A Summer Training Project Report On

PMGSY Project & Its Impact On Rural Development

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

(U.P.TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW)

2007-09

Roll No-0709770049 Satendra Kumar

GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1, KNOWLEDGE PARK, PHASE II, GREATER NOIDA

Supervisor Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Satendra Kumar is a student of MBA, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida, has successfully completed his project under my supervision. During this period he worked the project title PMGSY PROJECT AND ITS IMPACT ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of MBA of U.P. Technical Board, Lucknow. This project report work done by the candidate has not been submitted to any university for award of any degree. His conduct has been good.

Signature of Supervisor Ms. Shurti Agrawal

Date:

Signature of HOD MBA[2007-09]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the very onset I would like to thank our honourable HOD Dr. Dinesh Kumar Sharma and our Director, Mr. Navin Prakash for giving me this opportunity to do my summer training in SMEC INDIA PVT.LTD.

I shall remain very grateful to Col. [Retd.] B.P Kukreti, Branch Manager for providing me with an opportunity to do my summer training in SMEC INDIA Pvt. Ltd., LUCKNOW.

I extend my deepest and sincere thanks to my project guide Mr. Rajesh Kumar Mathur, for his unflinching support and guidance throughout the project. I would also like to thank all the executives who shared their precious time and experience with me.

Last but not the least; I extend my sincere thanks to all the staff members of SMEC INDIA PVT.LTD. For their cooperation.

SATENDRA KUMAR GCET, Gr. Noida 0709770049

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Cover Page 2. Certificate from the Company 3. Certificate from Department 4. Acknowledgement 5. Table of contents 6. Table of Figures & Graphs

CHAPTER: 1 Introduction to the Topic (Objectives and Scope of Study) 6 CHAPTER: 2 Literature Reviews 7-35 CHAPTER: 3 about the Company 36-64 CHAPTER: 4 Research Methodologies 65-68 4.1 Sources of Data and type of study 4.2 Sample Study (if applicable) 4.2.1 Sample Universe 4.2.2 Sample Size 4.2.3 Method for selection of Sample 4.3 Methods for analyzing the data CHAPTER: 5 Data Analysis & Interpretation. 69-80 CHAPTER: 6 Findings 81-82 CHAPTER: 7 Recommendations & Suggestions 83-90 CHAPTER: 8 Conclusions. 91 Appendixes and Bibliographies
QUESTIONNAIRE

TABLE OF FIGURE AND GRAPHS

Content Target under PMGSY New connectivity cost Achievement cost(2000-01 to 2006-07) State wise achievement Strengthening of institutional capacity

Page No. 18 19 20,21 22,23 25

Introduction to the Topic (Objectives and Scope of Study)

Rural Road Connectivity is not only a key component of Rural Development by promoting access to economic and social services and thereby generating increased agricultural incomes and productive employment opportunities in India, it is also as a result, a key ingredient in ensuring sustainable poverty reduction. Notwithstanding the efforts made, over the years, at the State and Central levels, through different Programmers, about 40% of the Habitations in the country are still not connected by All-weather roads. It is well known that even where connectivity has been provided, the roads constructed are of such quality (due to poor construction or maintenance) that they cannot always be categorized as All-weather roads. The primary objective of this project report is Study of PMGSY project and secondary objective of this report is highlights the impact of the PMGSY in the development of rural areas. Basically this study emphasize on these sectors which are most important for the development of the rural areas: Agriculture Education Transportation Health Services Connectivity Poverty Employment Generation

STATUS OF RURAL ROADS IN INDIA

Total length of the road network in the India 3.2 million km. National highways 650600 km [2.5%] State Highways & major District Highways 432000 km [13.5%] Rural roads 2.7 million km [84.4%] 80% of rural roads unsurfaced 329898 habitations [40%] out of 848894 rural habitations lack allweather connectivity.

LAUNCHING OF PMGSY
Rural roads a state subject under the construction of India. Recognizing centrality of access and mobility in the overall strategy if rural development and poverty alleviation a scheme for rural roads [PMGSY] was launched by the central Government in December 2000. Total funding of the construction cost by the central Government. Implementation responsibility fully with the states.

CABINET DECISION OF 7TH AUGUST 2001

PMGSY to be 100% centrally sponsored scheme. To be funded our of diesel cess in accordance with the central road fund act 2000. National rural roads developing agency [NRRDA] to be set up for technical support and operational management. MoRD to take steps in coordination with ministry of finance to general additional financial resources including from ADB/world Bank.

GOALS
To provide all-weather connectivity to all habitations having population of 5000 or more in plain areas and all habitations having population of 250 or more in hill, tribal and desert areas (initial target was for 1000+ by 2003 and for others by 2007). To upgrade existing through routes and major rural link routes to ensure full from to market connectivity. Total no of habitation to be connects-172000. Under Bharat Nirman announced in Feb.2005,the target is to connect all habitations of 1000+ population in plain areas and all habitation of 500+ population in Hill states , Tribal and desert areas by 2009. Total estimated investment Rs. 133000 core (for Bharat Nirman target Rs 48000 core from 2005-09)

FINANCING 50% of the Rs 1.50 cess on High Speed Dieselan average Rs.4000 corer annually. Funding support from multilateral agencies . ADB US $ 400 million (Rs 5175 crore between 2004-05 & 2009-10). WB- US $ 400 million ( RS 1800 crore between 2004-05 & 200910,additional support of $ 500mn in process) Borrowing Rs 16500 crore from NABARD between 2006-07 & 2005-10.

DRAWBACK IN DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ROAD IN INDIA

Absence of systematic network planning . Without proper standard, design and specifications. Adhoc project selection. Multiplicity of agencies and schemes involved in construction and maintenance. Absence of systematic quality control. Neglect of Maintenance.

INITIATIVES UNDER PMGSY NETWORK PLANNING

A core network of rural roads prepared for every district, minimal network to provide one basic access to every eligible habitation. Participatory Planning Extensive

Consultation with the institutions of local self Government in preparation and finalization of the core network. Technical support provided to the states for preparation of core networks.

SETTING STANDERDS AND SPECFICATIONS

Rural roads manual prepared in 2002. Standard data book and book of specifications published in 2004. Design and estimates based and detailed field surveys and soil tests. Design & estimates checked by the designated state technical agencies. Procedures and processes to be followed codified in the operation manual.

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SUB PROJECT PREPARATION & SELECTION PROCESS

Core network approved by the district panchayat , provides the basis for a clear scheme of prioritization for sub project selection. For new connectivity a comprehensive priority list (CNCPL) is drawn up by ranking link routes in terms of population served. Precedence given too new connectivity special focus on 10 core states with least connectivity. For up gradation a priority list (CUPL) is prepared on the basis of pavement condition survey. The process eschews aphorism and discretion in subproject selection there ensuring objectivity, transparency and equity. Annual proposals approved by the district panchayat (through a consulautative process involving lower level PRIS and elected representatives). Alignment selected through transect walk including local panchayat before DPR preparation. States proposals considered in MoRD by committee chaired by secretary (RD), including MORTH, Planning commission, CRRI, etc. Recommendation of the committee approved by minister (Rural development)

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STANDARDIZATION OF BIDDING PROCESS

Standard bidding document developed. Flexibility for incorporating state specific variations. Evaluation and acceptance criteria incorporated in the bid document transparency. Bid capacity requirement to be fulfilled. Interest free mobilization advance P & m advance for capacity augmentation.

SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SAFE GUARDS

Effort to reduce adverse environmental & social impact of the project. Safeguard instruments: environmental code of practice(ECoP). Resettlement & participation framework(RPF)

Provides for: Identification of risks. Consultation with stakeholder, PRIS. Adoption of mitigate measures as per statutory / policy framework. Audit of measures taken at project preparation stage and effectiveness During and Post construction stages through check lists.

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ENVIRONMENAL SAFE GUARDS

Reduce adverse environmental impact by addressing issues of: Soil Erosion Impediments to natural drainage. Disturbance to flora & fauna. Surface water quality. Stabilization of hill slopes.

Reduce adverse impacts on: Agricultural operations. Irrigation systems. Cattle crossings Public safety due to vehicular movement.

