximum
(d)
y ( 2 ) = 1 +
v( t ) dt = 1.360 or 1.361
The particle is moving away from the origin since v( 2 ) < 0 and y ( 2 ) < 0.
1 : 2 v( t ) dt 0 1 : handles initial condition 4: 1 : value of y ( 2 ) 1 : answer with reason
101
4

Question 3
A particle moves along the x-axis so that its velocity v at time t, for 0 t 5, is given by
v( t ) = ln t 2 3t + 3 . The particle is at position x = 8 at time t = 0. (a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 4. (b) Find all times t in the open interval 0 < t < 5 at which the particle changes direction. During which time intervals, for 0 t 5, does the particle travel to the left? (c) Find the position of the particle at time t = 2. (d) Find the average speed of the particle over the interval 0 t 2. 5 a( 4 ) = v( 4 ) = 7
(a)
1 : answer
(b)
v( t ) = 0 t 3t + 3 = 1
2
t 2 3t + 2 = 0 ( t 2 ) ( t 1) = 0 t = 1, 2 v( t ) > 0 for 0 < t < 1 v( t ) < 0 for 1 < t < 2 v( t ) > 0 for 2 < t < 5 The particle changes direction when t = 1 and t = 2. The particle travels to the left when 1 < t < 2.
1 : sets v( t ) = 0 3 : 1 : direction change at t = 1, 2 1 : interval with reason
(c)
0 ln ( u 3u + 3) du 2 s ( 2 ) = 8 + ln ( u 2 3u + 3) du 0
s( t ) = s( 0 ) +
t
2
= 8.368 or 8.369
1 : 2 ln u 2 3u + 3 du 0 3: 1 : handles initial condition 1 : answer
(d)
1 2 v( t ) dt = 0.370 or 0.371 2 0
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Question 2
A particle moves along the x-axis so that its velocity v at time
t 0 is given by v( t ) = sin t 2 . The graph of v is shown above
( )
for 0 t 5 . The position of the particle at time t is x ( t ) and its position at time t = 0 is x ( 0 ) = 5. (a) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 3. (b) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from time t = 0 to t = 3. (c) Find the position of the particle at time t = 3. (d) For 0 t 5 , find the time t at which the particle is farthest to the right. Explain your answer.
(a)
a ( 3) = v( 3) = 6cos 9 = 5.466 or 5.467
1 : a( 3)
(b) Distance =
v ( t ) dt = 1.702
2:
OR For 0 < t < 3, v( t ) = 0 when t = = 1.77245 and t = 2 = 2.50663 x( 0 ) = 5
1 : setup 1 : answer
x( ) = 5 +
0
3
v( t ) dt = 5.89483
2
x( 2 ) = 5 +
x( 3) = 5 +
v( t ) dt = 5.43041
0 v( t ) dt = 5.77356
)
+ x( 3) x( 2
x( ) x( 0 ) + x( 2 ) x(
x( 3) = 5 +
3
= 1.702
(c)
0 v( t ) dt = 5.773 or 5.774
1 : integrand 2 3 : 1 : uses x( 0 ) = 5 1 : answer 1 : sets v( t ) = 0 3 : 1 : answer 1 : reason
(d) The particles rightmost position occurs at time t = = 1.772. The particle changes from moving right to moving left at those times t for which v( t ) = 0 with v( t ) changing from positive to negative, namely at
t = , 3 , 5 ( t = 1.772, 3.070, 3.963 ) .

Using x(T ) = 5 +
0 v( t ) dt , the particles positions at the times it
changes from rightward to leftward movement are: T: 0 3 5 x(T ) : 5 5.895 5.788 5.752 The particle is farthest to the right when T = .
2007 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and103 www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).

Question 4
A particle moves along the x-axis with position at time t given by x( t ) = et sin t for 0 t 2 . (a) Find the time t at which the particle is farthest to the left. Justify your answer. (b) Find the value of the constant A for which x( t ) satisfies the equation Ax( t ) + x( t ) + x( t ) = 0 for 0 < t < 2 .
(a) x( t ) = et sin t + et cos t = et ( cos t sin t ) x( t ) = 0 when cos t = sin t. Therefore, x( t ) = 0 on 5 and t = . 0 t 2 for t = 4 4 The candidates for the absolute minimum are at 5 t = 0, , , and 2 . 4 4
t 0 x( t ) e0 sin ( 0 ) = 0
e
2 : x( t ) 1 : sets x( t ) = 0 5: 1 : answer 1 : justification
4 5 4
4
5 4
sin
( 4 ) > 0 5 sin ( ) < 0 4

5 . 4
2 : x( t ) 1 : substitutes x( t ) , x( t ) , and x( t ) 4: into Ax( t ) + x( t ) + x( t ) 1 : answer
e2 sin ( 2 ) = 0
The particle is farthest to the left when t =
(b) x( t ) = e t ( cos t sin t ) + e t ( sin t cos t )
= 2et cos t
Ax( t ) + x( t ) + x( t ) = A 2e t cos t + e t ( cos t sin t ) + et sin t = ( 2 A + 1) e t cos t =0 1 Therefore, A = . 2
104
1989 AB3
A particle moves along the x-axis in such a way that its acceleration at time t for t 0 is given by a( t) = 4cos(2 t) . At time t = 0 , the velocity of the particle is v (0) = 1 and its position is x (0) = 0 . (a) Write an equation for the velocity v (t ) of the particle. (b) Write an equation for the position x (t ) of the particle. (c) For what values of t , 0 t , is the particle at rest?
105
1989 AB3 Solution

