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    Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

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    Josue Alfonzo Miranda
    This document discusses optical testing methods for evaluating optical elements and surfaces. It describes several interferometric and geometric tests for measuring wavefront shape and slope, including Newton interferometry, Fizeau interferometry, Twyman-Green interferometry, lateral shear interferometry, Ronchi testing, Hartmann testing, and phase shifting interferometry. It also covers techniques for testing aspherical surfaces, such as autocollimating configurations, null compensators, and non-null tests like phase shifting and spatial carrier interferometry. The document emphasizes that optical testing is an important field that continues to develop rapidly with new techniques needed.

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    Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

    Uploaded by

    Josue Alfonzo Miranda
    340 views79 pages
    This document discusses optical testing methods for evaluating optical elements and surfaces. It describes several interferometric and geometric tests for measuring wavefront shape and slope, including Newton interferometry, Fizeau interferometry, Twyman-Green interferometry, lateral shear interferometry, Ronchi testing, Hartmann testing, and phase shifting interferometry. It also covers techniques for testing aspherical surfaces, such as autocollimating configurations, null compensators, and non-null tests like phase shifting and spatial carrier interferometry. The document emphasizes that optical testing is an important field that continues to develop rapidly with new techniques needed.

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    This document discusses optical testing methods for evaluating optical elements and surfaces. It describes several interferometric and geometric tests for measuring wavefront shape and slope, including Newton interferometry, Fizeau interferometry, Twyman-Green interferometry, lateral shear interferometry, Ronchi testing, Hartmann testing, and phase shifting interferometry. It also covers techniques for testing aspherical surfaces, such as autocollimating configurations, null compensators, and non-null tests like phase shifting and spatial carrier interferometry. The document emphasizes that optical testing is an important field that continues to develop rapidly with new techniques needed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    340 views79 pages

    Daniel Malacara Optical Testing

    Uploaded by

    Josue Alfonzo Miranda
    This document discusses optical testing methods for evaluating optical elements and surfaces. It describes several interferometric and geometric tests for measuring wavefront shape and slope, including Newton interferometry, Fizeau interferometry, Twyman-Green interferometry, lateral shear interferometry, Ronchi testing, Hartmann testing, and phase shifting interferometry. It also covers techniques for testing aspherical surfaces, such as autocollimating configurations, null compensators, and non-null tests like phase shifting and spatial carrier interferometry. The document emphasizes that optical testing is an important field that continues to develop rapidly with new techniques needed.

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    OPTICAL TESTING

    Daniel Malacara Hernndez Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, Optica A. A C C.


    S September, b 2010

    TESTING OPTICAL ELEMENTS


    Plane surfaces Spherical surfaces Concave Convex Aspherical surfaces Concave Convex Lenses and prisms

    An Optical Surface can be made only as good d as you can t test t it


    Modern Instruments require optical surfaces with complicated shapes and deviations smaller than a small fraction of the wavelength of light

    OPTICAL TESTING METHODS Interferometric Tests


    Newton and Fizeau Twyman-Green T G Lateral Shearing Other Oth Shearing Sh i Multiple Beam

    Classical Cl i l Geometric G i Tests T


    Foucault Ronchi Wire Hartmann Optical and Mechanical Profilometry

    Newton and Fizeau Interferometers

    Tested and Reference Interfering Wavefronts

    Field due to interference between a a) Wavefront under test and a b) Reference flat wavefront

    Irradiance in an interference pattern produced by interference between a) Wavefront under test and a b) Reference flat wavefront

    Newton Interferometer

    Fizeau Interferometer

    Optical Path Difference in a Fizeau Interferometer

    t = Physical path difference n = Refractive index in cavity

    Testing g Concave Surfaces

    Longitudinal g Modes in a Laser with Cavity Length L

    Visibility y in an Interferometer vs. OPD

    Twyman-Green y Interferometer
    Twyman (1918)