INSTITUTIONAL ARCHHITECTURE FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTAION

National rural roads development agency (NRRDA) set up at the central Government level for providing technical and management support to the state government. State level rural road development agencies (SRRDA) set up to eliminate multiplicity if agencies. Funding support for core unit of technical personnel in the SRRDAs. Dedicated programme implementation units at the district level.

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FLOW OF FUND
SRRDA to select a bank branch with internet connectivity at state headquarters. Three separate accounts for (A) administrative fund and(B) programme fund (C) maintenance fund to be maintained. MoRD releases funds into the programme account and administrative account. No separate accounts at PIU level Head of PIUs are the authorised signatories for issuing cheques. The empowered officer of SRRDA to inform the bank about authorised signatory and for any purpose other than the authorised work. A tripartite agreement between NRRDA, SRRDA & Bank to follow guidelines. On-line accounting system adopted.

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ONLINE MONITORING A web-based online system developed to facilitate monitoring and transparency. Monitoring modules include connectivity states procurement status, physical and financial progress, account and quality monitoring. Embedded decision support system for on-time delivery, cost management and quality control. QUALITY MONITORING Quality control as per QC handbook. QC register for every work maintained by contractor and PIU. Site QC lab by contractor part of contract. Three tier quality control mechanism.

1. 1st tier-in house quality enforcement mechanism, tests prescribed by IRC to be followed ensuring establishment of field laboratories by contractors and supervision by executive engineer. 2. 2nd tier quality control through independent monitors at state level. 3. 3rd tier-quality audit through national quality monitors. Technical audit introduced in April 2008 in three states, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh & Orissa. Citizen information boards at project sites displaying volume of material used for each layer.

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MAINTENANCE OF ROAD ASSETS

State Governments required to provide adequate funds for maintenance of the entire core network. Advocacy for empowering and building the capacity of the local self Governments to take over maintenance of the rural roads. Prioritization of maintenance(both routine and periodic) based on pavement condition index. Major institutional reforms needed at the state level for setting op an efficient and unified maintenance mechanism. All PMGSY roads to have a 5 years paid routine maintenance contract. The maintenance contracts to be entered into along with the construction contract with the same contractor . PMGSY through routes also to be covered by a second 4 years routine maintenance contract.

HRD INTERVENTIONS
Requirement based courses developed. Special training programmes organized for implementing staff. Contractors engineer and workers included. Training through established institution and engineering colleges. Faculty from academic as well as practitioners. Exposure visits. Nearly 15000 personnel trained.

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R & D INTERVENTION
Pilot project an use of jute geotextile started. Pilot project on CC roads, use of flyash, modified bitumen, soil stabilization being undertaken. Manual for designs, construction and maintenance of gravel roads under preparation. Preparation of guidelines for the use of waste plastic in rural roads under process.

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TARGET UNDER PMGSY

STATES Madhya Pradesh Core States

ELIGIBLE HABITATION 18442

NEW CONNEVTIVITY (kms) 60264.12

UPGRADITION (kms) 37237

Uttar Pradesh Chhattisgarh Bihar Rajasthan Orissa West Bengal Jharkhand Assam Himachal Pradesh Total of core states Other (non core) States Total

24284 12561 17920 10995 14393 25288 10696 13144 3494 151267 (88%) 21263 (12%) 172787

38725.00 37556.05 33350.67 31947.75 31527.23 23651.54 21445.00 18987.00 12832.00 310286.36 (84%) 59844.19 (16%) 369330.55

57074 16892 18581 26117 28327 18958 12429 13046 9431 238092 (65%) 130186 (35%) 368278

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New Connectivity Cost

Name of State
Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Chhattisgarh Bihar Rajasthan Orissa West Bengal Jharkhand Assam Himachal Pradesh Total of core states Other (non core) States Total

Length Required (in km) for habitation of population

1000+ 7900 26687 12213 1734 5298 25131 10896 7063 16300 13192 126414 10515 136930 500+ 6671 6664 14709 3389 8943 31403 3721 19468 22300 9803 137071 26261 163330 250+ 4416 0 10634 7709 7204 3730 6910 5417 125 657 46802 22269 69070

Cost

4628 6031 6431 2629 3256 10343 6228 3733 6615 6540 56439 13011 69450

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Achievement (2000-01 to 2006-07)

Phase
Cess I(2000-01) II(2001-02) II (2002-03) III(2003-04) IV(2004-05) V(2005-06) VI(2006-07) ADB/WB TOTAL 2500 2500 2500 2325 2143 3809.5 3725.62 1950.12

Budget (in crore)

ADB/WB

Value of Project cleared

2516.69 5142.39

Amount Released
2565.30 4956.63

Habitation Coverage
10040 11319

6080.21 320 410.55 1500 2230.5 5249.50 6126.37 3639.41 4522.65 33287.22

5216.51 2748.83 1230.88 0.00 1667.42 18335.57

13876 10228 10626 10153 66254

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Achievement (2000-01 to 2006-07)

Phase

No. of Roads

Length of Roads (in kms)

No. of Roads

Sanctioned
I(2000-01) II(2001-02) II (2002-03) III(2003-04) IV(2004-05) V(2005-06) VI(2006-07) ADB/WB TOTAL 8706 6994 6165 4960 4374 55354 33276 24510 26105 18334 20107 184695 1042 33152 6785 1953 669 13192 10963 30330 32033 12723 9980

Completed
29354 29447

23335 9112 2754 3946 97948

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State wise Achievement

State

Value of Proposal (Rs in corer)

1532.95 437.74 1601.11 1384.03 2220.21 9.72 438.43 457.72 1353.08 312.40 633.03 759.36 196.73 5159.95 1792.67

Sanctioned No of Length of Road Road works works

4580 446 1294 1247 2094 90 1553 176 1506 277 629 1921 443 5552 37-7 13284.10 1386.77 4385.87 5239.60 10993.84 178.76 3250.02 2194.34 7590.09 1025.81 3362.37 7240.01 837.04 26456.45 11225.92

Completed No of Length of Road Road works works

3590 337 667 670 921 72 1153 77 550 46 447 1539 192 2394 1570 8691.35 1158.18 1672.07 1786.84 5255.53 158.70 2416.38 1107.85 3132.03 103.82 2366.93 5076.52 345.80 11193.28 3446.20

Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra

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State wise Achievement

State

Value of Proposal (Rs in corer)

Sanctioned

Completed

No of Road works

Length of Road works

No of Road works
527 290 67 173 1737 407 460 79 1752 205 8128 137 704 33086

Length of Road works

Manipur Meghalapur Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal Total

273.04 148.72 333.23 194.43 2240.95 300.31 4502.01 298.37 724.18 200.99 2916.29 360.83 2328.20 33207.54

849 347 114 208 2880 525 8865 182 2604 311 11186 292 1274 55212

1266.84 811.43 1526.83 1996.67 9514.74 1554.99 30872.01 1912.48 5040.68 841.38 21227.95 1822.86 7658.14 184694.53

707.97 675.86 986.02 1581.37 5422.16 1182.99 1627.02 1465.04 3184.82 437.87 13940.84 545.31 3664.14 97947.18

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IMPLIMENTATION ISSUES
INSTITUTIONL ISSUES: 12 major states required to scale up their annual expenditure by more than 5 times. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh ,Himachal Pradesh , Orissa , Chhattisgarh & west Bengal have increased the number of PIUs. CPWD,IRCON,NBCC,NHPC&NPCC deployed in Bihar and NBCC & HSCL in Tripura. Deployment of NBCC proposed for two districts in Jammu & Kashmir , formal proposal from the state Government awaited. Outsourcing of project preparation allowed since April 2006. Project implementation consultants engaged in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Orissa & Assam under the ADB assisted programme.

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STRENGTHEING OF INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

STATE STATE LEVEL INSTUTION PIU LEVEL

Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar

SRRDA adequately staffed

1 new PIU added 16 new PIUs added

5 central agency developed

Chhattisgarh

2CEs,5SEs added

16 new PIUs,84AEs,236AEs added

Himachal Pradesh

1CE added

26 new sub-division for PMGSY 26 new sub-division for PMGSY 66 new sub-division for PMGSY 6 PIUs dedicated for PMGSY

Karnataka

SRRDA adequately staffed

Maharashtra

SRRDA added with CE & 1 SQC

Manipur

Madhya Pradesh Orissa Sikkim

5CEs,2SEs added 1CE,1 Addle sectary added SRRDA adequately staffed

37 new PIUs added 8 new PIUs added 2 new PIUs,4new sub division NBCC & HSCL deployed 21 new PIUs added 7new PIUs, 35AEs & 100 JEs.

Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

SRRDA adequately staffed 1 CE added 2SEs,1SQC added

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Contracting capacity:
Action taken to increase the contracting capacity: Standard bidding document amended in September 2000 & package sizes from Rs 50 lakh-Rs 2 corer & Rs 2 corer-Rs 10 corers allowed with differential qualification criteria to enable more, contractors to participate. Flexibility given to states in September 2006 to float packages above Rs 10 corer to induce participation by big contractors. Joint ventures between big and small contractors permitted. Interaction between contractors, equipment manufacturers, equipment leasing firms and financial institutions held in Madhya Pradesh. Two more such interactions being facilitated in Orissa & West Bengal. Performance incentive for timely completion introduced in September 2006 through higher weight age in qualification assessment in future contracts.

Forest & Environment clearances:

Constraints on land availability particularly in hell states like Uttaranchal {radish and Jammu & Kashmir on account of procedure for clearance under forest conservation Act and other Acts.
MoRD has suggested-

(1).to give general approval empowering state Governments to clear rural road projects requiring up to 3 has, till2009. (2). Enhancement of the powers of regional offices to MoEF to clear projects up to 20 has, from the current level of 5 has. (3).To delete rural roads from the list of projects requiring environment impact assessment and clearance under the environment (protection) Act. (4). To do away with two stage clearance in respect of states agreeing to pay funds for compensatory a forestation and NPV in advance. (5).To tale op separately with the Supreme Court permission to under- take rural roads included in existing management plans for protected areas.

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Increase in prices of Materials: Abnormal increase in prices of critical materials last year (bitumen 70%, cement 25%). Contracts awarded under PMGSY are fixed price contracts with no compensation for price variation during execution. Some relief provided by the ministry in may 2006 by accommodating increase in the cost of bitumen in respect of projects approved during the current year before award of contracts. States have sought review of this policy and introduction the stat rating system to neutralize the effect of abnormal increase in price of these materials during execution the matter is under consideration. Security related: Problem in getting qualified contractors to execute projects and provides them with security at the work site in Naxalite and insurgency affected areas resulting in slow progress & time overrun. In Naxalite affected district if Chhattisgarh the percentage of road length in phases 3rd and 4th is 20%-30% lower than in other districts. Need for deployment of central agencies with strong project implementation capability in the hard core Naxalite and insurgency affected districts to supplement the efforts of state agencies.

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NRRDA National Rural Road Development Agency

The Ministry of Rural Development have set up the National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA) to provide Operational and Management support to the Programme. The NRRDA will provide support, inter alia, on the following: Designs & Specifications and Cost norms. Technical Agencies District Rural Roads Plans and Core Network. Scrutiny of Project Proposals Quality Monitoring Monitoring of progress, including online monitoring

&D Resource Development

All State Governments will ensure timely furnishing of all necessary reports, data and information to the National Rural Roads Development Agency.

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NRRDA is headed by DG NRRDA with the organizational structure as:

Director General Director Technical Director Projects-I Director Projects-II II Director Projects-III Director Finance IT Cell

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PMGSY IMPACT ON VARIOUs FIELDs

Impact on :agriculture:

The construction of the PMGSY roads has greatly benefited the farmers. Prior to the construction of the PMGSY roads, farmers found it difficult to sell agricultural goods in the bigger markets that are located at a distance from their villages. Due to lack of transport, the farmers had to often physically carry the baskets of agricultural goods on their heads and could thus transport only a small amount of agricultural produce to the market. Also, a lot of travel time was lost. Thus, the whole process was not profitable. However, the construction of the PMGSY roads has resulted in increased and easier movement of farmers and their produce and has thus increased agricultural profit.

PMGSY road connectivity has led to a better transport system during all seasons. Farmers mentioned that the problem of not being able to access the markets during monsoon has been solved by the construction of the roads. This impact has been greatly felt in the states of West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, and Mizoram, Assam etc.

The PMGSY roads had a positive impact on the agricultural infrastructure as habitations are now using motorized equipments such as tractors, threshing machines for cultivation leading to a more efficient, time saving and profitable process of cultivation.

The PMGSY roads have made it easier to transport chemical fertilizers, seeds and pesticides. Increased use of these items was observed in Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal.

Considerable change in cropping pattern was observed in the States of Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Tamil Nadu, with a switch from food crops to cash crops (such as ginger, jute, sugarcane sunflower).

Change in cropping intensity as a result of increased agricultural trade was observed in case of crops like tomato, cauliflower, alma, harre, behar etc in the post PMGSY road phase.

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Impact on employment generation:

After the construction of PMGSY roads, an improvement in the employment situation in terms of more job opportunities, more avenues for self-employment, etc. were observed. A lot of housewives mentioned that they have started small scale industries like making, pickles, padads, boris ( lentil cakes) murir moa (puffed rice balls) etc.

On-farm employment opportunities have increased due to shift from grains to cash crops and also multiple cropping particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram.

More people are going to nearby towns and villages for odd jobs like selling woods, vegetables, dairy products and locally made items like pickles, papad etc.

Non-farm opportunities like opening of shops, small business, cottage industries has increased in the States of Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.

Besides, road connectivity has led to expansion of local industries, which in turn has generated employment opportunities

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Impact on industry:

There has not been much impact in the industrial sector in terms of new small industries as it is too early to measure change. However, an impact on the existing small industries was observed in terms of easier access to raw materials, availability of commercial vehicles to transport bulk product to the markets etc. This has led to economies of scale particularly in the state of Assam and Mizoram

Beneficiaries reported that the pottery and brick making industry of Orissa has benefited from the PMGSY roads.

Perceived benefit of PMGSY roads was also reported in the cottage industries of Tamil Nadu, Handloom industry of West Bengal and Agro industry in Assam.

Impact on health:

There has been an overall improvement in access to the health facilities like PHCs, sub-centers and district hospitals in the States of West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh

Positive impact was observed with regard to increase in accessibility to preventive and curative health care facilities; better management of infectious diseases and attending to emergencies due to faster access to health facilities and increase in frequency of visits by health workers

Improvement in antenatal and post-natal care thereby decreasing obstetrics emergencies was observed by beneficiaries in the States of Mizoram, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Beneficiaries of the above mentioned states also mentioned that road connectivity and an improved transport system had enabled families to opt for institutional deliveries in hospitals outside the village.

Beneficiaries reported decrease in infant and child mortality .This has been possible due to easier and faster availability of health care facilities in the post PMGSY road phase.

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Impact on education sector:

With the construction of PMGSY roads, there has been an improvement in the accessibility to education facilities. This has resulted in increased school enrolment and school attendance in all the States.

Beneficiaries reported that the PMGSY road connectivity had led to an increase in the number of girls going to schools in the States of Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Most parents mentioned that they were now more confident about sending their daughters to schools unescorted.

Another noteworthy impact has been in terms of regular attendance of the teachers throughout the year and greater inclination of parents to send boys and girls for higher studies and college education .

Impact on social aspects:

The construction of the PMGSY road has led to an increase in frequency of visits by Government officials. This is likely to result in better implementation of various Government schemes and programs.

There has been an increase in the visits of grass root level functionaries like health workers/Auxiliary Nurse and Midwives (ANMs), Village Level Workers (VLWs) and Village Anganwadi Worker (VAWs) in the states of Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

Beneficiaries also mentioned that with better road connectivity there has been an improvement in accessibility to the Banks and improvement of the Post and Telegraph facilities in all the States.

Road connectivity has also enabled a quicker access to police services. This has ensured an improved law and order situation in some areas.

A notable change as observed was that social network of villagers has widened in all the States. Marriage alliance radius has increased substantially.

The road connectivity has increased the mobility of women as they can now travel alone in buses and cycles.

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Impact on transport facilities:

The benefits of rural connectivity has been felt most in Mizoram and Rajasthan where PMGSY roads have made it easier for the beneficiaries to cope with the difficult terrain.

Beneficiaries in all the States mentioned that there has been an increase in ownership of bicycles and two wheelers especially in the States of Assam, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.

Beneficiaries also mentioned that there has been an improvement in the public as well as the private transport system in all the States under study.

