Application of Dir. OC + EF Protn-AREVA
Application of Dir. OC + EF Protn-AREVA
Application of Dir. OC + EF Protn-AREVA
Need for Directional Control Generally required if current can flow in both directions through a relay location
e.g. Parallel feeder circuits Ring Main Circuits
0.9
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.9
Relays operate for current flow in direction indicated. (Typical operating times shown).
51
67
67
67
Load
Load
51
67
67
67
Load
D' D
Parallel Feeders
Non-Directional Relays :F
51 C
51 A
Load
51 B
51 D
A&B
C&D
Fault level at F
51 A
I2
51
LOAD
51 B
51
Relays C and D see the same fault current (I2). As C and D have similar settings both feeders will be tipped.
51 A
67
LOAD
51 B
67
Relay D does not operate due to current flow in the reverse direction.
Parallel Feeders
Setting philosophy for directional relays
E 51 A C 67 51 51 B D 67 Load
Load current always flows in non-operate direction. Any current flow in operate direction is indicative of a fault condition. Thus Relays C and D may be set :- Sensitive (typically 50% load) - Fast operating time (i.e. TMS=0.1)
Parallel Feeders Usually, relays are set :- 50% full load current (note thermal rating) - Minimum T.M.S. (0.1) Grading procedure :1. Grade A (and B) with E assuming one feeder in service. 2. Grade A with D (and B with C) assuming both feeders in service.
Establishing Direction
Establishing Direction :- Polarising Quantity The DIRECTION of Alternating Current may only be determined with respect to a COMMON REFERENCE. In relaying terms, the REFERENCE is called the POLARISING QUANTITY. The most convenient reference quantity is POLARISING VOLTAGE taken from the Power System Voltages.
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2 S2 S2
S2
OPERATE SIGNAL
IA
POLARISING SIGNAL :-Which voltage to use ? Selectable from VA VB VC VA-B VB-C VC-A
Directional Relay
Applied Voltage Applied Current : : VA IA
Restrain
Polarising Voltage
Applied Voltage : Applied Current :
VA IA IAF MAXIMUM SENSITIVITY LINE
VBC IA
VBC IVBC
IA and VBC
90 VBC
VC
VB
The 90 connection is now used for all overcurrent relays. 30 and 60 connections were also used in the past, but no longer, as the 90 connection gives better performance.
90 Connection - 45 R.C.A.
MAX SENSITIVITY LINE VA 45 VBC VC VB 135 VBC IA FOR MAX SENSITIVITY
IA VA 90 RESTRAIN
OPERATE
45
RELAY A B C
CURRENT IA IB IC
90 Connection - 30 R.C.A.
OPERATE IA VA
30
RESTRAIN VA 30 150
90 VBC VC VB
RELAY A B C
CURRENT IA IB IC
90 connection 30 RCA (lead) Plain feeder, zero sequence source behind relay
Selection of R.C.A. (2) 90 connection 45 RCA (lead) Plain or Transformer Feeder :- Zero Sequence Source in Front of Relay
Residual Voltage
May be obtained from broken delta V.T. secondary.
A B C VA-G VB-G VC-G
Notes : 1. VT primary must be earthed. 2. VT must be of the '5 limb' construction (or 3 x single phase units)
VRES
Relay Characteristic Angle 0 - Resistance earthed systems 45 (I lags V) - Distribution systems (solidly earthed) 60 (I lags V) - Transmission systems (solidly earthed)
Residual Voltage
Solidly Earthed System
E S ZS R ZL F
A-G VA
VA VB VC VB VC VB VRES VC VB VB
VC VA
VB VC
VRES VA VC
3R
V0
V0 = ( - ) I0 (ZS0 + 3R)
Current Polarising
A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance) system may result in a small value of residual voltage at the relaying point. If residual voltage is too low to provide a reliable polarising signal then a current polarising signal may be used as an alternative. The current polarising signal may be derived from a CT located in a suitable system neutral to earth connection. e.g.