    Twyman-Green Interferometer

    Optical Path Difference in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

    t = Physical path difference n = Refractive index in cavity

    Coherence in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

    Testing Glass Plates and Lenses in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

    Testing Lenses and Spherical Surfaces in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

    Twyman Green Twyman-Green Interferograms of Primary P i Aberrations

    Lateral L t l Shear Sh and Other Shear Interferometers

    Wavefronts in Shear Interferometers

    Wavefronts in a Lateral Shear Interferometer

    Optical O ti l Path P th Difference Diff in a Lateral Shear Interferometers

    t = Physical path difference n = Refractive index in cavity

    For a small shear S the optical path difference is

    Hence radial shear interferometers Measure the wavefront tilt in the shear direction NOT the wavefront deformation

    Wavefront Evaluation in Lateral Shear

    Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer

    Testing Concave Surfaces in Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer

    Lateral Shear Interferograms of Primary Aberrations

    Foucault Test
    Foucault (1858)

    Foucault or Knife Edge Test

    Foucault or Knife Edge Test

    Foucault Pattern of an Aspherical p Wavefront

    Shape of Aspheric Wavefront

    Ronchi Test
    R Ronchi hi (1923)

    Ronchi Test

    Ronchi Test

    Ronchigram of Aspherical Surface

    Hartmann Test
    Hartmann (1900)

    Hartmann Test

    Hartmann pattern of a paraboloidal mirror

    Wavefront Slope and Ray Tranverse Aberration

    Relation between the wavefront slopes and the ray transverse aberrations TA

    L = Di Distance t from f wavefront f tt to measuring plane

    Calculation of wavefront deformations from R Ray transverse t aberrations b ti or wavefront slopes

    Tests that measure wavefront shape Newton Interferometer Fizeau interferometer Twyman-Green interferometer

    Tests that measure wavefront slope Lateral Shear interferometer Ronchi Test Hartmann test

    Increasing Precision

    Multiple Beam Interferometry

    Two beam interferogram

    Multiple beam interferogram

    Increasing Precision

    Phase Shifting Interferometry

    Phase Shifting Interferometry with a Twyman-Green Interferometer

    Irradiance I di vs. Ph Phase Diff Difference in Phase Shifting Interferometry

    Interferograms in Phase Shifting Interferometry

    Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm

    Phase Shifting Interferometry Mathematics Phase equation: ti

    Sampling functions:

    Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm

    Wrapped Phase Obtained in Phase Shifting Interferometry

    Unwrapped Phase from Phase Shifting Interferometry

    TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES


    Autocompensating Configurations

    Autocollimating Configurations For Conic Surfaces

    Testing of Aspherical Convex Surface

    Testing of Convex Hyperboloids

    TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES


    Null Compensators with
    Lenses Mirrors Diffracting Elements

    Interferograms of p Wavefronts Aspherical

    Non-null Non null test

    Null test

    Dall Compensator For Parabolic Mirrors

    Lens Offner Compensator for Parabolic Mirrors

    Mirror Offner Compensator for Parabolic Mirrors

    Wyant Hologram Compensator for Aspherical Surfaces

    TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES


    Non-Null Tests
    Phase Shifting Interferometry Spatial Carrier Interferometry

    Undersample d Interferogram (Nyquist limit Exceeded)

    Aspherical wavefront shapes with three different reference spheres

    Aspherical wavefront slopes with three different reference spheres

    Interferograms For different focus settings (Different reference spheres)

    Interferogram Analysis with a Linear Carrier (wavefront tilt)

    Without linear carrier

    With linear carrier

    TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES


    Non-Null Tests
    Infrared Interferometry Multiple Wavelength Interferometry White Light Interferometry

    Group formed by two waves with different wavelengths

    Group Length formed by two waves with two different wavelengths

    Conclusion:
    Optical testing is an old but exciting field of fat tremendous d practical ti l i importance. t It has a very fast developing speed but many new developments are expected and g y needed. urgently

    Gracias G por su Atencion !


    [email protected] www.cio.mx

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