VCE mATHEmATiCS UNiTS 1 & 2

mATHS QUEST 11 mathematical methods CAS

Ti-NSPiRE 2.0 EDiTiON

2ND EDiTiON

VCE mATHEmATiCS UNiTS 1 & 2

mATHS QUEST 11 mathematical methods CAS

Ti-NSPiRE 2.0 EDiTiON
ROBYN WiLLiAmS NiCOLAOS KARANiKOLAS KYLiE BOUCHER GAYLE ROBERTS JENNiFER NOLAN GEOFF PHiLLiPS
CONTRiBUTiNG AUTHORS ROGER WANDER | DOUGLAS SCOTT | mARK BARNES HOWARD LiSTON | ANDREW mENTLiKOWSKi | SUE STOCKDALE SUPPORT mATERiAL JOHN DOWSEY | DENNiS FiTZGERALD | EmiLY HUi | CAROLiNE mEWS | ViNOD NARAYAN PETER SWAiN | DAViD TYNAN | iAN YOUNGER | WAYNE YOUNGS SimONE RiCHARDSON | DiNA ANTONiOU | NORRENE HiLL

2ND EDiTiON

Second revised edition published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064 First edition published 2009 Typeset in 10/12pt Times LT John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2009, 2010 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Title: Edition: ISBN: Maths quest 11 mathematical methods CAS TI-Nspire 2.0 edition / Robyn Williams . . . [et al.]. 2nd ed. 978 1 7424 6447 3 (student pbk.) 978 1 7424 6448 0 (student ebook) 978 1 7424 6450 3 (teacher pbk.) 978 1 7424 6451 0 (teacher ebook) Includes index. For secondary school age. Mathematics Textbooks. Mathematics Problems exercises, etc. Williams, Robyn (Robyn Ellen) 1967 510

Notes: Target Audience: Subjects: Other Authors/ Contributors: Dewey Number:

Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL). Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example, a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review), no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher. Screenshots from TI-Nspire reproduced with permission of Texas Instruments Illustrated by Aptara Typeset in India by Aptara Printed in Singapore by Craft Print International Ltd 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Contents
Introduction ix About eBookPLUS xi Acknowledgements xii
CHAPTER 1 2h The discriminant 70

Exercise 2H 74
2i Graphs of quadratic functions as power

Linear functions 1
1a Solving linear equations and inequations 1

Exercise 1A 5
1b Rearrangement and substitution 6

Exercise 1B 9
1C Gradient of a straight line 11

Exercise 1C 13
1d Sketching linear functions 16

functions (turning point form) 75 Exercise 2I 78 2J Graphs of quadratic functions (intercepts method) 80 Exercise 2J 89 2k Using technology to solve quadratic equations 91 Exercise 2K 94 2l Simultaneous quadratic and linear equations 95 Exercise 2L 100
Summary 102 Chapter review 104 eBookPLUS activities 108

Exercise 1D 19
1e Simultaneous equations 21

Exercise 1E 24
1F Finding the equation of a straight line 25

Exercise 1F 27 1G Distance between two points and midpoint of a segment 29 Exercise 1G 30 1H Linear modelling 32 Exercise 1H 34
Summary 36 Chapter review 37 eBookPLUS activities 42

CHAPTER 3

Cubic and quartic functions 109

3a Expanding 109

Exercise 3A 111
3B Long division of polynomials 111

Exercise 3B 114
3C Polynomial values 115

Exercise 3C 117
3d The remainder and factor theorems 118

CHAPTER 2

Exercise 3D 120
3E Factorising polynomials 121

Quadratic functions 43
2a Polynomials 43

Exercise 3E 123
3F Sum and difference of two cubes 124

Exercise 2A 45
2b Expanding quadratic expressions 46

Exercise 3F 125
3G Solving polynomial equations 126

Exercise 2B 48
2c Factorising quadratic expressions 49

Exercise 3G 129
3H Cubic graphs intercepts method 129

Exercise 2C 52
2d Factorising by completing the square 53

Exercise 3H 134
3I Quartic graphs intercepts method 136

Exercise 2D 56
2e Solving quadratic equations Null Factor

Exercise 3I 138
3J Graphs of cubic functions in power

Law 56 Exercise 2E 59 2f Solving quadratic equations completing the square 61 Exercise 2F 64 2g The quadratic formula 65 Exercise 2G 68

function form 139 Exercise 3J 142 3k Domain, range, maximums and minimums 143 Exercise 3K 146 3l Modelling using technology 148 Exercise 3L 150