Impact on Urbanization:

Trend towards urbanization of an area as an immediate and direct impact of providing rural road connectivity was observed in course of the study. The study areas have seen some rapid changes from traditional to modern ways of life. For, instance, roads have drawn the villagers to the town entertainments; there has been increased use and ownership of television and other electrical gadgets.

Penetration of cooking gas in the rural areas has been facilitated, with consequent beneficial impact on the health of women and more time for not having to collect firewood or make dung cakes, and due to faster cooking time of gas.

The states of Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal reported conversion of kuchcha houses to pucca houses.

Beneficiaries in all the States mentioned that the most visible change was in term of sudden escalation of prices of land adjacent to the PMGSY roads. This had led to an increase in the sale of land for commercial purposes.

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Impact on Poverty Alleviation: A spin off benefit of PMGSY roads has been on the income level of the habitants benefiting from these roads. The roads, directly or indirectly have provided opportunities for on-farm and off -farm employments as well as self-employment. With the improvement in on-farm and non-farm employment opportunities, beneficiaries in all the states reported increase in their average household income.

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ABOUT COMPANY

SMEC India Pvt. Ltd: SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd. was established in the year 1994, incorporated under the Indian Companies Act 1956 and is wholly owned subsidiary companies of SMEC International Pty. Ltd. the international operating arm of SMEC Holdings Ltd. SMEC India is registered with the Asian Development Bank vide DACON No. 000192 and World Bank. It is also empanelled with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Environment and Forests, National Highways Authority of India and several other Central and State Govt. Departments/ Agencies. SMEC Indias Corporate Office is located in Gurgaon and besides having fully equipped branch offices in Luck now (Uttar Pradesh), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Guwahati (Assam), Bangalore (Karnataka), Bhubaneswar (Orissa), Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh); SMEC India is currently maintaining its Project Offices in Etawah, Udaipur, Bhopal, Gaya, Dhanbad, Gandhinagar, Faizabad, Thiruvanandhapuram, Shimla, Gangtok, Shillong, Raipur, Itanagar, Mathura, Baran, Lumding SMEC India has worked in various States of India including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Chandigarh and some other Countries including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Dubai and Maldives. A company which has emulated the best Australia as well as India. Of both, And provide flexible, tailor-made time bound project plans. Understanding the socio, economic technical and cultural milieu of functioning, within the thread work of this socio-eco-tech and cultural contrast, we deliver better.

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SMEC INTERNATIONAL PVT.LTD SMEC grew out of the Snowy Mountains Scheme which was a massive hydropower and irrigation project undertaken in Australia between 1949 and 1974. The purpose of the scheme was to divert the rivers of south eastern Australia back towards the west to provide irrigation water and also to generate peak load electricity for the states of New South Wales and Victoria. The Commonwealth Government financed the Scheme with the assistance of a $100 million loan from the World Bank. The scheme was administered by the Snowy Mountains Authority (SMA) owned by the Australian Government. By 1960 SMA was in demand to design and manage development projects in Australia and overseas, particularly on behalf of the Australian aid program. As the Snowy Mountains Scheme approached completion the Australian Government decided that the skills developed in SMA should be retained for application in Australia and overseas. Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) was therefore established under Act of Parliament in 1970 as an agency of the Commonwealth Government. During the 1970s the company expanded its international operations to include work with the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and SMEC's first overseas office was established in Kuala Lumpur. SMEC was corporatized in 1989 and privatised by sale to the staff in 1993.

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Corporate Profile: SMEC, originally Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation, is one of the leading engineering and development consultancies in the world.

To date SMEC has successfully completed many thousands of separate projects in Australia and in more than 79 other countries for international funding and aid agencies, as well as for government organisations and private sector clients. Major international agencies with which SMEC is registered as a consultant include the United Nations, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation, the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, the Islamic Development Bank, the OPEC Fund for International Development, and the Australian Agency for International Development. SMEC is also registered with a number of government ministries in various countries and with Local, State and Federal Government authorities in Australia.

Today SMEC's personnel and other resources are being utilised on over 150 projects throughout Australia, Asia, Africa, the Middle East and the Pacific, undertaking studies, investigations, design, project implementation and management, and training as well as a variety of assignments in various individual specialist disciplines SMEC is committed to implementing quality assurance on all corporate activities and on projects undertaken on behalf of clients, and to this end operates under a quality assurance and environmental management system which satisfies the requirements of ISO 9001:1994 and ISO 14001:1996. SMEC is certified as a "Quality Endorsed Company with licence no.0655.

38

Quality Assurance: SMEC's Quality, Environmental & Safety Management System SMEC prides itself on its professionalism and is committed to the provision of the best quality of service to its clients. The company is therefore at the forefront of the consulting industry in gaining ISO 9001 certification for Quality Assurance (QA), and now Quality Management (QM). As far as possible we seek to develop our own management procedures using in-house staff resources to ensure that the processes are cost effective and suited to the needs of both our company and our clients. Our QA/QM systems are evolving constantly in accordance with both emerging industry standards and the nature of SMEC's business. SMEC is also in a position to assist clients with the development of their own systems to acquire ISO 9001 and 14001 certification. The current status of SMEC's QA/QM and EMS certification is outlined below. Quality Assurance / Management (ISO 9001) SMEC was first certified to the International Standard ISO 9001 (Quality Systems Model for Quality Assurance) in 1994. Currently all SMEC's permanent Australian offices are certified to ISO 9001, including: the Cooma Head Office, Sydney, Canberra, Brisbane, Melbourne, Tatura (northern Victoria) and Perth. SMEC's Hong Kong operation (SMEC Asia) was certified to ISO 9001 in 1998. SMEC's QA / QM system is being continuously improved to better: reflect the changing nature SMEC's business; satisfy SMEC's clients; manage risks; and manage SMEC's diverse operations, including design, supervision, procurement, environmental studies / planning, traffic studies / planning, geotechnical investigations, training and institutional strengthening. Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) In 1999 SMEC obtained certification to the International Environmental Management System Standard ISO 14001. Certification was initially achieved
39

for SMEC's NSW operations in February 1999, then extended to the ACT operations of SMEC in October 1999, to be followed by all other SMEC Australian offices. SMEC is one of the first consultants in Australia to achieve certification to this International Environmental Management System Standard. SMEC has gained ISO 14001 certification to better: manage its environmental aspects to minimize SMEC's potential to cause adverse environmental impacts; understand relevant environmental legislation; incorporate the relevant requirements of environmental laws into SMEC's products, particularly its designs and study / planning reports. Occupational Health & Safety Management System (AS 4801) SMEC integrated the requirements of the Australian Standard 4801:2000 (OHS Management Systems) into its Quality and Environmental Management System in 2000. The Company is now aiming to achieve certification to AS 4801 in 2001. Integrated Quality, Environmental & Safety Management System SMEC has now developed an integrated management system which satisfies the following Standards: ISO 9001:2000 (Quality Management Systems Requirements); ISO 14001: 1996 (Environmental Management Systems Specification); and AS 4801: 2000 (Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems Specification).

40

Vision/Mission: Vision Quality consulting and development solutions worldwide

Mission Meeting the needs of clients and community through technical excellence and innovation.