(a) v (t ) = 4 cos 2t dt
v (t ) = 2sin 2t + C v (0 ) = 1 C = 1 v (t ) = 2sin 2t + 1
(b) x (t ) = 2sin 2t + 1 dt
x (0 ) = 0 C = 1
x (t ) = cos 2t + t + C
x (t ) = cos 2t + t + 1
(c) 2sin 2t + 1 = 0
1 2 7 11 2t = , 6 6 7 11 t= , 12 12 sin 2t =
106

Question 4
f ( x )
f ( x )
x f ( x)
0 1 4 2
0< x<1 Negative Positive Negative
1 0 0 0
1< x < 2 Positive Positive Positive
2 2 DNE DNE
2< x<3 Positive Negative Negative
3 0 3 0
3< x<4 Negative Negative Positive
Let f be a function that is continuous on the interval [ 0, 4) . The function f is twice differentiable except at x = 2. The function f and its derivatives have the properties indicated in the table above, where DNE indicates that the derivatives of f do not exist at x = 2. (a) For 0 < x < 4, find all values of x at which f has a relative extremum. Determine whether f has a relative maximum or a relative minimum at each of these values. Justify your answer. (b) On the axes provided, sketch the graph of a function that has all the characteristics of f. (Note: Use the axes provided in the pink test booklet.)
(c) Let g be the function defined by g ( x ) =
f ( t ) dt on the open interval ( 0, 4) . For
0 < x < 4, find all values of x at which g has a relative extremum. Determine whether g has a relative maximum or a relative minimum at each of these values. Justify your answer.
(d) For the function g defined in part (c), find all values of x, for 0 < x < 4, at which the graph of g has a point of inflection. Justify your answer.
(a) f has a relative maximum at x = 2 because f changes from positive to negative at x = 2. (b)
2:
1 : relative extremum at x = 2 1 : relative maximum with justification
1 : points at x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and behavior at ( 2, 2 ) 2: 1 : appropriate increasing/decreasing and concavity behavior
(c)
g ( x ) = f ( x ) = 0 at x = 1, 3. g changes from negative to positive at x = 1 so g has a relative minimum at x = 1. g changes from positive to negative at x = 3 so g has a relative maximum at x = 3.
1 : g ( x ) = f ( x ) 3 : 1 : critical points 1 : answer with justification
(d) The graph of g has a point of inflection at x = 2 because g = f changes sign at x = 2.
2:
1:x = 2 1 : answer with justification
Copyright 2005 by College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and 107 www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for AP students and parents).

Question 3
x 1 2 3 4
f ( x)
6 9 10 1
f ( x )
4 2 4 3
g( x)
2 3 4 6
g ( x )
5 1 2 7
The functions f and g are differentiable for all real numbers, and g is strictly increasing. The table above gives values of the functions and their first derivatives at selected values of x. The function h is given by h( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) 6.
(a) Explain why there must be a value r for 1 < r < 3 such that h( r ) = 5. (b) Explain why there must be a value c for 1 < c < 3 such that h( c ) = 5. (c) Let w be the function given by w( x ) =
g ( x)
f ( t ) dt. Find the value of w( 3) .
(d) If g 1 is the inverse function of g, write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of y = g 1 ( x ) at x = 2. (a) h(1) = f ( g (1) ) 6 = f ( 2 ) 6 = 9 6 = 3 h( 3) = f ( g ( 3) ) 6 = f ( 4 ) 6 = 1 6 = 7 Since h ( 3) < 5 < h (1) and h is continuous, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists a value r, 1 < r < 3, such that h ( r ) = 5. (b) h( 3) h(1) 7 3 = = 5 3 1 3 1 Since h is continuous and differentiable, by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists a value c, 1 < c < 3, such that h ( c ) = 5.
1 : h(1) and h( 3) 2: 1 : conclusion, using IVT
h ( 3) h (1) 1: 2: 3 1 1 : conclusion, using MVT
(c) w ( 3) = f ( g ( 3) ) g ( 3) = f ( 4 ) 2 = 2
2:
1 : apply chain rule 1 : answer
(d) g (1) = 2, so g 1 ( 2 ) = 1.
( g 1 ) ( 2 ) =
1 1 1 = = 1 5 g 1 ( ) g g ( 2)
An equation of the tangent line is y 1 =
1 ( x 2). 5
1 : g 1 ( 2 ) 3 : 1 : g 1 ( 2 ) 1 : tangent line equation
( )
108
1991 AB5
Let f be a function that is even and continuous on the closed interval [ 3,3] . The function f and its derivatives have the properties indicated in the table below.
x 0 0 < x <1 1 f ( x) 1 Positive 0 f ( x ) Undefined Negative 0 f ( x ) Undefined Positive 0