 3m Finite differences 152

5E Logarithms 244

Exercise 3M 157
Summary 159 Chapter review 162 eBookPLUS activities 167

Exercise 5E 247
5F Solving logarithmic equations 248

Exercise 5F 250
5G Logarithmic graphs 251

Exercise 5G 252
Exam Practice 1
Based on Chapters 13 168

5H Applications of exponential

and logarithmic functions 253 Exercise 5H 255

CHAPTER 4

Relations, functions and transformations 170

4A Set notation 170 4B 4C 4D 4E

Summary 259 Chapter review 262 eBookPLUS activities 266

CHAPTER 6

4F 4G

4H 4I 4J

Exercise 4A 172 Relations and graphs 173 Exercise 4B 175 Domain and range 177 Exercise 4C 181 Types of relations (including functions) 183 Exercise 4D 185 Power functions (hyperbola, truncus and square root function) 187 Exercise 4E 195 Function notation 195 Exercise 4F 199 Special types of function (including hybrid functions) 200 Exercise 4G 204 Inverse relations and functions 206 Exercise 4H 207 Circles 208 Exercise 4I 210 Functions and modelling 212 Exercise 4J 213

Circular functions 267

6A Trigonometric ratio revision 267

Exercise 6A 269
6B The unit circle 271

Exercise 6B 275
6C Radians 276

Exercise 6C 279
6D Symmetry 280

Exercise 6D 284
6E Identities 285

Exercise 6E 288
6F Sine and cosine graphs 289

Exercise 6F 295
6G Tangent graphs 297

Exercise 6G 300
6H Solving trigonometric equations 301

Exercise 6H 308
6I Applications 309

Exercise 6I 311
Summary 314 Chapter review 317 eBookPLUS activities 323

Summary 216 Chapter review 218 eBookPLUS activities 225

Exam Practice 2 CHAPTER 5

Based on Chapters 16 324

Exponential and logarithmic functions 226

5A 5B 5C 5D

CHAPTER 7

Introduction 226 Index laws 227 Exercise 5A 231 Negative and rational powers 232 Exercise 5B 235 Indicial equations 235 Exercise 5C 238 Graphs of exponential functions 238 Exercise 5D 243

Matrices 326
7A Addition and subtraction of matrices 326

Exercise 7A 334
7B Multiplying matrices 335

Exercise 7B 337
7C Solving matrix equations 339

Exercise 7C 344 7D Matrices and transformations 345 Exercise 7D 348

vi

Contents

Summary 351 Chapter review 353 eBookPLUS activities 357

Summary 442 Chapter review 444 eBookPLUS activities 448

Exam Practice 3
Based on Chapters 17 358

CHAPTER 10

Applications of differentiation 449

10A Rates of change 449

CHAPTER 8

Exercise 10A 453

10B Sketching graphs containing stationary

Rates of change 360

8A Identifying rates 360

Exercise 8A 362
8B Constant rates 363

Exercise 8B 365
8C Variable rates 368

Exercise 8C 369
8D Average rates of change 370 8E 8F 8G

points 455 Exercise 10B 460 10C Solving maximum and minimum problems 462 Exercise 10C 465 10D Applications of antidifferentiation 467 Exercise 10D 471
Summary 474 Chapter review 475 eBookPLUS activities 479

8H

8I

Exercise 8D 373 Instantaneous rates 375 Exercise 8E 377 Motion graphs (kinematics) 379 Exercise 8F 382 Relating the gradient function to the original function 387 Exercise 8G 388 Relating velocitytime graphs to positiontime graphs 389 Exercise 8H 391 Rates of change of polynomials 394 Exercise 8I 399

Exam Practice 4
Based on Chapters 110 480

CHAPTER 11

Introductory probability 482

11A Introduction to experimental

Summary 402 Chapter review 404 eBookPLUS activities 409

11B 11C 11D 11E

CHAPTER 9

Differentiation 410
9A Introduction to limits 410

Exercise 9A 413
9B Limits of discontinuous, rational

11F 11G

9C 9D 9E 9F

and hybrid functions 415 Exercise 9B 418 Differentiation using first principles 420 Exercise 9C 423 Finding derivatives by rule 423 Exercise 9D 430 Antidifferentiation 432 Exercise 9E 435 Deriving the original function from the gradient function 437 Exercise 9F 439