41

Consolidated India Region Organisation Chart

Regional Manager/Managing Director

Director Operation H&T

Director Operation CIG/Power

Director Operation

Director Finance

HR & Corporate Affairs

GM IT/t

Branch Offices*

GM - H&T (BD)

GM - Hydro & Tunnels

GM - W&E

Finance & Accounts

Corporate Planning

GM - H&T (Operations

GM - Power

GM - SUI

FMIS

Workforce Planning

Road Design Manager

GM - Buildings

GM - LGG

India Accounts

SIBS/ HRD

International Accounts

HR Employee Relations

IO Regional Accountant

Administration

Quality Management

INTERNATIONAL FUNCTIONAL GROUP MATRIX SUPPORT

42

Spectrum of Services: 1.Feasibility Studies and Master Planning 2.Detailed Engineering Design and Review 3.Architectechtural Planning and Design 4.Preparation of Bidding and Tender Documents 5.Environmental Social Assessment 6.Preparation of Detailed Project Report 7.Technical Examination / Independent Review 8.Construction Supervision 9.Quality Assurance and Control 10.Contract Management and Administration 11.Monitoring and Evaluation 12.Project Management 13.Institutional Development 14.Advisory Services, Training and Transfer of Technology

43

Graphical Presentation of SMEC Spectrum of Services

44

WHY SMEC
There are a number of important reasons why it is in your interest to consider procuring the services of SMEC India to meet your consulting needs. Power of combination of value & capacities: Values provide the multiplier effect. With the highest level of ethical practices, observance of good corporate governance, one can derive maximum benefit from our inherent capacities and capabilities. SMEC moving force: Our reservoir of talent is full of people who have made a difference. As thinkers, innovators, solution providers at SMEC India Team. We have highly experienced, qualified personnel to conceive, plan and execute project / study. Beyond soluation: SMEC India is into building relationships which endure. Over the years our biggest asset and earning is our clients trust. SMEC Foundation India is an example of how we share our social responsibility as a corporate. Local Presence: Our services are co-ordinated from our corporate office in New Delhi. We can discuss your needs face-to-face or on telecommunications or correspondence. We can also offer project support services to ensure quality of service and responsiveness to changing circumstances. International support: SMEC India can draw on, as required, the specialist expertise available from other SMEC Group of Companies with offices in Australia and throughout the Asia Pacific region. We can combine the best international expertise with local knowledge to deliver the solution most appropriate to your needs. We are local - and we are global ! You could pay us for all our services in Indian Rupees only.

45

Flexibility: We can adapt our services to suit your needs. We can work closely with your staff or leave you in peace until the task is completed - just as you wish. And we can adjust the level of service to meet budgetary constraints. Cultural Compatibility: SMEC India is comprised exclusively Indian staff supplemented by expatriate inputs as required. The company is driven by Indians, who understand how you want projects to be designed and managed in a professional way under local conditions, culture and ethos.

46

KEY SECTOR Highways & Transportation

Major service provided by the H & T group in India: Design Construction Supervision Assignments Institutional Strengthening & Capacity Building Pre-Bed Engineering Value Engineering Owners Engineer

Civil Infrastructure
Major services provided by the civil Infrastructure group in India: Hydropower Sam Design Sam Safety Pipelines Tunnels Geotechnical Project Management

Buildings and Architecture

Major services provided by the /civil Infrastructure group in India: Architecture Urban Design & Master Planning Interior Design Landscape Architecture Structural Engineering Quantity Surveying Building Services Engineering Project Management Project management

47

Building Projects
Schools Hospitals offices Industrials buildings Shopping canters Hotels Sporting and entertainment complexes Bus and railway stations Airports and hangars Ports Memorials

Water & Environment

Major services provided by the W & E group in India: Water Resources Management Clean development Mechanism Water Supply and Sanitation Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management

48

Social Development
Major services provided by SUI group in India:
Resettlement and Rehabilitations Rural Development Health Poverty and development Participatory Research Community Development Monitoring and Evaluations Social Development Emergencies and Disasters Water Resources Management Education and Awareness Agriculture Micro Enterprises and Micro Credit Urban Development Institutional Design and Change Management Training and Capacity Building Project Planning and Management

Urban Development
Major services provided by UD/LG group in India: Development Plan/Master Plan Housing and Land Development Municipal Finance Urban services for the poor Local Economic Development Urban Poverty Hazard Risk Management Cultural and Heritage Development and Geographical Information System Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening
49

Power & Energy

Major services provided by the power group in India: Power Transmission Electricity Distribution Institutional reforms [power] Power system planning & management Automation, Controls & Protection Renewable Energy

50

COMPELET PROJECTS

Highways & Transportation

Construction Supervision for Widening and Four-Laning a section of NH-76 Rajasthan. Implementation of Institutional Strengthening Strategy for Tamil Nadu State Highways Department - Tamil Nadu. Consultancy Services for collection of information for connectivity, Road Condition, Land Use/ Environmental Screening data and Prioritising the road -LS9-PRI - Andra Pradesh Consultancy Services for collection of information for connectivity, Road Condition, Land Use/ Environmental Screening data and Prioritising the road -LS8-PRI - Andra Pradesh Consultancy Services for conducting road condition survey with chainages including CD works & Extraction of data for the Road LS-2 PRI - Andra Pradesh Project Management and Quality Control Services for Sagar-DamohJabalpur & Guna-Sironj-Bina Roads Rehabilitation - Madhya Pradesh Design and Project Management of Exploration Drilling Site and Access Roads (Roads in Hilly Terrain) at Digboi Assam Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (Roads Component) - Andhra Pradesh Access Road to Karlapat Bauxite Deposit Plateau at Karlapat & Kalahandi Orissa. Pre-tendering Traffic Studies and Value Engineering Services for NH-7 (BOT package AP-7) under North-South corridor, Farukh Nagar - Andhra Pradesh.
51

Pre Bid activities including value engineering for NH-8 (VadodaraBaruch Section) Gujarat. Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Independent Checking and Technical Audit of up-gradation Works of Road Works in Mainpuri and Kannauj district - Uttar Pradesh

Alignment Options and finalising Road Design for 25 Kms. of Hill Roads - Himachal Pradesh Project Co-ordination Consultancy for Andhra Pradesh State Highways Project - Andhra Pradesh Technical Examination of Rural Roads under UPDAS Project - Uttar Pradesh Assam Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Services Project, Roads Component - Assam Technical Examination of Civil Works other than Rural Roads and Haat Painths under UPDAS Project (Phase-II) - Uttar Pradesh Technical Examination of Rural Road Works under Uttaranchal Diversified Agricultural Support Project - Uttaranchal Widening and Strengthening of NH-5 from Jagatpur to Chandikhol Orissa. Study of Alternative Options for Rural Roads in Waterlogged Area Uttar Pradesh Technical Examination of Civil Works other than Rural Roads and Haat Painths under UPDAS Project (Phase-I) - Uttar Pradesh Four-Laning of NH-3 (Flexible Pavement) and Construction of Indore Bypass (Rigid Pavement) - Madhya Pradesh NH-1 Karnal to Ambala section - Haryana Institutional Development Strategy Study for Orissa State Roads Project - Orissa Project Co-ordination Consultancy for Orissa State Roads Project Orissa Study on Institutional Strengthening of National Highways Authority of India - New Delhi

52

Project Preparation Coordination of sections of National Highways under Phase-II Program of North-South & East-West Corridor Project - Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan & Gujarat

Project Co-ordination Consultancy (Maintenance Component) for Orissa State Roads Project - Orissa. Widening and Strengthening of NH-8 from Gurgaon to Kotputli Haryana & Rajasthan. Safety Audit: Four-Laning of National Highway No. 1 Haryana Institutional Review of Andhra Pradesh State Highways Project Andhra Pradesh Design review and Valve engineering for NH-3 & NH -11 Rajasthan Delhi-Yamuna Nagar Expressway Corridor Study Supervision of construction of National Highway - 2 from Haryana/Uttar Pradesh border, to Mathura in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

Buildings
Technical Audit and Quality Assurance for State Buildings (PackageI) under Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Program Gujarat Orissa Health Systems Development Project (Package-7) Orissa Technical Examination of Civil Works other than Rural Roads and Haat Painths under UPDAS Project (Phase-II) - Uttar Pradesh 50 Bedded New Hospital at Badal - Punjab Technical Examination of Civil Works other than Rural Roads and Haat Painths under UPDAS Project (Phase-I) - Uttar Pradesh Up-gradation of 13 Hospitals Punjab

53

Hydro Electric Power

Preparation of Pre-feasibility report of 195 MW Rongini Hydroelectric Project Sikkim Preparation of Pre-feasibility report of 200 MW Panan Hydroelectric Project Sikkim Pre-tendering 330 MW Srinagar Hydro Electrical Project - Uttaranchal Preparation of Project Report covering Dam and Intake Design for 480 MW Jhangi Thopan and 480 MW Thopan Powari Hydro Electric Power Project - Himachal Pradesh Consultancy service for project Evaluation for 200 MW Bajoli Holi Hydro electric Project Himachal Pradesh Preparation of due diligence report for 500 MW Teesta-6 Hydro Electric Power Project Sikkim Consultancy service for pre-tendering services and Detail Design for 2x30 MW Pallivasal Hydro Electric Power Project Kerala