(a)
1< x <2 2 2<x<3 Negative 1 Negative Negative Undefined Positive Negative Undefined Negative
Find the x-coordinate of each point at which f attains an absolute maximum value or an absolute minimum value. For each x-coordinate you give, state whether f attains an absolute maximum or an absolute minimum. Find the x-coordinate of each point of inflection on the graph of f . Justify your answer. In the xy-plane provided below, sketch the graph of a function with all the given characteristics of f .
y
(b)
(c)
3 2 1
1 1 2 3
109
1991 AB5 Solution

(a) Absolute maximum at x = 0 Absolute minimum at x = 2 (b) Points of inflection at x = 1 because the sign of f ( x ) changes at x = 1 and f is even
(c)
1
1
1
110

Question 6

N B (N )
1.5 1
%
1.0 4 5
0.5 6 3
%
0
0.5 6 3
1.0 4 5
1.5 1
7
B aN
Let B be a function that is differentiable for all real numbers. The table above gives the values of B and its derivative B a for selected points N in the closed interval property that B aaN for (a) Evaluate
1.5 b N b 1.5. The second derivative of B has the
1.5 b N b 1.5.
4 @N . Show the work that leads to your answer.
1.5
3 B = (N )
(b) Write an equation of the line tangent to the graph of B at the point where N 1. Use this line to approximate the value of B (1.2). Is this approximation greater than or less than the actual value of B (1.2)? Give a reason for your answer. (c) Find a positive real number H having the property that there must exist a value ? with 0 ? 0.5 and
B aa(?) H . Give a reason for your answer. 2N (d) Let C be the function given by C (N ) 2N
N N
7 for N 0 7 for N p 0.
The graph of C passes through each of the points N, B (N ) given in the table above. Is it possible that B and C are the same function? Give a reason for your answer.

(a)
1.5
! B aN
" @N !
1.5 0
B aN @N
( 7)
1.5
" @N
3 B (N )

"N

1.5 0
3
4 1.5 24
1 : antiderivative 2 1 : answer
(b)
O # N
"
B (1.2) x 5 0.2
4
The approximation is less than B (1.2) because the graph of B is concave up on the interval

1 : tangent line 3 1 : computes O on tangent line at N 1.2 1 : answer with reason

1 N 1.2 .
By the Mean Value Theorem there is a ? with
(c)
0 ? 0.5 such that B a(0.5) B a(0) 3 0 B aa(?) 6H 0.5 0 0.5

1 : reference to MVT for B a (or differentiability of B a ) 2 1 : value of H for interval 0 b N b 0.5
(d)
N l
lim C a(N ) lim 4N

N l
1
1
1
1
1 : answers no with reference to C a or C aa 2 1 : correct reason
N l
lim C a(N ) lim 4N

N l
Thus C a is not continuous at N = 0, but B a is continuous at N = 0, so B L C . OR C aaN " for all N L , but it was shown in part (c) that B aa? $ for some ? L , so B L C .

Copyright 2002 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered111 trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.
1998 Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines 2. Let f be the function given by f (x) = 2xe2x . (a) Find lim f (x) and lim f (x).
x x
(b) Find the absolute minimum value of f . Justify that your answer is an absolute minimum. (c) What is the range of f ? (d) Consider the family of functions dened by y = bxebx , where b is a nonzero constant. Show that the absolute minimum value of bxebx is the same for all nonzero values of b. (a)
x
lim 2xe2x = 0 2
1: 1:
0 as x or DNE as x
lim 2xe2x = or DNE
(b) f (x) = 2e2x + 2x 2 e2x = 2e2x (1 + 2x) = 0 if x = 1/2 f (1/2) = 1/e or 0.368 or 0.367 1/e is an absolute minimum value because: (i) f (x) < 0 for all x < 1/2 and f (x) > 0 for all x > 1/2 or (ii) f (x) 1/2 and x = 1/2 is the only critical number (c) Range of f = [1/e, ) or [0.367, ) or [0.368, ) + 3
1: 1: 1:
solves f (x) = 0 evaluates f at students critical point 0/1 if not local minimum from students derivative justies absolute minimum value 0/1 for a local argument 0/1 without explicit symbolic derivative
Note: 0/3 if no absolute minimum based on students derivative
1: answer Note: must include the lefthand endpoint; exclude the righthand endpoint
1:
(d) y = bebx + b2 xebx = bebx (1 + bx) = 0 if x = 1/b At x = 1/b, y = 1/e y has an absolute minimum value of 1/e for all nonzero b 3
sets y = bebx (1 + bx) = 0 solves students y = 0 evaluates y at a critical number and gets a value independent of b
1:
1:
Note: 0/3 if only considering specic values of b
112

A cubic polynomial function f is defined by
f (x ) 4x 3 ax 2 bx k
1 , and the graph
where a, b, and k are constants. The function f has a local minimum at x of f has a point of inflection at x (a) Find the values of a and b. (b) If
1
2.
0 f (x )dx
= 32, what is the value of k ?
(a) f a(x ) 12x 2

f aa(x ) 24x f a( 1) 12 f aa( 2) a 24 b
12 48
2ax 2a 2a
b0
2a 0
5:
1 : f a(x ) 1 : f aa(x ) 1 : f a( 1) 0 1 : f aa( 2) 0 1 : a, b
2a 36
(b)
0
27
4x 3
24x 2 8x 3
36x 18x 2 kx
k dx
x 1 x 0
x4
27
k 32
2 : antidifferentiation < 1 > each error 4: 1 : expression in k 1:k
k 5
113
6