11H 11I

probability 482 Exercise 11A 484 Calculating probabilities 486 Exercise 11B 490 Tree diagrams and lattice diagrams 491 Exercise 11C 494 The Addition Law of Probabilities 496 Exercise 11D 500 Karnaugh maps and probability tables 502 Exercise 11E 505 Conditional probability 508 Exercise 11F 511 Transition matrices and Markov chains 513 Exercise 11G 518 Independent events 520 Exercise 11H 524 Simulation 526 Exercise 11I 528

Summary 531 Chapter review 533 eBookPLUS activities 539

Contents

vii

CHAPTER 12

12G Combinations using nCr 561

Combinatorics 540
12A The addition and multiplication

Exercise 12G 564

12H Applications to probability 566

12B 12C 12D 12E 12F

principles 540 Exercise 12A 543 Permutations 544 Exercise 12B 546 Factorials 548 Exercise 12C 549 Permutations using nPr 550 Exercise 12D 553 Permutations involving restrictions 555 Exercise 12E 558 Arrangements in a circle 559 Exercise 12F 561

Exercise 12H 569

Summary 572 Chapter review 573 eBookPLUS activities 577

Exam Practice 5
Based on Chapters 112 578

Answers 580 Index 638

viii

Contents

Introduction
Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS Second edition is specifically designed for the VCE Mathematical Methods CAS course and based on the award-winning Maths Quest series. This resource contains: a student textbook with accompanying eBookPLUS and a teacher edition with accompanying eGuidePLUS.

Student textbook
Full colour is used throughout to produce clearer graphs and headings, to provide bright, stimulating photos and to make navigation through the text easier. Clear, concise theory sections contain worked examples and highlighted important text and remember boxes. Icons appear for the eBookPLUS to indicate that interactivities and eLessons are available online to help with the teaching and learning of particular concepts. Worked examples in a Think/Write format provide clear explanation of key steps and suggest presentation of solutions. Many worked examples have eBookPLUS icons to indicate that a Tutorial is available to elucidate the concepts being explained. Worked examples also contain CAS calculator instructions and screens to exemplify judicious use of the calculator. Exercises contain many carefully graded skills and application problems, including multiple choice questions. Cross-references to relevant worked examples appear with the first matching question throughout the exercises. Exercises also contain questions from past VCE examination papers as well as Exam tips. A selection of questions are tagged as technology-free to indicate to students that they should avoid using their calculators or other technologies to assist them in finding a solution. Exam practice sections contain exam style questions, including time and mark allocations for each question. Fully worked solutions are available on the eBookPLUS for students. Each chapter concludes with a summary and chapter review exercise containing examinationstyle questions (multiple choice, short answer and extended response), which help consolidate students learning of new concepts. Also included are questions from past VCE exams along with relevant Exam tips. Technology is fully integrated (in line with VCE recommendations).

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The accompanying eBookPLUS contains the entire student textbook in HTML plus additional exercises. Students may use the eBookPLUS on laptops, school or home computers, and cut and paste material for revision, assignments or the creation of notes for exams. Career profiles and History of mathematics place mathematical concepts in context. Investigations, often suggesting the use of technology, provide further discovery learning opportunities.

Introduction

ix

WorkSHEET icons link to editable Word documents, and may be completed on screen or printed and completed by hand. SkillSHEET icons link to printable pages designed to help students revise required concepts, and contain additional examples and problems. Interactivity icons link to dynamic animations which help students to understand difficult concepts. eLesson icons link to videos or animations designed to elucidate concepts in ways other than what the teacher can achieve in the classroom. Tutorial icons link to one-way engagement activities which explain the worked examples in detail for students to view at home or in the classroom. Test yourself tests are also available and answers are provided for students to receive instant feedback.

Teacher website eGuidePLUS

The accompanying eGuidePLUS contains everything in the eBookPLUS and more. Two tests per chapter, fully worked solutions to WorkSHEETs, the work program and other curriculum advice in editable Word format are provided. Maths Quest is a rich collection of teaching and learning resources within one package. Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS provides ample material, such as exercises, analysis questions, investigations, worksheets and technology files, from which teachers may set school assessed coursework (SAC).

Introduction

Next generation teaching and learning

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This book features eBookPLUS: an electronic version of the entire textbook and supporting multimedia resources. It is available for you online at the JacarandaPLUS website (www.jacplus.com.au).

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About eBookPLUS

Acknowledgements
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following copyright holders, organisations and individuals for their assistance and for permission to reproduce copyright material in this book.

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xii

Acknowledgements