54

Social Unit INDIA

Institutional Strengthening Action Plan, Kerala State Transport Project, Kerala PWD Roads Department, Kerala Institutional Strengthening and Restructuring of Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department under Water Sector Restructuring Project, Uttar Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector: Coverage, Policy, Financial Aspect and Medium Term Development Program, Swajal Project, Government of Uttaranchal Preparation of Detailed Project Report for abatement of pollution in for River Development Projects, Madhya Pradesh Study of Self Help Group/Farmers Interest Group and Farmers Field School Project Coordination Unit under Diversified Agriculture Support Project, Uttar Pradesh Study of Agriculture Technology Management Agency and Project Coordination Unit created under Diversified Agriculture Support Project, Uttar Pradesh Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Program Technical Audit and Quality Assurance for State Building, Gujarat Conservation Plan and Detailed Project Report for River Mahananda and other major streams flowing through Siliguri Town, North Bengal Orissa State Health System Development Project, Orissa Social Impact Assessment Study and Construction Supervision of Four laning and Strengthening of NH1. Technical Assistance for Implementation of Institutional Strengthening Strategy Tamil Nadu State Road Sector Project, Tamil Nadu
55

Independent Review of Environmental and Social Assessment for Kerala State Transport Project, Kerala Alternative Options study for Rural Roads in Waterlogged Area of Uttar Pradesh Conservation Plan and Detailed Project Report for River Mahananda and other major streams flowing through Siliguri Town, North Bengal Orissa Institutional Development Strategic Study - Orissa State Road Project; Andhra Pradesh State Highways Project Coordinating Consultants Services Phase I, Andhra Pradesh Social Impact Assessment Study and Construction Supervision of Four laning and Strengthening of NH1

56

57

Water & Environment

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation survey on Cost Effectiveness and Cost Recovery (Swajal Project) Uttranchal. Coverage, Policy, Financial Aspects and Medium Term Development Program under Uttaranchal Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project Uttaranchal Detailed Project Report for Mahananda River Conservation Plan (PhaseI) - West Bengal Environmental Management Framework Study for the India Rural Electricity Access Project - Rajasthan & Uttar Pradesh Engineering Study Report for Uttaranchal Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project - Uttaranchal Study of Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) and Project Coordination Unit (PCU) created under DASP - Uttar Pradesh Detailed Project Report for Abatement of Pollution in the River Mandakini (Chitrakoot) - Madhya Pradesh. Detailed Project Report for Abatement of Pollution in the River Parvati (Sehore) - Madhya Pradesh. Independent Review of Environmental and Social Assessment of Kerala State Transport Project (Phase II) Kerala Independent Review of Environmental and Social Assessment of Kerala State Transport Project (Phase I) Kerala Damodar River Pollution Abatement Schemes for Ramgarh, Sudamdih and Bokaro (Kargali Towns) - Bihar. Regional Rural Water Supply Scheme for 11 villages in Chimur Taluka, Chandrapur District - Maharashtra. Regional Rural Water Supply Scheme for 10 villages in Rajura Taluka, Chandrapur District Maharashtra.

58

Ongoing Projects
Highways & Transportation: Detailed Project Report for Uttarakhand State Roads Investment Programme (USRIP), Phase II, Package III Jan. 2008 -Ongoing Consultancy Services for Construction Supervision of Improvement/Up gradation of Roads in Garhwal Zone, Phase I, Package-I under Uttarakhand State Road Improvement Program (USRIP) - ADB Loan 2308 IND - Dec. 2007 - ongoing Preparation of Detailed Project Report for Development of 4/6 lanes divided carriageway from Mulbagal Hoskote K R Puram section of NH-4 (km237.700 to Km318) in the state of Karnataka on BOT basis, Aug 2007 - Ongoing Detailed Project Report for Uttarakhand State Roads Investment Programme (USRIP), Phase II, Package II, July 2007 - Ongoing TA No. 4814 TA Cluster for Project Process and Capacity Development Design and Project Management Support for the proposed North Eastern State Road Investment Program, June 2007 - ongoing Andhra Pradesh Road Sector Project - Preparatory Services for Long Term Performance Based Maintenance Contract System, May 2007 ongoing

59

Buildings: Design & Planning for Civil, Electrical, Sanitary, Plumbing & Site Development Works in respect of Up gradation, Extension, new Construction & Renovation of Secondary Level Hospitals in Rajasthan (Package 4) under Rajasthan Health Systems Development Project Rajasthan. Design & Planning for Civil, Electrical, Sanitary, Plumbing & Site Development Works in respect of Up gradation, Extension, new Construction & Renovation of Secondary Level Hospitals in Rajasthan (Package 3) under Rajasthan Health Systems Development Project Rajasthan. Secondary Health Care Facilities Karnataka II under Karnataka Health System Development Project - Karnataka Supervision and Monitoring of Retrofitting/ Reconstruction Works for Earthquake affected health care buildings in various districts of Gujarat state Gujarat.

60

Hydro Electric Power: Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report including Site investigations for 210 MW Sirkari Bhyol Rupsiyabagar Hydro Electric Power Project Uttranchal Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report including Site investigations for 280 MW Tamak Lata Hydro Electric Power Project Uttranchal Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report including site investigation for 90 MW Ting Ting Hydro Electric Project - Sikkim Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report and EPC tender documents for 96 MW Rongnichu Hydro Electric Power Project Sikkim Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report including site investigation for 280 MW Urthing Sobla Hydro Electric Power Project - Uttranchal Consultancy service for preparation of Tender documents, Detailed Engineering, Site Supervision and Hydraulic Model studies for 480 MW Palatiloth Hydro Electric Power Project - Uttranchal Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report including supervision of site investigations and preparation of EPC tender document for 280 MW Panan Hydro Electric Power Project Sikkim Consultancy service for Detailed Design & Engineering and Site Engineering coordination for 600 MW Kameng Hydro Electric Power Project - Arunachal Pradesh Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report, tender documents and Detail Design for 4.5 MW Awa Hydro Electric Power Project - Himachal Pradesh. Consultancy service for preparation of Detailed Project Report, tender documents and Detail Design for 70 MW Budhil Hydro Electric Power Project - Himachal Pradesh.

61

Local Government & Urban Development: Master Plan for New township for Bodoland Managing the Cities in Asia

Power: Program Implementation Support (Component-2), Assam Power Sector Development Project Assam Project-Program Implementation Support (Component-I) for Assam Power Sector Development, Guwahati Assam. Enercon Wind Farms - Rajasthan Assam Power Sector Development Project-Program Implementation Support, Guwahati Assam.

Social Unit INDIA: ASEB Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Carrying out the Monitoring and Evaluation of the implementation of RAP for Augmentation of substations, construction of new substations, and transmission line for 440 Kms across the state of Assam. GTRIP Road Safety (Public Education) project covering the Chennai to Kolkata section of Golden Quadrilateral, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Monitoring and Evaluation and Establishment of the MIS Cell for the North Eastern Council Secretariat covering the States of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim

62

Awareness, Attitudes and Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among the students and faculty of the Lucknow University, its departments and its affiliated colleges, Lucknow University.

Awareness, Attitudes and Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among the students and faculty of the Lucknow University, its departments and its affiliated colleges, Gauhati University.

Design and Construction Supervision for Rehabilitation of Phase-II roads Package B under Chhattisgarh State Roads Sector Development Project (400 kms)

Construction

of

Himalayan

Highways

in

Uttaranchal

Survey,

Investigation and Preparation of DPR for Construction of Mussoorie Dhanaulti New Tehri Melatha Motor Road from Single lane to 2 lane including 2 lane Bridges under CRF (185 kms) Preparation of Feasibility Study and Detailed Project Report for Construction of seven (07) By-Passes and ROBs in the state of Orissa Preparation of Detailed Project Report for Rehabilitation and

Upgradation of Selected State Highways of the State of M.P, Package 1 Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Road Development Corporation, Madhya Pradesh Technical Examination and Quality Assurance of PMGSY roads Social and Environmental Codes of Practice (ensuring the implementation of the codes of practice as per the SP 20 IRC) covering 32 districts in Uttar Pradesh Technical Examination and Quality Assurance of PMGSY roads Social and Environmental Codes of Practice (ensuring the implementation of the codes of practice as per the SP 20 IRC) Himachal Pradesh. Project Preparation of New Road from Munshiyari to Mapang in Uttaranchal

63

Water & Environment: Planning and Designing of Rural Water Supply Schemes for Batch 1 Swajal Panch Pariyojna Strengthening of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery in Urban Local Bodies - Karnataka Rishi Ganga Clean Development Mechanism Project - Uttaranchal SSJV - Sorang Clean Development Mechanism Project Himachal Pradesh DANS - Jorethang Clean Development Mechanism Project - Sikkim Lanco - Budhil Clean Development Mechanism Project Himachal Pradesh Technical Examination of Rehabilitation & Modernisation work of Irrigation, Drainage, Water Conservation Structures - Uttar Pradesh. Parvatiya - Loharkhet Clean Development Mechanism Project Uttaranchal Supra Birahi Ganga Clean Development Mechanism Project Uttranchal. Development of Decision Support Systems for Ghaghra - Gomti Basin Plans under Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project - Uttar Pradesh. Institutional Strengthening and Restructuring of Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department under Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project - Uttar Pradesh Detailed Project Report for Mahananda River Conservation Plan (Phase-II) - West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Canal Automation - Andhra Pradesh

64

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Methodology Research methodology is a way to systematically do the job. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. The most desirable approach with regards to the selection of the research methodology depends on the nature of particular work, time and resources available along with the desire level of accuracy. The study was descriptive kind of research. The data collection was from primary sources.