Let h be a function defined for all x L 0 such that h(4) by h a(x )
x
2
3 and the derivative of h is given
2
x
for all x L 0 .
(a) Find all values of x for which the graph of h has a horizontal tangent, and determine whether h has a local maximum, a local minimum, or neither at each of these values. Justify your answers. (b) On what intervals, if any, is the graph of h concave up? Justify your answer. (c) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of h at x = 4. (d) Does the line tangent to the graph of h at x = 4 lie above or below the graph of h for
x 4 ? Why?
(a) h a(x ) 0 at x o 2
h =(x )
0
2
+ und
0
0 +
2
1:x o 2 1 : analysis 4: 2 : conclusions 1 > not dealing with discontinuity at 0

2
Local minima at x (b) h aa(x ) 1
2 and at x
2 0 for all x L 0 . Therefore, x2 the graph of h is concave up for all x L 0 .
1 : h aa(x ) 3 : 1 : h aa(x ) 0 1 : answer
(c) h a(4)
16 4 7 (x 2
7 2
3
4)
1 : tangent line equation 1 : answer with reason
(d) The tangent line is below the graph because the graph of h is concave up for x 4 .
114
5

Question 6
Let f be the function defined by
x + 1 for 0 x 3 f (x ) = for 3 < x 5. 5x (a) Is f continuous at x = 3 ? Explain why or why not.
(b) Find the average value of f (x ) on the closed interval 0 x 5. (c) Suppose the function g is defined by
k x + 1 for 0 x 3 g(x ) = mx + 2 for 3 < x 5, where k and m are constants. If g is differentiable at x = 3, what are the values of k and m ?
(a) f is continuous at x = 3 because

x 3
lim f (x ) = lim+ f (x ) = 2.
x 3
x 3
Therefore, lim f (x ) = 2 = f (3).
1 : answers yes and equates the values of the left- and right-hand 2: limits 1 : explanation involving limits
(b)
f (x ) dx =
f (x ) dx +
3
f (x ) dx
3 2 1 (x + 1) 2 + 5x x 2 3 2 0 3 16 2 25 21 20 = + = 3 3 2 2 3
) (
4:
1 : k f (x ) dx + k f (x ) dx
0 3
(where k 0) 1 : antiderivative of x +1 1 : antiderivative of 5 x 1 : evaluation and answer
Average value:
1 5 4 f (x ) dx = 5 0 3
1 : 2k = 3m + 2 k 3: 1: =m 4 1 : values for k and m
(c) Since g is continuous at x = 3, 2k = 3m + 2. k for 0 < x < 3 g (x ) = 2 x + 1 for 3 < x < 5 m k lim g (x ) = m g (x ) = and lim 4 x 3 x 3+ Since these two limits exist and g is
differentiable at x = 3, the two limits are k equal. Thus = m. 4 8m = 3m + 2 ; m = 2 8 and k = 5 5
115
7

Question 6
Let f be the function defined by f ( x ) = k x ln x for x > 0, where k is a positive constant.
(a) Find f ( x ) and f ( x ) . (b) For what value of the constant k does f have a critical point at x = 1 ? For this value of k, determine whether f has a relative minimum, relative maximum, or neither at x = 1. Justify your answer. (c) For a certain value of the constant k, the graph of f has a point of inflection on the x-axis. Find this value of k.
(a)
f ( x ) =
k 1 2 x x
1 : f ( x ) 2: 1 : f ( x )
2
1 f ( x ) = kx 3 4
+ x 2
(b)
f (1) =
1 k 1 = 0 k = 2 2
1 When k = 2, f (1) = 0 and f (1) = + 1 > 0. 2 f has a relative minimum value at x = 1 by the Second Derivative Test.
1 : sets f (1) = 0 or f ( x ) = 0 1 : solves for k 4: 1 : answer 1 : justification
(c) At this inflection point, f ( x ) = 0 and f ( x ) = 0. 1 4 k + 2 =0k = 3 2 x 4x x ln x f ( x ) = 0 k x ln x = 0 k = x f ( x ) = 0 Therefore,
1 : f ( x ) = 0 or f ( x ) = 0 3 : 1 : equation in one variable 1 : answer
ln x 4 = x x 4 = ln x x = e4 4 k = 2 e
116

Question 6
Let f be the function given by f ( x ) = f ( x ) = 1 ln x . x2 ln x for all x > 0. The derivative of f is given by x
(a) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at x = e 2 . (b) Find the x-coordinate of the critical point of f. Determine whether this point is a relative minimum, a relative maximum, or neither for the function f. Justify your answer. (c) The graph of the function f has exactly one point of inflection. Find the x-coordinate of this point. (d) Find lim f ( x ) .
x 0+
(a) f e2 =
( )
ln e 2 1 ln e 2 2 1 2 = , f e = = 4 2 2 2 e e e e2
( )
( )
An equation for the tangent line is y =
2 1 4 x e2 . 2 e e
1 : f e2 and f e2 2: 1 : answer
( )
( )
(b) f ( x ) = 0 when x = e. The function f has a relative maximum at x = e because f ( x ) changes from positive to negative at x = e.
1: x = e 3 : 1 : relative maximum 1 : justification
1 x 2 (1 ln x ) 2 x 3 + 2ln x for all x > 0 = (c) f ( x ) = x x4 x3
2 : f ( x ) 3: 1 : answer
f ( x ) = 0 when 3 + 2ln x = 0
x = e3
2
2
The graph of f has a point of inflection at x = e3 f ( x ) changes sign at x = e3 2 .
because
(d) lim
x 0
ln x = or Does Not Exist x
1 : answer
AB{4
4. Suppose that the function f has a continuous second derivative for all x, and that f (0) = 2, f 0 (0) = ;3, and f 00 (0) = 0. Let g be a function whose derivative is given by g0 (x) = e;2x(3f (x) + 2f 0(x)) for all x.
1999
(a) Write an equation of the line tangent to the graph of f at the point where x = 0. (b) Is there su cient information to determine whether or not the graph of f has a point of in ection when x = 0? Explain your answer. (c) Given that g(0) = 4, write an equation of the line tangent to the graph of g at the point where x = 0. (d) Show that g00 (x) = e;2x(;6f (x) ; f 0 (x) + 2f 00 (x)). Does g have a local maximum at x = 0? Justify your answer.
1: equation
(a) Slope at x = 0 is f 0 (0) = ;3 At x = 0, y = 2 y ; 2 = ;3(x ; 0)
(b) No. Whether f 00 (x) changes sign at x = 0 is unknown. The only given value of f 00 (x) is f 00 (0) = 0.
( 1: answer
1: explanation
(c) g0 (x) = e;2x (3f (x) + 2f 0(x))
g0 (0) =
(3f (0) + 2f 0(0))
( 1: g0(0)
1: equation
= 3(2) + 2(;3) = 0
y ; 4 = 0(x ; 0) y=4
(d) g0 (x) = e;2x (3f (x) + 2f 0(x))
g00 (x) = (;2e;2x)(3f (x) + 2f 0(x)) + e;2x (3f 0(x) + 2f 00(x))

= e;2x(;6f (x) ; f 0 (x) + 2f 00 (x))
8 2: verify derivative > > product or chain rule error > < 0/2 < ; 1 > algebra errors 4 > 1: g0 (0) = 0 and g00 (0) > > : 1: answer and reasoning
g00 (0) = e0 (;6)(2) ; (;3) + 2(0)] = ;9 Since g0 (0) = 0 and g00 (0) < 0, g does have a local maximum at x = 0.
118

Question 6
Let f be the function satisfying f a(x ) = x
f (x ) for all real numbers x, where f ( 3 ) = 25.
(a) Find f aa( 3 ) .

(b) Write an expression for y = f (x ) by solving the differential equation
dy = x y with the initial dx
condition f ( 3 ) = 25.
(a) f aa(x ) =
f (x ) + x
f a(x ) = 2 f (x )
f (x ) +
x2 2
f aa(3) =
9 19 25 + = 2 2
2: 3: 1:
f aa(x ) < 2 > product or chain rule error value at x = 3
(b)
1 dy = x dx y 1 2 y = x2 + C 2 2 25 = 1 2 11 (3) + C ; C = 2 2
6:
1 : separates variables 1 : antiderivative of dy term 1 : antiderivative of dx term 1 : constant of integration 1 : uses initial condition f (3) = 25 1 : solves for y
y =
1 2 11 x + 4 4 + 11 4
Note: max 3/6 [1-1-1-0-0-0] if no constant of integration Note: 0/6 if no separation of variables
2
y =
x (1 4
1 2 2 ( x + 11 ) 16
119
7

Question 6
The twice-differentiable function f is defined for all real numbers and satisfies the following conditions: f ( 0) = 2, f ( 0) = 4, and f ( 0) = 3. (a) The function g is given by g ( x ) = eax + f ( x ) for all real numbers, where a is a constant. Find g ( 0) and g ( 0) in terms of a. Show the work that leads to your answers. (b) The function h is given by h( x ) = cos ( kx ) f ( x ) for all real numbers, where k is a constant. Find h ( x ) and write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of h at x = 0.
(a)
g ( x ) = ae ax + f ( x ) g ( 0 ) = a 4 g ( x ) = a 2 eax + f ( x ) g ( 0 ) = a 2 + 3
1 : g ( x ) 1 : g ( 0 ) 4: 1 : g ( x ) 1 : g ( 0 )
(b)
h( x ) = f ( x ) cos ( kx ) k sin ( kx ) f ( x ) h( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) cos ( 0 ) k sin ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = 4 h( 0 ) = cos ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) = 2 The equation of the tangent line is y = 4 x + 2.
2 : h( x ) 1 : h( 0 ) 5: 3 : 1 : h( 0 ) 1 : equation of tangent line
120 7