Primary data sources NonDisguised structured questionnaire.

Target population Sample element: Villagers of Rampur a backward area of the Ghazipur District situated in Uttar Pradesh.

Region Sample size

:

: Village-Chilar, Ghazipur
60 respondents

Sampling procedure Probability approach Simple random sampling

65

Limitations The sample chosen is too small and localized. The time period to carry out the research study was too short. Many respondents are not willing to share freely due to personal reasons.

66

SURVEY

I have planned to do the research by personally to visiting the villagers. These villagers have been picked from the prime location of village Rampur situated in Ghazipur district. Survey was being done through, Interview method and the research instrument used was Questionnaire. The Questionnaire was structured non disguised and there were closed ended questions. The surveyed population included all people irrespective of which connection they owned. I have used sample based survey as the pool of respondent was very vast. But the sample was abstracted with utmost care. This was done because of lack of time and resources.

The prime focus was to plan the research in such a way that the sample size presents the true story and depicts the actual pictures.

RESEARCH TOOLS

1 2 3

Pie charts Percentages Bar graphs

67

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study is not proposed to be an expert study as it was done by a student for the purpose of a partial fulfilment of the course, which is an integral part, in completion and reward of MBA study was conducted in a short period of
eight weeks, and so The finding cannot be generalized for all times and, with

meagre resource, but to complete the study to acquire some partial knowledge, a short cut method, survey method has been adopted.

Only a limited number of respondents i.e. 60 individuals have been interviewed. Though it is difficult to draw any concrete inferences but after consultation of several textbooks, magazines and searching several websites it became easier to complete this project with making some good conclusion.

68

Graphical presentation of findings

Major problems in development of rural area

60% 52% 50%

40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Bad Connectivity Health Services 18% 21% 19%

Poverty Low Level Education Facilities

69

Do you know about PMGSY

60% 55% 50% 45%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Yes No

70

Source of knowledge about PMGSY

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

64%

19% 17%

Gram Panchayat Govt. Agency Media

71

Effect on transportation service

50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Increase private transportaion 43%

46%

11%

Series1 More Conveniance increase no of vehicles

72

Impact on Health Services

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 40% 60%

Improvement in access to the health facilities Increase in frequency of visits by health workers.

73

Impact on agriculture

4% 12% 17%

Marketing during all seasion 9% 58% Increase motorized equipment Eaiser to transport pesticides,seeds etc. Change in croping pattern Change in croping intensity

74

Impact on education

49% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Improvement in the accessibility of education facilities

27% 24%

Series1 Increase the no of school going students Improvement in higher education

75

Impact on employment generation

60% 40% 20% 0% It increase odd jobs 13%

56%

20% 11% Increase self employment

Provide nonfarm opportunity

Expasion on local industries

76

Impact on social aspects

Increase in frequency of visits by Govt. Officials 18% 20% 24% 46% Improvemeit in accessibility to the Bank,Post,Telegraph and police service Increase in the mobility of women Increase in visits of grass root level functionaries

77

Help in poverty reduction

60%

58%

50% 42% 40%

30%

20% 10% 0% Yes No

78

Its helped in Urbanization

70% 62% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Yes No 38%

79

All parameter followed by contractor

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Yes 19%

81%

No

80

FINDINGS
After compilation of study and interpretation of information which are provided by the common rural residents we find many results these are as follows: PMGSY play a key role for development of rural areas because it provide connectivity for common villagers with rest off village or Urban areas. It provide platform for development of basic services which are necessary for increase life standard and as well as development of country.

In analysis of questioner we find many surprise aspects from our respondent: According to 26 out of 60 respondent bad connectivity is major hurdle in the development of rural area. PMGSY plays a vital role in the development but only 45% respondent knows about PMGSY. Health services more effected by the better connectivity because 60 % our respondents agree with this statement that it increase in improvement in the access to the health facilities and 40% agree with that it increase in frequency of visits by health workers Road connectivity increases private transportation service according to 46% respondents while only 11% respondent say that connectivity increase in the personal vehicles like bicycle and two wheelers etc. According to this study agriculture sector is more effected by better connectivity because farmer can access the market in all season,34 respondents are agree with this statement. With the construction of PMGSY roads, there has been an improvement in the accessibility to education facilities,49% respondent say that it. Another noteworthy impact has been in terms of regular attendance of the teachers
81

throughout the year and greater inclination of parents to send boys and girls for higher studies and college education.

After the construction of PMGSY roads, an improvement in the employment situation in terms of more job opportunities, more avenues for self-employment according to 67% respondent it increase in self employments. Non-farm opportunities like opening of shops, small business, cottage industries has increased. When we ask them regarding its impact on the mobility of women it was unexpected answer from them only 18% in behalf while 46% called improvement in accessibility to the banks services, Post office, telegraph facilities and Police services and 24% says it increase in the visits of grass root level functionaries while according to 20% respondents it increase in frequency visits by Government officials. 58% respondents said that it is helpful in the reduction of poverty. The roads, directly or indirectly have provided opportunities for on-farm and off -farm employments as well as self-employment. Trend towards urbanization of an area as an immediate and direct impact of providing rural road connectivity was observed in course of the study. According to 62% respondent it helped in urbanization and 38% are against. At last response provide by the respondents it was more shocking, only 19% respondents said that all parameter of road construction is followed by the contractors and rest of them 81% respondent are not satisfied with this.

82

Recommendations & Suggestions

Rural Roads and Socio-economic Development

Rural roads have been proved to be catalytic for economic development and poverty alleviation in rural areas; this objective should be pursued further with more vigor.

In future, the target should be to connect all habitations with all-weather rural roads instead of fair weather roads which was done earlier.

Physical Targets

11th Five Year Plan should continue to support the rural connectivity and upgradation targets as a major policy in view of huge untapped potential in rural India.

Special provisions for funding through budgetary and other sources shall be required to continue with the objective of road connectivity for habitations.

Maintenance may be taken to the top of the priority list to sustain the assets created and to reap the benefits perennially.

83

Planning and Design

The DRRP and Core Network preparation in a master plan framework to be continued in the 11th Plan and

The network planning may be revisited and optimal network may be attempted in 11th Plan, including multiple connectivity, to avail circuitry of the network and integrated development objectives.

Intra-village/habitation roads also should be considered with higher priority in 11th Five Year Plan, starting with villages having more than 1000 population.

GIS based database management should be created for all the States in a phased manner based on the feedback from the Pilot Project in Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.

The planning data at the block/district level should be updated every 3-5 years and maintained as geo-referenced data.

Engineering design and Detailed Project Report (DPR) must be the basis for implementation of rural roads in 11th Plan.

Economy in design and specification to be pursued through performance based designs and use of locally available and marginal materials.

84

Material and construction

Low cost marginal and industrial waste materials may be promoted for rural road construction; necessary design and specifications be developed.

The standard construction technology should be used for ensuring quality of construction; however, wherever possible labour based construction methods also may be adopted to create employment to the local people. But, it must be emphasized that employment generation is not the focus of rural road programmes.

Many lower cost technologies like soil stabilization is not used often due to lack of appropriate mechanical devices; such shortcomings must be removed by appropriate developments for machineries.