Question 6
Let f be a twice-differentiable function such that f ( 2) = 5 and f ( 5) = 2. Let g be the function given by g ( x ) = f ( f ( x )) . (a) Explain why there must be a value c for 2 < c < 5 such that f ( c ) = 1. (b) Show that g ( 2) = g ( 5) . Use this result to explain why there must be a value k for 2 < k < 5 such that g ( k ) = 0. (c) Show that if f ( x ) = 0 for all x, then the graph of g does not have a point of inflection. (d) Let h( x ) = f ( x ) x. Explain why there must be a value r for 2 < r < 5 such that h( r ) = 0. (a) The Mean Value Theorem guarantees that there is a value c, with 2 < c < 5, so that f (5) f ( 2) 2 5 f ( c ) = = = 1. 52 52 (b)
g ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) f ( x ) g ( 2 ) = f ( f ( 2 ) ) f ( 2 ) = f ( 5 ) f ( 2 ) g ( 5 ) = f ( f ( 5 ) ) f ( 5 ) = f ( 2 ) f ( 5 ) Thus, g ( 2 ) = g ( 5 ) . Since f is twice-differentiable, g is differentiable
f ( 5) f ( 2 ) 1: 2: 52 1 : conclusion, using MVT
1 : g ( x ) 3 : 1 : g ( 2 ) = f ( 5 ) f ( 2 ) = g ( 5 ) 1 : uses MVT with g
everywhere, so the Mean Value Theorem applied to g on [ 2, 5] guarantees there is a value k, with 2 < k < 5, such g ( 5 ) g ( 2 ) that g ( k ) = = 0. 52 (c)
g ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( f ( x ) ) f ( x ) If f ( x ) = 0 for all x, then g ( x ) = 0 f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( f ( x ) ) 0 = 0 for all x. Thus, there is no x-value at which g ( x ) changes sign, so the graph of g has no inflection points. OR If f ( x ) = 0 for all x, then f is linear, so g = f D f is linear and the graph of g has no inflection points.
1 : considers g 2: 1 : g ( x ) = 0 for all x
OR 2:
1 : f is linear 1 : g is linear
(d) Let h ( x ) = f ( x ) x. h ( 2) = f ( 2) 2 = 5 2 = 3 h ( 5 ) = f ( 5 ) 5 = 2 5 = 3 Since h ( 2 ) > 0 > h ( 5 ) , the Intermediate Value Theorem guarantees that there is a value r, with 2 < r < 5, such that h ( r ) = 0.
1 : h ( 2 ) and h ( 5 ) 2: 1 : conclusion, using IVT
2007 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and121 www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).
AB{6
1 6. In the gure above, line ` is tangent to the graph of y = x 2 1 , where w > 0. Point at point P , with coordinates w
y y = 12 x
1999
w2 P Q has coordinates (w 0). Line ` crosses the x{axis at the point R, with coordinates (k 0). x (a) Find the value of k when w = 3. O Q R (b) For all w > 0, nd k in terms of w. (c) Suppose that w is increasing at the constant rate of 7 units per second. When w = 5, what is the rate of change of k with respect to time? (d) Suppose that w is increasing at the constant rate of 7 units per second. When w = 5, what is the rate of change of the area of 4PQR with respect to time? Determine whether the area is increasing
or decreasing at this instant.
(a)
dy 2 dx = ; x3
dy dx
x=3
2 = ; 27
8 > < 1: > :
dy dx
(b)
1 and (k 0) has slope ; 2 . Line ` through 3 9 27 0; 1 2 or 0 ; 1 = ; 2 (k ; 3) Therefore, k ; 9 = ; 3 27 9 27 k=9 2 Line ` through w 1 and (k 0) has slope ; 2 .
1: answer
x=3
2 or 0 ; 1 = ; 2 (k ; w) Therefore, k ; w = ; w 3 w2 w3 k=3 2w (c)
1 0; w 2
equation relating w and k, using slopes 2 > : 1: answer
8 > < 1:
dk = 3 dw = 3 7 = 21 dt 2 dt 2 2
1=w2 . .....P . .........w . . . . .......... . . .......... . . .... . . . .................................................... R(k 0) Q(w 0)
;
dk dt
w=5
= 21 2
1: answer using
dw = 7 dt
(d)
1 (k ; w) 1 = 1 3 w ; w 1 = 1 A= 2 w2 2 2 w2 4w
dA implicitly dt 4 > > > 1: dA using dw =7 > > > dt dt > w =5 >
> > > :
8 1: > > > > > > > > > 1: > > <
area in terms of w and/or k
dA = ; 1 dw dt 4w2 dt 1 7 = ;0:07 dA = ; dt w=5 100

Therefore, area is decreasing.
122
1: conclusion
Note: 0/4 if A constant

Question 1
Let f be the function given by f (x ) = 4x 2 x 3 , and let
A be the line y = 18 3x , where A is tangent to the

graph of f. Let R be the region bounded by the graph of
f and the x-axis, and let S be the region bounded by the graph of f, the line A, and the x-axis, as shown above. (a) Show that A is tangent to the graph of y = f (x ) at the point x = 3. (b) Find the area of S.
(c)
Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the x-axis.
(a) f a(x ) = 8x 3x 2 ; f a(3) = 24 27 = 3

f (3) = 36 27 = 9
Tangent line at x = 3 is
y = 3(x 3) + 9 = 3x + 18,
which is the equation of line A. (b) f (x ) = 0 at x = 4 The line intersects the x-axis at x = 6. 4 1 Area = (3)(9) ( 4x 2 x 3 )dx 3 2 = 7.916 or 7.917 OR Area =
4 3
1 : finds f a(3) and f (3) finds equation of tangent line or 2: 1: shows (3,9) is on both the graph of f and line A 2 : integral for non-triangular region 1 : limits 4: 1 : integrand 1 : area of triangular region 1 : answer
( ( 18 3x ) ( 4x 2 x 3 ) )dx
1 (2)(18 12) 2
= 7.916 or 7.917
4 2 ( 4x 2 x 3 ) dx
(c) Volume = Q
= 156.038 Q or 490.208
123
2

Question 6 Let A be the line tangent to the graph of y = x n at the point (1, 1), where n > 1, as shown above.
(a) Find
0 x
dx in terms of n.
(b) Let T be the triangular region bounded by A, the x-axis, and the 1 line x = 1. Show that the area of T is . 2n
(c) Let S be the region bounded by the graph of y = x n , the line A, and the x-axis. Express the area of S in terms of n and determine the value of n that maximizes the area of S.
(a)
1 n x 0
dx =
x n +1 n +1
=
0
1 n +1
1 : antiderivative of x n 2: 1 : answer
(b) Let b be the length of the base of triangle T. 1 is the slope of line A, which is n b Area (T ) = 1 1 b(1) = 2 2n
1 : slope of line A is n 1 3 : 1 : base of T is n 1 1 : shows area is 2n
(c)
Area ( S ) =
0 x
1 n
dx Area (T )
1 1 n + 1 2n
1 : area of S in terms of n 1 : derivative 4: 1 : sets derivative equal to 0 1 : solves for n
d 1 1 + 2 =0 Area ( S ) = 2 dn (n + 1) 2n 2 n 2 = ( n + 1)2
2 n = ( n + 1) n=
1 =1+ 2 2 1
124
7
The figure above is the graph of a function of x, which models the height of a skateboard ramp. The function meets the following requirements. (i) At x = 0, the value of the function is 0, and the slope of the graph of the function is 0. (ii) At x = 4, the value of the function is 1, and the slope of the graph of the function is 1. (iii) Between x = 0 and x = 4, the function is increasing. (a) Let f ( x ) = ax 2 , where a is a nonzero constant. Show that it is not possible to find a value for a so that f meets requirement (ii) above. (b) Let g ( x ) = cx3 x2 , where c is a nonzero constant. Find the value of c so that g meets requirement (ii) 16 above. Show the work that leads to your answer. (c) Using the function g and your value of c from part (b), show that g does not meet requirement (iii) above. xn , where k is a nonzero constant and n is a positive integer. Find the values of k and n so that k h meets requirement (ii) above. Show that h also meets requirements (i) and (iii) above. 1 and f ( 4 ) = 2a ( 4 ) = 1 16 1 1 or a = 1:a = 2: 16 8 1 : shows a does not work
(d) Let h( x ) =
(a)
f ( 4 ) = 1 implies that a = implies that a =
1 . Thus, f cannot satisfy (ii). 8
(b)
1 . 32 2 ( 4) 1 1 1 , g ( 4 ) = 3c ( 4 )2 =3 When c = (16 ) = 1 16 32 2 32
g ( 4 ) = 64c 1 = 1 implies that c =
1 : value of c
( )
(c)
g ( x ) =
3 2 x 1 x = x ( 3x 4 ) 32 8 32 4 g ( x ) < 0 for 0 < x < , so g does not satisfy (iii). 3
1 : g ( x ) 2: 1 : explanation
(d)
4n = 1 implies that 4n = k . k n 4n 1 n4n 1 n h ( 4 ) = = = = 1 gives n = 4 and k = 44 = 256. n k 4 4 h ( 4) =

x4 h ( 0 ) = 0. 256 4 x3 h ( 0 ) = 0 and h ( x ) > 0 for 0 < x < 4. h ( x ) = 256 h( x) =
4n 1: k =1 n -1 4 : 1 : n4 =1 k 1 : values for k and n 1 : verifications
125 4

Question 4
The functions f and g are given by f ( x ) = (a) Find f ( x ) and g ( x ) . (b) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of y = g ( x ) at x = . (c) Write, but do not evaluate, an integral expression that represents the maximum value of g on the interval 0 x . Justify your answer.
f ( x ) = 3 4 + ( 3 x )2
3x
4 + t 2 dt and g ( x ) = f ( sin x ) .
(a)
2 : f ( x ) 4: 2 : g ( x )
g ( x ) = f ( sin x ) cos x = 3 4 + ( 3sin x )2 cos x
(b) g ( ) = 0, g ( ) = 6 Tangent line: y = 6 ( x )
1 : g ( ) or g ( ) 2: 1 : tangent line equation
(c) For 0 < x < , g ( x ) = 0 only at x =
g ( 0 ) = g ( ) = 0
g
The maximum value of g on [ 0, ] is
(2) =
3 0
1 : sets g ( x ) = 0 3 : 1 : justifies maximum at 2 1 : integral expression for g 2
4 + t dt > 0
( )
4 + t 2 dt.