Maintenance Management

No asset lasts long without due maintenance and rural roads are no exemption. Routine and periodic maintenance should be planned and executed with due budgeting for the funds during 11th Plan.

Projectisation of maintenance option can be examined with appropriate cost sharing basis by the State and Central Governments for PMGSY/Bharat Nirman roads.

Uniform level of service criteria for maintenance of rural roads be developed and adopted across the country (in all States). Suitable computerized maintenance management system (MMS) utilizing simple measurements (inventory and PCI data) be developed and adopted for rural roads based on the principles of asset management.

Since the roads are to be owned by the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs), a community based maintenance programme may be adopted with hierarchical arrangement with District Programme Implementation Units (PIUs) for higher level maintenance while routine maintenance being the responsibility of PRIs.
85

Looking Beyond PMGSY

All programmes supporting construction of rural roads for all-weather connectivity must fall under one umbrella organization like State Rural Road Development Agency (SRRDA) in the State, irrespective of funding source including the external source or borrowing or even Public Private Partnership. This will ensure uniform standard and quality.

The existing cluster approach, should be reviewed on the basis of ground level survey of the settlement patterns in States like Arunachal Pradesh and consequential amendments should be made in the programme guidelines, so that larger number of habitations become eligible for coverage in hill States.

The States may use the resources from Wage Employment Programme and other available sources from the State for providing connectivity to the lower order settlements.

The planning and design standards shall remain uniform across the board (in all States) with an overriding objective of developing only sustainable assets subject to variations in terrain, soil, traffic and environmental conditions.

While PMGSY contemplates connectivity to habitations with 500 and above normally and 250 and above in special areas, in future (11 th Five Year Plan and beyond), connectivity should be aimed at all habitations irrespective of population sizes (including lower order settlements).

PMGSY has been able to change the scenario of the country in terms of capacity of the contracting industry, trained manpower and also the availability of modern equipments. The 11th Plan must utilize this capacity and enhance it for fulfilling the higher targets set for the 11th and subsequent Plans.

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Quality Assurance

Durable assets can be created by ensuring the quality; this has been the prime objective of PMGSY. Very high standard of quality has been set up for rural roads by this programme, which must be maintained.

The three-tier quality control system adopted by PMGSY needs further strengthening for enhancing the capacity to meet the higher targets in the 11th Plan.

Both in construction and quality control, modern technology should be introduced for better results.

Environmental and Social Issues

In all developments of rural roads the environmental issues must be safeguarded. Further, speedy construction to be ensured by direct participation of authority responsible for environmental clearances.

Afforestation along the rural roads by plantations of fruit trees etc be systematically adopted as part of the design (i.e. DPR) itself. Impact of land acquisition, especially for the marginal farmers of specific states, be duly considered at the time of project development. The State Government may be required to compensate the affected person/family for the same in lieu of community objectives of the road.

Social impacts both positive and negative be duly accounted in project preparation. Thus, like EMP, a SMP also be prepared with due compensation.

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Institutional Development and Capacity Building

PMGSY has achieved a laudable level of institutional developments during the last six years. State and district level institutions developed are to be made more professional by way of qualified manpower and training. This is a primary requirement for higher targets in 11th Plan.

The ownership of the rural roads will rest with the PRIs eventually, and therefore, capacity is to be built at the grass root level by qualified manpower and appropriate training.

Construction industry is still having only a limited capacity at this time, and the PMGSY targets are finding difficult to be achieved. The 11th Plan targets will require a significant boost to the capacity of road construction industry.

The duly exemptions on the purchase of machinery that is now available for the projects funded by World Bank and ADB may be extended

across the board for PMGSY Projects in all States, in order to facilitate capacity building of contractors. The sustainability of the huge asset being built under rural connectivity programmes will be dependent on the capacity of the PRIs to look after these assets which they will own. With ownership, the responsibility of their maintenance also can be given to PRI. For this, of course, a systematic training will have to be organized for the teams to be entrusted with this responsibility.

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Road Safety Issues All safety engineering measures be built into the design (i.e. DPR) of the project roads. All designs must be safety audited. A PRI level Safety Committee/Council be established for collecting the accident data in a standard format and reporting to the District Police. The District level committee will have input from all such PRI committees. A team of Road Safety Awareness Raisers (RSAR), constituted by members of village only, should be created by training so as to change the present situation to a culture of safe use of the roads in rural areas.

Research and Development R&D is an integral part of any development. Although rural roads were built for last 70-80 years in this country, its construction as engineering structure has just began. Therefore, huge amount of research is required for these low volume roads, which must attempt for low cost construction while ensuring quality. Generally R&D is starved of funds in most cases; and it will be disastrous if R&D is not given prominence in the context of rural roads, as we have just began to accept rural roads construction as a scientific work. Most significant areas to be researched are the means of cost cutting by choice of materials and design, and also evolving the innovative financing mechanisms for such roads. It is proposed that the State Executing Agencies of rural roads shall make it possible to take atleast 5% of the road works under R&D using cost-effective new materials, adoption of new technology and/ or new process which are likely to ensure R&D culture to the field engineers.

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Mobilisation of Resources Dedicated fund for rural roads, as was in 10th Plan, should continue in 11th Five Year Plan. Innovative funding options other than borrowing by charging the beneficiaries, may have to be adopted. Deferred payment schemes to be adopted for PPP model to fulfill the targets, so as to make the benefits to flow early. Starting with about 5000 to 10,000 km of rural roads may be experimented during the 11 th plan period.

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Conclusions
Rural Road Connectivity is not only a key component of Rural Development by promoting access to economic and social services and thereby generating increased agricultural incomes and productive employment opportunities in India, it is also as a result, a key ingredient in ensuring sustainable poverty reduction. Rural roads are the tertiary road system in total road network which provides accessibility for the rural habitations to market and other facility centres. In India, during the last five decades, rural roads are being planned and programmed in the context of overall rural development, and tried to provide allweather connectivity with some level of achievement. The long term road development plans for the country provided policy guidelines and priorities for rural roads, while the funds for rural roads were allocated in the Five Year Plans. Recently, during the last five years Government of India has undertaken a dedicated programme known as Pradhan Mantra Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) to provide rural connectivity to all habitations under the Ministry of Rural Development. More recently, Bharat Nirman, a time bound business plan adopted to provided rural infrastructure during 2005-09, rural roads have been taken as one of the components and blended with PMGSY programme. It targeted to provide connectivity to all habitations having population of 1000 and above (500 and above in hilly, desert and tribal areas) by 2009 and also aimed to upgrade the existing rural roads for overall network development, which is a more objective approach.

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Bibliographies

SMEC samachar magazine www.smec.com.au www.smecindia.com www.google.com www.pmgsy.com www.ask.com

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QUESTIONNAIRE

Objective: TO study awareness of PMGSY and its impact on development of rural area. NAME: GENDERMALE 26-40 41-50 FEMALE 51-60 ABOVE 60

AGE GROUP (IN YEARS): 15-25

1. What is major hurdle in the development of your village? (A) Bad connectivity C) Poverty 2. Do you know about PMGSY? (A) Yes (B) No (B) Health Services (D) Low level education facilities

3. What is a source of knowledge about PMGSY? (A) Gram Panchayat (B) Government Agency (C) Media

4. What is impact on transportation service? (A) More convenience (C) Increase no of vehicles 5. What is impact on Health services? (A) Improvement in the access to the health facilities. (B) Increase in frequency of visits by health workers (B) Increase private transportation

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6. What is impact on agriculture? (A) It increase motorized equipments (B) Farmer access markets during all seasons (C) Change in cropping pattern (D) Change In cropping

(E) It made easier to transport chemical fertilizers, seeds and pesticides 7. What is impact on education? (A) Increase the no of school going students (B) Improvement in higher education (C) Improvement in the accessibility of education facilities 8. What is impact on employment generation? (A) Increase self employment (B) It increase odd jobs (C) Provide non-farm opportunity (D) Expansion on local industries 9. What is impact on social aspects? (A) An increase in frequency of visits by Government officials (B) Increase the mobility of women (C) Increase in the visits of grass root level functionaries (D) Increase the mobility 10. Is its help in decrease poverty? (A) Yes (B) No

(11) Its helped in the urbanization in rural area? (A) Yes (B) No

12. Are you agree all parameter are followed by contractor? (A) Yes (B) No

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