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AP Calculus AB Free Response Notebook

limits and constant integrand answer

1: limits and constant 3 1: integrand > > : 1: answer

8 > > <

= 256 5 = 160:849 or 160:850

8 > > > > <

&INDTHEAREAOFTHEREGION2 &INDTHEVOLUMEOFTHESOLIDGENERATEDWHENTHEREGION2ISREVOLVED ABOUTTHEX AXIS 4HEREGION2ISTHEBASEOFASOLID&ORTHISSOLID EACHCROSSSECTION PERPENDICULARTOTHEX AXISISASQUARE&INDTHEVOLUMEOFTHISSOLID

  INTEGRANDANDCONSTANT    EACHERROR   ANSWER

  INTEGRAND   EACHERROR .OTEIFNOTOFTHEFORM  D K F X  G X  DX C   ANSWER

AP CALCULUS AB 2001 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1

(a) Area R = or Area R = or

1 : limits 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

(b) Area S = or Area S = or Area S =

tan x dx = 1.160 or 1.161

y )1/ 3 dy = 1.160 or 1.161

1 : limits 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

= 2.6523 or 8.331 or 8.332

1 : limits and constant 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

AP CALCULUS AB 2002 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)

N , as shown in the figure above.

1 : Correct limits in an integral in (a), (b), or (c).

= 31.884 or 31.885 or 10.1493

2 : integrand and constant 3 < 1 > each error 1 : answer

integrand  1  each error

note: 0/2 if not of the form k ( f (x )

AP CALCULUS AB 2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

and N   is revolved about the line O  4.

Let D be the function given by D(N )  B (N ) closed interval

C(N ). Find the absolute minimum value of DN  on the

1 > N > 1. Show the analysis that leads to your answers. 2

(c) D aN   B aN 

1 : considers D a(N )  0 1 : identifies critical point 3 and endpoints as candidates 1 : answers

Note: Errors in computation come off the third point.

The absolute minimum is 2.330. The absolute maximum is 2.718.

AP CALCULUS AB 2003 SCORING GUIDELINES

and y = e 3x and

1: Correct limits in an integral in (a), (b), or (c)

at (T, S) = (0.238734, 0.488604)

= 0.453 Q or 1.423 or 1.424

2 : integrand <  1 > incorrect but has x  e 3x 3: as a factor 1 : answer

AP CALCULUS AB 2004 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)

1 : limits 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

1 : limits and constant 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

(c) Volume = 10 y 2 + 1 = 407.150

1 : limits and constant 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

AP CALCULUS AB 2004 SCORING GUIDELINES

g ( x ) = 3 ( x 1) x for 0 x 1. The graphs of f and g are shown in the figure above.

AP CALCULUS AB 2005 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)

The graphs of f and g intersect in the first quadrant at ( S , T ) = (1.13569, 1.76446 ) .

1 : correct limits in an integral in (a), (b), or (c)

2 : integrand 1 each error Note: 0 2 if integral not of form 3: b c R 2 ( x ) r 2 ( x ) dx a 1 : answer

AP CALCULUS AB 2005 SCORING GUIDELINES

1 + sin ( x ) = 4 x . 4 f and g intersect when x = 0.178218 and when x = 1. Let a = 0.178218.

1 : limits 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

1 : limits 3 : 1 : integrand 1 : answer

( f ( x ) + 1)2 ( g ( x ) + 1)2 dx = 4.558 or 4.559

2 : integrand 1 : limits, constant, and answer

AP CALCULUS AB 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 1

1 : limits and constant 4 : 2 : integrand 1 : answer

&INDTHEAREAOFTHEREGION2 &INDTHEVOLUMEOFTHESOLIDGENERATEDWHENTHEREGION2ISREVOLVED ABOUTTHEX AXIS 4HEREGION2ISTHEBASEOFASOLID&ORTHISSOLIDEACHCROSSSECTION PERPENDICULARTOTHEX AXISISASQUARE&INDTHEVOLUMEOFTHISSOLID

INTEGRANDANDCONSTANT EACHERROR ANSWER

INTEGRAND EACHERROR .OTEIFNOTOFTHEFORM D K F X G X DX C ANSWER

integrand 1 each error

and N is revolved about the line O 4.

Let D be the function given by D(N ) B (N ) closed interval

C(N ). Find the absolute minimum value of DN on the

(c) D aN B aN

1 : considers D a(N ) 0 1 : identifies critical point 3 and endpoints as candidates 1 : answers

and y = e 3x and

2 : integrand < 1 > incorrect but has x e 3x 3: as a factor 1 : answer

(c) H a(17) E (17)

1 : value of 0 a(17) 2 : meanings 1 : meaning of 0 (17) 3 1 : meaning of 0 a(17) 1 if no reference to J 17

( H (t ) R(t ) ) dt = 122.025 or 122.026